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Schaeffel F, Swiatczak B. Mechanisms of emmetropization and what might go wrong in myopia. Vision Res 2024; 220:108402. [PMID: 38705024 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Studies in animal models and humans have shown that refractive state is optimized during postnatal development by a closed-loop negative feedback system that uses retinal image defocus as an error signal, a mechanism called emmetropization. The sensor to detect defocus and its sign resides in the retina itself. The retina and/or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) presumably releases biochemical messengers to change choroidal thickness and modulate the growth rates of the underlying sclera. A central question arises: if emmetropization operates as a closed-loop system, why does it not stop myopia development? Recent experiments in young human subjects have shown that (1) the emmetropic retina can perfectly distinguish between real positive defocus and simulated defocus, and trigger transient axial eye shortening or elongation, respectively. (2) Strikingly, the myopic retina has reduced ability to inhibit eye growth when positive defocus is imposed. (3) The bi-directional response of the emmetropic retina is elicited with low spatial frequency information below 8 cyc/deg, which makes it unlikely that optical higher-order aberrations play a role. (4) The retinal mechanism for the detection of the sign of defocus involves a comparison of defocus blur in the blue (S-cone) and red end of the spectrum (L + M-cones) but, again, the myopic retina is not responsive, at least not in short-term experiments. This suggests that it cannot fully trigger the inhibitory arm of the emmetropization feedback loop. As a result, with an open feedback loop, myopia development becomes "open-loop".
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schaeffel
- Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Switzerland; Section Neurobiology of the Eye, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Zeiss Vision Lab, Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Swiatczak
- Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Switzerland
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Pan S, Yuan J, Jin Y, Liu X, Wu S, Wang Y, Yao H, Cheng L. Innate immune responsive inflammation in development of progressive myopia. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1542-1548. [PMID: 38287111 PMCID: PMC11126664 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation has been implicated for development of myopia. It is not clear when inflammation is kicked in during the course of myopia, and what characteristics of the inflammation. In this study, we tested for cytokines from aqueous humour of eyes with wide spectrum of refractive status for profiling the inflammation. METHODS Aqueous humour of 142 patient eyes were tested for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eye globe axial length of these patients ranged from emmetropia to high myopia. RESULTS Of 142 patients, an average axial length is 25.51 ± 3.31 mm, with a range of 21.56-34.37 mm. There are 36 cases in lower 25 percentile, 37 cases in upper 25 percentile, and 69 case in the middle 50 percentile. sICAM-1 and MCP-1 were significantly higher in the eyes with staphyloma (407.48 pg/mL, 312.31 pg/mL, n = 33) or macular schisis (445.86 pg/mL,345.33 pg/mL, n = 19) than that in the eyes without these changes (206.44 pg/mL, 244.76 pg/mL, n = 107). All three cytokines level was significantly associated with eye globe axial in a positive mode while adjusting for the age and sex. Strength of the association was the greatest for sICAM-1 and the weakest for TGF- β2. MCP-1 was in between. CONCLUSION sICAM-1 and MCP-1 in ocular fluid may be indicative biomarkers for progressive high myopia and the underneath autoimmune inflammation. sICAM-1 may be used as a monitoring biomarker for development of pathologic myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqi Pan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianshu Yuan
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuanhui Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongyang People's Hospital, Dongyang, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanjun Wu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Jacob's Retina Center at Shiley Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Zhuang Z, Li L, Yu Y, Su X, Lin S, Hu J. Targeting MicroRNA in myopia: Current insights. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109905. [PMID: 38642599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Myopia, the most prevalent eye condition, has sparked notable interest regarding its origin and prevention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA strands typically consisting of 18-24 nucleotides. They play a central role in post-transcriptional gene regulation and are closely associated with both normal and pathological processes in organisms. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have provided novel insights into miRNA expression and its regulatory role in myopia. This review discusses the distinct expression patterns, regulatory functions, and potential pathways of miRNAs involved in the onset and progression of myopia. The primary objective of this review was to provide valuable insights into molecular mechanisms underlying myopia and the contribution of miRNAs. These insights are expected to pave the way for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical applications of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Centre of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Licheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Centre of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Centre of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuemei Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Centre of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China; Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Engineering Research Centre of Assistive Technology for Visual Impairment, Fujian Province University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China; The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Eppenberger LS, Grzybowski A, Schmetterer L, Ang M. Myopia Control: Are We Ready for an Evidence Based Approach? Ophthalmol Ther 2024; 13:1453-1477. [PMID: 38710983 PMCID: PMC11109072 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-024-00951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopia and its vision-threatening complications present a significant public health problem. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the multitude of known and emerging interventions to control myopia, including their potential effect, safety, and costs. METHODS A systematic literature search of three databases was conducted. Interventions were grouped into four categories: environmental/behavioral (outdoor time, near work), pharmacological (e.g., atropine), optical interventions (spectacles and contact lenses), and novel approaches such as red-light (RLRL) therapies. Review articles and original articles on randomized controlled trials (RCT) were selected. RESULTS From the initial 3224 retrieved records, 18 reviews and 41 original articles reporting results from RCTs were included. While there is more evidence supporting the efficacy of low-dose atropine and certain myopia-controlling contact lenses in slowing myopia progression, the evidence about the efficacy of the newer interventions, such as spectacle lenses (e.g., defocus incorporated multiple segments and highly aspheric lenslets) is more limited. Behavioral interventions, i.e., increased outdoor time, seem effective for preventing the onset of myopia if implemented successfully in schools and homes. While environmental interventions and spectacles are regarded as generally safe, pharmacological interventions, contact lenses, and RLRL may be associated with adverse effects. All interventions, except for behavioral change, are tied to moderate to high expenditures. CONCLUSION Our review suggests that myopia control interventions are recommended and prescribed on the basis of accessibility and clinical practice patterns, which vary widely around the world. Clinical trials indicate short- to medium-term efficacy in reducing myopia progression for various interventions, but none have demonstrated long-term effectiveness in preventing high myopia and potential complications in adulthood. There is an unmet need for a unified consensus for strategies that balance risk and effectiveness for these methods for personalized myopia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sara Eppenberger
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Department, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Dhakal R, Lawrenson JG, Huntjens B, Shah R, Verkicharla PK. Light exposure profiles differ between myopes and non-myopes outside school hours. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001469. [PMID: 38816010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering the putative role of light in myopia, and variations in socioeconomic, lifestyle, educational and environmental factors across ethnicities, we objectively investigated light exposure patterns in Indian school children. METHODS The light exposure profile of 143 school children (9-15 years, 50 myopes) recorded using a validated wearable light tracker for six continuous days was analysed. Additional data for non-school days were available for 87 children (26 myopes). The illuminance exposure levels, time spent outdoors and epoch (number of times participant is exposed to a predefined range of lux level per day) were compared between myopes and non-myopes across different light conditions: ≥1000, ≥3000, ≥5000 and ≥10 000 lux. For school days, light exposure profiles during (1) before school, school and after school hours; and (2) class, break and transition (when a student travels to and from school) time were analysed. RESULTS The overall median (IQR) daily illuminance exposure level, time spent outdoors and epochs at outdoors (≥1000 lux) were 807 (507-1079) lux/day, 46 (30-64) min/day and 9 (6-12) times/day, respectively. The daily illuminance exposure on non-school days was significantly higher in non-myopes than myopes (6369 (4508-9112) vs 5623 (2616-6929) lux/day, p=0.04). During transition time (school days), non-myopes had significantly higher illuminance exposure (910 (388-1479) vs 550 (263-1098) lux/day, p=0.04), spent more time outdoors (25 (10-43) vs 14 (4-29) min/day, p=0.01) and had higher outdoor epochs (6 (4-11) vs 5 (2-8) times/day, p=0.01) than myopes. CONCLUSIONS A small but significant difference in illuminance exposure, time spent outdoors and epoch was noted between myopes and non-myopes during transition time, which may have implications in myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre & Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sceinces, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre & Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sceinces, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Peng Z, Xiang A, He H, Luo Y, Wu S, Luo Y, Yang J, Nie K, Zhong X. Brimonidine as a possible treatment for myopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:161. [PMID: 38605375 PMCID: PMC11007938 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is becoming a huge burden on the world's public health systems. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of brimonidine in the treatment of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and myopia development. METHODS Monocular form deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in three-week-old pigmented male guinea pigs. They were treated with 3 different methods of brimonidine administration (eye drops, and subconjunctival or intravitreal injections). Four different concentrations of brimonidine were tested for each method (2µg/µL, 4µg/µL, 20µg/µL, and 40µg/µL). All treatments continued for a period of 21 days. Tonometry, retinoscopy, and A-scan ultrasonography were used to monitor intraocular pressure, refractive error and axial length (AL), respectively. RESULTS Treatment with subconjunctival brimonidine at 40µg/µL, and intravitreal brimonidine at 2µg/µL and 4µg/µL, inhibited the development of FDM. The myopic refraction, excessive axial length, and elevation of IOP were significantly decreased. Brimonidine in eye drops was ineffective. CONCLUSION Brimonidine at appropriate doses significantly reduced the development of FD myopia in guinea pigs. The IOP may change with FD myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Peng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Aiqun Xiang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hong He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Yaqi Luo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shunliang Wu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yanting Luo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Junming Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ke Nie
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xingwu Zhong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 19 Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, 570300, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Zhang XB, Jiang HH, Zhang LL, Li CJ, Chen C, Xing MZ, Ma YN, Ma YX. Potential causal associations between leisure sedentary behaviors, physical activity, sleep traits, and myopia: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:104. [PMID: 38443833 PMCID: PMC10913247 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is the most prevalent refractive error and a growing global health concern that significantly affects visual function. Researchers have recently emphasized considerably on the influence of lifestyle on myopia incidence and development. This study investigates the relationship between leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB)/physical activity (PA)/sleep traits and myopia. METHODS LSB, PA, and sleep trait-associated genetic variants were used as instrument variables in a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine their causal effects on myopia. Summary genome-wide association studies (GWASs) statistical data for LSB and PA were obtained from UK Biobank, and the data of sleep traits was obtained from UK Biobank, UK Biobank and 23andMe, and FinnGen. We used summary statistics data for myopia from MRC IEU. The MR analyses was performed using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier methods. RESULTS Computer use was genetically predicted to increase the myopia risk [IVW odds ratio (OR) = 1.057; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.038-1.078; P = 7.04 × 10- 9]. The self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (IVW OR = 0.962; 95% CI, 0.932-0.993; P = 1.57 × 10- 2) and television watching (IVW OR = 0.973; 95% CI, 0.961-0.985, P = 1.93 × 10- 5) were significantly associated with a lower myopia risk. However, genetically predicted sleep traits or accelerometer-measured physical activity had no significant associations with myopia. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that computer use is a risk factor for myopia, whereas television watching and MVPA may protect against myopia. These findings shed new light on possible strategies for reducing the prevalence of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - He-He Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jing Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Xing
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Ning Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yu-Xia Ma
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Chawla O, Singh A, Kumawat D, Chowdhury N, Kumar B. Systematic Review of Sleep Duration and Development of Myopia. Cureus 2024; 16:e56216. [PMID: 38618360 PMCID: PMC11016326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a knowledge gap in the relationship between sleep duration and myopia. Since sleep duration is a modifiable risk factor, its association with the development and progression of myopia has implications for public health. This review was conducted in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The bibliographic databases of PubMed and Scopus were searched for published studies on the association between sleep duration and myopia. These databases were searched in December 2023 with no date or study design limits. The relevant literature was extracted and met the priori determined population (children, adolescents, and adults suffering from myopia with or without corrective glasses), intervention/exposure (sleep), and the outcome (various indicators of sleep especially sleep duration/bedtime/wake time and sleep quality). Data were gathered by gender, age, and refraction technique and standardized to the definition of myopia as refractive error ≥0.50 diopter. The relevant literature was extracted from these electronic databases using the keywords "sleep," "sleep duration," "bedtime," and "myopia." English language articles related to the topic were included. Articles that have discussed the role of risk factors for myopia but did not mention any relation to sleep were excluded. Sixteen studies were included after reviewing the relevant literature, and only six studies have shown a significant relationship between shorter duration of sleep and the development of myopia. This review suggests that apart from other environmental factors, sleep duration may have a role in developing myopia. Thus, increasing awareness about optimum sleep duration has a potential utility to reduce the development and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omna Chawla
- Department of Physiology, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Anupam Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Devesh Kumawat
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Nilotpal Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Barun Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
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Youssef MA, Shehata AR, Adly AM, Ahmed MR, Abo-Bakr HF, Fawzy RM, Gouda AT. Efficacy of Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) therapy on myopia outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:78. [PMID: 38378527 PMCID: PMC10877869 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is the most prevalent form of refractive error that has a major negative impact on visual function and causes blurring of vision. We aimed to determine if Repeated Low-Level Red Light (RLRL) treatment is beneficial in treating childhood myopia in terms of axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). METHODS This systematic review was performed on RLRL for treatment of myopia in children compared to single vision spectacles (SVS). We employed the search strategy with key terms myopia and low-level light therapy then we searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. The mean differences (MD) were used to evaluate the treatment effects. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 statistics and explored by sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in our meta-analysis with a total of 833 patients, 407 in treatment group and 426 in control group. At a 3 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.16; 95% CI [-0.19, -0.12], SER (MD = 0.33; 95% CI [0.27, 0.38]), and SFCT (MD = 43.65; 95% CI [23.72, 45.58]). At a 6 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.21; 95% CI [-0.28, -0.15]), SER (MD = 0.46; 95% CI [0.26, 0.65]), and SFCT (MD = 25.07; 95% CI [18.18, 31.95]). At a 12 month follow up period, pooled studies show a statistical difference in AL between RLRL and SVS group (MD = -0.31; 95% CI [-0.42, -0.19]) and SER (MD = 0.63; 95% CI [0.52, 0.73]). CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating only RCTs evidence supporting the efficacy of 650 nm RLRL for myopia control in the short term of 3, 6, and 12 months follow up. The present review revealed the clinical significance of RLRL as a new alternative treatment for myopia control with good user acceptability and no documented functional or structural damage. However, the effect of long-term RLRL treatment and the rebound effect after cessation require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Moataz Adly
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef city, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Taha Gouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef city, Beni Suef, Egypt
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López-Hernández AE, Miquel-López C, García-Medina JJ, García-Ayuso D. Impact of stimulant treatment on refractive errors and pupil diameter in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38337176 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and visual impairment remains poorly understood, and the impact of visual impairment on the development of ADHD is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the refractive profile and ocular biometric characteristics in patients diagnosed with ADHD and compare them with a control group. Additionally, we aimed to explore the potential influence of sex and medication intake. METHODS A cohort of 100 participants, including 50 individuals with ADHD and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects, was included in this study. Ocular biometric parameters were measured, and refractive error was assessed using cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Subgroup analyses were performed within the ADHD group based on sex, medication intake and age to investigate potential associations with the ocular findings. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant differences in axial length, corneal topography parameters or anterior chamber characteristics between ADHD and control subjects. However, subgroup analysis within the ADHD group revealed that the prevalence of ametropia under cycloplegia was significantly higher in unmedicated (69.6%) compared to medicated (37.5%) (X2 (2) = 7.320, p = 0.026) participants. Pupil diameter was significantly larger in medicated (3.91 mm) compared to unmedicated (3.58 mm; p = 0.017) individuals. Males had flatter (p = 0.004) and thicker (p = 0.008) corneas than females. Older ADHD participants had higher refractive error (p = 0.008 for non-cycloplegic and p = 0.0.003 for cycloplegic), axial length (p = 0.002) and corneal astigmatism (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides compelling evidence that individuals diagnosed with ADHD exhibit a similar incidence of refractive errors and ocular parameters compared to normal subjects. Nonetheless, the prevalence of refractive errors appears to be higher in unmedicated ADHD patients, suggesting the potential benefit of stimulant treatment. Additionally, stimulant use is associated with an increase in pupil diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eusebio López-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, España
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Miquel-López
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Javier García-Medina
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, España
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, España
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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11
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Hu T, Wu R, Wang W, Li H, Peng X. Analysis of factors related to the development of ocular biometric parameters in Chinese children aged 6-10 years: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080066. [PMID: 38320844 PMCID: PMC10859994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emmetropia depends on the precise coordination of ocular biometry, including axial length (AL), corneal curvature, lens thickness and anterior chamber depth (ACD). Disruption of this coordination leads to refractive errors such as myopia. This article aimed to determine the factors affecting ocular biometry and myopia development in young children. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING This study was conducted in a primary school in the Yanqing district of Beijing, China. PARTICIPANTS 792 students in grades 1-3 without hyperopia (>+2.00 D), strabismus, or amblyopia were selected. EXCLUSIONS students had conditions affecting best corrected visual acuity and whose guardians refused to provide informed consent. Ocular biometric measurements and non-cycloplegia autorefraction were performed. The questionnaire addressed factors such as perinatal factors and environmental factors. INTERVENTIONS None. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Ocular biometry and myopia. RESULTS According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, electronic screen use >2 hours/day (OR=2.175, p=0.013), paternal myopia (OR=1.761, p=0.002), maternal myopia (OR=1.718, p=0.005), taller height (OR=1.071, p<0.001), maternal education (OR=0.631, p=0.012) and maternal gestational hypertension (OR=0.330, p=0.042) were associated with myopia. AL was affected by female sex (OR=0.295, p<0.001), older age (OR=1.272, p=0.002) and taller height (OR=1.045, p<0.001). Female sex (OR=0.509, p<0.001), taller height (OR=1.046, p<0.001), use of electronic screens >2 hours each day (OR=3.596, p<0.001) and time spent outdoors >2 hours each day (OR=0.431, p=0.001) influenced ACD incidence. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was associated with older age (OR=1.113, p=0.008), paternal education (OR=1.474, p=0.007), premature birth (OR=0.494, p=0.031), history of blue light therapy in infancy (OR=0.636, p=0.041) and history of incubator therapy in infancy (OR=0.263, p=0.009). Only sex influenced corneal curvature. CONCLUSIONS The factors associated with myopia were partly related to ACD and AL, and perinatal factors were associated with myopia and CCT. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2200065398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University,Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Weisuo Wang
- Beijing Yanqing District Primary and Secondary HealthCare Station, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Li
- Beijing Yanqing District Primary and Secondary HealthCare Station, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University,Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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12
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Peng S, Guo M, Wu C, Liu J, Zou B, Chen Y, Su Y, Shi L, Zhu S, Xu S, Guo D, Ju R, Wei L, Wei Y, Liu C. Age and light damage influence Fzd5 regulation of ocular growth-related genes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109769. [PMID: 38154732 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors can independently or coordinatively drive ocular axis growth. Mutations in FRIZZLED5 (FZD5) have been associated with microphthalmia, coloboma, and, more recently, high myopia. The molecular mechanism of how Fzd5 participates in ocular growth remains unknown. In this study, we compiled a list of human genes associated with ocular growth abnormalities based on public databases and a literature search. We identified a set of ocular growth-related genes from the list that was altered in the Fzd5 mutant mice by RNAseq analysis at different time points. The Fzd5 regulation of this set of genes appeared to be impacted by age and light damage. Further bioinformatical analysis indicated that these genes are extracellular matrix (ECM)-related; and meanwhile an altered Wnt signaling was detected. Altogether, the data suggest that Fzd5 may regulate ocular growth through regulating ECM remodeling, hinting at a genetic-environmental interaction in gene regulation of ocular axis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mingzhu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yingchun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dianlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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13
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Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DMX, Sun CH, Lam JSH, Saw SM, Najjar RP. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J Physiol Anthropol 2024; 43:7. [PMID: 38297353 PMCID: PMC10829372 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. This surge in myopia rates, occurring within a relatively stable genetic framework, underscores the profound influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on this condition. In this comprehensive narrative review, we shed light on both established and potential environmental and lifestyle contributors that affect the development and progression of myopia. MAIN BODY Epidemiological and interventional research has consistently revealed a compelling connection between increased outdoor time and a decreased risk of myopia in children. This protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure to the characteristics of natural light (i.e., sunlight) and the release of retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective of outdoor time, excessive engagement in near work can further worsen the onset of myopia. While the exact mechanisms behind this exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears to involve shifts in relative peripheral refraction, the overstimulation of accommodation, or a complex interplay of these factors, leading to issues like retinal image defocus, blur, and chromatic aberration. Other potential factors like the spatial frequency of the visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, and education have debatable independent influences on myopia development. CONCLUSION The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Biswas
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio El Kareh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mariyem Qureshi
- School of Optometry, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice S H Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Tempone MH, Borges-Martins VP, César F, Alexandrino-Mattos DP, de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, dos Santos AA, Duarte-Silva AT, Dias MS, Freitas HR, de Araújo EG, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Cossenza M, P. Silva H, P. de Carvalho R, Ventura ALM, Calaza KC, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, de Melo Reis RA. The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1120. [PMID: 38256192 PMCID: PMC10817105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is the sensory tissue responsible for the first stages of visual processing, with a conserved anatomy and functional architecture among vertebrates. To date, retinal eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and others, affect nearly 170 million people worldwide, resulting in vision loss and blindness. To tackle retinal disorders, the developing retina has been explored as a versatile model to study intercellular signaling, as it presents a broad neurochemical repertoire that has been approached in the last decades in terms of signaling and diseases. Retina, dissociated and arranged as typical cultures, as mixed or neuron- and glia-enriched, and/or organized as neurospheres and/or as organoids, are valuable to understand both neuronal and glial compartments, which have contributed to revealing roles and mechanisms between transmitter systems as well as antioxidants, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Overall, contributions in understanding neurogenesis, tissue development, differentiation, connectivity, plasticity, and cell death are widely described. A complete access to the genome of several vertebrates, as well as the recent transcriptome at the single cell level at different stages of development, also anticipates future advances in providing cues to target blinding diseases or retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H. Tempone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Vladimir P. Borges-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Felipe César
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Dio Pablo Alexandrino-Mattos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Camila S. de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Aline Araujo dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Aline Teixeira Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana Santana Dias
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elisabeth G. de Araújo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Victor Tulio Ribeiro-Resende
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Hilda P. Silva
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Roberto P. de Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana S. Silveira
- Laboratory for Investigation in Neuroregeneration and Development, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil;
| | - Regina C. C. Kubrusly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
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15
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Rasys AM, Wegerski A, Trainor PA, Hufnagel RB, Menke DB, Lauderdale JD. Dynamic changes in ocular shape during human development and its implications for retina fovea formation. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300054. [PMID: 38037292 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The human fovea is known for its distinctive pit-like appearance, which results from the displacement of retinal layers superficial to the photoreceptors cells. The photoreceptors are found at high density within the foveal region but not the surrounding retina. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these unique features have ruled out cell death as an explanation for pit formation and changes in cell proliferation as the cause of increased photoreceptor density. These findings have led to speculation that mechanical forces acting within and on the retina during development underly the formation of foveal architecture. Here we review eye morphogenesis and retinal remodeling in human embryonic development. Our meta-analysis of the literature suggests that fovea formation is a protracted process involving dynamic changes in ocular shape that start early and continue throughout most of human embryonic development. From these observations, we propose a new model for fovea development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Rasys
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Wegerski
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas B Menke
- Department of Genetics, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - James D Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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16
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Chen CS, Lin CF, Chou YL, Lee DY, Tien PT, Wang YC, Chang CY, Lin ES, Chen JJ, Wu MY, Ku H, Gan D, Chang YM, Lin HJ, Wan L. Acupuncture modulates development of myopia by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the dopamine-D1R signaling pathway. Acupunct Med 2023; 41:364-375. [PMID: 37211683 DOI: 10.1177/09645284231170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine has been suggested to be a stop signal for eye growth and affects the development of myopia. Acupuncture is known to increase dopamine secretion and is widely used to treat myopia clinically. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if acupuncture inhibits myopia progression in form deprived Syrian hamsters by inducing rises in dopamine content that in turn suppress inflammasome activation. METHODS Acupuncture was applied at LI4 and Taiyang every other day for 21 days. The levels of molecules associated with the dopamine signaling pathway, inflammatory signaling pathway and inflammasome activation were determined. A dopamine agonist (apomorphine) was used to evaluate if activation of the dopaminergic signaling pathway suppresses myopia progression by inhibiting inflammasome activation in primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. A dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) inhibitor (SCH39166) was also administered to the hamsters. RESULTS Acupuncture inhibited myopia development by increasing dopamine levels and activating the D1R signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation was inhibited by activation of the D1R signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that acupuncture inhibits myopia development by suppressing inflammation, which is initiated by activation of the dopamine-D1R signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Chi-Fong Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Yung-Lan Chou
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Yao-Chien Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
| | - En-Shyh Lin
- Department of Beauty Science, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung
| | | | - Ming-Yen Wu
- Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Hsiangyu Ku
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Ming Chang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, 1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
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Xu S, Jiang J, Yu M, Gao J, Wang M, Kuang L, Hu Y, Kee CS, Yang X, He M. Effect of COVID-19 home confinement on the efficacy of orthokeratology, 0.01% atropine and combined treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 2023. [PMID: 37983888 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of COVID-19 home confinement on the efficacy of the interventions for controlling myopia, and to select effective therapies to control myopia during COVID-19 confinement. METHOD Children (n = 164) aged 8-12 years with spherical equivalent refraction of -1.00 to -6.00 diopters were stratified into two age subgroups and randomly allocated into the control, 0.01% atropine, orthokeratology (ortho-k) and atropine combined ortho-k (ACO) groups. Axial length (AL) was measured at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month visits. The follow-up spanned the period before the COVID-19 outbreak, the period of the home confinement, and the period of the school reopening. Hence, the AL change in different periods was collected and compared. Data analysis was performed following the criteria of intention to treat (ITT). RESULTS All 164 children were involved in the ITT analysis. Compared to control, all interventions can still reduce the AL elongation during the COVID-19 home confinement period (all p < 0.05). However, the efficacy was compromised: individuals experienced more AL elongation during the COVID-19 home confinement period in the control, 0.01% atropine and ACO groups (all p < 0.05). Interestingly, in the ortho-k group, the difference was insignificant (p = 0.178), and the interaction between the intervention type (control vs. ortho-k) and the confinement severity was significant (p for interaction = 0.041), which is different from the atropine (p for interaction = 0.248) or ACO group (p for interaction = 0.988). These results were stable after being adjusted by other variables based on the multivariable regression model. CONCLUSION Ortho-k was less affected by the COVID-19 home confinement, which is potentially a better therapy for children in this high-risk environment. Further investigations are warranted to validate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhao Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chea-Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Deng B, Li W, Chen Z, Zeng J, Zhao F. Temporal bright light at low frequency retards lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16425. [PMID: 38025747 PMCID: PMC10655705 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bright light conditions are supposed to curb eye growth in animals with experimental myopia. Here we investigated the effects of temporal bright light at very low frequencies exposures on lens-induced myopia (LIM) progression. Methods Myopia was induced by application of -6.00 D lenses over the right eye of guinea pigs. They were randomly divided into four groups based on exposure to different lighting conditions: constant low illumination (CLI; 300 lux), constant high illumination (CHI; 8,000 lux), very low frequency light (vLFL; 300/8,000 lux, 10 min/c), and low frequency light (LFL; 300/8,000 lux, 20 s/c). Refraction and ocular dimensions were measured per week. Changes in ocular dimensions and refractions were analyzed by paired t-tests, and differences among the groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results Significant myopic shifts in refractive error were induced in lens-treated eyes compared with contralateral eyes in all groups after 3 weeks (all P < 0.05). Both CHI and LFL conditions exhibited a significantly less refractive shift of LIM eyes than CLI and vLFL conditions (P < 0.05). However, only LFL conditions showed significantly less overall myopic shift and axial elongation than CLI and vLFL conditions (both P < 0.05). The decrease in refractive error of both eyes correlated significantly with axial elongation in all groups (P < 0.001), except contralateral eyes in the CHI group (P = 0.231). LFL condition significantly slacked lens thickening in the contralateral eyes. Conclusions Temporal bright light at low temporal frequency (0.05 Hz) appears to effectively inhibit LIM progression. Further research is needed to determine the safety and the potential mechanism of temporal bright light in myopic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Huizhou Third People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, China
| | - Ziping Chen
- Guangdong Light Visual Health Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Wang B, Watt K, Chen Z, Kang P. Predicting the child who will become myopic - can we prevent onset? Clin Exp Optom 2023; 106:815-824. [PMID: 37194117 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia has become a global epidemic with significant public health impacts. Identifying the child at risk of developing myopia, i.e. the pre-myopic child and implementing strategies to prevent the onset of myopia, could significantly reduce the burden of myopia on an individual and society. This paper is a review of publications that have identified ocular characteristics of children at risk of future myopia development including a lower than age normal amount of hyperopia and accelerated axial length elongation. Risk factors associated with increased risk of myopia development such as education exposure and reduced outdoor time, and strategies that could be implemented to prevent myopia onset in children are also explored. The strong causal role of education and outdoor time on myopia development suggests that lifestyle modifications could be implemented as preventative measures to at-risk children and may significantly impact the myopia epidemic by preventing or delaying myopia onset and its associated ocular health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathleen Watt
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fudan University Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Pauline Kang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Thomson K, Karouta C, Weber D, Hoffmann N, Morgan I, Kelly T, Ashby R. The role of the serotonergic system in atropine's anti-myopic effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115542. [PMID: 37742601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of low-vision worldwide. This study sought to better define the mechanism by which atropine inhibits myopic growth. Although classified as a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, atropine has been found to bind and modulate the activity of several non-cholinergic systems (e.g., serotonin). Thus, this study investigated whether the serotonergic system could underly atropine's anti-myopic effects. Using a chick model of myopia, we report that atropine's growth-inhibitory effects can be attenuated by pharmacological stimulation of the serotonin system. This may suggest that atropine can slow the development of myopia through inhibiting serotonergic receptor activity. We also observed that pharmacological antagonism of serotonergic receptors inhibits the development of experimental myopia in a dose-dependent manner, further demonstrating that modulation of serotonergic receptor activity can alter ocular growth rates. Finally, we found that neither experimental myopia, nor atropine treatment, induced a significant change in retinal serotonergic output (i.e., synthesis, transport, release and catabolism). This may suggest that, although myopic growth can be inhibited through modulation of serotonergic receptor activity (by atropine or serotonergic antagonists), this does not require a change in serotonin levels. These findings regarding a serotonergic mechanism for atropine may have significant ramifications for the treatment of human myopia. This includes assessing the use of atropine in patients who are also undergoing treatment to upregulate serotonergic signaling (e.g., serotonergic anti-depressants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Thomson
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - Cindy Karouta
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Weber
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Nichola Hoffmann
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Regan Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Australia
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21
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Sun R, Peng Q, Zhang F, Gao H, Li T, Wang L, Zhang L. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 on dopamine level in the retinas of guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16255. [PMID: 37849827 PMCID: PMC10578302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common refractive error because excessive increase in the axial length of a myopic eye leads to the thinning of the posterior scleral pole and can cause serious complications resulting in blindness. Thus, myopia has become a great concern worldwide. Dopamine (DA) plays a role in the development of myopia. Moreover, in Parkinson's disease, it has been proved that vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) can promote the survival and recovery of DA neurons, resulting in increased DA secretion in the striatum, thereby treating neuropathy. Therefore, we speculate that VEGF165 can also promote the release of DA in the retina to inhibit the occurrence and development of myopia. We aimed to investigate the effect of VEGF165 on DA levels in the retinas of guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the effects of DA on myopia prevention and control. Methods Healthy 3-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were randomly divided into blank, FDM, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), 1, 5, and 10 ng groups. The FDM model was established by covering the right eye continuously with a translucent latex balloon pullover for 14 days. The pigs in the PBS, 1, 5, and 10 ng groups were injected with PBS buffer and 1, 5, and 10 ng of VEGF165 recombinant human protein, respectively, in the vitreous of the right eye before masking. The refractive error and axial length were measured before and after modeling. All retinas were used for biomolecular analyses after 14 days. Results We found that the intravitreal injection of VEGF165 elevated DA levels in the retina and was effective in slowing the progression of myopia, and 1 ng of VEGF165 was the most effective. Moreover, the number of vascular endothelial cell nuclei in the 1 ng group was lower than that in the other VEGF165 groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that VEGF165 has a promoting effect on DA in the retinas of guinea pigs with FDM, potentially controlling the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingsheng Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengyi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Honglian Gao
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong Province, China
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22
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Martínez-Albert N, Bueno-Gimeno I, Gené-Sampedro A. Risk Factors for Myopia: A Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6062. [PMID: 37763002 PMCID: PMC10532298 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the myopia prevalence increase worldwide, this study aims to establish the most relevant risk factors associated with its development and progression. A review search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the main myopia risk factors. The inclusion criteria for the articles were those related to the topic, carried out in subjects from 5 to 30 years, published between January 2000 and May 2023, in English, and with the full text available. Myopia etiology has proven to be associated with both genetic and environmental factors as well as with gene-environment interaction. The risk of developing myopia increases in children with myopic parents (one parent ×2 times, two parents ×5 times). Regarding environmental factors, education is the main risk factor correlated with myopia prevalence increase. Further, several studies found that shorter distance (<30 cm) and longer time spent (>30 min) for near work increase the risk of myopia. Meanwhile, increased outdoor activity (>40 min/day) has been shown to be a key factor in reducing myopia incidence. In conclusion, the interventional strategy suggested so far to reduce myopia incidence is an increase in time outdoors and a reduction in the time spent performing near-work tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inmaculada Bueno-Gimeno
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Andrés Gené-Sampedro
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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23
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Bourke CM, Loughman J, Flitcroft DI, Loskutova E, O'Brien C. We can't afford to turn a blind eye to myopia. QJM 2023; 116:635-639. [PMID: 30911761 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world. It is an overlooked but leading cause of blindness, particularly among the working aged population. Myopia is often considered benign because it is easily corrected with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery. Traditionally myopia has been classified into physiological and pathological subtypes based on the degree of myopia present. Higher levels of myopia are associated with increased risk of pathological complications but it is important to note that there is no safe level of myopia. Even low levels of myopia increase the risk of retinal detachment and other ocular comorbidities which will be discussed in detail later. The most serious complication, myopic maculopathy, is the only leading cause of blindness without an established treatment and therefore leads to inevitable loss of vision in some myopes, even at a young age. AIM To highlight the current myopia epidemic and the sight threatening complications associated with it. DESIGN This is a commissioned review article. Data were gathered by performing a literature review, searching the PubMed database for recent articles regarding myopia. CONCLUSIONS Myopia is a potentially blinding disease. By identifying at risk individuals and intervening before they become myopic, eye care practitioners can prevent or delay spectacle use, reduce the risk of the myriad of myopic complications, thereby improve the patient's quality of life and positively impact its socio-economic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bourke
- From the Ophthalmology Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Inns Quay, Dublin D07R2WY, Ireland
- Ophthalmology Department, Childrens University Hospital Temple Street, Temple Street, Dublin 1 D01YC67, Ireland
| | - J Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Dublin Institute of Technology, City Campus, Dublin D07HK68, Ireland
| | - D I Flitcroft
- Ophthalmology Department, Childrens University Hospital Temple Street, Temple Street, Dublin 1 D01YC67, Ireland
| | - E Loskutova
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Dublin Institute of Technology, City Campus, Dublin D07HK68, Ireland
| | - C O'Brien
- From the Ophthalmology Department, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Inns Quay, Dublin D07R2WY, Ireland
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24
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Goto S, Zhang Y, Vyas SA, Zhu Q, Wildsoet CF. Changes in Expression in BMP2 and Two Closely Related Genes in Guinea Pig Retinal Pigment Epithelium during Induction and Recovery from Myopia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1373. [PMID: 37759773 PMCID: PMC10526436 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported differential gene expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after 1 day of hyperopic defocus, imposed with a negative contact lens (CLs). The study reported here sought to obtain insights into the temporal profiles of gene expression changes in Bmp2, as well as those of two closely related genes, the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) and Noggin (Nog), both during myopia induction and when the CL treatment was terminated to allow recovery from induced myopia. METHODS To induce myopia, 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 8) wore monocular -10 diopter (D) rigid gas-permeable (RGP) CLs for one week, while the other eye served as a control. Ocular measurements were made at baseline, 3 days, and 7 days after the initiation of CL wear, with treatment then being terminated and additional measurements being made after a further 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Spherical equivalent refractive errors (SERs), axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (ChT), and scleral thickness (ScT) data were collected using retinoscopy, optical biometry (Lenstar), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively. RPE samples were collected from both eyes of the guinea pigs after either 1 day or 1 week of CL wear or 1 day or 2 weeks after its termination, and RNA was subsequently isolated and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, targeting the Bmp2, Id3, and Nog genes. RESULTS Mean interocular differences (treated-control) in AL and SER were significantly different from baseline after 3 and 7 days of CL wear, consistent with induced myopia (p < 0.001 for all cases). Termination of CL wear resulted in the normalization (i.e., recovery) of the ALs and SERs of the treated eyes within 7 days, and the earlier significant ChT thinning with CL wear (p = 0004, day 7) was replaced by rapid thickening, which remained significant on day 7 (p = 0.009) but had normalized by day 14. The ChT changes were much smaller in magnitude than the AL changes in both phases. Interocular differences in the ScT showed no significant changes. The Bmp2 and Id3 genes were both significantly downregulated with CL wear, after 1 day (p = 0.012 and 0.016) and 7 days (p = 0.002 and 0.005), while Bmp2 gene expression increased and Nog gene expression decreased after the termination of CL wear, albeit transiently, which was significant on 1 day (p = 0.004 and 0.04) but not 2 weeks later. No change in Id3 gene expression was observed over the latter period. Conclusions: The above patterns of myopia induction and recovery validate this negative RGP-CL model as an alternative to traditional spectacle lens models for guinea pigs. The defocus-driven, sign-dependent changes in the expression of the Bmp2 gene in guinea pig RPE are consistent with observations in chicks and demonstrate the important role of BMP2 in eye growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Goto
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sonal Aswin Vyas
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qiurong Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christine F. Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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25
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Carpena-Torres C, Schilling T, Huete-Toral F, Bahmani H, Carracedo G. Increased ocular dopamine levels in rabbits after blue light stimulation of the optic nerve head. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109604. [PMID: 37499737 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to quantify ocular dopamine in rabbits after stimulation of the optic nerve head with short-wavelength (blue) light to activate melanopsin expressed in the axons of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Dopamine levels in tears, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and retina (including choroid) were quantified after blue light stimulation of the optic nerve head of 15 rabbits with an optical fiber for 1 min, 10 min, or no stimulation (n = 5, each group). The left eye of all rabbits was operated on to introduce the optical fiber and stimulate the optic nerve, while the contralateral eye served as internal control. One minute of blue light stimulation significantly increased dopamine concentration in the vitreous body of the treated eyes compared to the contralateral ones (P = 0.015). Stimulation for 10 min significantly increased dopamine concentration in the vitreous body, as well as the aqueous humor (P < 0.05). Therefore, using an optical fiber approach to stimulate the optic nerve head with blue light significantly increased dopamine concentration in the aqueous humor and the vitreous body. This likely reflects an upregulation of retinal dopamine synthesis that could be attributed to ipRGC activation. However, the data provided in this study fell short of establishing a definitive link between dopamine release and ipRGC activation, mainly due to the lack of evidence supporting the expression of the melanopsin photopigment in the optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carpena-Torres
- Ocupharm Research Group, Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Ocupharm Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo Carracedo
- Ocupharm Research Group, Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Gisbert S, Wahl S, Schaeffel F. L-opsin expression in chickens is similarly reduced with diffusers and negative lenses. Vision Res 2023; 210:108272. [PMID: 37269575 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the expression of L- and M-opsins was reduced in chicken retina when eyes were covered with diffusers. The purpose of the current study was to find out whether this is a result of altered spatial processing during development of deprivation myopia or merely a consequence of light attenuation by the diffusers. Therefore, retinal luminances were matched by neutral density filters in fellow eyes that served as controls for diffuser-treated eyes. Furthermore, the effects of negative lenses on opsins expression were studied. Chickens wore diffusers or -7D lenses for a period of 7 days and refractive state and ocular biometry were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Retinal tissue was extracted from both eyes to quantify L-, M- and S-opsins expression by qRT-PCR. It was found that L-opsin expression was significantly lower in eyes wearing diffusers, compared to fellow eyes covered with neutral density filters. Interestingly, L-opsin was also reduced in eyes wearing negative lenses. In summary, this study shows that L-opsin expression is reduced due to the loss of high spatial frequencies and general contrast reduction in the retinal image, rather than by a decline in retinal luminance. Moreover, the fact that L-opsin was similarly reduced in eyes treated with negative lenses and diffusers suggests the existence of a common pathway for emmetropization, but it could also be just a consequence of reduced high spatial frequencies and lower contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gisbert
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology, and Innovation, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology, and Innovation, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Technology, and Innovation, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Yin N, Wang HN, Ding WW, Zhou H, Li SY, Miao Y, Li F, Lei B, Wang Z. Dopamine receptor-mediated roles on retinal ganglion cell hyperexcitability and injury in experimental glaucoma. Cell Signal 2023:110781. [PMID: 37354963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinary excitability (hyperexcitability) is closely related to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury in glaucoma. Dopamine (DA) and its receptors are involved in modulating RGC excitability. We investigated how DA system affects RGC injury in chronic ocular hypertension (COH) experimental glaucoma model. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results revealed that expression of DA D2-like receptor (D2R) in RGCs was increased in COH retinas. Patch-clamp recordings showed that outward K+ currents were downregulated, while Na+ currents and NaV1.6 expression were upregulated in RGCs of COH retinas, which could be reversed by intravitreal pre-injection of the D2R antagonist sulpiride, but not by the D1-like receptor (D1R) antagonist SCH23390. However, pre-injection of the D1R agonist SKF81297 could partially reverse the increased expression of NaV1.6 proteins. Consistently, the numbers of evoked action potentials induced by current injections were increased in RGCs of COH retinas, indicating that RGCs may be in a condition of hyperexcitability. The increased frequency of evoked action potentials could be partially block by pre-injection of sulpiride, SKF81297 or DA, respectively. Furthermore, the increased number of TUNEL-positive RGCs in COH retinas could be partially reduced by intravitreal pre-injection of sulpiride, but not by pre-injection of SCH23390. Moreover, pre-injection of SKF81297 or DA could reduce the number of TUNEL-positive RGCs in COH retinas. All these results indicate that in COH retina, activation of D2R enhances RGC hyperexcitability and injury, while activation of D1R results in the opposite effects. Selective inhibition of D2R or activation of D1R may be an effective strategy for treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Wen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Institutes of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Ostrin LA, Harb E, Nickla DL, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Zhou X, Wildsoet CF. IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37126359 PMCID: PMC10153586 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid is the richly vascular layer of the eye located between the sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well as more recent studies in humans, have demonstrated that the choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly and indirectly subject to modulation by a variety of physiologic and visual stimuli. In this review, the anatomy and function of the choroid are summarized and links between the choroid, eye growth regulation, and myopia, as demonstrated in animal models, discussed. Methods for quantifying choroidal thickness in the human eye and associated challenges are described, the literature examining choroidal changes in response to various visual stimuli and refractive error-related differences are summarized, and the potential implications of the latter for myopia are considered. This review also allowed for the reexamination of the hypothesis that short-term changes in choroidal thickness induced by pharmacologic, optical, or environmental stimuli are predictive of future long-term changes in axial elongation, and the speculation that short-term choroidal thickening can be used as a biomarker of treatment efficacy for myopia control therapies, with the general conclusion that current evidence is not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Elise Harb
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Debora L Nickla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Scott A Read
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology-Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology-Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Xi X, Han L, Ding M, Li J, Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. Exploring the relationship between intestinal flora and the pathological mechanism of myopia in adolescents from the perspective of Chinese and Western medicine: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33393. [PMID: 36961150 PMCID: PMC10035986 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of adolescent myopia involves genetic and environmental factors. The pathological mechanism of modern medicine includes blood perfusion, changes in blood molecules, neurotransmitters, and sclera remodeling. Chinese medicine believes that myopia is mainly related to the deficiency of liver blood and spleen and stomach disorders. The prevention and treatment of myopia in adolescents are very important, but in terms of the current incidence of myopia in adolescents and the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment, its prevention and treatment are insufficient. Modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine both pay attention to integrity, so adolescent myopia should not only pay attention to eye changes but also pay attention to other body systems and other aspects of change. Intestinal flora has become a research hotspot in recent years, and it has been found that it is closely associated with multi-system and multi-type diseases. No studies have directly investigated the link between Intestinal flora and myopia in adolescents. Therefore, by summarizing the pathological mechanism of adolescent myopia and the connection between intestinal flora and the pathological mechanism of adolescent myopia, this paper analyzes the possible pathological mechanism of the influence of intestinal flora on adolescent myopia, providing a theoretical basis for future studies on the correlation between changes of intestinal flora and its metabolites and the incidence of adolescent myopia, which is of great significance for the study on the risk prediction of adolescent myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xi
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Han
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglu Li
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Chenye Qiao
- School of Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Shijingshan, Beijing, China
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Dhakal R, Huntjens B, Shah R, Lawrenson JG, Verkicharla PK. Influence of location, season and time of day on the spectral composition of ambient light: Investigation for application in myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:220-230. [PMID: 36637143 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the possible role of spectral composition of light and myopia, this study aimed at investigating the variation in the spectral composition of ambient light in different (a) outdoor/indoor locations, (b) time of a day and (c) seasons. METHODS The spectral power distribution (SPD), categorised into short (380-500 nm), middle (505-565 nm) and long wavelengths (625-780 nm), was recorded using a handheld spectrometer at three outdoor locations ('open playground', 'under shade of tree' and 'canopy') and three indoor locations ('room with multiple windows', 'closed room' and 'closed corridor'). Readings were taken at five different time points (3-h intervals between 6:30 and 18:00 hours) on two days, each during the summer and monsoon seasons. RESULTS The overall median SPD (IQR [25th-75th percentile] W/nm/m2 ) across the three outdoor locations (0.11 [0.09, 0.12]) was 157 times higher than that of the indoor locations (0.0007 [0.0001, 0.001]). Considerable locational, diurnal and seasonal variation was observed in the distribution of the median SPD value, with the highest value being recorded in the 'open playground' (0.27 [0.21, 0.28]) followed by 'under shade of tree' (0.083 [0.074, 0.09]), 'canopy' (0.014 [0.012, 0.015]) and 'room with multiple windows' (0.023 [0.015, 0.028]). The relative percentage composition of short, middle and long wavelengths was similar in both the outdoor and indoor locations, with the proportion of middle wavelengths significantly higher (p < 0.01) than short and long wavelengths in all the locations, except 'canopy'. CONCLUSION Irrespective of variation in SPD values with location, time, day and season, outdoor locations always exhibited significantly higher spectral power than indoor locations. The relative percentage composition of short, middle and long wavelengths of light was similar across all locations. These findings establish a foundation for future research to understand the relationship between spectral power and the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Zhang C, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. Ubiquitous light-emitting diodes: Potential threats to retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160809. [PMID: 36502986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased considerably in the 21st century with humans living in a modern photoperiod with brighter nights and dimmer days. Prolonged exposure to LEDs, especially at night, is considered a new source of pollution because it may affect the synthesis and secretion of retinal melatonin and dopamine, resulting in negative impacts on retinal circadian clocks and potentially disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. The control of ocular refraction is believed to be related to retinal circadian rhythms. Moreover, the global prevalence of myopia has increased at an alarming rate in recent decades. The widespread use of LEDs and the rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia overlap, which is unlikely to be a coincidence. The connection among LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms, and refractive development is both fascinating and confusing. In this review, we aim to develop a systematic framework that includes LEDs, retinal circadian rhythms and refractive development. This paper summarizes the possible mechanisms by which LEDs may disrupt retinal circadian rhythms. We propose that prolonged exposure to LEDs may induce myopia by disrupting retinal circadian rhythms. Finally, we suggest several possible countermeasures to prevent LED interference on retinal circadian rhythms, with the hope of reducing the onset and progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Eye Institute, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Liu H, Schaeffel F, Yang Z, Feldkaemper MP. GABAB Receptor Activation Affects Eye Growth in Chickens with Visually Induced Refractive Errors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030434. [PMID: 36979369 PMCID: PMC10046083 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role of GABAB receptors in the development of deprivation myopia (DM), lens-induced myopia (LIM) and lens-induced hyperopia (LIH). Chicks were intravitreally injected with 25 µg baclofen (GABABR agonist) in one eye and saline into the fellow eye. Choroidal thickness (ChT) was measured via OCT before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 h after injection. ChT decreased strongly at 6 and 8 h after baclofen injection and returned back to baseline level after 24 h. Moreover, chicks were monocularly treated with translucent diffusers, −7D or +7D lenses and randomly assigned to baclofen or saline treatment. DM chicks were injected daily into both eyes, while LIM and LIH chicks were monocularly injected into the lens-wearing eyes, for 4 days. Refractive error, axial length and ChT were measured before and after treatment. Dopamine and its metabolites were analyzed via HPLC. Baclofen significantly reduced the myopic shift and eye growth in DM and LIM eyes. However, it did not change ChT compared to respective saline-injected eyes. On the other hand, baclofen inhibited the hyperopic shift and choroidal thickening in LIH eyes. All the baclofen-injected eyes showed significantly lower vitreal DOPAC content. Since GABA is an inhibitory ubiquitous neurotransmitter, interfering with its signaling affects spatial retinal processing and therefore refractive error development with both diffusers and lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha 410000, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha 410000, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (M.P.F.)
| | - Marita Pauline Feldkaemper
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (M.P.F.)
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Lawrenson JG, Shah R, Huntjens B, Downie LE, Virgili G, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK, Li D, Mavi S, Kernohan A, Li T, Walline JJ. Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2:CD014758. [PMID: 36809645 PMCID: PMC9933422 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014758.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopia is a common refractive error, where elongation of the eyeball causes distant objects to appear blurred. The increasing prevalence of myopia is a growing global public health problem, in terms of rates of uncorrected refractive error and significantly, an increased risk of visual impairment due to myopia-related ocular morbidity. Since myopia is usually detected in children before 10 years of age and can progress rapidly, interventions to slow its progression need to be delivered in childhood. OBJECTIVES To assess the comparative efficacy of optical, pharmacological and environmental interventions for slowing myopia progression in children using network meta-analysis (NMA). To generate a relative ranking of myopia control interventions according to their efficacy. To produce a brief economic commentary, summarising the economic evaluations assessing myopia control interventions in children. To maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register), MEDLINE; Embase; and three trials registers. The search date was 26 February 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of optical, pharmacological and environmental interventions for slowing myopia progression in children aged 18 years or younger. Critical outcomes were progression of myopia (defined as the difference in the change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER, dioptres (D)) and axial length (mm) in the intervention and control groups at one year or longer) and difference in the change in SER and axial length following cessation of treatment ('rebound'). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We followed standard Cochrane methods. We assessed bias using RoB 2 for parallel RCTs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the outcomes: change in SER and axial length at one and two years. Most comparisons were with inactive controls. MAIN RESULTS We included 64 studies that randomised 11,617 children, aged 4 to 18 years. Studies were mostly conducted in China or other Asian countries (39 studies, 60.9%) and North America (13 studies, 20.3%). Fifty-seven studies (89%) compared myopia control interventions (multifocal spectacles, peripheral plus spectacles (PPSL), undercorrected single vision spectacles (SVLs), multifocal soft contact lenses (MFSCL), orthokeratology, rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGP); or pharmacological interventions (including high- (HDA), moderate- (MDA) and low-dose (LDA) atropine, pirenzipine or 7-methylxanthine) against an inactive control. Study duration was 12 to 36 months. The overall certainty of the evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Since the networks in the NMA were poorly connected, most estimates versus control were as, or more, imprecise than the corresponding direct estimates. Consequently, we mostly report estimates based on direct (pairwise) comparisons below. At one year, in 38 studies (6525 participants analysed), the median change in SER for controls was -0.65 D. The following interventions may reduce SER progression compared to controls: HDA (mean difference (MD) 0.90 D, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62 to 1.18), MDA (MD 0.65 D, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.03), LDA (MD 0.38 D, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.66), pirenzipine (MD 0.32 D, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.49), MFSCL (MD 0.26 D, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.35), PPSLs (MD 0.51 D, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.82), and multifocal spectacles (MD 0.14 D, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.21). By contrast, there was little or no evidence that RGP (MD 0.02 D, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.10), 7-methylxanthine (MD 0.07 D, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.24) or undercorrected SVLs (MD -0.15 D, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.00) reduce progression. At two years, in 26 studies (4949 participants), the median change in SER for controls was -1.02 D. The following interventions may reduce SER progression compared to controls: HDA (MD 1.26 D, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.36), MDA (MD 0.45 D, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.83), LDA (MD 0.24 D, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.31), pirenzipine (MD 0.41 D, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.69), MFSCL (MD 0.30 D, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.41), and multifocal spectacles (MD 0.19 D, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.30). PPSLs (MD 0.34 D, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.76) may also reduce progression, but the results were inconsistent. For RGP, one study found a benefit and another found no difference with control. We found no difference in SER change for undercorrected SVLs (MD 0.02 D, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.09). At one year, in 36 studies (6263 participants), the median change in axial length for controls was 0.31 mm. The following interventions may reduce axial elongation compared to controls: HDA (MD -0.33 mm, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.30), MDA (MD -0.28 mm, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.17), LDA (MD -0.13 mm, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.05), orthokeratology (MD -0.19 mm, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.15), MFSCL (MD -0.11 mm, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.09), pirenzipine (MD -0.10 mm, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.02), PPSLs (MD -0.13 mm, 95% CI -0.24 to -0.03), and multifocal spectacles (MD -0.06 mm, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.04). We found little or no evidence that RGP (MD 0.02 mm, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.10), 7-methylxanthine (MD 0.03 mm, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.03) or undercorrected SVLs (MD 0.05 mm, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.11) reduce axial length. At two years, in 21 studies (4169 participants), the median change in axial length for controls was 0.56 mm. The following interventions may reduce axial elongation compared to controls: HDA (MD -0.47mm, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.34), MDA (MD -0.33 mm, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.20), orthokeratology (MD -0.28 mm, (95% CI -0.38 to -0.19), LDA (MD -0.16 mm, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.12), MFSCL (MD -0.15 mm, 95% CI -0.19 to -0.12), and multifocal spectacles (MD -0.07 mm, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.03). PPSL may reduce progression (MD -0.20 mm, 95% CI -0.45 to 0.05) but results were inconsistent. We found little or no evidence that undercorrected SVLs (MD -0.01 mm, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.03) or RGP (MD 0.03 mm, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.12) reduce axial length. There was inconclusive evidence on whether treatment cessation increases myopia progression. Adverse events and treatment adherence were not consistently reported, and only one study reported quality of life. No studies reported environmental interventions reporting progression in children with myopia, and no economic evaluations assessed interventions for myopia control in children. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Studies mostly compared pharmacological and optical treatments to slow the progression of myopia with an inactive comparator. Effects at one year provided evidence that these interventions may slow refractive change and reduce axial elongation, although results were often heterogeneous. A smaller body of evidence is available at two or three years, and uncertainty remains about the sustained effect of these interventions. Longer-term and better-quality studies comparing myopia control interventions used alone or in combination are needed, and improved methods for monitoring and reporting adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health & Psychological Sciences , City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health & Psychological Sciences , City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health & Psychological Sciences , City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sonia Mavi
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ashleigh Kernohan
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tianjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Walline
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Rozema J, Dankert S, Iribarren R. Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00037-1. [PMID: 36796457 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Most eyes start with a hypermetropic refractive error at birth, but the growth rates of the ocular components, guided by visual cues, will slow in such a way that this refractive error decreases during the first 2 years of life. Once reaching its target, the eye enters a period of stable refractive error as it continues to grow by balancing the loss in corneal and lens power with the axial elongation. Although these basic ideas were first proposed over a century ago by Straub, the exact details on the controlling mechanism and the growth process remained elusive. Thanks to the observations collected in the last 40 years in both animals and humans, we are now beginning to get an understanding how environmental and behavioral factors stabilize or disrupt ocular growth. We survey these efforts to present what is currently known regarding the regulation of ocular growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Rozema
- Visual Optics Lab Antwerp (VOLANTIS), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Philip K, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Konda N, Bandamwar K, Kanduri S, Siddireddy JS. Prevalence and Patterns of Refractive Errors in Children and Young Adults in an Urban Region in South India: the Hyderabad Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:27-37. [PMID: 35094647 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2022.2032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive error (RE) and associated risk factors for myopic refractive errors in children and young adults from the urban region of Hyderabad, South India. METHODS Four thousand sixty-five (4,065) participants aged 6-22 years were enrolled and examined in this cross-sectional study conducted from October 2013 to January 2015. Participants were enrolled from a random sample of schools and universities in regions representative of urban Hyderabad. RE was determined using cycloplegic autorefraction. The association of demographic factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic category (SEC) (low/mid/high) with myopia was explored with logistic regression with robust standard error. RESULTS Of the total participants, 2,259 were children aged 6-15 years and 1,806 were adolescents and young adults aged 16-22 years. Overall prevalence of myopia, high myopia (≤ -5.00D and ≤ -6.00 D), hyperopia, emmetropia, and astigmatism was 29.8% (95% CI: 26.0% to 33.6%, n = 1,216), 2.9% (95% CI: 1.9% to 3.9%, n = 120), 1.1% (95%CI: 0.7% to 1.5%, n = 46), 14.7% (95% CI: 12.4% to 17.0%, n = 599), 46.9% (95% CI: 43.7% to 50.1%, n = 1913) and 8.6% (95% CI: 7.4% to 9.9%, n = 352) respectively. A strong correlation existed between age and prevalence of myopia (R2 = 0.88, p < .001) and high myopia (R2 = 0.71, p < .001). Children from schools of low SEC (34.7%) had higher prevalence of myopia compared to the mid SEC (16.8%) (p = .043). CONCLUSION Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and increased with age in this urban population. More myopia was observed in schools of low SEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Philip
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brien Holden Vision Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Padmaja Sankaridurg
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Naduvilath
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nagaraju Konda
- Brien Holden Vision Institute Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brien Holden Vision Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
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Chakraborty R, Collins MJ, Kricancic H, Davis B, Alonso-Caneiro D, Yi F, Baskaran K. The effect of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) stimulation on axial length changes to imposed optical defocus in young adults. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2023; 16:53-63. [PMID: 35589503 PMCID: PMC9811374 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate pupil size and circadian rhythms. Stimulation of the ipRGCs using short-wavelength blue light causes a sustained pupil constriction known as the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). Here we examined the effects of ipRGC stimulation on axial length changes to imposed optical defocus in young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nearly emmetropic young participants were given either myopic (+3 D, n = 16) or hyperopic (-3 D, n = 17) defocus in their right eye for 2 h. Before and after defocus, a series of axial length measurements for up to 180 s were performed in the right eye using the IOL Master following exposure to 5 s red (625 nm, 3.74 × 1014 photons/cm2/s) and blue (470 nm, 3.29 × 1014 photons/cm2/s) stimuli. The pupil measurements were collected from the left eye to track the ipRGC activity. The 6 s and 30 s PIPR, early and late area under the curve (AUC), and time to return to baseline were calculated. RESULTS The PIPR with blue light was significantly stronger after 2 h of hyperopic defocus as indicated by a lower 6 and 30 s PIPR and a larger early and late AUC (all p<0.05). Short-wavelength ipRGC stimulation also significantly exaggerated the ocular response to hyperopic defocus, causing a significantly greater increase in axial length than that resulting from the hyperopic defocus alone (p = 0.017). Neither wavelength had any effect on axial length with myopic defocus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an interaction between myopiagenic hyperopic defocus and ipRGC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Sturt North, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Michael J Collins
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Henry Kricancic
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett Davis
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fan Yi
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Mathis U, Feldkaemper M, Liu H, Schaeffel F. Studies on the interactions of retinal dopamine with choroidal thickness in the chicken. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:409-425. [PMID: 36192457 PMCID: PMC9837001 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, an increasing number of studies relied on the assumption that visually induced changes in choroidal thickness can serve as a proxy to predict future axial eye growth. The retinal signals controlling choroidal thickness are, however, not well defined. We have studied the potential roles of dopamine, released from the retina, in the choroidal response in the chicken. METHODS Changes in retinal dopamine release and choroidal thickness changes were induced by intravitreal injections of either atropine (250 µg or 360 nMol), atropine combined with a dopamine antagonist, spiperone (500 µMol), or spiperone alone and were tracked by optical coherence tomography (OCT). To visually stimulate dopamine release, other chicks were exposed to flicker light of 1, 10, or 400 Hz (duty cycle 0.2) and choroidal thickness was tracked. In all experiments, dopamine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were measured in vitreous, retina, and choroid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HLPC-ED). The distribution of the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and alpha2A adrenoreceptors (alpha2A-ADR) was studied in the choroid by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The choroid thickened strongly in atropine-injected eyes, less so in atropine + spiperone-injected eyes and became thinner over the day in spiperone alone-, vehicle-, or non-injected eyes. Flickering light at 20 lx, both 1 and 10 Hz, prevented diurnal choroidal thinning, compared to 400 Hz, and stimulated retinal dopamine release. Correlation analysis showed that the higher retinal dopamine levels or release, the thicker became the choroid. TH-, nNOS-, VEGF-, and alpha2A adrenoreceptor-positive nerve fibers were localized in the choroid around lacunae and in the walls of blood vessels with colocalization of TH and nNOS, and TH and VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Retinal DOPAC and dopamine levels were positively correlated with choroidal thickness. TH-positive nerve fibers in the choroid were closely associated with peptides known to play a role in myopia development. Findings are in line with the hypothesis that dopamine is related to retinal signals controlling choroidal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mathis
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marita Feldkaemper
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hong Liu
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland.
- Zeiss Vision Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Wilmet B, Callebert J, Duvoisin R, Goulet R, Tourain C, Michiels C, Frederiksen H, Schaeffel F, Marre O, Sahel JA, Audo I, Picaud S, Zeitz C. Mice Lacking Gpr179 with Complete Congenital Stationary Night Blindness Are a Good Model for Myopia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010219. [PMID: 36613663 PMCID: PMC9820543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GPR179 are one of the most common causes of autosomal recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB). This retinal disease is characterized in patients by impaired dim and night vision, associated with other ocular symptoms, including high myopia. cCSNB is caused by a complete loss of signal transmission from photoreceptors to ON-bipolar cells. In this study, we hypothesized that the lack of Gpr179 and the subsequent impaired ON-pathway could lead to myopic features in a mouse model of cCSNB. Using ultra performance liquid chromatography, we show that adult Gpr179-/- mice have a significant decrease in both retinal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, compared to Gpr179+/+ mice. This alteration of the dopaminergic system is thought to be correlated with an increased susceptibility to lens-induced myopia but does not affect the natural refractive development. Altogether, our data added a novel myopia model, which could be used to identify therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +33-1-53-46-25-26 (B.W.); +33-1-53-46-25-40 (C.Z.)
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Robert Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ruben Goulet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Tourain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Michiels
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Zeiss Vision Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Marre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France
- Académie des Sciences, Institut de France, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (C.Z.); Tel.: +33-1-53-46-25-26 (B.W.); +33-1-53-46-25-40 (C.Z.)
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Vyas SA, Lakshmanan Y, Chan HHL, Leung TW, Kee CS. Experimentally induced myopia and myopic astigmatism alter retinal electrophysiology in chickens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21180. [PMID: 36477183 PMCID: PMC9729572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia (or "short-sightedness") and astigmatism are major causes of visual impairment worldwide. Significant amounts of astigmatism are frequently observed in infants and have been associated with myopia development. Although it is well established that both myopia and astigmatism are associated with ocular structural changes from anterior to posterior segments, very little is known on how these refractive errors alter retinal functions. This study investigated the effects of experimentally induced myopia and myopic-astigmatism on retinal electrophysiology by using an image-guided, multifocal global flash stimulation in chickens, a widely used animal model for refractive error development. Myopia and myopic-astigmatism were experimentally induced, respectively, by wearing spherical (- 10 D, n = 12) and sphero-cylindrical lenses (- 6.00 DS/- 8.00 DCx90: Hyperopic With-The Rule, H-WTR, n = 15; - 6.00 DS/- 8.00 DCx180: Hyperopic Against-The-Rule, H-ATR, n = 11) monocularly for a week (post-hatching day 5 to 12). An aged-matched control group without any lens treatment provided normal data (n = 12). Multifocal electrophysiological results revealed significant regional variation in the amplitude of induced component (IC) (central greater than peripheral; both p < 0.05) in the normal and H-ATR groups, but not in the - 10 D and H-WTR groups. Most importantly, for the first time, our results showed that both H-WTR and H-ATR groups exhibited a significantly longer implicit time of the inner retinal response at the central region when compared to the normal and - 10 D groups, highlighting a significant role of astigmatism in retinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Aswin Vyas
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yamunadevi Lakshmanan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Wing Leung
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chea-Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Macular function in patients with medium myopia. Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 146:113-120. [PMID: 36463559 PMCID: PMC10082121 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This work aims at assessing whether electrophysiological functional changes in the macular region appear in medium myopia, even in the presence of a normal macular OCT scan and how axial length correlates with macular OCT parameters in medium myopia.
Methods
The study included right eyes of 17 patients with myopia of medium degree (SE < − 6D to > − 3D). Control group consisted of 20 eyes of patients of age and sex that matched healthy controls with normal macular and optic nerve OCT results and normal axial length. Full ophthalmic examination (the distance best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, refractive error, the anterior and posterior segment of the eye in a slit lamp, the axial length of the eyeball) with OCT of the macular and optic disk and the PERG test were performed in the study and control groups. Only the patients with normal ophthalmic and OCT examination results were qualified. The interview covering questions on risk factors of myopia onset and progression such as prematurity, family history of myopia was carried out in both groups. In myopic group, the question relating to time of near work was also asked. Study and control groups were tested with the use of Shapiro–Wilk, Mann–Whitney, Student’s t test, Pearson and Spearman's rank correlation tests.
Results
AL was significantly longer in myopia group (p < 0.01), and SE value was lower (p < 0.01). Longer implicit time of P50 was found in the study group, but amplitudes of P50 and N95 waves were not significantly reduced (p < 0.05). AL showed correlations with P50 implicit time (p < 0.05) and with reduction in retinal fiber nerve layer and ganglion cells and inner plexus layer (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Patients with myopia of medium degree have a dysfunction of retinal cone system of the macular region even when OCT scans show no abnormalities. Elongation of AL correlates with reduction in retinal fiber nerve layer and ganglion cells and inner plexus layer. Longitudinal follow-up studies may answer the question whether this increase in implicit time may be indicative of a faster myopia progression or of myopic retinal pathology, i.e., whether it may help to determine which patient would benefit from earlier or more intensive management of myopia progression.
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Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Can Usta N, Gunay BO. Restless Legs Syndrome and the Eyes: Spectral-Domain Optic Coherence Tomography Study. Neurologist 2022; 27:333-338. [PMID: 35238834 DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a movement disorder thought to be caused by impaired dopamine action. This study aimed to evaluate possible changes in ocular biometric and optic coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in RLS patients. METHODS This is a prospective, cross-sectional comparative study. Consecutive primary and secondary (with iron-deficiency anemia) RLS patients and age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological examinations. Ocular biometric and OCT parameters, such as choroidal thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, ganglion cell layer thickness, inner nuclear cell layer thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, were compared. RESULTS Fifty-one RLS patients and 50 healthy controls were included in this study. There was no difference between the groups' refraction status, ocular biometric data (axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness), or OCT parameters (choroidal thickness, macular thickness, macular volume, ganglion cell layer thickness, inner nuclear cell layer thickness). Primary and secondary (with only iron-deficiency anemia) RLS patients were compared, and there was no difference in their axial length, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness or OCT parameters. No significant relationship was found between disease severity or duration and OCT parameters. CONCLUSIONS Disease severity and disease duration do not affect OCT parameters in primary or secondary RLS patients. OCT data do not seem to provide information about the course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Betul Onal Gunay
- Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
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Qian KW, Li YY, Wu XH, Gong X, Liu AL, Chen WH, Yang Z, Cui LJ, Liu YF, Ma YY, Yu CX, Huang F, Wang Q, Zhou X, Qu J, Zhong YM, Yang XL, Weng SJ. Altered Retinal Dopamine Levels in a Melatonin-proficient Mouse Model of Form-deprivation Myopia. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:992-1006. [PMID: 35349094 PMCID: PMC9468212 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of retinal dopamine, a key regulator of eye development, are associated with experimental myopia in various species, but are not seen in the myopic eyes of C57BL/6 mice, which are deficient in melatonin, a neurohormone having extensive interactions with dopamine. Here, we examined the relationship between form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and retinal dopamine levels in melatonin-proficient CBA/CaJ mice. We found that these mice exhibited a myopic refractive shift in form-deprived eyes, which was accompanied by altered retinal dopamine levels. When melatonin receptors were pharmacologically blocked, FDM could still be induced, but its magnitude was reduced, and retinal dopamine levels were no longer altered in FDM animals, indicating that melatonin-related changes in retinal dopamine levels contribute to FDM. Thus, FDM is mediated by both dopamine level-independent and melatonin-related dopamine level-dependent mechanisms in CBA/CaJ mice. The previously reported unaltered retinal dopamine levels in myopic C57BL/6 mice may be attributed to melatonin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xue Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Furong Huang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qiongsi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cortés-Albornoz MC, Ramírez-Guerrero S, Rojas-Carabali W, de-la-Torre A, Talero-Gutiérrez C. Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062388. [PMID: 35922104 PMCID: PMC9352565 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased exposure to digital devices as part of online classes increases susceptibility to visual impairments, particularly among school students taught using e-learning strategies. This study aimed to identify the impact of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health. DESIGN Systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. DATA SOURCES Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases from the year 2020 onwards. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included cross-sectional, case-control, cohort studies, case series and case reports, published in English, Spanish or French, that approached the effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in neurotypical children. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We included a total of 21 articles with previous quality assessments using the Joanna Briggs checklist. Risk of bias assessment was applied using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for before-and-after studies with no control group; the tool developed by Hoy et al to assess cross-sectional studies; the Murad et al tool to evaluate the methodological quality of case reports and case series; and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. RESULTS All but one study reported a deleterious impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on visual health in children. Overall, the most frequently identified ocular effects were refractive errors, accommodation disturbances and visual symptoms such as dry eye and asthenopia. CONCLUSIONS Increased dependence on digital devices for online classes has either induced or exacerbated visual disturbances, such as rapid progression of myopia, dry eye and visual fatigue symptoms, and vergence and accommodation disturbances, in children who engaged in remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022307107.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Camila Cortés-Albornoz
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Sofía Ramírez-Guerrero
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - William Rojas-Carabali
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Claudia Talero-Gutiérrez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota D.C, Colombia
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Goto S, Muroy SE, Zhang Y, Saijo K, Kolora SRR, Zhu Q, Wildsoet CF. Gene Expression Signatures of Contact Lens-Induced Myopia in Guinea Pig Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:25. [PMID: 36006019 PMCID: PMC9424971 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify key retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) genes linked to the induction of myopia in guinea pigs. Methods To induce myopia, two-week-old pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 5) wore −10 diopter (D) rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (CLs), for one day; fellow eyes were left without CLs and served as controls. Spherical equivalent refractive errors (SE) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and one day after initiation of CL wear. RNA sequencing was applied to RPE collected from both treated and fellow (control) eyes after one day of CL-wear to identify related gene expression changes. Additional RPE-RNA samples from treated and fellow eyes were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis for validation purposes. Results The CLs induced myopia. The change from baseline values in SE was significantly different (P = 0.016), whereas there was no significant difference in the change in AL (P = 0.10). RNA sequencing revealed significant interocular differences in the expression in RPE of 13 genes: eight genes were significantly upregulated in treated eyes relative to their fellows, and five genes, including bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2), were significantly downregulated. The latter result was also confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed significant enrichment for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF-β signaling pathways. Conclusions The results of this RPE gene expression study provide further supporting evidence for an important role of BMP2 in eye growth regulation, here from a guinea pig myopia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Goto
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandra E Muroy
- Department of Integrative Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Sree Rohit Raj Kolora
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Qiurong Zhu
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States.,Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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Comparison of Factors Associated with Myopia among Middle School Students in Urban and Rural Regions of Anhui, China. Optom Vis Sci 2022; 99:702-710. [PMID: 35914091 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The prevention and control of myopia have become a major public health task throughout the world. The analysis of the modifiable factors associated with myopia will help in planning concrete strategies that can be widely implemented by schools and families. PURPOSE This study assessed the modifiable factors associated with myopia and compared them between rural and urban regions. METHODS Data were collected from December 2020 to March 2021. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 6154 middle school students. All children underwent an eye examination, including visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction. Data on near work, sleep and outdoor activities were collected in questionnaires. RESULTS The myopia prevalence values in urban and rural regions were 68.1% and 63.7%, respectively (χ2 = 15.57, P < .001). More than 3 hours homework per day(OR in urban and rural region: 1.36, 95% CI = 1.07-1.75 vs. 1.72, 95% CI = 1.43-2.07), 36-40 core subjects per week(1.30, 95% CI = 1.04-1.57 vs. 1.42, 95% CI = 1.24-1.64) and going to sleep before 10 o'clock (0.56, 95% CI = 0.32-0.93 vs. 0.50, 95% CI = 0.28-0.90) were significantly associated with myopia in both regions. In contrast, taking breaks during near work was a significant factor in the rural region (less than 1 hour: OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42-0.76; 1-2 hours: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46-0.86), but not in the urban region. More time outdoors per day was associated with a reduced prevalence of myopia only for urban children (2-3 hours: OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31-0.97; more than 3 hours: OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.19-0.75). CONCLUSIONS Homework loads and the time of going to sleep were associated with myopia for children in both urban and rural regions. However, time outdoors was only associated with myopia in urban regions and taking breaks during near work only associated with myopia in rural regions.
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Wong NA, Bahmani H. A review of the current state of research on artificial blue light safety as it applies to digital devices. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10282. [PMID: 36042717 PMCID: PMC9420367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is necessary for human health and well-being. As we spend more time indoors, we are being increasingly exposed to artificial light. The development of artificial lighting has allowed us to control the brightness, colour, and timing of our light exposure. Yet, the widespread use of artificial light has raised concerns about the impact of altering our light environment on our health. The widespread adoption of personal digital devices over the past decade has exposed us to yet another source of artificial light. We spend a significant amount of time using digital devices with light-emitting screens, including smartphones and tablets, at close range. The light emitted from these devices, while appearing white, has an emission spectrum with a peak in the blue range. Blue light is often characterised as hazardous as its photon energy is higher than that of other wavelengths of visible light. Under certain conditions, visible blue light can cause harm to the retina and other ocular structures. Blue light can also influence the circadian rhythm and processes mediated by melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. While the blue component of sunlight is necessary for various physiological processes, whether the low-illuminance artificial blue light emitted from digital devices presents a risk to our health remains an ongoing area of debate. As technological advancements continue, it is relevant to understand how new devices may influence our well-being. This review examines the existing research on artificial blue light safety and the eye, visual performance, and circadian functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Bahmani
- Dopavision GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
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Fan Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang K, Zhao M. 7-Methylxanthine Influences the Behavior of ADORA2A-DRD2 Heterodimers in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 65:678-684. [PMID: 35724635 DOI: 10.1159/000525563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to investigate the presence of ADORA2A-DRD2 heterodimers in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells; determine if 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist which was used to control myopia progression, can influence the behavior of RPE cells through the ADORA2A-DRD2 receptor pathway; and assess the changes in the expression of signaling molecules during cellular signal transduction. METHODS Human RPE cells were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of 7-MX. Cell proliferation was evaluated with the CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis and necrosis rates were determined by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation were used to examine the protein expression and colocalization of ADORA2A and DRD2 in RPE cells. ADORA2A and DRD2 were knocked down with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Changes in the protein expression of ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK1/2 (pERK 1/2), which are signaling molecules downstream of dopamine receptors, were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation showed that ADORA2A and DRD2 were colocalized in RPE cells. The expression of ADORA2A in RPE cells was inhibited by treatment with 50 µmol/L 7-MX for 48 h, and the expression of DRD2, ERK1/2, and pERK1/2 was increased after treatment with 50 µmol/L 7-MX for 48 h. After siRNA-mediated knockdown of DRD2 in RPE cells and further treatment with 50 µmol/L 7-MX for 48 h, the expression of DRD2 was nearly restored to the level observed in the native control. At the experimental concentrations, 7-MX and siRNAs did not affect the proliferation or apoptosis of human RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS ADORA2A and DRD2 heterodimers were present in RPE cells. 7-MX may affect the behaviors of RPE cells through the ADORA2A-DRD2 receptor pathway. 7-MX is an inhibitor of ADORA2A receptors that can prevent inhibition of the DRD2 receptor pathway and increase DRD2 receptor pathway activity. This phenomenon may explain the mechanism of action through which 7-MX can control myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Fan
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, .,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China, .,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, .,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China, .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China,
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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High Prevalence of Astigmatism in Children after School Suspension during the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Associated with Axial Elongation. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9060919. [PMID: 35740857 PMCID: PMC9245603 DOI: 10.3390/children9060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Hong Kong Government enforced a “school from home” policy between February and September 2020. This cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of astigmatism and visual habits after the home confinement period. Vision screenings were conducted at three local government-funded primary schools in Hong Kong from October 2020 to December 2020. A total of 418 ethnically Chinese primary school children completed the eye examination and returned questionnaires concerning demographic information and visual habits. It was found that 46.5% (95% CI, 41.7−61.4%) of the children aged 8 to 11 years had astigmatism ≥ 0.75 D, which was predominately With-The-Rule astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism reported in these children is generally higher than that of studies conducted before COVID. Compared to their non-astigmatic peers, astigmatic children had a longer axial length (p < 0.001) and engaged in fewer outdoor activities (p = 0.04). Multiple linear regression analyses also revealed significant relationships between axial length and both cylindrical error and J0 astigmatism. Due to the high astigmatism prevalence, there is a pressing need for further studies on the long-term impact of the pandemic on children’s vision.
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Liu AL, Liu YF, Wang G, Shao YQ, Yu CX, Yang Z, Zhou ZR, Han X, Gong X, Qian KW, Wang LQ, Ma YY, Zhong YM, Weng SJ, Yang XL. The role of ipRGCs in ocular growth and myopia development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9027. [PMID: 35675393 PMCID: PMC9176740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of myopia calls for elaboration of the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we show that selective ablation and activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in developing mice induced myopic and hyperopic refractive shifts by modulating the corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and axial length (AL) in an opposite way. Melanopsin- and rod/cone-driven signals of ipRGCs were found to influence refractive development by affecting the AL and CRC, respectively. The role of ipRGCs in myopia progression is evidenced by attenuated form-deprivation myopia magnitudes in ipRGC-ablated and melanopsin-deficient animals and by enhanced melanopsin expression/photoresponses in form-deprived eyes. Cell subtype-specific ablation showed that M1 subtype cells, and probably M2/M3 subtype cells, are involved in ocular development. Thus, ipRGCs contribute substantially to mouse eye growth and myopia development, which may inspire novel strategies for myopia intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
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