1
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Song J, Zhang X, Lv S, Liu M, Hua X, Yue L, Wang S, He W. Age-related promoter-switch regulates Runx1 expression in adult rat hearts. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:541. [PMID: 37936072 PMCID: PMC10631011 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runt-related transcription factor-1 (RUNX1), a key member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors, has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need to fully understand the expression pattern of Runx1 in the heart and the mechanisms by which it is controlled under normal conditions and in response to disease. The expression of Runx1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by two promoters designated P1 and P2. Alternative usage of these two promoters creates differential mRNA transcripts diversified in distribution and translational potential. While the significance of P1/P2 promoter-switch in the transcriptional control of Runx1 has been highlighted in the embryogenic process, very little is known about the level of P1- and P2-specific transcripts in adult hearts, and the underlying mechanisms controlling the promoter-switch. METHODS To amplify P1/P2 specific sequences in the heart, we used two different sense primers complementary to either P1 or P2 5'-regions to monitor the expression of P1/P2 transcripts. DNA methylation levels were assessed at the Runx1 promoter regions. Rats were grouped by age. RESULTS The expression levels of both P1- and P2-derived Runx1 transcripts were decreased in older rats when compared with that in young adults, paralleled with an age-dependent decline in Runx1 protein level. Furthermore, older rats demonstrated a higher degree of DNA methylation at Runx1 promoter regions. Alternative promoter usage was observed in hearts with increased age, as reflected by altered P1:P2 mRNA ratio. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the expression of Runx1 in the heart is age-dependent and underscore the importance of gene methylation in the promoter-mediated transcriptional control of Runx1, thereby providing new insights to the role of epigenetic regulation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Song
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sinan Lv
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xing Hua
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Weihong He
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Kitagawa Y, Ikenaka A, Sugimura R, Niwa A, Saito MK. ZEB2 and MEIS1 independently contribute to hematopoiesis via early hematopoietic enhancer activation. iScience 2023; 26:107893. [PMID: 37771659 PMCID: PMC10522983 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation is achieved by acquiring a cell type-specific transcriptional program and epigenetic landscape. While the cell type-specific patterning of enhancers has been shown to precede cell fate decisions, it remains unclear how regulators of these enhancers are induced to initiate cell specification and how they appropriately restrict cells that differentiate. Here, using embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic cell differentiation cultures, we show the activation of some hematopoietic enhancers during arterialization of hemogenic endothelium, a prerequisite for hematopoiesis. We further reveal that ZEB2, a factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of arterial endothelial cells, and a hematopoietic regulator MEIS1 are independently required for activating these enhancers. Concomitantly, ZEB2 or MEIS1 deficiency impaired hematopoietic cell development. These results suggest that multiple regulators expressed from an earlier developmental stage non-redundantly contribute to the establishment of hematopoietic enhancer landscape, thereby restricting cell differentiation despite the unrestricted expression of these regulators to hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Kitagawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ikenaka
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryohichi Sugimura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Megumu K. Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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3
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Zoller J, Trajanova D, Feurstein S. Germline and somatic drivers in inherited hematologic malignancies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1205855. [PMID: 37904876 PMCID: PMC10613526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1205855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hematologic malignancies are linked to a heterogenous group of genes, knowledge of which is rapidly expanding using panel-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) or whole-exome/whole-genome sequencing. Importantly, the penetrance for these syndromes is incomplete, and disease development, progression or transformation has critical clinical implications. With the earlier detection of healthy carriers and sequential monitoring of these patients, clonal hematopoiesis and somatic driver variants become significant factors in determining disease transformation/progression and timing of (preemptive) hematopoietic stem cell transplant in these patients. In this review, we shed light on the detection of probable germline predisposition alleles based on diagnostic/prognostic 'somatic' NGS panels. A multi-tier approach including variant allele frequency, bi-allelic inactivation, persistence of a variant upon clinical remission and mutational burden can indicate variants with high pre-test probability. We also discuss the shared underlying biology and frequency of germline and somatic variants affecting the same gene, specifically focusing on variants in DDX41, ETV6, GATA2 and RUNX1. Germline variants in these genes are associated with a (specific) pattern or over-/underrepresentation of somatic molecular or cytogenetic alterations that may help identify the underlying germline syndrome and predict the course of disease in these individuals. This review is based on the current knowledge about somatic drivers in these four syndromes by integrating data from all published patients, thereby providing clinicians with valuable and concise information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Feurstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Oncology & Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Gialesaki S, Bräuer-Hartmann D, Issa H, Bhayadia R, Alejo-Valle O, Verboon L, Schmell AL, Laszig S, Regényi E, Schuschel K, Labuhn M, Ng M, Winkler R, Ihling C, Sinz A, Glaß M, Hüttelmaier S, Matzk S, Schmid L, Strüwe FJ, Kadel SK, Reinhardt D, Yaspo ML, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium promotes the development of trisomy 21-associated myeloid leukemia. Blood 2023; 141:1105-1118. [PMID: 36493345 PMCID: PMC10023736 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is among the most frequent aneuploidies in leukemia. However, it remains unclear how partial or complete amplifications of Hsa21 promote leukemogenesis and why children with Down syndrome (DS) (ie, trisomy 21) are particularly at risk of leukemia development. Here, we propose that RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium with RUNX1A bias is key to DS-associated myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). Starting with Hsa21-focused CRISPR-CRISPR-associated protein 9 screens, we uncovered a strong and specific RUNX1 dependency in ML-DS cells. Expression of the RUNX1A isoform is elevated in patients with ML-DS, and mechanistic studies using murine ML-DS models and patient-derived xenografts revealed that excess RUNX1A synergizes with the pathognomonic Gata1s mutation during leukemogenesis by displacing RUNX1C from its endogenous binding sites and inducing oncogenic programs in complex with the MYC cofactor MAX. These effects were reversed by restoring the RUNX1A:RUNX1C equilibrium in patient-derived xenografts in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, pharmacological interference with MYC:MAX dimerization using MYCi361 exerted strong antileukemic effects. Thus, our study highlights the importance of alternative splicing in leukemogenesis, even on a background of aneuploidy, and paves the way for the development of specific and targeted therapies for ML-DS, as well as for other leukemias with Hsa21 aneuploidy or RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gialesaki
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Bräuer-Hartmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hasan Issa
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raj Bhayadia
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oriol Alejo-Valle
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lonneke Verboon
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schmell
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Laszig
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enikő Regényi
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schuschel
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maurice Labuhn
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michelle Ng
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Glaß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sören Matzk
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Schmid
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sofie-Katrin Kadel
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Dirk Heckl, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: Jan-Henning Klusmann, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
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5
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Mimicry of embryonic circulation enhances the hoxa hemogenic niche and human blood development. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111339. [PMID: 36103836 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursors of the adult hematopoietic system arise from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region shortly after the embryonic circulation is established. Here, we develop a microfluidic culture system to mimic the primitive embryonic circulation and address the hypothesis that circulatory flow and shear stress enhance embryonic blood development. Embryonic (HOXA+) hematopoiesis was derived from human pluripotent stem cells and induced from mesoderm by small-molecule manipulation of TGF-β and WNT signaling (SB/CHIR). Microfluidic and orbital culture promoted the formation of proliferative CD34+RUNX1C-GFP+SOX17-mCHERRY+ precursor cells that were released into the artificial circulation from SOX17+ arterial-like structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis delineated extra-embryonic (yolk sac) and HOXA+ embryonic blood differentiation pathways. SB/CHIR and circulatory flow enhance hematopoiesis by the formation of proliferative HOXA+RUNX1C+CD34+ precursor cells that differentiate into monocyte/macrophage, granulocyte, erythrocyte, and megakaryocyte progenitors.
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6
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Kellaway SG, Coleman DJL, Cockerill PN, Raghavan M, Bonifer C. Molecular Basis of Hematological Disease Caused by Inherited or Acquired RUNX1 Mutations. Exp Hematol 2022; 111:1-12. [PMID: 35341804 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is essential for correct hematopoietic development; in its absence in the germ line, blood stem cells are not formed. RUNX1 orchestrates dramatic changes in the chromatin landscape at the onset of stem cell formation, which set the stage for both stem self-renewal and further differentiation. However, once blood stem cells are formed, the mutation of the RUNX1 gene is not lethal but can lead to various hematopoietic defects and a predisposition to cancer. Here we summarize the current literature on inherited and acquired RUNX1 mutations, with a particular emphasis on mutations that alter the structure of the RUNX1 protein itself, and place these changes in the context of what is known about RUNX1 function. We also summarize which mutant RUNX1 proteins are actually expressed in cells and discuss the molecular mechanism underlying how such variants reprogram the epigenome setting stem cells on the path to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie G Kellaway
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Daniel J L Coleman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter N Cockerill
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Manoj Raghavan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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7
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Ye B, Sheng Y, Zhang M, Hu Y, Huang H. Early detection and intervention of clonal hematopoiesis for preventing hematological malignancies. Cancer Lett 2022; 538:215691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Hayashi Y, Harada Y, Harada H. Myeloid neoplasms and clonal hematopoiesis from the RUNX1 perspective. Leukemia 2022; 36:1203-1214. [PMID: 35354921 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a critical transcription factor for the emergence of definitive hematopoiesis and the precise regulation of adult hematopoiesis. Dysregulation of its regulatory network causes aberrant hematopoiesis. Recurrent genetic alterations in RUNX1, including chromosomal translocations and mutations, have been identified in both inherited and sporadic diseases. Recent genomic studies have revealed a vast mutational landscape surrounding genetic alterations in RUNX1. Accumulating pieces of evidence also indicate the leukemogenic role of wild-type RUNX1 in certain situations. Based on these efforts, part of the molecular mechanisms of disease development as a consequence of dysregulated RUNX1-regulatory networks have become increasingly evident. This review highlights the recent advances in the field of RUNX1 research and discusses the critical roles of RUNX1 in hematopoiesis and the pathobiological function of its alterations in the context of disease, particularly myeloid neoplasms, and clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Harada
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Harada
- Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Menegatti S, Potts B, Garcia-Alegria E, Paredes R, Lie-A-Ling M, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. The RUNX1b Isoform Defines Hemogenic Competency in Developing Human Endothelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:812639. [PMID: 34977046 PMCID: PMC8716778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.812639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is a master regulator of blood cell specification. During embryogenesis, hematopoietic progenitors are initially generated from hemogenic endothelium through an endothelium-to-hematopoietic transition controlled by RUNX1. Several studies have dissected the expression pattern and role of RUNX1 isoforms at the onset of mouse hematopoiesis, however the precise pattern of RUNX1 isoform expression and biological output of RUNX1-expressing cells at the onset of human hematopoiesis is still not fully understood. Here, we investigated these questions using a RUNX1b:VENUS RUNX1c:TOMATO human embryonic stem cell line which allows multi-parameter single cell resolution via flow cytometry and isolation of RUNX1b-expressing cells for further analysis. Our data reveal the sequential expression of the two RUNX1 isoforms with RUNX1b expressed first in a subset of endothelial cells and during the endothelial to hematopoietic transition while RUNX1c only becomes expressed in fully specified blood cells. Furthermore, our data show that RUNX1b marks endothelial cells endowed with hemogenic potential and that RUNX1b expression level determines hemogenic competency in a dose-dependent manner. Together our data reveal the dynamic of RUNX1 isoforms expression at the onset of human blood specification and establish RUNX1b isoform as the earliest known marker for hemogenic competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menegatti
- Developmental Hematopoiesis Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- CytoSeek Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Potts
- Developmental Hematopoiesis Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Garcia-Alegria
- Developmental Hematopoiesis Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell Process Development, Adaptimmune Ltd., Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Paredes
- Developmental Hematopoiesis Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Developmental Hematopoiesis Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Insufficiency of FZR1 disturbs HSC quiescence by inhibiting ubiquitin-dependent degradation of RUNX1 in aplastic anemia. Leukemia 2021; 36:834-846. [PMID: 34635784 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
FZR1 has been implicated as a master regulator of the cell cycle and quiescence, but its roles and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) are unclear. Here, we report that FZR1 is downregulated in SAA HSCs compared with healthy control and is associated with decreased quiescence of HSC. Haploinsufficiency of Fzr1 shows impaired quiescence and self-renewal ability of HSC in two Fzr1 heterozygous knockout mouse models. Mechanistically, FZR1 insufficiency inhibits the ubiquitination of RUNX1 protein at lysine 125, leading to the accumulation of RUNX1 protein, which disturbs the quiescence of HSCs in SAA patients. Moreover, downregulation of Runx1 reversed the loss of quiescence and impaired long-term self-renew ability in Fzr1+/- HSCs in vivo and impaired repopulation capacity in BM from SAA patients in vitro. Our findings, therefore, raise the possibility of a decisive role of the FZR1-RUNX1 pathway in the pathogenesis of SAA via deregulation of HSC quiescence.
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11
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Korinfskaya S, Parameswaran S, Weirauch MT, Barski A. Runx Transcription Factors in T Cells-What Is Beyond Thymic Development? Front Immunol 2021; 12:701924. [PMID: 34421907 PMCID: PMC8377396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx proteins (also known as Runt-domain transcription factors) have been studied for a long time as key regulators of cellular differentiation. RUNX2 has been described as essential for osteogenesis, whereas RUNX1 and RUNX3 are known to control blood cell development during different stages of cell lineage specification. However, recent studies show evidence of complex relationships between RUNX proteins, chromatin-modifying machinery, the cytoskeleton and different transcription factors in various non-embryonic contexts, including mature T cell homeostasis, inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the diversity of Runx functions in mature T helper cells, such as production of cytokines and chemokines by different CD4 T cell populations; apoptosis; and immunologic memory acquisition. We then briefly cover recent findings about the contribution of RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3 to various immunologic diseases. Finally, we discuss areas that require further study to better understand the role that Runx proteins play in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Korinfskaya
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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12
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A CRISPR RNA-binding protein screen reveals regulators of RUNX1 isoform generation. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1310-1323. [PMID: 33656539 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper balance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation is critical for normal hematopoiesis and is disrupted in hematologic malignancy. Among regulators of HSC fate, transcription factors have a well-defined central role, and mutations promote malignant transformation. More recently, studies have illuminated the importance of posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in hematopoiesis and leukemia development. However, the RBPs involved and the breadth of regulation are only beginning to be elucidated. Furthermore, the intersection between posttranscriptional regulation and hematopoietic transcription factor function is poorly understood. Here, we studied the posttranscriptional regulation of RUNX1, a key hematopoietic transcription factor. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of RUNX1 produces functionally antagonistic protein isoforms (RUNX1a vs RUNX1b/c) that mediate HSC self-renewal vs differentiation, an RNA-processing event that is dysregulated in malignancy. Consequently, RBPs that regulate this event directly contribute to healthy and aberrant hematopoiesis. We modeled RUNX1 APA using a split GFP minigene reporter and confirmed the sensitivity of our model to detect changes in RNA processing. We used this reporter in a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screen consisting of single guide RNAs exclusively targeting RBPs and uncovered HNRNPA1 and KHDRBS1 as antagonistic regulators of RUNX1a isoform generation. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insight into the posttranscriptional regulation of a key hematopoietic transcription factor and identifies RBPs that may have widespread and important functions in hematopoiesis.
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13
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Secondary leukemia in patients with germline transcription factor mutations (RUNX1, GATA2, CEBPA). Blood 2021; 136:24-35. [PMID: 32430494 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition that germline mutations can predispose individuals to blood cancers, often presenting as secondary leukemias, has largely been driven in the last 20 years by studies of families with inherited mutations in the myeloid transcription factors (TFs) RUNX1, GATA2, and CEBPA. As a result, in 2016, classification of myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition for each of these and other genes was added to the World Health Organization guidelines. The incidence of germline mutation carriers in the general population or in various clinically presenting patient groups remains poorly defined for reasons including that somatic mutations in these genes are common in blood cancers, and our ability to distinguish germline (inherited or de novo) and somatic mutations is often limited by the laboratory analyses. Knowledge of the regulation of these TFs and their mutant alleles, their interaction with other genes and proteins and the environment, and how these alter the clinical presentation of patients and their leukemias is also incomplete. Outstanding questions that remain for patients with these germline mutations or their treating clinicians include: What is the natural course of the disease? What other symptoms may I develop and when? Can you predict them? Can I prevent them? and What is the best treatment? The resolution of many of the remaining clinical and biological questions and effective evidence-based treatment of patients with these inherited mutations will depend on worldwide partnerships among patients, clinicians, diagnosticians, and researchers to aggregate sufficient longitudinal clinical and laboratory data and integrate these data with model systems.
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14
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Li Y, Wang D, Wang H, Huang X, Wen Y, Wang B, Xu C, Gao J, Liu J, Tong J, Wang M, Su P, Ren S, Ma F, Li H, Bresnick EH, Zhou J, Shi L. A splicing factor switch controls hematopoietic lineage specification of pluripotent stem cells. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50535. [PMID: 33319461 PMCID: PMC7788460 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) leads to transcriptome diversity in eukaryotic cells and is one of the key regulators driving cellular differentiation. Although AS is of crucial importance for normal hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies, its role in early hematopoietic development is still largely unknown. Here, by using high-throughput transcriptomic analyses, we show that pervasive and dynamic AS takes place during hematopoietic development of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We identify a splicing factor switch that occurs during the differentiation of mesodermal cells to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Perturbation of this switch selectively impairs the emergence of EPCs and hemogenic endothelial progenitor cells (HEPs). Mechanistically, an EPC-induced alternative spliced isoform of NUMB dictates EPC specification by controlling NOTCH signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the splicing factor SRSF2 regulates splicing of the EPC-induced NUMB isoform, and the SRSF2-NUMB-NOTCH splicing axis regulates EPC generation. The identification of this splicing factor switch provides a new molecular mechanism to control cell fate and lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Ding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Hongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Yuqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - BingRui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Changlu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Jinhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Jingyuan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Mengge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Pei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Sirui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute of Blood TransfusionChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Hong‐Dong Li
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research InstituteDepartment of Cell and Regenerative BiologySchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Jiaxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyNational Clinical Research Center for Blood DiseasesInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
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15
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Bruveris FF, Ng ES, Leitoguinho AR, Motazedian A, Vlahos K, Sourris K, Mayberry R, McDonald P, Azzola L, Davidson NM, Oshlack A, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG. Human yolk sac-like haematopoiesis generates RUNX1-, GFI1- and/or GFI 1B-dependent blood and SOX17-positive endothelium. Development 2020; 147:dev.193037. [PMID: 33028609 PMCID: PMC7648599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genetic regulatory network controlling early fate choices during human blood cell development are not well understood. We used human pluripotent stem cell reporter lines to track the development of endothelial and haematopoietic populations in an in vitro model of human yolk-sac development. We identified SOX17−CD34+CD43− endothelial cells at day 2 of blast colony development, as a haemangioblast-like branch point from which SOX17−CD34+CD43+ blood cells and SOX17+CD34+CD43− endothelium subsequently arose. Most human blood cell development was dependent on RUNX1. Deletion of RUNX1 only permitted a single wave of yolk sac-like primitive erythropoiesis, but no yolk sac myelopoiesis or aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM)-like haematopoiesis. Blocking GFI1 and/or GFI1B activity with a small molecule inhibitor abrogated all blood cell development, even in cell lines with an intact RUNX1 gene. Together, our data define the hierarchical requirements for RUNX1, GFI1 and/or GFI1B during early human haematopoiesis arising from a yolk sac-like SOX17-negative haemogenic endothelial intermediate. Highlighted Article: The hierarchical requirements for RUNX1, GFI1 and/or GFI1B during early human haematopoiesis arising from a yolk sac-like haemogenic endothelial intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya F Bruveris
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ana Rita Leitoguinho
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ali Motazedian
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katerina Vlahos
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Koula Sourris
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robyn Mayberry
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Penelope McDonald
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa Azzola
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nadia M Davidson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia .,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Frame JM, Kubaczka C, Long TL, Esain V, Soto RA, Hachimi M, Jing R, Shwartz A, Goessling W, Daley GQ, North TE. Metabolic Regulation of Inflammasome Activity Controls Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Production. Dev Cell 2020; 55:133-149.e6. [PMID: 32810442 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) robustly proliferate while maintaining multilineage potential in vivo; however, an incomplete understanding of spatiotemporal cues governing their generation has impeded robust production from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro. Using the zebrafish model, we demonstrate that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated interleukin-1-beta (IL1β) signaling drives HSPC production in response to metabolic activity. Genetic induction of active IL1β or pharmacologic inflammasome stimulation increased HSPC number as assessed by in situ hybridization for runx1/cmyb and flow cytometry. Loss of inflammasome components, including il1b, reduced CD41+ HSPCs and prevented their expansion in response to metabolic cues. Cell ablation studies indicated that macrophages were essential for initial inflammasome stimulation of Il1rl1+ HSPCs. Significantly, in human iPSC-derived hemogenic precursors, transient inflammasome stimulation increased multilineage hematopoietic colony-forming units and T cell progenitors. This work establishes the inflammasome as a conserved metabolic sensor that expands HSPC production in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Frame
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Kubaczka
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy L Long
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Virginie Esain
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca A Soto
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mariam Hachimi
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arkadi Shwartz
- Genetics Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Genetics Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Gastroenterology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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17
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ClinGen Myeloid Malignancy Variant Curation Expert Panel recommendations for germline RUNX1 variants. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2962-2979. [PMID: 31648317 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized variant curation is essential for clinical care recommendations for patients with inherited disorders. Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) variant curation expert panels are developing disease-associated gene specifications using the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) guidelines to reduce curation discrepancies. The ClinGen Myeloid Malignancy Variant Curation Expert Panel (MM-VCEP) was created collaboratively between the American Society of Hematology and ClinGen to perform gene- and disease-specific modifications for inherited myeloid malignancies. The MM-VCEP began optimizing ACMG/AMP rules for RUNX1 because many germline variants have been described in patients with familial platelet disorder with a predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia, characterized by thrombocytopenia, platelet functional/ultrastructural defects, and a predisposition to hematologic malignancies. The 28 ACMG/AMP codes were tailored for RUNX1 variants by modifying gene/disease specifications, incorporating strength adjustments of existing rules, or both. Key specifications included calculation of minor allele frequency thresholds, formulating a semi-quantitative approach to counting multiple independent variant occurrences, identifying functional domains and mutational hotspots, establishing functional assay thresholds, and characterizing phenotype-specific guidelines. Preliminary rules were tested by using a pilot set of 52 variants; among these, 50 were previously classified as benign/likely benign, pathogenic/likely pathogenic, variant of unknown significance (VUS), or conflicting interpretations (CONF) in ClinVar. The application of RUNX1-specific criteria resulted in a reduction in CONF and VUS variants by 33%, emphasizing the benefit of gene-specific criteria and sharing internal laboratory data.
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18
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Sun W, Zeng J, Chang J, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Pan X, Zhou Y, Lai M, Bian G, Zhou Q, Liu J, Chen B, Ma F. RUNX1-205, a novel splice variant of the human RUNX1 gene, has blockage effect on mesoderm-hemogenesis transition and promotion effect during the late stage of hematopoiesis. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:386-396. [PMID: 32313936 PMCID: PMC7288743 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is required for definitive hematopoiesis; however, the functions of most human RUNX1 isoforms are unclear. In particular, the effects of RUNX1-205 (a novel splice variant that lacks exon 6 in comparison with RUNX1b) on human hematopoiesis are not clear. In this study, a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line with inducible RUNX1-205 overexpression was established. Analyses of these cells revealed that induction of RUNX1-205 overexpression at early stage did not influence the induction of mesoderm but blocked the emergence of CD34+ cells, and the production of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was significantly reduced. In addition, the expression of hematopoiesis-related factors was downregulated. However, these effects were abolished when RUNX1-205 overexpression was induced after Day 6 in co-cultures of hESCs and AGM-S3 cells, indicating that the inhibitory effect occurred prior to generation of hemogenic endothelial cells, while the promotive effect could be observed during the late stage of hematopoiesis. This is very similar to that of RUNX1b. Interestingly, the mRNA expression profile of RUNX1-205 during hematopoiesis was distinct from that of RUNX1b, and the protein stability of RUNX1-205 was much higher than that of RUNX1b. Thus, the function of RUNX1-205 in normal and diseased models should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencui Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jiahui Zeng
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Mowen Lai
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Guohui Bian
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Qiongxiu Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 61006, China.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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19
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Wu D, Luo X, Feurstein S, Kesserwan C, Mohan S, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Godley LA. How I curate: applying American Society of Hematology-Clinical Genome Resource Myeloid Malignancy Variant Curation Expert Panel rules for RUNX1 variant curation for germline predisposition to myeloid malignancies. Haematologica 2020; 105:870-887. [PMID: 32165484 PMCID: PMC7109758 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.214221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad use of next-generation sequencing and microarray platforms in research and clinical laboratories has led to an increasing appreciation of the role of germline mutations in genes involved in hematopoiesis and lineage differentiation that contribute to myeloid neoplasms. Despite implementation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association for Molecular Pathology 2015 guidelines for sequence variant interpretation, the number of variants deposited in ClinVar, a genomic repository of genotype and phenotype data, and classified as having uncertain significance or being discordantly classified among clinical laboratories remains elevated and contributes to indeterminate or inconsistent patient care. In 2018, the American Society of Hematology and the Clinical Genome Resource co-sponsored the Myeloid Malignancy Variant Curation Expert Panel to develop rules for classifying gene variants associated with germline predisposition to myeloid neoplasia. Herein, we demonstrate application of our rules developed for the RUNX1 gene to variants in six examples to show how we would classify them within the proposed framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Simone Feurstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Chimene Kesserwan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY
| | - Shruthi Mohan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL .,Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Lie-a-ling M, Mevel R, Patel R, Blyth K, Baena E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX1 Dosage in Development and Cancer. Mol Cells 2020; 43:126-138. [PMID: 31991535 PMCID: PMC7057845 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 first came to prominence due to its involvement in the t(8;21) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since this discovery, RUNX1 has been shown to play important roles not only in leukemia but also in the ontogeny of the normal hematopoietic system. Although it is currently still challenging to fully assess the different parameters regulating RUNX1 dosage, it has become clear that the dose of RUNX1 can greatly affect both leukemia and normal hematopoietic development. It is also becoming evident that varying levels of RUNX1 expression can be used as markers of tumor progression not only in the hematopoietic system, but also in non-hematopoietic cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of RUNX1 dosage in normal development of both hematopoietic and epithelial tissues and their associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lie-a-ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Esther Baena
- Cancer Research UK Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK10 TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
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21
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Menegatti S, de Kruijf M, Garcia‐Alegria E, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V. Transcriptional control of blood cell emergence. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3304-3315. [PMID: 31432499 PMCID: PMC6916194 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The haematopoietic system is established during embryonic life through a series of developmental steps that culminates with the generation of haematopoietic stem cells. Characterisation of the transcriptional network that regulates blood cell emergence has led to the identification of transcription factors essential for this process. Among the many factors wired within this complex regulatory network, ETV2, SCL and RUNX1 are the central components. All three factors are absolutely required for blood cell generation, each one controlling a precise step of specification from the mesoderm germ layer to fully functional blood progenitors. Insight into the transcriptional control of blood cell emergence has been used for devising protocols to generate blood cells de novo, either through reprogramming of somatic cells or through forward programming of pluripotent stem cells. Interestingly, the physiological process of blood cell generation and its laboratory-engineered counterpart have very little in common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menegatti
- Developmental Haematopoiesis GroupFaculty of Biology, Medicine and Healththe University of ManchesterUK
| | - Marcel de Kruijf
- Developmental Haematopoiesis GroupFaculty of Biology, Medicine and Healththe University of ManchesterUK
| | - Eva Garcia‐Alegria
- Developmental Haematopoiesis GroupFaculty of Biology, Medicine and Healththe University of ManchesterUK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology GroupCancer Research UK Manchester InstituteThe University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Developmental Haematopoiesis GroupFaculty of Biology, Medicine and Healththe University of ManchesterUK
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22
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Mevel R, Draper JE, Lie-A-Ling M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX transcription factors: orchestrators of development. Development 2019; 146:dev148296. [PMID: 31488508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Julia E Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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23
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van der Kouwe E, Staber PB. RUNX1-ETO: Attacking the Epigenome for Genomic Instable Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E350. [PMID: 30654457 PMCID: PMC6358732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion protein RUNX1-ETO is the product of the t(8;21) translocation, responsible for the most common cytogenetic subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. RUNX1, a critical transcription factor in hematopoietic development, is fused with almost the entire ETO sequence with the ability to recruit a wide range of repressors. Past efforts in providing a comprehensive picture of the genome-wide localization and the target genes of RUNX1-ETO have been inconclusive in understanding the underlying mechanism by which it deregulates native RUNX1. In this review; we dissect the current data on the epigenetic impact of RUNX1 and RUNX1-ETO. Both share similarities however, in recent years, research focused on epigenetic factors to explain their differences. RUNX1-ETO impairs DNA repair mechanisms which compromises genomic stability and favors a mutator phenotype. Among an increasing pool of mutated factors, regulators of DNA methylation are frequently found in t(8;21) AML. Together with the alteration of both, histone markers and distal enhancer regulation, RUNX1-ETO might specifically disrupt normal chromatin structure. Epigenetic studies on the fusion protein uncovered new mechanisms contributing to leukemogenesis and hopefully will translate into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel van der Kouwe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Bernhard Staber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Padmanabhan N, Menelaou K, Gao J, Anderson A, Blake GET, Li T, Daw BN, Watson ED. Abnormal folate metabolism causes age-, sex- and parent-of-origin-specific haematological defects in mice. J Physiol 2018; 596:4341-4360. [PMID: 30024025 PMCID: PMC6138292 DOI: 10.1113/jp276419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Folate (folic acid) deficiency and mutations in folate-related genes in humans result in megaloblastic anaemia. Folate metabolism, which requires the enzyme methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), is necessary for DNA synthesis and the transmission of one-carbon methyl groups for cellular methylation. In this study, we show that the hypomorphic Mtrrgt/gt mutation in mice results in late-onset and sex-specific blood defects, including macrocytic anaemia, extramedullary haematopoiesis and lymphopenia. Notably, when either parent carries an Mtrrgt allele, blood phenotypes result in their genetically wildtype adult daughters, the effects of which are parent specific. Our data establish a new model for studying the mechanism of folate metabolism in macrocytic anaemia aetiology and suggest that assessing parental folate status might be important when diagnosing adult patients with unexplained anaemia. ABSTRACT The importance of the vitamin folate (also known as folic acid) in erythrocyte formation, maturation and/or longevity is apparent since folate deficiency in humans causes megaloblastic anaemia. Megaloblastic anaemia is a type of macrocytic anaemia whereby erythrocytes are enlarged and fewer in number. Folate metabolism is required for thymidine synthesis and one-carbon metabolism, though its specific role in erythropoiesis is not well understood. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is a key enzyme necessary for the progression of folate metabolism since knocking down the Mtrr gene in mice results in hyperhomocysteinaemia and global DNA hypomethylation. We demonstrate here that abnormal folate metabolism in mice caused by Mtrrgt/gt homozygosity leads to haematopoietic phenotypes that are sex and age dependent. Specifically, Mtrrgt/gt female mice displayed macrocytic anaemia, which might be due to defective erythroid differentiation at the exclusion of haemolysis. This was associated with increased renal Epo mRNA expression, hypercellular bone marrow, and splenic extramedullary haematopoiesis. In contrast, the male response differed since Mtrrgt/gt male mice were not anaemic but did display erythrocytic macrocytosis and lymphopenia. Regardless of sex, these phenotypes were late onset. Remarkably, we also show that when either parent carries an Mtrrgt allele, a haematological defect results in their adult wildtype daughters. However, the specific phenotype was dependent upon the sex of the parent. For instance, wildtype daughters of Mtrr+/gt females displayed normocytic anaemia. In contrast, wildtype daughters of Mtrr+/gt males exhibited erythrocytic microcytosis not associated with anaemia. Therefore, abnormal folate metabolism affects adult haematopoiesis in an age-, sex- and parent-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Padmanabhan
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Katerina Menelaou
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alexander Anderson
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Georgina E. T. Blake
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tanya Li
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - B. Nuala Daw
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Erica D. Watson
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Trophoblast ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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25
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Chen B, Teng J, Liu H, Pan X, Zhou Y, Huang S, Lai M, Bian G, Mao B, Sun W, Zhou Q, Yang S, Nakahata T, Ma F. Inducible overexpression of RUNX1b/c in human embryonic stem cells blocks early hematopoiesis from mesoderm. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:262-273. [PMID: 28992293 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 is absolutely required for definitive hematopoiesis, but the function of RUNX1b/c, two isoforms of human RUNX1, is unclear. We established inducible RUNX1b/c-overexpressing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, in which RUNX1b/c overexpression prevented the emergence of CD34+ cells from early stage, thereby drastically reducing the production of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Simultaneously, the expression of hematopoiesis-related factors was downregulated. However, such blockage effect disappeared from day 6 in hESC/AGM-S3 cell co-cultures, proving that the blockage occurred before the generation of hemogenic endothelial cells. This blockage was partially rescued by RepSox, an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway, indicating a close relationship between RUNX1b/c and TGF-β pathway. Our results suggest a unique inhibitory function of RUNX1b/c in the development of early hematopoiesis and may aid further understanding of its biological function in normal and diseased models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Jiawen Teng
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - X Pan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Mowen Lai
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Guohui Bian
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Bin Mao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Wencui Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Qiongxiu Zhou
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu 610052, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
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26
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Lie-A-Ling M, Marinopoulou E, Lilly AJ, Challinor M, Patel R, Lancrin C, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Regulation of RUNX1 dosage is crucial for efficient blood formation from hemogenic endothelium. Development 2018; 145:dev149419. [PMID: 29530939 PMCID: PMC5868988 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During ontogeny, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells arise from hemogenic endothelium through an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition that is strictly dependent on the transcription factor RUNX1. Although it is well established that RUNX1 is essential for the onset of hematopoiesis, little is known about the role of RUNX1 dosage specifically in hemogenic endothelium and during the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Here, we used the mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation system to determine if and how RUNX1 dosage affects hemogenic endothelium differentiation. The use of inducible Runx1 expression combined with alterations in the expression of the RUNX1 co-factor CBFβ allowed us to evaluate a wide range of RUNX1 levels. We demonstrate that low RUNX1 levels are sufficient and necessary to initiate an effective endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Subsequently, RUNX1 is also required to complete the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and to generate functional hematopoietic precursors. In contrast, elevated levels of RUNX1 are able to drive an accelerated endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, but the resulting cells are unable to generate mature hematopoietic cells. Together, our results suggest that RUNX1 dosage plays a pivotal role in hemogenic endothelium maturation and the establishment of the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Elli Marinopoulou
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Andrew J Lilly
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Mairi Challinor
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Christophe Lancrin
- EMBL Rome, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, Campus Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Stem Cell Hematopoiesis, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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27
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Li Y, Jin C, Bai H, Gao Y, Sun S, Chen L, Qin L, Liu PP, Cheng L, Wang QF. Human NOTCH4 is a key target of RUNX1 in megakaryocytic differentiation. Blood 2018; 131:191-201. [PMID: 29101237 PMCID: PMC5757696 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-780379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) in adult marrow produce platelets that play important roles in blood coagulation and hemostasis. Monoallelic mutations of the master transcription factor gene RUNX1 lead to familial platelet disorder (FPD) characterized by defective MK and platelet development. However, the molecular mechanisms of FPD remain unclear. Previously, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with FPD containing a RUNX1 nonsense mutation. Production of MKs from the FPD-iPSCs was reduced, and targeted correction of the RUNX1 mutation restored MK production. In this study, we used isogenic pairs of FPD-iPSCs and the MK differentiation system to identify RUNX1 target genes. Using integrative genomic analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cells generated from FPD-iPSCs, and mutation-corrected isogenic controls, we identified 2 gene sets the transcription of which is either up- or downregulated by RUNX1 in mutation-corrected iPSCs. Notably, NOTCH4 expression was negatively controlled by RUNX1 via a novel regulatory DNA element within the locus, and we examined its involvement in MK generation. Specific inactivation of NOTCH4 by an improved CRISPR-Cas9 system in human iPSCs enhanced megakaryopoiesis. Moreover, small molecules known to inhibit Notch signaling promoted MK generation from both normal human iPSCs and postnatal CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our study newly identified NOTCH4 as a RUNX1 target gene and revealed a previously unappreciated role of NOTCH4 signaling in promoting human megakaryopoiesis. Our work suggests that human iPSCs with monogenic mutations have the potential to serve as an invaluable resource for discovery of novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Shu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paul P Liu
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Qian-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Angelos MG, Abrahante JE, Blum RH, Kaufman DS. Single Cell Resolution of Human Hematoendothelial Cells Defines Transcriptional Signatures of Hemogenic Endothelium. Stem Cells 2017; 36:206-217. [PMID: 29139170 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) is an important stage in definitive hematopoietic development. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying human EHT remain poorly characterized. We performed single cell RNA-seq using 55 hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs: CD31+ CD144+ CD41- CD43- CD45- CD73- RUNX1c+ ), 47 vascular endothelial cells without hematopoietic potential (non-HE: CD31+ CD144+ CD41- CD43- CD45- CD73- RUNX1c- ), and 35 hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs: CD34+ CD43+ RUNX1c+ ) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). HE and HP were enriched in genes implicated in hemogenic endothelial transcriptional networks, such as ERG, GATA2, and FLI. We found transcriptional overlap between individual HECs and HPCs; however, these populations were distinct from non-HE. Further analysis revealed novel biomarkers for human HEC/HPCs, including TIMP3, ESAM, RHOJ, and DLL4. Collectively, we demonstrate that hESC-derived HE and HP share a common developmental pathway, while non-HE are more heterogeneous and transcriptionally distinct. Our findings provide a novel strategy to test new genetic targets and optimize the production of definitive hematopoietic cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2018;36:206-217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew G Angelos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert H Blum
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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29
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Navarro-Montero O, Ayllon V, Lamolda M, López-Onieva L, Montes R, Bueno C, Ng E, Guerrero-Carreno X, Romero T, Romero-Moya D, Stanley E, Elefanty A, Ramos-Mejia V, Menendez P, Real PJ. RUNX1c Regulates Hematopoietic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Possibly in Cooperation with Proinflammatory Signaling. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2253-2266. [PMID: 28869683 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) is a master hematopoietic transcription factor essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence. Runx1-deficient mice die during early embryogenesis due to the inability to establish definitive hematopoiesis. Here, we have used human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as model to study the role of RUNX1 in human embryonic hematopoiesis. Although the three RUNX1 isoforms a, b, and c were induced in CD45+ hematopoietic cells, RUNX1c was the only isoform induced in hematoendothelial progenitors (HEPs)/hemogenic endothelium. Constitutive expression of RUNX1c in human embryonic stem cells enhanced the appearance of HEPs, including hemogenic (CD43+) HEPs and promoted subsequent differentiation into blood cells. Conversely, specific deletion of RUNX1c dramatically reduced the generation of hematopoietic cells from HEPs, indicating that RUNX1c is a master regulator of human hematopoietic development. Gene expression profiling of HEPs revealed a RUNX1c-induced proinflammatory molecular signature, supporting previous studies demonstrating proinflammatory signaling as a regulator of HSC emergence. Collectively, RUNX1c orchestrates hematopoietic specification of hPSCs, possibly in cooperation with proinflammatory signaling. Stem Cells 2017;35:2253-2266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Navarro-Montero
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Veronica Ayllon
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mar Lamolda
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes López-Onieva
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Biomedicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Ng
- Blood Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Xiomara Guerrero-Carreno
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Romero
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Damià Romero-Moya
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Biomedicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ed Stanley
- Stem Cell Technology Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Elefanty
- Blood Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Verónica Ramos-Mejia
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Biomedicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituciò Catalana de Reserca i EstudisAvançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro J Real
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Development Group, Department of Genomic Oncology, GENYO: Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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30
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Overexpression of RUNX1 short isoform has an important role in the development of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1382-1386. [PMID: 29296779 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1a, but not RUNX1b, is overexpressed in CD34+ cells from patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.SRSF2P95H mutation induces RUNX1a overexpression and a monocytic phenotype in TF-1 cells.
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31
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Mao G, Songdej N, Voora D, Goldfinger LE, Del Carpio-Cano FE, Myers RA, Rao AK. Transcription Factor RUNX1 Regulates Platelet PCTP (Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein): Implications for Cardiovascular Events: Differential Effects of RUNX1 Variants. Circulation 2017; 136:927-939. [PMID: 28676520 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCTP (phosphatidylcholine transfer protein) regulates the intermembrane transfer of phosphatidylcholine. Higher platelet PCTP expression is associated with increased platelet responses on activation of protease-activated receptor 4 thrombin receptors noted in black subjects compared with white subjects. Little is known about the regulation of platelet PCTP. Haplodeficiency of RUNX1, a major hematopoietic transcription factor, is associated with thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet responses on activation. Platelet expression profiling of a patient with a RUNX1 loss-of-function mutation revealed a 10-fold downregulation of the PCTP gene compared with healthy controls. METHODS We pursued the hypothesis that PCTP is regulated by RUNX1 and that PCTP expression is correlated with cardiovascular events. We studied RUNX1 binding to the PCTP promoter using DNA-protein binding studies and human erythroleukemia cells and promoter activity using luciferase reporter studies. We assessed the relationship between RUNX1 and PCTP in peripheral blood RNA and PCTP and death or myocardial infarction in 2 separate patient cohorts (587 total patients) with cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Platelet PCTP protein in the patient was reduced by ≈50%. DNA-protein binding studies showed RUNX1 binding to consensus sites in ≈1 kB of PCTP promoter. PCTP expression was increased with RUNX1 overexpression and reduced with RUNX1 knockdown in human erythroleukemia cells, indicating that PCTP is regulated by RUNX1. Studies in 2 cohorts of patients showed that RUNX1 expression in blood correlated with PCTP gene expression; PCTP expression was higher in black compared with white subjects and was associated with future death/myocardial infarction after adjustment for age, sex, and race (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval 1.6-2.7; P<0.0001). RUNX1 expression is known to initiate at 2 alternative promoters, a distal P1 and a proximal P2 promoter. In patient cohorts, there were differential effects of RUNX1 isoforms on PCTP expression with a negative correlation in blood between RUNX1 expressed from the P1 promoter and PCTP expression. CONCLUSIONS PCTP is a direct transcriptional target of RUNX1. PCTP expression is associated with death/myocardial infarction in patients with cardiovascular disease. RUNX1 regulation of PCTP may play a role in the pathogenesis of platelet-mediated cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfen Mao
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Natthapol Songdej
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Deepak Voora
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Lawrence E Goldfinger
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Fabiola E Del Carpio-Cano
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - Rachel A Myers
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.)
| | - A Koneti Rao
- From Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (G.M., N.S., F.E.D.C.-C., L.E.G., A.K.R.), Hematology Section, Department of Medicine (N.S., A.K.R.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.E.G.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (D.V., R.A.M.).
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibition promotes hematolymphoid development from human pluripotent stem cells. Blood 2017; 129:3428-3439. [PMID: 28533309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-730440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
deletion, we further demonstrate a marked enhancement of hematopoietic differentiation relative to wild-type hESCs. We also evaluated whether AHR antagonism could promote innate lymphoid cell differentiation from hESCs. SR-1 increased conventional natural killer (cNK) cell differentiation, whereas TCDD treatment blocked cNK development and supported group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) differentiation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AHR regulates early human hematolymphoid cell development and may be targeted to enhance production of specific cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Teichweyde N, Horn PA, Klump H. HOXB4 Increases Runx1 Expression to Promote the de novo Formation of Multipotent Hematopoietic Cells. Transfus Med Hemother 2017. [PMID: 28626363 DOI: 10.1159/000477130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The de novo generation of patient-specific hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has become a promising approach for cell replacement therapies in the future. However, efficient differentiation protocols for producing fully functional human hematopoietic stem cells are still missing. In the mouse model, ectopic expression of the human homeotic selector protein HOXB4 has been shown to enforce the development of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in differentiating pluripotent stem cell cultures. However, the mechanism how HOXB4 mediates the formation of HSCs capable of long-term, multilineage repopulation after transplantation is not well understood yet. METHODS Using a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-based differentiation model, we asked whether retrovirally expressed HOXB4 induces the expression of Runx1/AML1, a gene whose expression is absolutely necessary for the formation of definitive, adult HSCs during embryonic development. RESULTS During ES cell differentiation, basal expression of Runx1 was observed in all cultures, irrespective of ectopic HOXB4 expression. However, only in those cultures ectopically expressing HOXB4, substantial amounts of hematopoietic progenitors were generated which exclusively displayed increased Runx1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that HOXB4 does not induce basal Runx1 expression but, instead, mediates an increase of Runx1 expression which appears to be a prerequisite for the formation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Teichweyde
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hannes Klump
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Quiescence of adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells requires thyroid hormone and hypoxia to activate Runx1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1019. [PMID: 28432293 PMCID: PMC5430791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of slowly dividing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), i.e., adult OPCs, which supply new oligodendrocytes throughout the life of animal. While adult OPCs develop from rapidly dividing perinatal OPCs, the mechanisms underlying their quiescence remain unknown. Here, we show that perinatal rodent OPCs cultured with thyroid hormone (TH) under hypoxia become quiescent and acquire adult OPCs-like characteristics. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15/INK4b plays crucial roles in the TH-dependent cell cycle deceleration in OPCs under hypoxia. Klf9 is a direct target of TH-dependent signaling. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factors mediates runt-related transcription factor 1 activity to induce G1 arrest in OPCs through enhancing TH-dependent p15/INK4b expression. As adult OPCs display phenotypes of adult somatic stem cells in the CNS, the current results shed light on environmental requirements for the quiescence of adult somatic stem cells during their development from actively proliferating stem/progenitor cells.
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35
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Dnmt3a regulates T-cell development and suppresses T-ALL transformation. Leukemia 2017; 31:2479-2490. [PMID: 28321121 PMCID: PMC5636646 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematopoietic neoplasm resulting from the malignant transformation of T-cell progenitors, and comprises approximately 15% and 25% of pediatric and adult ALL cases respectively. It is well-established that activating NOTCH1 mutations are the major genetic lesions driving T-ALL in most patients, but efforts to develop targeted therapies against this pathway have produced limited success in decreasing leukemic burden and come with significant clinical side effects. A finer detailed understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying T-ALL is required identify patients at increased risk for treatment failure and the development of precision medicine strategies. Generation of genetic models that more accurately reflect the normal developmental history of T-ALL are necessary to identify new avenues for treatment. The DNA methyltransferase enzyme DNMT3A is also recurrently mutated in T-ALL patients, and we show here that inactivation of Dnmt3a combined with Notch1 gain-of-function leads to an aggressive T-ALL in mouse models. Moreover, conditional inactivation of Dnmt3a in mouse hematopoietic cells leads to an accumulation of immature progenitors in the thymus which are less apoptotic. These data demonstrate that Dnmt3a is required for normal T-cell development, and acts as a T-ALL tumor suppressor.
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36
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Behrens K, Maul K, Tekin N, Kriebitzsch N, Indenbirken D, Prassolov V, Müller U, Serve H, Cammenga J, Stocking C. RUNX1 cooperates with FLT3-ITD to induce leukemia. J Exp Med 2017; 214:737-752. [PMID: 28213513 PMCID: PMC5339673 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Behrens et al. establish the interplay of activated FLT3 receptor and the phosphorylated RUNX1 transcription factor in uncoupling proliferation and differentiation signals in acute leukemia. These findings demonstrate that RUNX1 is a viable therapeutic target in FLT3-mutated AML. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is induced by the cooperative action of deregulated genes that perturb self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase are common mutations in AML, confer poor prognosis, and stimulate myeloproliferation. AML patient samples with FLT3-ITD express high levels of RUNX1, a transcription factor with known tumor-suppressor function. In this study, to understand this paradox, we investigated the impact of RUNX1 and FLT3-ITD coexpression. FLT3-ITD directly impacts on RUNX1 activity, whereby up-regulated and phosphorylated RUNX1 cooperates with FLT3-ITD to induce AML. Inactivating RUNX1 in tumors releases the differentiation block and down-regulates genes controlling ribosome biogenesis. We identified Hhex as a direct target of RUNX1 and FLT3-ITD stimulation and confirmed high HHEX expression in FLT3-ITD AMLs. HHEX could replace RUNX1 in cooperating with FLT3-ITD to induce AML. These results establish and elucidate the unanticipated oncogenic function of RUNX1 in AML. We predict that blocking RUNX1 activity will greatly enhance current therapeutic approaches using FLT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behrens
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Maul
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nilgün Tekin
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.,Virus Genomics, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neele Kriebitzsch
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Viral Transformation, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Müller
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Cammenga
- Department of Hematology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carol Stocking
- Retroviral Pathogenesis, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Runx transcription factors in the development and function of the definitive hematopoietic system. Blood 2017; 129:2061-2069. [PMID: 28179276 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-12-689109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runx family of transcription factors (Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3) are highly conserved and encode proteins involved in a variety of cell lineages, including blood and blood-related cell lineages, during developmental and adult stages of life. They perform activation and repressive functions in the regulation of gene expression. The requirement for Runx1 in the normal hematopoietic development and its dysregulation through chromosomal translocations and loss-of-function mutations as found in acute myeloid leukemias highlight the importance of this transcription factor in the healthy blood system. Whereas another review will focus on the role of Runx factors in leukemias, this review will provide an overview of the normal regulation and function of Runx factors in hematopoiesis and focus particularly on the biological effects of Runx1 in the generation of hematopoietic stem cells. We will present the current knowledge of the structure and regulatory features directing lineage-specific expression of Runx genes, the models of embryonic and adult hematopoietic development that provide information on their function, and some of the mechanisms by which they affect hematopoietic function.
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38
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Abstract
RUNX1 is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors and is indispensable for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. RUNX1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Germ line mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving RUNX1 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, that is, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. More recent studies suggest that the wild-type RUNX1 is required for growth and survival of certain types of leukemia cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of our understanding about the role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies.
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39
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VanOudenhove JJ, Medina R, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Precocious Phenotypic Transcription-Factor Expression During Early Development. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:953-958. [PMID: 27591551 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel role for phenotypic transcription factors in very early differentiation was recently observed and merits further study to elucidate what role this precocious expression may have in development. The RUNX1 transcription factor exhibits selective and transient upregulation during early mesenchymal differentiation. In contrast to phenotype-associated transcriptional control of gene expression to establish and sustain hematopoietic/myeloid lineage identity, precocious expression of RUNX1 is functionally linked to control of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is obligatory for development. This early RUNX1 expression spike provides a paradigm for precocious expression of a phenotypic transcription factor that invites detailed mechanistic study to fully understand its biological importance. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 953-958, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J VanOudenhove
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Ricardo Medina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Prachi N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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40
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Yzaguirre AD, de Bruijn MFTR, Speck NA. The Role of Runx1 in Embryonic Blood Cell Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:47-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Bonifer C, Levantini E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Runx1 Structure and Function in Blood Cell Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:65-81. [PMID: 28299651 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors belong to a highly conserved class of transcriptional regulators which play various roles in the development of the majority of metazoans. In this review we focus on the founding member of the family, RUNX1, and its role in the transcriptional control of blood cell development in mammals. We summarize data showing that RUNX1 functions both as activator and repressor within a chromatin environment, a feature that requires its interaction with multiple other transcription factors and co-factors. Furthermore, we outline how RUNX1 works together with other factors to reshape the epigenetic landscape and the three-dimensional structure of gene loci within the nucleus. Finally, we review how aberrant forms of RUNX1 deregulate blood cell development and cause hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bonifer
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Diaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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42
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VanOudenhove JJ, Medina R, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Transient RUNX1 Expression during Early Mesendodermal Differentiation of hESCs Promotes Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through TGFB2 Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:884-896. [PMID: 27720906 PMCID: PMC5106514 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from pluripotency to lineage commitment is not fully understood, and a role for phenotypic transcription factors in the initial stages of hESC differentiation remains to be explored. From a screen of candidate factors, we found that RUNX1 is selectively and transiently upregulated early in hESC differentiation to mesendodermal lineages. Transcriptome profiling and functional analyses upon RUNX1 depletion established a role for RUNX1 in promoting cell motility. In parallel, we discovered a loss of repression for several epithelial genes, indicating that loss of RUNX1 impaired an epithelial to mesenchymal transition during differentiation. Cell biological and biochemical approaches revealed that RUNX1 depletion specifically compromised TGFB2 signaling. Both the decrease in motility and deregulated epithelial marker expression upon RUNX1 depletion were rescued by reintroduction of TGFB2, but not TGFB1. These findings identify roles for RUNX1-TGFB2 signaling in early events of mesendodermal lineage commitment. RUNX1 is transiently upregulated during early mesendoderm differentiation of hESCs RUNX1 promotes motility and the EMT process during mesendodermal differentiation RUNX1 knockdown specifically inhibits TGFB2 signaling Reintroduction of TGFB2, but not TGFB1, rescues the phenotype of RUNX1 depletion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J VanOudenhove
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ricardo Medina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Prachi N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Jackson M, Ma R, Taylor AH, Axton RA, Easterbrook J, Kydonaki M, Olivier E, Marenah L, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Mountford JC, Forrester LM. Enforced Expression of HOXB4 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Enhances the Production of Hematopoietic Progenitors but Has No Effect on the Maturation of Red Blood Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:981-90. [PMID: 27352929 PMCID: PMC4954454 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : We have developed a robust, Good Manufacturing Practice-compatible differentiation protocol capable of producing scalable quantities of red blood cells (RBCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, translation of this protocol to the clinic has been compromised because the RBCs produced are not fully mature; thus, they express embryonic and fetal, rather than adult globins, and they do not enucleate efficiently. Based on previous studies, we predicted that activation of exogenous HOXB4 would increase the production of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from hPSCs and hypothesized that it might also promote the production of more mature, definitive RBCs. Using a tamoxifen-inducible HOXB4-ER(T2) expression system, we first demonstrated that activation of HOXB4 does increase the production of HPCs from hPSCs as determined by colony-forming unit culture activity and the presence of CD43(+)CD34(+) progenitors. Activation of HOXB4 caused a modest, but significant, increase in the proportion of immature CD235a(+)/CD71(+) erythroid cells. However, this did not result in a significant increase in more mature CD235a(+)/CD71(-) cells. RBCs produced in the presence of enhanced HOXB4 activity expressed embryonic (ε) and fetal (γ) but not adult (β) globins, and the proportion of enucleated cells was comparable to that of the control cultures. We conclude that programming with the transcription factor HOXB4 increases the production of hematopoietic progenitors and immature erythroid cells but does not resolve the inherent challenges associated with the production of mature adult-like enucleated RBCs. SIGNIFICANCE As worldwide blood donations decrease and transfusable transmitted infections increase, intense interest has ensued in deriving red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro from alternative sources such as pluripotent stem cells. A translatable protocol was developed to generate RBCs; however, these RBCs have an immature phenotype. It was hypothesized that the transcription factor HOXB4 could enhance their production and maturation. Although HOXB4 increased the production of erythroid progenitors, it did not promote their maturation. Despite the remaining challenges, a robust system has been established to test other candidates and add to the knowledge base in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Jackson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Ma
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Helen Taylor
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Axton
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Easterbrook
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kydonaki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Olivier
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lamin Marenah
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne C Mountford
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley M Forrester
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gritz E, Hirschi KK. Specification and function of hemogenic endothelium during embryogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1547-67. [PMID: 26849156 PMCID: PMC4805691 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemogenic endothelium is a specialized subset of developing vascular endothelium that acquires hematopoietic potential and can give rise to multilineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during a narrow developmental window in tissues such as the extraembryonic yolk sac and embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros. Herein, we review current knowledge about the historical and developmental origins of hemogenic endothelium, the molecular events that govern hemogenic specification of vascular endothelial cells, the generation of multilineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from hemogenic endothelium, and the potential for translational applications of knowledge gained from further study of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gritz
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Biomedical Engineering, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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45
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DNA methylation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:617-26. [PMID: 26943352 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-1957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of DNA methylation has been a rapidly expanding field since its dawn in the 1960s. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in guiding the differentiation of stem cells to their destined lineage, and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Moreover, aberrant DNA methylation has been well characterized as a significant contributing factor in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers. Hematopoiesis is a process that is uniquely susceptible to epigenetic changes due to the small pool of actively cycling stem cells that give rise to the entire mature immune-hematopoietic system. Mutations in DNA methyltransferase enzymes have been shown to be initiating events in the development of hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and, therefore, have become targets for improved diagnostics and therapy. The spatial and temporal regulation of DNA methylation in the hematopoietic developmental hierarchy is critical to hematopoietic homeostasis. An improved understanding of the roles that DNA methylation plays in normal and malignant hematopoiesis will have a significant impact on the future of regenerative stem cell therapy and clinical treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. This review aims to highlight current developments in the field and prioritize future research directions.
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46
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Donor Dependent Variations in Hematopoietic Differentiation among Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149291. [PMID: 26938212 PMCID: PMC4777368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis generated from human embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are unprecedented resources for cell therapy. We compared hematopoietic differentiation potentials from ES and iPS cell lines originated from various donors and derived them using integrative and non-integrative vectors. Significant differences in differentiation toward hematopoietic lineage were observed among ES and iPS. The ability of engraftment of iPS or ES-derived cells in NOG mice varied among the lines with low levels of chimerism. iPS generated from ES cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) reproduce a similar hematopoietic outcome compared to their parental ES cell line. We were not able to identify any specific hematopoietic transcription factors that allow to distinguish between good versus poor hematopoiesis in undifferentiated ES or iPS cell lines. There is a relatively unpredictable variation in hematopoietic differentiation between ES and iPS cell lines that could not be predicted based on phenotype or gene expression of the undifferentiated cells. These results demonstrate the influence of genetic background in variation of hematopoietic potential rather than the reprogramming process.
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Ferrell PI, Xi J, Ma C, Adlakha M, Kaufman DS. The RUNX1 +24 enhancer and P1 promoter identify a unique subpopulation of hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1130-41. [PMID: 25546363 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells remains a key goal for the fields of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Here, we use a novel genetic reporter system to prospectively identify and isolate early hematopoietic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Cloning the human RUNX1c P1 promoter and +24 enhancer to drive expression of tdTomato (tdTom) in hESCs and iPSCs, we demonstrate that tdTom expression faithfully enriches for RUNX1c-expressing hematopoietic progenitor cells. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated the tdTom(+) hematopoietic cells to emerge from adherent cells. Furthermore, inhibition of primitive hematopoiesis by blocking Activin/Nodal signaling promoted the expansion and/or survival of the tdTom(+) population. Notably, RUNX1c/tdTom(+) cells represent only a limited subpopulation of the CD34(+) CD45(+) and CD34(+) CD43(+) cells with a unique genetic signature. Using gene array analysis, we find significantly lower expression of Let-7 and mir181a microRNAs in the RUNX1c/tdTom(+) cell population. These phenotypic and genetic analyses comparing the RUNX1c/tdTom(+) population to CD34(+) CD45(+) umbilical cord blood and fetal liver demonstrate several key differences that likely impact the development of HSCs capable of long-term multilineage engraftment from hESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick I Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Logan TT, Rusnak M, Symes AJ. Runx1 promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation in adult mouse neurosphere cultures. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:554-564. [PMID: 26473321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury alters the signaling environment of the adult neurogenic niche and may activate unique proliferative cell populations that contribute to the post-injury neurogenic response. Runx1 is not normally expressed by adult neural stem or progenitor cells (NSPCs) but is induced in a subpopulation of putative NSPCs after brain injury in adult mice. In order to investigate the role of Runx1 in NSPCs, we established neurosphere cultures of adult mouse subventricular zone NSPCs. We show that Runx1 is basally expressed in neurosphere culture. Removal of the mitogen bFGF or addition of 1% FBS decreased Runx1 expression. Inhibition of endogenous Runx1 activity with either Ro5-3335 or shRNA-mediated Runx1 knockdown inhibited NSPC proliferation without affecting differentiation. Lentiviral mediated over-expression of Runx1 in neurospheres caused a significant change in cell morphology without reducing proliferation. Runx1-overexpressing neurospheres changed from floating spheres to adherent colonies or individual unipolar or bipolar cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Runx1 over-expression produced a significant increase in expression of the neuronal marker TuJ1 and a minor increase in the astrocytic marker S100β. Thus, Runx1 expression drove adult NSPC differentiation, predominantly toward a neuronal lineage. These data suggest that Runx1 could be manipulated after injury to promote neuronal differentiation to facilitate repair of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Rusnak
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Targeted correction of RUNX1 mutation in FPD patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells rescues megakaryopoietic defects. Blood 2015; 124:1926-30. [PMID: 25114263 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-550525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (FPD/AML) is an autosomal dominant disease of the hematopoietic system that is caused by heterozygous mutations in RUNX1. FPD/AML patients have a bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia with reduced platelet numbers and functions, and a tendency to develop AML. No suitable animal models exist for FPD/AML, as Runx11/2 mice and zebra fish do not develop bleeding disorders or leukemia. Here we derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from 2 patients in a family with FPD/AML, and found that the FPD iPSCs display defects in megakaryocytic differentiation in vitro. We corrected the RUNX1 mutation in 1 FPD iPSC line through gene targeting, which led to normalization of megakaryopoiesis of the iPSCs in culture. Our results demonstrate successful in vitro modeling of FPD with patient-specific iPSCs and confirm that RUNX1 mutations are responsible for megakaryopoietic defects in FPD patients.
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