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Couteau C, Philippe A, Galharret JM, Metay E, Coiffard L. UV filters in everyday cosmetic products, a comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2976-2986. [PMID: 38079041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Today, UV filters are found as contaminants in a variety of biological fluids and environment, e.g. in vegetable crops and surface water. This is because UV filters are widely used in everyday products. In this context, we focused this study on cosmetic products, in order to assess the importance of this source of contamination. The study of 742 cosmetic products, excluding actual sunscreen products, but including hygiene, personal care and make-up products and perfumes revealed that the most common UV filters present are butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (90 products or 12.1% of products tested), octyl methoxycinnamate (75 products or 10.1% of products tested), octocrylene (62 products or 8.3% of products tested), octyl salicylate (43 products or 5.8% of products tested) and titanium dioxide (33 products or 4.4% of products tested). Very few UV filters are found in the hygiene products (only in 12 shampoos/conditioners and in 2 shower gels) and deodorants and toothpastes are completely free of them. Conversely, make-up and perfumes are frequently formulated with at least one UV filter. Seventy-five of the two hundred and forty-four (or 30.7%) skincare products studied contained at least one UV filter. 49.1 of the makeup products studied and 74.3% of perfumes contained it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Couteau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Philippe
- Université de Nantes - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 cedex 3, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Galharret
- Université de Nantes - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 cedex 3, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Metay
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Coiffard
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France.
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Delmaar CJE, Schreurs R, Bakker MI, Minnema J, Bokkers BGH. PACEMweb: a tool for aggregate consumer exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:971-979. [PMID: 36522445 PMCID: PMC10733135 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ascertain the safe use of chemicals that are used in multiple consumer products, the aggregate human exposure, arising from combined use of multiple consumer products needs to be assessed. OBJECTIVE In this work the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model (PACEM) is presented and discussed. PACEM is implemented in the publicly available web tool, PACEMweb, for aggregate consumer exposure assessment. METHODS PACEM uses a person-oriented simulation method that is based on realistic product usage information obtained in surveys from several European countries. PACEM evaluates aggregate exposure in a population considering individual use and co-use patterns as well as variation in product composition. Product usage data is included on personal care products (PCPs) and household cleaning products (HCPs). RESULTS PACEM has been implemented in a web tool that supports broad use in research as well as regulatory risk assessment. PACEM has been evaluated in a number of applications, testing and illustrating the advantage of the person-oriented modeling method. Also, PACEM assessments have been evaluated by comparing its results with biomonitoring information. SIGNIFICANCE PACEM enables the assessment of realistic aggregate exposure to chemicals in consumer products. It provides detailed insight into the distribution of exposure in a population as well as products that contribute the most to exposure. This allows for better informed decision making in the risk management of chemicals. IMPACT Realistic assessment of the total, aggregate exposure of consumers to chemicals in consumer products is necessary to guarantee the safe use of chemicals in these products. PACEMweb provides, for the first time, a publicly available tool to assist in realistic aggregate exposure assessment of consumers to chemicals in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel Schreurs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martine I Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Minnema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas G H Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Tozer S, Alexander-White C, Amin R, Audebert F, Barratt C, O'Brien J, Burke T, Bury D, Nguea HD, Dimopoulou M, Farahmand S, Fritz S, Gerber E, Giusti A, Goodwin W, Kirsch T, Oreffo V, McNamara C. From worst-case to reality - Case studies illustrating tiered refinement of consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105436. [PMID: 37429522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients is estimated in a tiered manner. Simple Tier1 deterministic aggregate exposure modelling generates a worst case estimate of exposure. Tier1 assumes that a consumer uses all cosmetic products concomitantly daily, at maximum frequency, and products always contain the ingredient at the maximum allowed % w/w concentration. Refining exposure assessment from worst case to more realistic estimates uses evidence from surveys of actual use levels of ingredients and Tier2 probabilistic models, where distributions of consumer use data can be applied. In Tier2+ modelling, occurrence data provides evidence of products on the market actually containing the ingredient. Three case studies are presented using this tiered approach to illustrate progressive refinement. The scale of refinements from Tier1 to Tier2+ modelling for the ingredients, propyl paraben, benzoic acid and DMDM hydantoin were: 0.492 to 0.026; 1.93 to 0.042 and 1.61 to 0.027 mg/kg/day exposure dose. For propyl paraben, moving from Tier1 to Tier2+ represents a refinement from 49-fold to 3-fold overestimate of exposure when compared to a maximum estimate of 0.01 mg/kg/day exposure seen in human studies. Such refinements from worst case to realistic levels of exposure estimation can be critical in the demonstration of consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tozer
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Reading, RG2 0QE, UK
| | | | - Ripal Amin
- Avon Products International, 1 Avon Place, Suffern, NY, 10901, USA
| | | | - Catherine Barratt
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Dagmar Bury
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Hermine Dika Nguea
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | | | - Sarah Farahmand
- Edgewell Personal Care, 75 Commerce Drive, Allendale, NJ, 07401, USA
| | - Sabrina Fritz
- Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Straße 98-100, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Arianna Giusti
- Cosmetics Europe - The Personal Care Association, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Goodwin
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Taryn Kirsch
- Procter & Gamble, Sulzbacher Str. 40, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Victor Oreffo
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Cronan McNamara
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Consumer habits and practices for cosmetics and personal care products in Singapore: An online survey. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113659. [PMID: 36791904 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding trends in habits and practices of cosmetics and personal care products is essential for the assessment of product exposure and simultaneously, the establishment of safe use levels for incorporated ingredients. To date, most exposure data is limited to European and USA populations, with data on Asian-specific habits and practices lacking. This data gap needs to be filled as evidence has shown that there is a large variation in product use behaviors between consumers, across and within populations. Moreover, there is a need to seek a more efficient approach of data collection. Conventional methods of collecting habits and practices data require extensive effort and are generally cost and time intensive. In this publication, we demonstrate the feasibility of employing a rapid and cost-effective online survey approach to gather habits and practices for Southeast Asia, specifically Singapore. We describe the methodology and display the type of habits and practices data that can be gathered through this approach. Although certain limitations exist, this approach can be used to effectively collect preliminary product use data across regions and different product categories.
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Api AM, Basketter D, Bridges J, Cadby P, Ellis G, Gilmour N, Greim H, Griem P, Kern P, Khaiat A, O'Brien J, Rustemeyer T, Ryan C, Safford B, Smith B, Vey M, White IR. Updating exposure assessment for skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment for fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104805. [PMID: 33075411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, a proposal for assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to fragrance materials Quantitative Risk Assessment 1 (QRA1) was published. This was implemented for setting maximum limits for fragrance materials in consumer products. However, there was no formal validation or empirical verification after implementation. Additionally, concerns remained that QRA1 did not incorporate aggregate exposure from multiple product use and included assumptions, e.g. safety assessment factors (SAFs), that had not been critically reviewed. Accordingly, a review was undertaken, including detailed re-evaluation of each SAF together with development of an approach for estimating aggregate exposure of the skin to a potential fragrance allergen. This revision of QRA1, termed QRA2, provides an improved method for establishing safe levels for sensitizing fragrance materials in multiple products to limit the risk of induction of contact allergy. The use of alternative non-animal methods is not within the scope of this paper. Ultimately, only longitudinal clinical studies can verify the utility of QRA2 as a tool for the prevention of contact allergy to fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
| | | | - James Bridges
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Graham Ellis
- Firmenich SA, 1 Route des Jeunes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Helmut Greim
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Petra Kern
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Alain Khaiat
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Cosmetics Consultant, Singapore
| | | | | | - Cindy Ryan
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Bob Safford
- Consultant, B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, Rushden, UK
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, Singapore Institute of Food & Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthias Vey
- International Fragrance Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian R White
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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Sy MM, Garcia-Hidalgo E, Jung C, Lindtner O, von Goetz N, Greiner M. Analysis of consumer behavior for the estimation of the exposure to chemicals in personal care products. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111320. [PMID: 32302718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the main objective was to implement an integrative modelling framework in order to support the prioritization and screening of chemicals present in personal care products (PCPs) regarding their potential to expose users across multiple possible pathways. Here, we implemented an exposure-based framework based on product intake fractions (PiFs) calculated using a two-compartment model reproducing the skin uptake and the competing volatilization of chemicals applied on skin during PCP use. The implemented framework enabled to simultaneously and comprehensively accommodate coupled chemical specific parameters (i.e. physical and chemical properties of the candidate chemicals), exposure information specific for product-chemical combinations, and survey data informing on consumer behavior. A case-study, based on the usage pattern data of 22 PCPs investigated among Swiss individuals (Garcia-Hidalgo et al., 2017a) and 113 candidate chemicals chosen for their suspected presence in the PCP categories of interest was defined to evaluate the applicability of the framework. Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and hierarchical clustering were subsequently applied to identify chemicals with the highest exposure potential and to highlight most relevant mixtures of chemicals on the basis of the specific usage patterns of the considered survey individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou M Sy
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Exposure Department, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Jung
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Exposure Department, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Exposure Department, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Greiner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Exposure Department, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Oh M, Kim S, Han J, Park S, Kim GU, An S. Study on Consumer Exposure to Sun Spray and Sun Cream in South Korea. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:389-394. [PMID: 31636849 PMCID: PMC6791668 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.4.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When conducting risk assessments of cosmetic ingredients, it is important that reliable exposure information is obtained for cosmetic products. As cosmetics are becoming more diverse, continuous effort must be made to obtain exposure data that reflect their growth and usage trends. The usage pattern of cosmetics, such as the application area and amount used, may differ by product type and also by country. We conducted a survey to compare the amount of sun spray and sun cream used in a usage environment in South Korea. The study was conducted on Haeundae Beach, one of the most popular beaches in South Korea. A total of 1,255 beachgoers participated in this study; 604 and 651 participants used the sun spray and sun cream, respectively, while sunbathing and enjoying water activities on the beach for one day. Exposure was analyzed following a probabilistic method. On comparing all subjects, it was found that the group that used sun spray (mean: 44.52 g/day) used significantly more product (p = 0.000) than those who used sun cream (mean: 20.51 g/day). By analyzing the daily exposure of sun spray and sun cream per unit body weight according to age and gender, the exposure amount of sun spray and sun cream was found to be highest among 2~9 year-old girls (mean for sun spray: 2.51 g/kg/day, p95: 5.50 g/kg/day, mean for sun cream: 0.79 g/kg/day, p95: 1.79 g/kg/day). The amount of sun spray used is approximately twice that of sun cream. Among both the sun spray and sun cream groups, the exposure amount per unit body weight was highest in girls younger than 10. These factors should be considered when conducting risk assessments of sun spray and sun cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Oh
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jieun Han
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sodam Park
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Go Un Kim
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Susun An
- Safety & Regulatory Research Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
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Receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment of phthalates based on individual's simultaneous use of multiple cosmetic products. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:163-172. [PMID: 30904481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To estimate realistic exposure to a chemical, the aggregate exposure from multiple consumer products should be considered. A receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted according to individuals' exposure factors and simultaneous use patterns including co-use and non-use. A product-based aggregate exposure assessment was conducted by product usage rates of population and users' exposure factors. Two aggregate exposure assessments were compared. Exposure factors for 31 cosmetic products were collected by face-to-face interviews with 1001 members of the Korean population through national representative sampling. The concentrations of phthalates in 214 cosmetic products were analyzed by GC-MS-MS. The average aggregate exposure dose (AED) determined by the receptor-based method for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were 0.68 ± 0.87, 1.08 ± 5.71, and 2.47 ± 9.05 μg/kg/day, respectively. The cosmetics that contributed most to the receptor-based AED were skin care and body care products for DEHP, nail care products for DnBP, and fragrance and hair care products for DEP. The young female group showed the highest exposure. The product-based aggregate exposure assessment method underestimated high exposure but overestimated average exposure for DnBP and DEP. The receptor-based aggregate exposure assessment method would be used to determine high exposure groups.
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9
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Ficheux AS, Gomez-Berrada MP, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure to finished cosmetic products: A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:280-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Martínez MA, Rovira J, Prasad Sharma R, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. Comparing dietary and non-dietary source contribution of BPA and DEHP to prenatal exposure: A Catalonia (Spain) case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:25-34. [PMID: 29859370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are two wide spread chemicals classified as endocrine disruptors (ED). The present study aims to estimate the non-dietary (dermal, non-dietary ingestion and inhalation) exposure to BPA and DEHP for a pregnant women cohort. In addition, to assess the prenatal exposure for the fetus, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used. It was adapted for pregnancy in order to assess the internal dosimetry levels of EDs (BPA and DEHP) in the fetus. Estimates of exposure to BPA and DEHP from all pathways along with their relative importance were provided in order to establish which proportion of the total exposure came from diet and which came from non-dietary exposures. In this study, the different oral dosing scenarios (dietary and non-dietary) were considered keeping inhalation as a continuous exposure case. Total non-dietary mean values were 0.002 µg/kgbw/day (0.000; 0.004 µg/kgbw/day for 5th and 95th percentile, respectively) for BPA and 0.597 µg/kgbw/day (0.116 µg/kgbw/day and 1.506 µg/kgbw/day for 5th and 95th percentile, respectively) for DEHP. Indoor environments and especially dust ingestion were the main non-dietary contributors to the total exposure of BPA and DEHP with 60% and 81%. However, as expected, diet showed the higher contribution to total exposure with > 99.9% for BPA and 63% for DEHP. Although diet was considered the primary source of exposure to BPA and phthalates, it must be taken into account that with non-dietary sources the first-pass metabolism is lacking, so these may be of equal or even higher toxicological relevance than dietary sources. The present study is in the framework of "Health and environmental-wide associations based on large population surveys" (HEALS) project (FP7-603946).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Martínez
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Prasad Sharma
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - V Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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Garcia-Hidalgo E, Schneider D, von Goetz N, Delmaar C, Siegrist M, Hungerbühler K. Aggregate consumer exposure to isothiazolinones via household care and personal care products: Probabilistic modelling and benzisothiazolinone risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:245-256. [PMID: 29894934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Consumers regularly use household care and personal care products (HC&PCPs). Isothiazolinones are included in HC&PCPs as preservatives and are being held responsible for an epidemic rise in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The objective of this study was to assess the origin and extent of dermal exposure in order to evaluate the risk of ACD from isothiazolinones in HC&PCP. Individual-based aggregate dermal exposure to four isothiazolinones was estimated using the newly proposed Probabilistic Aggregated Consumer Exposure Model-Kinetic, Dermal (PACEM-KD) by combining the reported individual use patterns for HC&PCP in Switzerland (N = 669 (558 adults), ages 0-91) with isothiazolinone concentrations measured in products used by the individual person. PACEM-KD extends the original PACEM by considering exposure duration, product dilution and skin permeability. PACEM-KD-based higher-tier exposure on palms (99th percentile) was 15.4 ng/cm2, 1.3 ng/cm2, 0.9 ng/cm2, and 0.08 ng/cm2 for the isothiazolinones 1,2‑Benzisothiazol‑3‑(2H)‑one (BIT), 2‑Octyl‑3(2H)‑isothiazolinone (OIT), 2‑Methylisothiazolin‑3(2H)‑one (MI), and 5‑Chloro‑2‑methyl‑4‑isothiazolin‑3‑one (CMI), respectively. Major sources of exposure to BIT included all-purpose cleaners, dishwashing detergent, and kitchen cleaner, while exposure to OIT mainly stems from a fungicide. For MI, the main contributors were dishwashing detergent and all-purpose wet wipes, and for CMI all-purpose cleaner. A Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for BIT using Sensitization Assessment Factors (SAFs) indicates that around 1% of the Swiss population is at risk to be sensitized by BIT in cosmetics and household chemicals. For isothiazolinones in general the presented higher-tier modelling approach suggests that household cleaners are currently more important sources of exposure than cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dovilé Schneider
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Siegrist
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Jung K, Choi M, Hong S, Park B, Park I, Shin J, Lee T, Park GH, Kim M. Realistic and aggregated exposure assessment of Korean men and women to color make-up products. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Natalie VG, Elena GH, Charles B, Klaus F, Remo F, Alexander I. Assessing exposure factors in the smartphone generation: Design and evaluation of a smartphone app that collects use patterns of cosmetics and household chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:532-540. [PMID: 29860016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure factors form the basis of reliable exposure estimates. The growing demand for population-specific exposure factors for complex exposure models is challenged by continuously declining response rates in surveys: Current survey methods clearly need a boost by user-friendly and efficient technologies. We compared the performance of a smartphone app to a paper questionnaire based on a survey on exposure factors that offered the choice between both methods and based on an observational study that investigated the performance of both methods. The development costs for smartphone app and paper questionnaire were comparable with 15'000 and 13'500 US-$, respectively. The cost efficiency for the paper questionnaire was much better than for the app, but model calculations show that the cost efficiency of the app improves considerably with adequate promotion and for larger surveys, especially for those with regular repetitions. Barcode scanning of consumer products by app saved time and effort of the participants and enhanced reliability. The app was able to attract the attention of younger adults between 20 and 40 years old: Thus, the limited representativity for younger age groups that sometimes is observed for paper-based surveys may be enhanced by including the option to use an app in a mixed-mode survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Von Goetz Natalie
- ETH Zurich, Department for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Garcia-Hidalgo Elena
- ETH Zurich, Department for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Balachandran Charles
- ETH Zurich, Auto-ID Labs, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Weinbergstrasse 56-58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Via Lambertenghi 10a, CH-6904 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fuchs Klaus
- ETH Zurich, Auto-ID Labs, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Weinbergstrasse 56-58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frey Remo
- ETH Zurich, Auto-ID Labs, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Weinbergstrasse 56-58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilic Alexander
- ETH Zurich, Auto-ID Labs, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Weinbergstrasse 56-58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Gomez-Berrada MP, Ficheux AS, Boudières I, Chiter M, Rielland A, De Javel D, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure assessment to toothpaste in French families. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:24-31. [PMID: 29723586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the consumption and the exposure to toothpaste in French families leaving the consumers free to use their own product at home according to their habits. Consumption data were collected on 104 families. 206 adults (103 women and 103 men) and 195 children aged 2-17 participated in the study. Differences in toothpaste consumption depending on gender and on age were highlighted. As an example, frequency data were higher in adult women (2.0 day-1 on average) than in adult men (1.8 day-1 on average); amount per use data were higher in adult men (1.2 g on average) than in adult women (0.9 g on average). The frequency of use and the amount of toothpaste used per application increased with age. The exposure to toothpaste decreased with age. Children aged 2-6 were the most exposed to toothpaste with a P95 value equal to 8.2 mg/kg bw/day. Adult's P95 exposure value was equal to 2.8 mg/kg bw/day. Exposure values were in the same order of magnitude for both genders in children and in adults. These new data will be useful for safety assessors, especially children data which remain scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Gomez-Berrada
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Ficheux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France.
| | - Inès Boudières
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Chiter
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums-Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Pierre-Jacques Ferret
- Safety Assessment Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, Allée Camille Soula - BP 74 Vigoulet Auzil, 31322 Castanet Tolosan - Cedex, France
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15
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Personalized skincare: from molecular basis to clinical and commercial applications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:161-171. [PMID: 29692619 PMCID: PMC5903487 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s163799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Individual responses of human skin to the environmental stress are determined by differences in the anatomy and physiology that are closely linked to the genetic characteristics such as pigmentation. Ethnic skin phenotypes can be distinguished based on defined genotypic traits, structural organization and compartmentalized sensitivity to distinct extrinsic aging factors. These differences are not only responsible for the variation in skin performance after exposure to damaging conditions, but can also affect the mechanisms of drug absorption, sensitization and other longer term effects. The unique characteristics of the individual skin function and, particularly, of the ethnic skin type are currently considered to shape the future of clinical and pharmacologic interventions as a basis for personalized skincare. Individual approaches to skincare render a novel and actively growing area with a range of biomedical and commercial applications within cosmetics industry. In this review, we summarize the aspects of the molecular and clinical manifestations of the environmental stress on human skin and proposed protective mechanisms that are linked to ethnic differences and pathophysiology of extrinsic skin aging. We subsequently discuss the possible applications and translation of this knowledge into personalized skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Research & Development, Hexis Lab, Science Central, The Core, Bath Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olusola Clement Idowu
- Research & Development, Hexis Lab, Science Central, The Core, Bath Lane, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Probabilistic exposure assessment to face and oral care cosmetic products by the French population. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:511-524. [PMID: 29198857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic exposure data for face and mouth are limited in Europe. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure to face cosmetics using recent French consumption data (Ficheux et al., 2016b, 2015). Exposure was assessed using a probabilistic method for thirty one face products from four lines of products: cleanser, care, make-up and make-up remover products and two oral care products. Probabilistic exposure was assessed for different subpopulation according to sex and age in adults and children. Pregnant women were also studied. The levels of exposure to moisturizing cream, lip balm, mascara, eyeliner, cream foundation, toothpaste and mouthwash were higher than the values currently used by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). Exposure values found for eye shadow, lipstick, lotion and milk (make-up remover) were lower than SCCS values. These new French exposure values will be useful for safety assessors and for safety agencies in order to protect the general population and the at risk populations.
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17
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Comiskey D, Api A, Barrett C, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Rose J, Safford B, Smith B, Tozer S. Integrating habits and practices data for soaps, cosmetics and air care products into an existing aggregate exposure model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1034] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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A global human health risk assessment for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D 4). Toxicol Lett 2017; 279 Suppl 1:23-41. [PMID: 28522410 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) is a low-molecular-weight volatile cyclic siloxane, primarily used as an intermediate in the production of some widely-used industrial and consumer silicone based polymers and may be present as a component in a variety of consumer products. A global "harmonized" risk assessment was conducted to meet requirements for substance-specific risk assessments conducted by regulatory agencies such as USEPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Health Canada's Chemical Management Program (CMP) and various independent scientific committees of the European Commission (e.g. the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER)), as well as to provide guidance for chemical safety assessments under REACH in Europe. This risk assessment incorporates global exposure information combined with a Monte Carlo analysis to determine the most significant routes of exposure. Utilization of a multi-species, multi-route physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was included to estimate internal dose metrics, benchmark modeling was used to determine a point of departure (POD), and a margin of safety (MOS) evaluation was used to compare the estimates of intake with the POD. Because of the specific pharmacokinetic behaviors of D4 including high lipophilicity, high volatility with low blood-to-air partition coefficients and an extensive metabolic clearance that regulates tissue dose after exposure, the use of a PBPK model was essential to provide a comparison of a dose metric that reflects these processes. The characterization of the potential for adverse effects after exposure to D4 using a MOS approach based on an internal dose metric removes the subjective application of varying uncertainty factors from various regulatory agencies and allows examination of the differences between internal dose metrics associated with exposure and those associated with adverse effects.
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19
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Shin HS, Lim HH. Identification and determination of disinfection byproducts in chlorine-containing household cleansing products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:157-164. [PMID: 28161516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seven halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) and two haloacetic acids were detected and quantified in 15 household products, including sodium hypochlorite, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chloroform was detected in a range of 0.2-30.2 mg kg-1 in all products, and carbon tetrachloride was observed in 13 samples in a range of 0.05-352 mg kg-1. Dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were also detected up to 94 and 146 mg kg-1 in household products. The estimated human exposures of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were calculated to 0.041, 0.240, 0.913 and 2.39 mg/kg/day by the exposure algorithm from the Japan National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, respectively. According to the calculated result, the total estimated human exposure of chloroform were determined to exceed the tolerable concentration of inhalation exposure presented by the World Health Organization. The DBPs should be controlled to the lowest concentrations in the chlorine-containing household cleansing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lim
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Use-patterns of personal care and household cleaning products in Switzerland. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 99:24-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Rompelberg C, Heringa MB, van Donkersgoed G, Drijvers J, Roos A, Westenbrink S, Peters R, van Bemmel G, Brand W, Oomen AG. Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1404-1414. [PMID: 27619007 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1222457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2 NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 2.16 μg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO2 intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO2 NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Rompelberg
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Minne B Heringa
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Gerda van Donkersgoed
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - José Drijvers
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Agnes Roos
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Susanne Westenbrink
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Ruud Peters
- b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Greet van Bemmel
- b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Walter Brand
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and
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22
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Ficheux A, Dornic N, Bernard A, Chevillotte G, Roudot A. Probabilistic assessment of exposure to cosmetic products by French children aged 0–3 years. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Dey S, Carr GJ, Li L, Brink S, Zhou S. Probabilistic Monte Carlo estimation for quantitative exposure assessment of lotion transfer via baby wipes usage. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Ficheux A, Bernard A, Chevillotte G, Dornic N, Roudot A. Probabilistic assessment of exposure to hair cosmetic products by the French population. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:205-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population second part: Amount data. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Franzen A, Van Landingham C, Greene T, Plotzke K, Gentry R. A global human health risk assessment for Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74 Suppl:S25-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Dornic N, Ficheux AS, Roudot AC, Saboureau D, Ezzedine K. Usage patterns of aromatherapy among the French general population: A descriptive study focusing on dermal exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:87-93. [PMID: 26826550 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although likely benefits of aromatherapy are well documented, little is known about essential oils consumption and exposure to molecules present in the oils. The aim of our study was to determine usage patterns of 12 types of essential oils among a quite large panel, sorted per sex and quintile of age from birth to 70. A survey was conducted in September 2014 among 1507 French individuals, selected to build a representative panel of the general population. The key point of our study, apart from the fact that it has never been done among general population, was the focus on dermal exposure. Information about types of essential oils used, skin areas exposed, frequencies and quantities were collected. Our work revealed that some sub-populations could be significantly exposed to molecules of toxicological concern, especially in terms of skin sensitization. This work is the first step to assess human exposure to these molecules, and will help safety authorities and risk managers to protect the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dornic
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université Européenne de Bretagne - Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France.
| | - A S Ficheux
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université Européenne de Bretagne - Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - A C Roudot
- Laboratoire d'Evaluation du Risque Chimique pour le Consommateur (LERCCo), Université Européenne de Bretagne - Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UEB-UBO), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - D Saboureau
- Independent Toxicologist Expert (Eurotox List) 33610 Cestas, France
| | - K Ezzedine
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
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28
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Personal Care Product Use in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Implications for Exposure Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13010105. [PMID: 26751460 PMCID: PMC4730496 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Concern regarding the potential for developmental health risks associated with certain chemicals (e.g., phthalates, antibacterials) used in personal care products is well documented; however, current exposure data for pregnant women are limited. The objective of this study was to describe the pattern of personal care product use in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Usage patterns of personal care products were collected at six different time points during pregnancy and once in the postpartum period for a cohort of 80 pregnant women in Ottawa, Canada. The pattern of use was then described and groups of personal care product groups commonly used together were identified using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results showed that product use varied by income and country of birth. General hygiene products were the most commonly used products and were consistently used over time while cosmetic product use declined with advancing pregnancy and post-delivery. Hand soaps and baby products were reported as used more frequently after birth. This study is the first to track personal care product use across pregnancy and into the postpartum period, and suggests that pregnant populations may be a unique group of personal care product users. This information will be useful for exposure assessments.
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29
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Dimitroulopoulou C, Trantallidi M, Carrer P, Efthimiou GC, Bartzis JG. EPHECT II: Exposure assessment to household consumer products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:890-902. [PMID: 26173853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of the EPHECT project (Emissions, exposure patterns and health effects of consumer products in the EU), irritative and respiratory health effects were assessed in relation to acute and long-term exposure to key and emerging indoor air pollutants emitted during household use of selected consumer products. In this context, inhalation exposure assessment was carried out for six selected 'target' compounds (acrolein, formaldehyde, benzene, naphthalene, d-limonene and α-pinene). This paper presents the methodology and the outcomes from the micro-environmental modelling of the 'target' pollutants following single or multiple use of selected consumer products and the subsequent exposure assessment. The results indicate that emissions from consumer products of benzene and α-pinene were not considered to contribute significantly to the EU indoor background levels, in contrast to some cases of formaldehyde and d-limonene emissions in Eastern Europe (mainly from cleaning products). The group of housekeepers in East Europe appears to experience the highest exposures to acrolein, formaldehyde and benzene, followed by the group of the retired people in North, who experiences the highest exposures to naphthalene and α-pinene. High exposure may be attributed to the scenarios developed within this project, which follow a 'most-representative worst-case scenario' strategy for exposure and health risk assessment. Despite the above limitations, this is the first comprehensive study that provides exposure estimates for 8 population groups across Europe exposed to 6 priority pollutants, as a result of the use of 15 consumer product classes in households, while accounting for regional differences in uses, use scenarios and ventilation conditions of each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dimitroulopoulou
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece; Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - M Trantallidi
- Dept. of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - Hospital L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - P Carrer
- Dept. of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - Hospital L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - G C Efthimiou
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - J G Bartzis
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece
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30
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Tozer SA, Kelly S, O'Mahony C, Daly E, Nash J. Aggregate exposure modelling of zinc pyrithione in rinse-off personal cleansing products using a person-orientated approach with market share refinement. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Novel database for exposure to fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:660-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1056] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Safford B, Api AM, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Daly EJ, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Smith B, Thomas R, Tozer S. Use of an aggregate exposure model to estimate consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients in personal care and cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:673-82. [PMID: 26071898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1454] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring the toxicological safety of fragrance ingredients used in personal care and cosmetic products is essential in product development and design, as well as in the regulatory compliance of the products. This requires an accurate estimation of consumer exposure which, in turn, requires an understanding of consumer habits and use of products. Where ingredients are used in multiple product types, it is important to take account of aggregate exposure in consumers using these products. This publication investigates the use of a newly developed probabilistic model, the Creme RIFM model, to estimate aggregate exposure to fragrance ingredients using the example of 2-phenylethanol (PEA). The output shown demonstrates the utility of the model in determining systemic and dermal exposure to fragrances from individual products, and aggregate exposure. The model provides valuable information not only for risk assessment, but also for risk management. It should be noted that data on the concentrations of PEA in products used in this article were obtained from limited sources and not the standard, industry wide surveys typically employed by the fragrance industry and are thus presented here to illustrate the output and utility of the newly developed model. They should not be considered an accurate representation of actual exposure to PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Safford
- B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, 31 Hayway, Rushden, Northants NN10 6AG, United Kingdom
| | - A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States.
| | - C Barratt
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Beds MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - D Comiskey
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - E J Daly
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Ellis
- Givaudan International S.A., 5 chemin de la parfumerie, CH1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - C McNamara
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C O'Mahony
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Robison
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - B Smith
- Firmenich Inc., P.O. Box 5880, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - R Thomas
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Tozer
- Procter&Gamble, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
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Adeleye Y, Andersen M, Clewell R, Davies M, Dent M, Edwards S, Fowler P, Malcomber S, Nicol B, Scott A, Scott S, Sun B, Westmoreland C, White A, Zhang Q, Carmichael PL. Implementing Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century (TT21C): Making safety decisions using toxicity pathways, and progress in a prototype risk assessment. Toxicology 2015; 332:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Delmaar C, Bokkers B, ter Burg W, Schuur G. Validation of an aggregate exposure model for substances in consumer products: a case study of diethyl phthalate in personal care products. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:317-23. [PMID: 25352161 PMCID: PMC4408489 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As personal care products (PCPs) are used in close contact with a person, they are a major source of consumer exposure to chemical substances contained in these products. The estimation of realistic consumer exposure to substances in PCPs is currently hampered by the lack of appropriate data and methods. To estimate aggregate exposure of consumers to substances contained in PCPs, a person-oriented consumer exposure model has been developed (the Probabilistic Aggregate Consumer Exposure Model, PACEM). The model simulates daily exposure in a population based on product use data collected from a survey among the Dutch population. The model is validated by comparing diethyl phthalate (DEP) dose estimates to dose estimates based on biomonitoring data. It was found that the model's estimates compared well with the estimates based on biomonitoring data. This suggests that the person-oriented PACEM model is a practical tool for assessing realistic aggregate exposures to substances in PCPs. In the future, PACEM will be extended with use pattern data on other product groups. This will allow for assessing aggregate exposure to substances in consumer products across different product groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Delmaar
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 0 302744371. Fax: +31 0 302744475.E-mail:
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter ter Burg
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlienke Schuur
- Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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35
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Consumption of cosmetic products by the French population. First part: Frequency data. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:159-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Exposure method development for risk assessment to cosmetic products using a standard composition. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:108-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Steiling W, Bascompta M, Carthew P, Catalano G, Corea N, D’Haese A, Jackson P, Kromidas L, Meurice P, Rothe H, Singal M. Principle considerations for the risk assessment of sprayed consumer products. Toxicol Lett 2014; 227:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Probabilistic assessment of exposure to nail cosmetics in French consumers. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:36-43. [PMID: 24447976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess probabilistic exposure to nail cosmetics in French consumers. The exposure assessment was performed with base coat, polish, top coat and remover. This work was done for adult and child consumers. Dermal, inhalation and oral routes were taken into account for varnishes. Exposure evaluation was performed for the inhalation route with polish remover. The main route of exposure to varnishes was the ungual route. Inhalation was the secondary route of exposure, followed by dermal and oral routes. Polish contributed most to exposure, regardless of the route of exposure. For this nail product, P50 and P95 values by ungual route were respectively equal to 1.74 mg(kg bw week)(-1) and 8.55 mg(kg bw week)(-1) for women aged 18-34 years. Exposure to polish by inhalation route was equal to 0.70 mg(kg bw week)(-1) (P50) and 5.27 mg(kg bw week)(-1) (P95). P50 and P95 values by inhalation route were respectively equal to 0.08 mg(kg bw week)(-1) and 1.14 mg(kg bw week)(-1) for consumers aged 18-34 years exposed to polish remover. This work provided current exposure data for nail cosmetics, and a basis for future toxicological studies of the uptake of substances contained in nail cosmetics in order to assess systemic exposure.
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39
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Gouin T, van Egmond R, Sparham C, Hastie C, Chowdhury N. Simulated use and wash-off release of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane used in anti-perspirants. CHEMOSPHERE 2013. [PMID: 23177715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic volatile methylsiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is used in a large variety of personal care products. Based on the physical-chemical properties of D5, it is likely that losses due to volatilisation may strongly influence the levels entering the aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of D5 in waste wash water, after typical application and use in a range of deodorant and anti-perspirant (AP) products. Results implied significant losses after a 24h period (>99.9%), and suggest that the use of D5 in leave-on products, such as deodorants/AP is not likely to contribute a significant down-the-drain emission source. An illustrative example is presented, based on data reporting the use of D5 in a range of personal care products (both wash-off and leave-on), which suggests that the contribution of D5 used in wash-off products to the aquatic environment may be considerably more significant. Limitations associated with our understanding of the actual D5 inclusion levels in the products, the market share of the products containing D5, and the variability of consumer habits, are identified as data gaps that need to be addressed in order to better refine down-the-drain emission estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Gouin
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK.
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40
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Skin exposure to deodorants/antiperspirants in aerosol form. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Hall B, Steiling W, Safford B, Coroama M, Tozer S, Firmani C, McNamara C, Gibney M. European consumer exposure to cosmetic products, a framework for conducting population exposure assessments Part 2. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:408-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Usage pattern of personal care products in California households. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3109-19. [PMID: 20696198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the concern over the potential for health risks associated with certain ingredients (e.g., phthalates) in personal care products, usage patterns of ∼30 types of personal care products (e.g., shampoo, sunscreen, fragrance, etc.) were collected in 604 California households through a telephone interview. Preferences in selecting products, e.g., scented or unscented, aerosol, and brand loyalty, were also investigated. Participants were recruited in three age groups, children (mostly preschoolers), their parents, and adults age 55 or older. Use frequencies of various product types varied by sex, age group, race, education, and climatic region. Product use by parent and child from the same household were correlated. Use frequencies of products in the same class (e.g., skincare) were moderately correlated, which may impact aggregate exposures. Use frequencies observed in this study were generally in the same range as those reported in the EPA Exposure Factor Handbook, but we found differences for some individual products. Our study provides additional data on population-based usage patterns of a large collection of commonly used personal care products pertaining to several age groups and socio-demographic strata. This information will be valuable for exposure and risk assessments.
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43
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Rodricks JV, Swenberg JA, Borzelleca JF, Maronpot RR, Shipp AM. Triclosan: a critical review of the experimental data and development of margins of safety for consumer products. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:422-84. [PMID: 20377306 DOI: 10.3109/10408441003667514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy-diphenyl ether) is an antibacterial compound that has been used in consumer products for about 40 years. The tolerability and safety of triclosan has been evaluated in human volunteers with little indication of toxicity or sensitization. Although information in humans from chronic usage of personal care products is not available, triclosan has been extensively studied in laboratory animals. When evaluated in chronic oncogenicity studies in mice, rats, and hamsters, treatment-related tumors were found only in the liver of male and female mice. Application of the Human Relevance Framework suggested that these tumors arose by way of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activation, a mode of action not considered to be relevant to humans. Consequently, a Benchmark Dose (BMDL(10)) of 47 mg/kg/day was developed based on kidney toxicity in the hamster. Estimates of the amount of intake from in the use of representative personal care products for men, women, and children were derived in two ways: (1) using known or assumed triclosan levels in various consumer products and assumed usage patterns (product-based estimates); and (2) using upper bound measured urinary triclosan levels from human volunteers (biomonitoring-based estimates) using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For the product-based estimates, the margin of safety (MOS) for the combined exposure estimates of intake from the use of all triclosan-containing products considered were approximately 1000, 730, and 630 for men, women, and children, respectively. The MOS calculated from the biomonitoring-based estimated intakes were 5200, 6700, and 11,750 for men, women, and children, respectively. Based on these results, exposure to triclosan in consumer products is not expected to cause adverse health effects in children or adults who use these products as intended.
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44
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Refining aggregate exposure: example using parabens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 55:321-9. [PMID: 19686794 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The need to understand and estimate quantitatively the aggregate exposure to ingredients used broadly in a variety of product types continues to grow. Currently aggregate exposure is most commonly estimated by using a very simplistic approach of adding or summing the exposures from all the individual product types in which the chemical is used. However, the more broadly the ingredient is used in related consumer products, the more likely this summation will result in an unrealistic estimate of exposure because individuals in the population vary in their patterns of product use including co-use and non-use. Furthermore the ingredient may not be used in all products of a given type. An approach is described for refining this aggregate exposure using data on (1) co-use and non-use patterns of product use, (2) extent of products in which the ingredient is used and (3) dermal penetration and metabolism. This approach and the relative refinement in the aggregate exposure from incorporating these data is illustrated using methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and ethyl parabens, the most widely used preservative system in personal care and cosmetic products. When these refining factors were used, the aggregate exposure compared to the simple addition approach was reduced by 51%, 58%, 90% and 92% for methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and ethyl parabens, respectively. Since biomonitoring integrates all sources and routes of exposure, the estimates using this approach were compared to available paraben biomonitoring data. Comparison to the 95th percentile of these data showed that these refined estimates were still conservative by factors of 2-92. All of our refined estimates of aggregate exposure are less than the ADI of 10mg/kg/day for parabens.
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45
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Axilla surface area for males and females: Measured distribution. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Hall B, Tozer S, Safford B, Coroama M, Steiling W, Leneveu-Duchemin MC, McNamara C, Gibney M. European consumer exposure to cosmetic products, a framework for conducting population exposure assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2097-108. [PMID: 17683841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Access to reliable exposure data is essential to evaluate the toxicological safety of ingredients in cosmetic products. This study was carried out by European cosmetic manufacturers acting within the trade association Colipa, with the aim to construct a probabilistic European population model of exposure. The study updates, in distribution form, the current exposure data on daily quantities of six cosmetic products. Data were collected using a combination of market information databases and a controlled product use study. In total 44,100 households and 18,057 individual consumers in five European countries provided data using their own products. All product use occasions were recorded, including those outside of home. The raw data were analysed using Monte Carlo simulation and a European Statistical Population Model of exposure was constructed. A significant finding was an inverse correlation between frequency of product use and quantity used per application for body lotion, facial moisturiser, toothpaste and shampoo. Thus it is not appropriate to calculate daily exposure to these products by multiplying the maximum frequency value by the maximum quantity per event value. The results largely confirm the exposure parameters currently used by the cosmetic industry. Design of this study could serve as a model for future assessments of population exposure to chemicals in products other than cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hall
- L'Oréal, Worldwide Safety Evaluation, River Plaza 25-29 quai Aulagnier, 92600 Asnières-sur-Seine, France.
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