Studies on the protective effect of dietary fish oil on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Cytoprotective remedies for ameliorating nephrotoxicity induced by renal oxidative stress

AIMS

Nephrotoxicity is the hallmark of anti-neoplastic drug metabolism that causes oxidative stress. External chemical agents and prescription drugs release copious amounts of free radicals originating from molecular oxidation and unless sustainably scavenged, they stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation and disruption of the host antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to provide a comprehensive collection of potential cytoprotective remedies in surmounting the most difficult aspect of cancer therapy as well as preventing renal oxidative stress by other means.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Over 400 published research and review articles spanning several decades were scrutinised to obtain the relevant data which is presented in 3 categories; sources, mechanisms, and mitigation of renal oxidative stress.

KEY-FINDINGS

Drug and chemical-induced nephrotoxicity commonly manifests as chronic or acute kidney disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis. Renal replacement therapy requirements and mortalities from end-stage renal disease are set to rapidly increase in the next decade for which 43 different cytoprotective compounds which have the capability to suppress experimental nephrotoxicity are described.

SIGNIFICANCE

The renal system performs essential homeostatic functions that play a significant role in eliminating toxicants, and its accumulation and recurrence in nephric tissues results in tubular degeneration and subsequent renal impairment. Global statistics of the latest chronic kidney disease prevalence is 13.4 % while the end-stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy is 4-7 million per annum. The remedial compounds discussed herein had proven efficacy against nephrotoxicity manifested consequent to impaired antioxidant mechanisms in preclinical models produced by renal oxidative stress activators.

Phytochemical analysis and nephroprotective potential of Ajwa date in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity rats: Biochemical and molecular docking approaches

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the likely defensive impact of Ajwa date aqueous extract (AJDAE) in alleviating the nephrotoxicity generated by doxorubicin (DOX) injection in rats. Sixty male Wister albino rats were randomly and equally separated into six groups (n = 10), and they were treated as follows: untreated control group, extract groups administered with 0.75 and 1.5 mg kg bw of AJDAE, toxicant control group administered with DOX, and prophylactic groups were treated with 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg of AJDAE and 15 mg/kg DOX. Biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, renal functions, DNA integrity, and histopathology were studied to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of AJDAE. Furthermore, bioactive compounds were utilized for in silico molecular docking. AJDAE treatment resulted in significant improvements in the amended renal biomarkers (urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, and uric acid), antioxidative markers, and MDA. Noticeable histopathological improvements supported this result. Results of in silico studies revealed that d-Mannitol, 6TMS derivative, palmitic acid, and TMS derivative had a higher docking score with human soluble epoxide hydrolase (-10.9 kcal/mol) and NF-κB-DNA (-7 kcal/mol). The present findings indicated that AJDAE could decrease ROS generation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) and repair the DOX injection-related DNA damage.

Ginkgolide A downregulates transient receptor potential (melastatin) 2 to protect cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats through the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway: Ginkgolide A improve acute renal injury

PURPOSE

In order to seek effective drugs for treating cisplatin-induced acute renal injury and explore the corresponding potential mechanism.

METHODS

Mouse kidney injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg cisplatin. The temporal expression of TRPM2 and the regulation of Ginkgolide A on its expression were analyzed by western blot. In order to perform the mechanical analysis, we used TRPM2-KO knockout mice. In this study, we evaluated the repair effect of GA on acute kidney injury through renal function factors, inflammatory factors and calcium and potassium content. Pathological injury and cell apoptosis were detected by H&E and TUNEL, respectively.

RESULT

Ginkgolide A inhibited inflammatory reaction and excessive oxidative stress, reduced renal function parameters, and improved pathological injury. Meanwhile, we also found that the repair effect of Ginkgolide A on renal injury is related to TRPM2, and Ginkgolide A downregulated TRPM2 expression and inactivated TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in cisplatin-induced renal injury model. We also found that inhibition of TWEAK/Fn14 pathway was more effective in TRPM2-KO mice than TRPM2-WT mice.

CONCLUSION

Ginkgolide A was the effective therapeutic drug for cisplatin-induced renal injury through acting on TRPM2, and TWEAK/Fn14 pathway was the downstream pathway of Ginkgolide A in acute renal injury, and Ginkgolide A inhibited TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in cisplatin-induced renal injury model.

Sulindac acetohydrazide derivative attenuates against cisplatin induced organ damage by modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory signaling pathways

This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of action of a sulindac acetohydrazide derivative, N'-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-2-1-(4-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl) acetohydrazide, against anticancer drug cisplatin induced organ damage. Using a rodent model, various markers of organ function and signaling pathways were examined and validated by molecular docking studies. The study involves five groups of animals: control, DMSO, CDDP, CDDP + DMFM, and DMFM. Biochemical enzyme activity, histopathology, tissue antioxidant, and oxidative stress markers were examined. RT-PCR and western blot analyses were conducted for the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), p65, IL-1, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Flow cytometry analysis of CD4 + TNF-α, CD4 + COX-2, and CD4 + STAT-3 cells in whole blood was performed. Structural and dynamic behavior of DMFM upon binding with receptor molecule molecular docking and dynamic simulations were performed using bioinformatics tools and software. Treatment with DMFM reversed cisplatin-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) induction, whereas the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the kidney, heart, liver, and brain tissues were increased. DMFM administration normalized plasma levels of biochemical enzymes. We observed a marked decline in CD4 + STAT3, TNF-α, and COX2 cell populations in whole blood after treatment with DMFM. DMFM downregulated the expression factors related to inflammation at the mRNA and protein levels, i.e., IL-1, TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB, STAT-3, and COX-2. Dynamic simulations and in silico docking data supports the experimental findings. Our experimental and in silico results illustrated that DMFM may affect protective action against cisplatin-induced brain, heart, liver, and kidney damage via reduction of inflammation and ROS.

Ameliorative Effects of Gallic Acid on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat Variations of Biochemistry, Histopathology, and Gene Expression

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is a powerful chemotherapeutic drug mainly used in the treatment of solid tumors. Aggregation of the drug in renal proximal tubule cells causes nephrotoxicity and renal failure. Investigations showed nephrotoxicity as Cisplatin's dose-limiting side effect. One of the Cisplatin toxicity mechanisms is generation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to oxidative stress and renal damage. The purpose of this study was evaluation of the modulating effects of Gallic acid on Cisplatin-induced variations including Caspase-3 and Clusterin expression and histopathological and biochemical parameters in adult male Wistar rats.

METHOD

Rats were kept under standard condition of temperature, light, and humidity. The animals were divided into 4 groups: GpI: control group (received distilled water for 10 days); GpII: Gallic acid (alone) (50 mg/kg bw, once a day for 10 days); GpIII: Cisplatin (alone), single dose (6 mg/kg bw, I.P. on 5th day of study); GpIV: Gallic acid (50 mg/kg bw, once a day for 10 days) and also injected with single dose of Cisplatin (6 mg/kg bw, I.P., on 5th day of study). After 10 days, all rats were anaesthetized and plasma collected to estimate urea, creatinine, and uric acid. The right kidneys were removed for the study of gene expression and biochemical parameters. The left kidneys were used for histopathological studies.

RESULTS

The Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was evident from the elevated levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and renal tissue MDA and also decreased levels of SOD, CAT, GPX, and GSH in renal tissue. Administration of Gallic acid significantly modulated nephrotoxicity markers, gene expression variations, and histopathological damage.

CONCLUSION

Outcomes of the present investigation suggest that Gallic acid provides protection against CP-induced nephrotoxicity, but for application in people, further studies are needed.

Acacia hydaspica R. Parker ethyl-acetate extract abrogates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by targeting ROS and inflammatory cytokines

Cisplatin (CisPT) is a chemotherapeutic drug that outcomes in adverse effects. In this study, we examined the effect of A. hydaspica ethyl acetate extract (AHE) in an animal model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the AKI rat model, and CisPT (7.5 mg/kg BW, i.p) single dose was given. In the pretreatment module, AHE (400 mg/kgBW/day, p.o) was given for 7 days before and after CisPT injection. While in the post-treatment group AHE was administered for 7 days after a single CisPT shot. The standard group received silymarin (100 mg/kg BW, p.o) for 7 days before and after CisPT injection. In HCT 116 tumor xenografts (n = 32) two groups of mice were pretreated with 400 mg/kg AHE orally for 7 days and two groups were treated with distilled water. On day 7 of pretreatment one distilled water and one AHE pretreated group were injected i.p with 15 mg/kg bw dose followed by another dose of CisPT 2 wk later. AHE groups were additionally treated with 400 mg/kg AHE for 3 days/week for 2 weeks. CisPT significantly deteriorated renal function parameters, i.e., PH, specific gravity, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, globulin and blood urea nitrogen. CisPT treatment increased oxidative stress markers, while lower renal antioxidant enzymes. AHE pretreatment ameliorates significantly (p < 0.0001) CisPT-induced alterations in serum and urine markers for kidney function. Furthermore, AHE pretreatment more efficiently (p < 0.001) decreases oxidative stress markers, attenuate NF-κB, and IL-6 protein and mRNA expression by augmenting antioxidant enzyme levels compared to post-treatment. The histological observations verified the protective effect of AHE. In tumor xenograft mice, AHE treatment significantly reduced CisPT induced oxidative stress while it did not interfere with the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin as shown by significance (p < 0.001) decrease in tumor size after treatment. A. hydaspica AHE might provide a prospective adjuvant that precludes CisPT-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising its antitumor potential.

Comparative evaluation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine with different fatty acids on nephrotoxicity in vancomycin-induced mice

Phospholipids reportedly alleviate drug-induced acute kidney injury. However, no study has compared the effect of phospholipids with different fatty acids and polar heads on drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In the present study, we aimed to compare the possible nephroprotection afforded by phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine with different fatty acids in a mouse model of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Pretreatment with phospholipids rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) doubled the survival time when compared with the model group. Moreover, phospholipids rich in DHA/EPA significantly reduced the serum levels of renal function biomarkers and ameliorated kidney pathologies. In terms of alleviating renal damage, no significant differences were observed between different polar heads in DHA-enriched phospholipids, while phosphatidylserine from soybean was better than phosphatidylcholine in mitigating renal injury. Furthermore, DHA/EPA-enriched phospholipids inhibited vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity mainly by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress. These results provide a scientific basis for phospholipids as potential ingredients to prevent acute kidney injury.

Recent Advances in Marine-Based Nutraceuticals and Their Health Benefits

The oceans have been the Earth's most valuable source of food. They have now also become a valuable and versatile source of bioactive compounds. The significance of marine organisms as a natural source of new substances that may contribute to the food sector and the overall health of humans are expanding. This review is an update on the recent studies of functional seafood compounds (chitin and chitosan, pigments from algae, fish lipids and omega-3 fatty acids, essential amino acids and bioactive proteins/peptides, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and minerals) focusing on their potential use as nutraceuticals and health benefits.

A meta-analysis of preclinical studies using antioxidants for the prevention of cisplatin nephrotoxicity: implications for clinical application

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug whose clinical use and efficacy are limited by its nephrotoxicity, which affects mainly the renal tubules and vasculature. It accumulates in proximal and distal epithelial tubule cells and causes oxidative stress-mediated cell death and malfunction. Consequently, many antioxidants have been tested for their capacity to prevent cisplatin nephrotoxicity. In this study, we made a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyzed 152 articles, which tested the nephroprotective effect of isolated compounds or mixtures of natural origin on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in preclinical models. This meta-analysis identified the most effective candidates and examined the efficacy obtained by antioxidants administered by the oral and intraperitoneal routes. By comparing with a recent, similar meta-analysis performed on clinical studies, this article identifies a disconnection between preclinical and clinical research, and contextualizes, discusses, and integrates the existing preclinical information toward the optimized selection of candidates to be further explored (clinical level). Despite proved efficacy, this article discusses the barriers limiting the clinical development of natural mixtures, such as those in extracts from Calendula officinalis flowers and Heliotropium eichwaldii roots. On the contrary, isolated compounds are more straightforward candidates, among which arjunolic acid and quercetin stand out in this meta-analysis.

Doxorubicin-induced alterations in kidney functioning, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and renal tissue morphology; Improvement by Acacia hydaspica tannin-rich ethyl acetate fraction

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline drug used for cancer treatment. However, its treatment is contiguous with toxic effects. We examined the nephroprotective potential of A. hydaspica polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate extract (AHE) against DOX persuaded nephrotoxicity. 36 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assorted into 6 groups. Control group received saline; DOX group: 3 mg/kg b.w. dosage of DOX intraperitoneally for 6 weeks (single dose/week). In co-treatment groups, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w AHE was given orally for 6 weeks in concomitant with DOX (3 mg/kg b.w, i.p. injection per week) respectively. Standard group received silymarin 400 mg/kg b.w daily + DOX (single dose/week). Biochemical kidney function tests, oxidative stress markers, genotoxicity, antioxidant enzyme status, and histopathological changes were examined. DOX caused significant body weight loss and decrease kidney weight. DOX-induced marked deterioration in renal function indicators in both urine and serum, i.e., PH, specific gravity, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, etc. Also, DOX treatment increases renal tissue oxidative stress markers, while lower antioxidant enzymes in tissue along with degenerative alterations in the renal tissue compared to control rats. AHE co-treatment ameliorates DOX-prompted changes in serum and urine chemistry. Likewise, AHE treatment decreases sensitive markers of oxidative stress and prevented DNA damages by enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels. DOX induction in rats also caused DNA fragmentation which was restored by AHE co-treatment. Moreover, the histological observations evidenced that AHE effectively rescued the kidney tissue from DOX interceded oxidative damage. Our results suggest that co-treatment of AHE markedly improve DOX-induced deleterious effects in a dose-dependent manner. The potency of AHE co-treatment at 400 mg/kg dose is similar to silymarin. These outcomes revealed that A. hydaspica AHE extract might serve as a potential adjuvant that avoids DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.

Heat treatment and protective potentials of luteolin-7-O-glucoside against cisplatin genotoxic and cytotoxic effects

Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that has pronounced adverse effects. Using flavonoids is currently eliciting considerable interest. During extraction and conditioning, they usually undergo several physical treatments such as heat treatment, although it is not known whether thermal treatment might influence the pharmacological effects of flavonoids such as luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G). This study was undertaken to explore the protective role of native and heated L7G against DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by cisplatin. Balb/c mice were administered L7G before a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed 24 h after treatment with drugs. The geno-protective role of native and heated L7G was evaluated by comet assay. In addition to monitoring the activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione were assessed in the liver, kidney, brain, and spleen tissues. The results of the present study demonstrate that both heated and native L7G, at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w, were able to reduce the genotoxicity of cisplatin. They attenuate the oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, catalase, GPx, SOD, and GSH) and tissue damage (creatinine, IFNγ). Heat treatment did not alter the antigenotoxic effect observed for native L7G and showed similar effects to those of native L7G for all of the evaluated parameters. Our study reveals that L7G attenuates the side effects of anticancer drug and heat treatment did not alter his antigenotoxic and antioxidant the potential.

Protective effect of avenanthramides against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to inspect the ameliorative effect of avenanthramides (AVA) on CP nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected for the determination of hematological parameters. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in serum. Specimens from both kidneys were taken for histopathological examinations.

RESULTS

Administration of AVA resulted in significant decrease in the level of creatinine and TNF-α when compared with CP group. Histopathologically, CP-induced vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of the kidney tubules. Administration of AVA ameliorates the histopathological alterations induced by CP.

CONCLUSION

AVA can be considered as a protective agent for kidneys during administration of CP. The protective effect of AVA may be related to the reduction of TNF-α which implicated in the pathogenesis of CP nephrotoxicity.

Blackberry juice anthocyanidins limit cisplatin-induced renal pathophysiology in mice

Some studies have showed that intake of blackberry juice (BBJ) can prevent urinary tract infections. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the mechanisms by which BBJ has protective effect. Thus, the aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of BBJ supplementation on cisplatin-induced renal pathophysiology in mice. Mice were supplemented with BBJ (10 mL/kg) for seven days. One hour after the last supplementation with BBJ, mice received cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Seventy-two hours after cisplatin administration, blood was collected and biochemical analysis were performed (urea and creatinine), kidney was dissected and utilized in histological and oxidative evaluations. Cisplatin caused severe injury in renal tissue, in markers of renal damage (urea and creatinine) generated increased of plasmatic levels. Besides that, the cisplatin induced decreased of enzymes activities in renal tissue (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and catalase). In contrast, BBJ supplementation protected against histopathological alterations through decreased in urea and creatinine levels and modulation of catalase enzyme activity. Thus, BBJ supplementation protected the renal system of mice from deleterious effects. We suggest that high concentrations of Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside are responsible for antioxidant role of BBJ supplementation in renal pathophysiology induced by cisplatin exposure. Also, these results reinforcing the importance of including BBJ in the human diet aimed at preventing renal diseases.

DHA-PC protects kidneys against cisplatin-induced toxicity and its underlying mechanisms in mice

DHA-PC protected the kidney against cisplatin-induced toxicity through sirtuin 1 activation, the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

WISP1 silencing confers protection against epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats via inactivation of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in uremia

Uremia can affect hepatic metabolism of drugs by regulating the clearance of drugs, but it has not been clarified whether gene silencing could modulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in uremia. Hence, we investigated the effect of WISP1 gene silencing on the renal tubular EMT in uremia through the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Initially, microarray-based gene expression profiling of uremia was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Following the establishment of uremia rat model, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen of rats were detected. Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) were transfected with shRNA-WISP1 lentivirus interference vectors and LiCI (the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator) to explore the regulatory mechanism of WISP1 in uremia in relation to the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Then, expression of WISP1, wnt2b, E-cadherin, α-SMA, c-myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was determined. Furthermore, TEC migration and invasion were evaluated. Results suggested that WISP1 and the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were associated with uremia. Uremic rats exhibited increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, upregulated WISPl, and activated wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Subsequently, WISP1 silencing decreased wnt2b, c-myc, Cyclin D1, α-SMA, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression but increased E-cadherin expression, whereas LiCI treatment exhibited the opposite trends. In addition, WISP1 silencing suppressed TEC migration and invasion, whereas LiCI treatment promoted TEC migration and invasion. The findings indicate that WISP1 gene silencing suppresses the activation of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus reducing EMT of renal TECs in uremic rats.

Ameliorative effect of selenium nanoparticles and fish oil on cisplatin and gamma irradiation-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

Cisplatin (CP) is a major antineoplastic drug for the treatment of solid tumors, however, its clinical utility is limited by nephrotoxicity. Also, radiotherapy is an important treatment modality for many malignancies. The present studies were performed to test whether fish oil (FO) and/or selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) administration have an ameliorative effect on CP and γ-irradiation induced nephrotoxicity. FO and/or SeNPs were administered to male albino rats daily for 12 days before being intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of CP (10 mg/kg body weight) and whole body exposed to a single dose of γ-radiation (0.7 Gy). Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were performed. Pretreatment with FO and/or SeNPs before the administration of CP and exposure to γ-radiation significantly reduced CP- and γ-radiation-induced high levels of serum urea and creatinine and renal tumor necrosis factor-α, caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2, also they significantly prevented renal total antioxidant capacity levels decrease and ameliorated the levels of most studied trace elements. The histopathological results supported the biochemical findings of this study. The administration of FO and/or SeNPs might be useful for preventing nephrotoxicity which can be caused by CP and radiotherapy during the treatment of various malignancies.

Protective Effects of DHA-PC against Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity through the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in BALB/c Mice

The clinical use of glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin is usually accompanied by nephrotoxicity, limiting its application and therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the protection of DHA-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) against nephrotoxicity using a model of vancomycin-induced male BALB/c mice with renal injury by measuring death curves, histological changes, and renal function indexes. The addition of DHA in DHA and DHA-PC groups were 300 mg/kg per day on the basis of human intake level in our study. Results indicated that DHA-PC could dramatically extend the survival time of mice, while traditional DHA and PC had no significant effects. Moreover, oral administration of DHA-PC exhibited better effects on reducing vancomycin-induced increases of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cystatin C, and kidney injury molecule-1 levels than traditional DHA and PC. DHA-PC significantly delayed the development of vancomycin-induced renal injury, including tubular necrosis, hyaline casts, and tubular degeneration. A further mechanistic study revealed that the protective effect of DHA-PC on vancomycin-mediated toxicity might be attributed to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which was associated with upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of caspase-9, caspase-3, cytochrome-c, p38, and JNK. These findings suggest that DHA-PC may be acted as the dietary supplements or functional foods against vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Proanthocyanidin protects against cisplatin-induced oxidative liver damage through inhibition of inflammation and NF-κβ/TLR-4 pathway

Although cisplatin (CIS) is a highly effective anticancer drug, hepatotoxicity is one of the most common adverse effects associated with its use. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are suggested to be key factors in the pathophysiology of CIS-induced acute liver damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effect of proanthocyanidin (PRO) against CIS-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Rats were divided into four groups: 1, Control; 2, PRO; 3, CIS; and 4, PRO + CIS. Biochemical studies and histopathology were used to assess liver damage. ROS, inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ), inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) gene expression, and apoptotic markers were also assessed. PRO pretreatment protected the liver against CIS-induced toxicity as indicated by decreased plasma levels of liver function enzymes and the normal liver histopathology observed in the PRO + CIS group. PRO pretreatment also diminished indicators of oxidative stress in the liver, including nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). It also increased the antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the liver. Plasma interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were all reduced. Liver gene expression of NF-κβ, COX-2, iNOS, and TLR-4 were all downregulated. Furthermore, PRO administration downregulated the liver expression of the apoptotic marker, Bax, while upregulated the antiapoptotic marker, Bcl2. In conclusion, our results revealed that PRO may protect against CIS-induced acute liver damage mainly through inhibition of ROS, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Effect of pre- and post-combined multidoses of epigallocatechin gallate and coenzyme Q10 on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney

The nephroprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 and epigallocatechin gallate was investigated in rats with acute renal injury induced by a single nephrotoxic dose of cisplatin. Two days prior to cisplatin administration, epigallocatechin gallate and coenzyme Q10 alone and in four different combinations were given for 6 days. The treatment with antioxidants significantly protected the cisplatin-induced increase in the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Both the antioxidants alone or in different combinations significantly compensated the increased malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels. Moreover, the decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of selenium, zinc, and copper ions were significantly attenuated in renal tissue. In conclusion, epigallocatechin gallate and coenzyme Q10 are equally effective against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, whereas the intervention by combining these two antioxidants was found to be highly effective at low doses in attenuating oxidative stress in rat kidney.

Hemin attenuates cisplatin-induced acute renal injury in male rats

Background. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of hemin (the heme oxygenase-1 [OH-1] inducer) against nephrotoxic effects induced by cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CP)] in male rats. Methods. The evaluation was performed through monitoring renal redox parameters: lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH). The work also examined renal function tests (urea and creatinine), tissue proinflammatory mediator like nitric oxide (NO), and kidney cytopathology. Results. A single intraperitoneal dose of CP (10 mg/kg b.w.) caused significant elevation of blood urea, serum creatinine, and renal LPO and NO, along with significant decline of the activities of GPx and GR, but renal SOD activity and GSH level were statistically insignificant as compared to control group. Subcutaneous injection of hemin (40 µmol/kg b.w.) partially ameliorated CP-induced renal damage, based on suppression of blood urea, serum creatinine, the renal MDA and NO levels, and increased antioxidant capacity in CP-treated rats. The results of histopathological and ultrastructural investigations supported the renoprotective effect of hemin against CP-induced acute toxicity. Conclusion. The induction of HO-1 by hemin is a promising approach in the treatment of CP-induced nephrotoxicity. However, further preclinical studies are warranted to test effectiveness of CP/hemin on the outcome of tumor chemotherapy.

Azadirachta indica attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress

We investigated the effects of methanolic leaves extract of Azadirachta indica (MLEN, 500 mg/kg bwt) on cisplatin- (CP-) induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. CP (5 mg/kg bwt) was injected intraperitoneally and MLEN was given by gastric gavage for 5 days before or after CP injection. After 5 days of CP injection, CP-induced injury of the renal tissue was evidenced (i) as histopathological damage of the renal tissue, (ii) as increases in serum uric acid, urea, and creatinine, (iii) as increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), (iv) as decreases in the level of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase, and (v) as increase in the expression of nuclear factor kappa B and apoptosis in kidney tissues. However, the oral administration of MLEN to CP-intoxicated rats for 5 days brought back MDA, NO production, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants to near normalcy. Moreover, the histological observations evidenced that neem extract effectively rescues the kidney from CP-mediated oxidative damage. Furthermore, PCR results for caspase-3 and caspase-9 and Bax genes showed downregulation in MLEN treated groups. Therefore, Azadirachta indica can be considered a potential candidate for protection of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin.

Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) on cisplatin induced ovarian damage in rat

Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents but injury may occur at higher doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bilberry on cisplatin induced toxic effects in rat ovary. Twenty-one female Wistar-Albino rats were utilized to form three groups: In group 1 (control group), each rat received intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL of 0.9 % NaCl saline solution during 10-days. In group 2 (cisplatin group), a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg b.w. cisplatin was given. In group 3 (cisplatin + bilberry group), a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin and bilberry at 200 mg/kg b.w. were given for 10 days. Ovaries were surgically removed in all groups and prepared for biochemical and light microscopic investigations at the examination times. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) of tissue samples were measured. Histopathological damages in cisplatin administrated rats were seen such as severe edema, vascular congestion, hemorrhage and follicular degeneration in the ovary tissue. Moderate pathological alterations were observed in rats treated with bilberry plus cisplatin. Cisplatin administration significantly increased MDA production and decreased SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities in the ovarian tissue when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Cisplatin + bilberry administration increased antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced MDA levels. Bilberry administration seems to reduce the cisplatin induced ovarian toxicity thus it alleviates free radical damage. But it dose not protect completely rat ovary tissues.

Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction induced by TCDD in Wistar rats

Humans are systemically exposed to persistent organic pollutants, of which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has become a major environmental concern. Exposure to TCDD results in a wide variety of adverse health effects which is mediated by oxidative stress through CYP1A1 activation and arachidonic acid metabolites. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) exhibits antioxidant property and competes with arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids and produces anti-inflammatory EPA derivatives. Since both EPA and its derivatives have been reported to enhance the antioxidant mechanism, the present study aimed at studying whether EPA could offer protection against TCDD-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Estimation of kidney markers (serum urea and creatinine) and histopathological studies revealed that EPA treatment significantly reduced TCDD-induced renal damage. TCDD-induced oxidative damage was reflected in a significant increase in CYP1A1 activity and lipid peroxide levels with a concomitant decline in non-enzymic antioxidant (GSH) and various enzymic antioxidants such catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). In addition, TCDD-induced oxidative stress also resulted in decline in Na(+)-K(+) and Mg(2+)ATPases activities with increase in Ca(2+) ATPases activity. Oral treatment with EPA showed a significant cytoprotection against TCDD-induced renal oxidative stress by decreased CYP1A1 activity and enhanced antioxidant status. TCDD-induced alterations in ATPase enzyme activities were also prevented by EPA treatment. Our results show clear evidence that EPA ameliorates TCDD-induced oxidative stress and kidney damage; thus suggest the potential of EPA as an effective therapeutic agent against toxic effects mediated through redox imbalance.

Fish oil, contained in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, attenuates testicular and spermatological damage induced by cisplatin in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of the fish oil (FO) supplementation on oxidative stress, sperm characteristics and histological alterations in the male reproductive system of rats against cisplatin (CP) toxicity. The rats were divided randomly into 4 equal groups (control, FO, CP and FO + CP). FO was orally administered at the dose of 1 softgel per rat per day for 14 days and CP was intraperitoneally given at the dose of 7 mg kg(-1) with a single injection. In CP + FO group, they were applicated at the same doses and times. The results showed that CP caused a significant oxidative damage via induction of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the antioxidant defence system potency in the testis tissue. In addition, sperm motility and sperm concentration significantly decreased but the abnormal sperm rate and histopathological testicular damage increased with CP treatment. On the other hand, FO treatment prevented oxidative, histopathological and spermatological effects of CP and reversed side effects of CP. In conclusion, FO supplementation had significant beneficial effects against CP toxicity on male reproductive system and toxic effects of CP can be prevented by FO treatment. Therefore, it appears that fish oil may be useful for the prevention and treatment of cisplatin-induced reproductive system toxicity.

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, or Losartan Is Not Nephroprotectant against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Presence of Estrogen in Ovariectomized Rat Model

Background. The nephroprotective effect of vitamins E and C or losartan against cisplatin (CP)- induced nephrotoxicity when they are accompanied by estrogen was investigated. Methods. The ovariectomized rats received estradiol valerate for two weeks. At the end of the first week, a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg, IP) was also administered, and they received placebo (group 1), vitamin E (group 2), vitamin C (group 3), or losartan (group 4) every day during the second week, and they were compared with another three control groups. Results. CP alone increased the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and kidney tissue damage score (KTDS), significantly (P < 0.05), however at the presence of estradiol and CP, vitamin C, vitamin E, or losartan not only did not decrease these parameters, but also increased them significantly (P < 0.05). The serum level of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) was reduced by CP (P < 0.05), but it was increased when estradiol or estradiol plus vitamin C or losartan were added (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The particular pharmacological dose of estrogen used in this study abolish the nephroprotective effects vitamins C and E or losartan against CP-induced nephrotoxicity.