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Jhuo JY, Tong ZJ, Ku PH, Cheng HW, Wang HT. Acrolein induces mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissues in vitro and in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122380. [PMID: 37625774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in critical glucose-consuming tissues, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to play key roles in IR. Acrolein is a reactive aldehyde found in the diet and environment that is generated as a fatty acid product through the glucose autooxidation process under hyperglycemic conditions. Our previous studies have shown that acrolein impairs insulin sensitivity in normal and diabetic mice, and this effect can be reversed by scavenging acrolein. This study demonstrated that acrolein increased oxidative stress and inhibited mitochondrial respiration in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As a result, insulin signaling pathways were inhibited, leading to reduced glucose uptake. Treatment with acrolein scavengers, N-acetylcysteine, or carnosine ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibited insulin signaling. Additionally, an increase in acrolein expression correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the muscle and adipose tissues of diabetic mice. These findings suggest that acrolein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to IR, and scavenging acrolein is a potential therapeutic approach for treating IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Jhuo
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhen-Jie Tong
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hsuan Ku
- Department of Life Sciences and the Institute of Genome Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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2
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Alimujiang M, Yu XY, Yu MY, Hou WL, Yan ZH, Yang Y, Bao YQ, Yin J. Enhanced liver but not muscle OXPHOS in diabetes and reduced glucose output by complex I inhibition. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5758-5771. [PMID: 32253813 PMCID: PMC7214161 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is critical in energy metabolism. To fully capture how the mitochondrial function changes in metabolic disorders, we investigated mitochondrial function in liver and muscle of animal models mimicking different types and stages of diabetes. Type 1 diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The db/db mice were used as type 2 diabetic model. High-fat diet-induced obese mice represented pre-diabetic stage of type 2 diabetes. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of isolated mitochondria was measured with Clark-type oxygen electrode. Both in early and late stages of type 1 diabetes, liver mitochondrial OXPHOS increased markedly with complex IV-dependent OXPHOS being the most prominent. However, ATP, ADP and AMP contents in the tissue did not change. In pre-diabetes and early stage of type 2 diabetes, liver mitochondrial complex I and II-dependent OXPHOS increased greatly then declined to almost normal at late stage of type 2 diabetes, among which alteration of complex I-dependent OXPHOS was the most significant. In contrast, muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS in HFD, early-stage type 1 and 2 diabetic mice, did not change. In vitro, among inhibitors to each complex, only complex I inhibitor rotenone decreased glucose output in primary hepatocytes without cytotoxicity both in the absence and presence of oleic acid (OA). Rotenone affected cellular energy state and had no effects on cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Taken together, the mitochondrial OXPHOS of liver but not muscle increased in obesity and diabetes, and only complex I inhibition may ameliorate hyperglycaemia via lowering hepatic glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriayi Alimujiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ying Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu-Yu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wo-Lin Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Hong Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Pinterić M, Podgorski II, Hadžija MP, Tartaro Bujak I, Dekanić A, Bagarić R, Farkaš V, Sobočanec S, Balog T. Role of Sirt3 in Differential Sex-Related Responses to a High-Fat Diet in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020174. [PMID: 32093284 PMCID: PMC7071037 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is differently regulated in males and females. Little is known about the mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) protein in the context of sex-related differences in the development of metabolic dysregulation. To test our hypothesis that the role of Sirt3 in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) is sex-related, we measured metabolic, antioxidative, and mitochondrial parameters in the liver of Sirt3 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice of both sexes fed with a standard or HFD for ten weeks. We found that the combined effect of Sirt3 and an HFD was evident in more parameters in males (lipid content, glucose uptake, pparγ, cyp2e1, cyp4a14, Nrf2, MnSOD activity) than in females (protein damage and mitochondrial respiration), pointing towards a higher reliance of males on the effect of Sirt3 against HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. The male-specific effects of an HFD also include reduced Sirt3 expression in WT and alleviated lipid accumulation and reduced glucose uptake in KO mice. In females, with a generally higher expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis, either the HFD or Sirt3 depletion compromised mitochondrial respiration and increased protein oxidative damage. This work presents new insights into sex-related differences in the various physiological parameters with respect to nutritive excess and Sirt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pinterić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Iva I. Podgorski
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Marijana Popović Hadžija
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Ivana Tartaro Bujak
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute,10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Dekanić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
| | - Robert Bagarić
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (V.F.)
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (R.B.); (V.F.)
| | - Sandra Sobočanec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4561-172
| | - Tihomir Balog
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.P.); (I.I.P.); (M.P.H.); (A.D.); (T.B.)
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4
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Cormier RPJ, Champigny CM, Simard CJ, St-Coeur PD, Pichaud N. Dynamic mitochondrial responses to a high-fat diet in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4531. [PMID: 30872605 PMCID: PMC6418259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria can utilize different fuels according to physiological and nutritional conditions to promote cellular homeostasis. However, during nutrient overload metabolic inflexibility can occur, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunctions. High-fat diets (HFDs) are usually used to mimic this metabolic inflexibility in different animal models. However, how mitochondria respond to the duration of a HFD exposure is still under debate. In this study, we investigated the dynamic of the mitochondrial and physiological functions in Drosophila melanogaster at several time points following an exposure to a HFD. Our results showed that after two days on the HFD, mitochondrial respiration as well as ATP content of thorax muscles are increased, likely due to the utilization of carbohydrates. However, after four days on the HFD, impairment of mitochondrial respiration at the level of complex I, as well as decreased ATP content were observed. This was associated with an increased contribution of complex II and, most notably of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mG3PDH) to mitochondrial respiration. We suggest that this increased mG3PDH capacity reflects the occurrence of metabolic inflexibility, leading to a loss of homeostasis and alteration of the cellular redox status, which results in senescence characterized by decreased climbing ability and premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P J Cormier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Camille M Champigny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Chloé J Simard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Patrick-Denis St-Coeur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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5
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El Hamrani D, Gin H, Gallis JL, Bouzier-Sore AK, Beauvieux MC. Consumption of Alcopops During Brain Maturation Period: Higher Impact of Fructose Than Ethanol on Brain Metabolism. Front Nutr 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 29868598 PMCID: PMC5952002 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcopops are flavored alcoholic beverages sweetened by sodas, known to contain fructose. These drinks have the goal of democratizing alcohol among young consumers (12-17 years old) and in the past few years have been considered as fashionable amongst teenagers. Adolescence, however, is a key period for brain maturation, occurring in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system until 21 years old. Therefore, this drinking behavior has become a public health concern. Despite the extensive literature concerning the respective impacts of either fructose or ethanol on brain, the effects following joint consumption of these substrates remains unknown. Our objective was to study the early brain modifications induced by a combined diet of high fructose (20%) and moderate amount of alcohol in young rats by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Wistar rats had isocaloric pair-fed diets containing fructose (HF, 20%), ethanol (Et, 0.5 g/day/kg) or both substrates at the same time (HFEt). After 6 weeks of diet, the rats were infused with 13C-glucose and brain perchloric acid extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C). Surprisingly, the most important modifications of brain metabolism were observed under fructose diet. Alterations, observed after only 6 weeks of diet, show that the brain is vulnerable at the metabolic level to fructose consumption during late-adolescence throughout adulthood in rats. The main result was an increase in oxidative metabolism compared to glycolysis, which may impact lactate levels in the brain and may, at least partially, explain memory impairment in teenagers consuming alcopops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia El Hamrani
- UMR5536 Centre de Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, LabEx TRAIL, Bordeaux, France
| | - Henri Gin
- UMR5536 Centre de Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, LabEx TRAIL, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Nutrition et Diabétologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gallis
- UMR5536 Centre de Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, LabEx TRAIL, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- UMR5536 Centre de Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, LabEx TRAIL, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Christine Beauvieux
- UMR5536 Centre de Resonance Magnetique des Systemes Biologiques (CRMSB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, LabEx TRAIL, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Di Meo S, Iossa S, Venditti P. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: role of mitochondria and other ROS sources. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R15-R42. [PMID: 28232636 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At present, obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world because it causes several diseases and reduces life expectancy. Although it is well known that insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (the more frequent disease in obese people) the link between obesity and insulin resistance is yet a matter of debate. One of the most deleterious effects of obesity is the deposition of lipids in non-adipose tissues when the capacity of adipose tissue is overwhelmed. During the last decade, reduced mitochondrial function has been considered as an important contributor to 'toxic' lipid metabolite accumulation and consequent insulin resistance. More recent reports suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is not an early event in the development of insulin resistance, but rather a complication of the hyperlipidemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle, which might promote mitochondrial alterations, lipid accumulation and inhibition of insulin action. Here, we review the literature dealing with the mitochondria-centered mechanisms proposed to explain the onset of obesity-linked IR in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the different pathways leading to insulin resistance may act synergistically because ROS production by mitochondria and other sources can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn can further increase ROS production leading to the establishment of a harmful positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Di Meo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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7
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Sparks LM, Gemmink A, Phielix E, Bosma M, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Jörgensen JA, Nascimento EBM, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. ANT1-mediated fatty acid-induced uncoupling as a target for improving myocellular insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1030-9. [PMID: 26886198 PMCID: PMC4826430 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Dissipating energy via mitochondrial uncoupling has been suggested to contribute to enhanced insulin sensitivity. We hypothesised that skeletal muscle mitochondria of endurance-trained athletes have increased sensitivity for fatty acid (FA)-induced uncoupling, which is driven by the mitochondrial protein adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1). METHODS Capacity for FA-induced uncoupling was measured in endurance-trained male athletes (T) and sedentary young men (UT) in an observational study and also in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and C2C12 myotubes following small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing of ANT1. Thus, fuelled by glutamate/succinate (fibres) or pyruvate (mitochondria and myotubes) and in the presence of oligomycin to block ATP synthesis, increasing levels of oleate (fibres) or palmitate (mitochondria and myotubes) were automatically titrated while respiration was monitored. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp in humans and via insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myotubes. RESULTS Skeletal muscle from the T group displayed increased sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.011) compared with muscle from the UT group, and this was associated with elevated insulin sensitivity (p = 0.034). ANT1 expression was increased in T (p = 0.013). Mitochondria from ZDF rats displayed decreased sensitivity for FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.008). This difference disappeared in the presence of the adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor carboxyatractyloside. Partial knockdown of ANT1 in C2C12 myotubes decreased sensitivity to the FA-induced uncoupling (p = 0.008) and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (p = 0.025) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity and is affected by ANT1 activity in skeletal muscle. FA-induced mitochondrial uncoupling may help to preserve insulin sensitivity in the face of a high supply of FAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl NTR2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Sparks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Madeleen Bosma
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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8
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van Bree BWJ, Lenaers E, Nabben M, Briedé JJ, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC. A genistein-enriched diet neither improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity nor prevents the transition towards advanced insulin resistance in ZDF rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22854. [PMID: 26973284 PMCID: PMC4789602 DOI: 10.1038/srep22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, a natural food compound mainly present in soybeans, is considered a potent antioxidant and to improve glucose homeostasis. However, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed whether genistein could antagonize the progression of the hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic state (pre-diabetes) toward full-blown T2DM in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats by decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress and improving skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Rats were assigned to three groups: (1) lean control (CNTL), (2) fa/fa CNTL, and (3) fa/fa genistein (GEN). GEN animals were subjected to a 0.02% (w/w) genistein-enriched diet for 8 weeks, whereas CNTL rats received a standard diet. We show that genistein did not affect the overall response to a glucose challenge in ZDF rats. In fact, genistein may exacerbate glucose intolerance as fasting glucose levels were significantly higher in fa/fa GEN (17.6 ± 0.7 mM) compared with fa/fa CNTL animals (14.9 ± 1.4 mM). Oxidative stress, established by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, carbonylated protein content and UCP3 levels, remained unchanged upon dietary genistein supplementation. Furthermore, respirometry measurements revealed no effects of genistein on mitochondrial function. In conclusion, dietary genistein supplementation did not improve glucose homeostasis, alleviate oxidative stress, or augment skeletal muscle metabolism in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca W J van Bree
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Lenaers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco J Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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van Ewijk PA, Paglialunga S, Kooi ME, Nunes PM, Gemmink A, Slenter J, Kornips E, Jörgensen JA, Hoeks J, Wildberger JE, Hesselink MKC, Glatz JFC, Heerschap A, Kersten S, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Effects of high-fat feeding on ectopic fat storage and postprandial lipid metabolism in mouse offspring. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2242-50. [PMID: 26530934 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parental high-fat feeding was proposed to negatively impact metabolic health in offspring. Here, the ectopic fat storage in heart and liver in offspring was investigated, and the effects on mitochondrial function, de novo lipogenesis, and postprandial lipid metabolism were explored in detail. METHODS Male and female mice received either a high-fat (HF) or standard chow (LF) diet during mating, gestation and lactation. All offspring animals received the HF diet. RESULTS Abdominal visceral adipose tissue tended to be higher in HF/HF mice. Cardiac lipid content was also higher in the HF/HF mice (LF/HF vs. HF/HF 1.03% ± 0.08% vs. 1.33% ± 0.07% of water signal, P = 0.01). In contrast, hepatic lipid content tended to be lower in HF/HF mice compared to LF/HF mice. A severely disturbed postprandial lipid clearance was revealed in HF/HF mice by the results from the triglyceride (TG) tolerance tests (LF/HF vs. HF/HF 6,753 ± 2,213 vs. 14,367 ± 1,978 mmol l(-1) min(-1) , P = 0.01) and (13) C-fatty acid retention test (LF/HF vs. HF/HF 2.73% ± 0.85% vs. 0.89% ± 0.26% retention from bolus, P = 0.04), which may underlie the lower hepatic lipid content. CONCLUSIONS Here it is shown that HF diet negatively impacts postprandial TG clearance in offspring and results in an overall metabolic unfavorable phenotype and ectopic lipid deposition in the heart and in visceral storage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella A van Ewijk
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Paglialunga
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Eline Kooi
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM-Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia M Nunes
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Gemmink
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Slenter
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- CARIM-Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F C Glatz
- CARIM-Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Groups, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Wessels B, van den Broek NMA, Ciapaite J, Houten SM, Wanders RJA, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Carnitine supplementation in high-fat diet-fed rats does not ameliorate lipid-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E670-8. [PMID: 26286868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscle lipid overload and the associated accumulation of lipid intermediates play an important role in the development of insulin resistance. Carnitine insufficiency is a common feature of insulin-resistant states and might lead to incomplete fatty acid oxidation and impaired export of lipid intermediates out of the mitochondria. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that carnitine supplementation reduces high-fat diet-induced lipotoxicity, improves muscle mitochondrial function, and ameliorates insulin resistance. Wistar rats were fed either normal chow or a high-fat diet for 15 wk. One group of high-fat diet-fed rats was supplemented with 300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) L-carnitine during the last 8 wk. Muscle mitochondrial function was measured in vivo by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and ex vivo by high-resolution respirometry. Muscle lipid status was determined by (1)H MRS (intramyocellular lipids) and tandem mass spectrometry (acylcarnitines). High-fat diet feeding induced insulin resistance and was associated with decreases in muscle and blood free carnitine, elevated levels of muscle lipids and acylcarnitines, and an increased number of muscle mitochondria that showed an improved capacity to oxidize fat-derived substrates when tested ex vivo. This was, however, not accompanied by an increase in muscle oxidative capacity in vivo, indicating that in vivo mitochondrial function was compromised. Despite partial normalization of muscle and blood free carnitine content, carnitine supplementation did not induce improvements in muscle lipid status, in vivo mitochondrial function, or insulin sensitivity. Carnitine insufficiency, therefore, does not play a major role in high-fat diet-induced muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Wessels
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and
| | - Nicole M A van den Broek
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and
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11
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Ding Y, Fang H, Shang W, Xiao Y, Sun T, Hou N, Pan L, Sun X, Ma Q, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang X, Cheng H. Mitoflash altered by metabolic stress in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1119-30. [PMID: 25908643 PMCID: PMC4589561 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Central to bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, the mitochondrion plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Recent advances have shown that mitochondrial flash (“mitoflash”) visualized by the biosensor mt-cpYFP affords a frequency-coded, optical readout linked to mitochondrial ROS production and energy metabolism, at the resolution of a single mitochondrion. To investigate possible mitoflash responses to metabolic stress in insulin resistance (IR), we generated an mt-cpYFP-expressing db/db mouse model with the obesity and IR phenotypes unaltered. In conjunction with in vivo imaging of skeletal muscles, we uncovered a progressive increase of mitoflash frequency along with its morphological changes. Interestingly, enhanced mitochondrial networking occurred at 12 weeks of age, and this was followed by mitochondrial fragmentation at 34 weeks. Pioglitazone treatment normalized mitoflash frequency and morphology while restored mitochondrial respiratory function and insulin sensitivity in 12 weeks mt-cpYFP db/db mice. Mechanistic study revealed that the mitoflash remodeling was associated with altered expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control. These findings indicate that mitoflash activity may serve as an optical functional readout of the mitochondria, a robust and sensitive biomarker to gauge IR stresses and their amelioration by therapeutic interventions. Key message In vivo detection of mitochondrial flashes in mt-cpYFP-expressing db/db mouse. Mitoflash frequency increased progressively with disease development. Mitoflash morphology revealed a biphasic change in mitochondrial networking. Mitoflash abnormalities and mitochondrial defects are restored by pioglitazone. Mitoflash may serve as a unique biomarker to gauge metabolic stress in insulin resistance.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00109-015-1278-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqiang Fang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xianhua Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Heping Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Hanssen MJW, Wierts R, Hoeks J, Gemmink A, Brans B, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Glucose uptake in human brown adipose tissue is impaired upon fasting-induced insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2015; 58:586-95. [PMID: 25500952 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has recently emerged as a potential target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, owing to its capacity to actively clear glucose from the circulation—at least upon cold exposure. The effects of insulin resistance on the capacity of human BAT to take up glucose are unknown. Prolonged fasting is known to induce insulin resistance in peripheral tissues in order to spare glucose for the brain. METHODS We studied the effect of fasting-induced insulin resistance on the capacity of BAT to take up glucose during cold exposure as well as on cold-stimulated thermogenesis. BAT glucose uptake was assessed by means of cold-stimulated dynamic 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([(18)F]FDG-PET/CT) imaging. RESULTS We show that a 54 h fasting period markedly decreases both cold-induced BAT glucose uptake and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold stimulation. In vivo molecular imaging and modelling revealed that the reduction of glucose uptake in BAT was due to impaired cellular glucose uptake and not due to decreased supply. Interestingly, decreased BAT glucose uptake upon fasting was related to a decrease in core temperature during cold exposure, pointing towards a role for BAT in maintaining normothermia in humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Cold-stimulated glucose uptake in BAT is strongly reduced upon prolonged fasting. When cold-stimulated glucose uptake in BAT is also reduced under other insulin-resistant states, such as diabetes, cold-induced activation of BAT may not be a valid way to improve glucose clearance by BAT under such conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl NTR3523 FUNDING: This work was supported by the EU FP7 project DIABAT (HEALTH-F2-2011-278373 to WDvML) and by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (TOP 91209037 to WDvML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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13
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Crescenzo R, Bianco F, Mazzoli A, Giacco A, Liverini G, Iossa S. Mitochondrial efficiency and insulin resistance. Front Physiol 2015; 5:512. [PMID: 25601841 PMCID: PMC4283517 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, “a relative impairment in the ability of insulin to exert its effects on glucose, protein and lipid metabolism in target tissues,” has many detrimental effects on metabolism and is strongly correlated to deposition of lipids in non-adipose tissues. Mitochondria are the main cellular sites devoted to ATP production and fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the onset of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has been proposed and many studies have dealt with possible alteration in mitochondrial function in obesity and diabetes, both in humans and animal models. Data reporting evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in type two diabetes mellitus are numerous, even though the issue that this reduced mitochondrial function is causal in the development of the disease is not yet solved, also because a variety of parameters have been used in the studies carried out on this subject. By assessing the alterations in mitochondrial efficiency as well as the impact of this parameter on metabolic homeostasis of skeletal muscle cells, we have obtained results that allow us to suggest that an increase in mitochondrial efficiency precedes and therefore can contribute to the development of high-fat-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Bianco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liverini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Napoli, Italy
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14
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Casanova E, Baselga-Escudero L, Ribas-Latre A, Cedó L, Arola-Arnal A, Pinent M, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ. Chronic intake of proanthocyanidins and docosahexaenoic acid improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in diet-obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1003-10. [PMID: 25011388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. The cafeteria diet (CD) induces obesity and oxidative-stress-associated insulin resistance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are dietary compounds that are intensively studied as products that can reduce the health complications related to obesity. We evaluate the effects of 21 days of supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), docosahexaenoic-rich oil (DHA-OR) or both compounds (GSPE+DHA-OR) on skeletal muscle metabolism in diet-obese rats. The supplementation with different treatments did not reduce body weight, although all groups used more fat as fuel, particularly when both products were coadministered; muscle β-oxidation was activated, the mitochondrial functionality and oxidative capacity were higher, and fatty acid uptake gene expressions were up-regulated. In addition to these outcomes shared by all treatments, GSPE reduced insulin resistance and improved muscle status. Both treatments increased 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, which was consistent with higher plasma adiponectin levels. Moreover, AMPK activation by DHA-OR was also correlated with an up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα). GSPE+DHA-OR, in addition to activating AMPK and enhancing fatty acid oxidation, increased the muscle gene expression of uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2). In conclusion, GSPE+DHA-OR induced modifications that improved muscle status and could counterbalance the deleterious effects of obesity, and such modifications are mediated, at least in part, through the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Casanova
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Baselga-Escudero
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aleix Ribas-Latre
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Josepa Salvadó
- Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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15
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Casanova E, Baselga-Escudero L, Ribas-Latre A, Arola-Arnal A, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and proanthocyanidins improve postprandial metabolic flexibility in rat. Biofactors 2014; 40:146-56. [PMID: 23983179 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia influences the development of atherosclerosis, which itself constitutes a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The introduction of bioactive compounds may prevent these deleterious effects. Proanthocyanidins are potent antioxidants that have hypolipidemic properties, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) stimulate fatty acid oxidation and gene expression programs, controlling mitochondrial functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute treatment of ω3 PUFAs and proanthocyanidins on the metabolic flexibility and lipid handling profiles in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of rats that were raised on diets, high in saturated fatty acids. For this, oil rich in docosahexaenoic (DHA-OR), grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), or both substances (GSPE + DHA-OR) were administered with an overload of lard oil to healthy Wistar rats. Our results indicate that the addition of DHA-OR to lard oil increases insulin sensitivity and redirects fatty acids toward skeletal muscle, thereby activating fatty acid oxidation. We also observed an improvement in adipose mitochondrial functionality and uncoupling. In contrast, GSPE lowers lipidemia, prevents muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage, furthermore, activates mitochondrial biogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. The addition of GSPE+DHA-OR to lard resulted in nearly all the effects of DHA-OR and GSPE administered individually, but the combined administration resulted in a more attenuated profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Casanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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16
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Hoevenaars FPM, Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein M, Janssen RJRJ, Heil SG, Bunschoten A, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Snaas-Alders S, Teerds K, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Thermoneutrality results in prominent diet-induced body weight differences in C57BL/6J mice, not paralleled by diet-induced metabolic differences. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:799-807. [PMID: 24243645 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Mice are usually housed at 20-24 °C. At thermoneutrality (28 °C) larger diet-induced differences in obesity are seen. We tested whether this leads to large differences in metabolic health parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a 14-wk dietary intervention in C57BL/6J mice at 28 °C and assessed adiposity and metabolic health parameters for a semipurified low fat (10 energy%) diet and a moderate high fat (30 energy%) diet. A large and significant diet-induced differential increase in body weight, adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, serum leptin level, and, to some extent, cholesterol level was observed. No adipose tissue inflammation was seen. No differential effect of the diets on serum glucose, free fatty acids, triacylglycerides, insulin, adiponectin, resistin, PAI-1, MMP-9, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, ApoE, fibrinogen levels, or HOMA index was observed. Also in muscle no differential effect on mitochondrial density, mitochondrial respiratory control ratio, or mRNA expression of metabolic genes was found. Finally, in liver no differential effect on weight, triacylglycerides level, aconitase/citrate synthase activity ratio was seen. CONCLUSION Low fat diet and moderate high fat diet induce prominent body weight differences at thermoneutrality, which is not paralleled by metabolic differences. Our data rather suggest that thermoneutrality alters metabolic homeostasis.
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17
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Holloszy JO. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:921-40. [PMID: 23737207 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise training can induce large increases mitochondria and the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. For a long time after the discovery in the 1960s that exercise results in an increase in muscle mitochondria, there was no progress in elucidation of the mechanisms involved. The reason for this lack of progress was that nothing was known regarding how expression of the genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins is coordinately regulated. This situation changed rapidly after discovery of transcription factors that control transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins and, most importantly, the discovery of peroxisome proliferator-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). This transcription coactivator binds to and activates transcription factors that regulate transcription of genes-encoding mitochondrial proteins. Thus, PGC-1α activates and coordinates mitochondrial biogenesis. It is now known that exercise rapidly activates and induces increased expression of PGC-1α. The exercise-generated signals that lead to PGC-1α activation and increased expression are the increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) and decreases in ATP and creatine phosphate (∼P). Ca(2+) mediates its effect by activating CAMKII, while the decrease in ∼P mediates its effect via activation of AMPK. Expression of the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter is regulated in parallel with mitochondrial biogenesis via the same signaling pathways. This review describes what is known regarding the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. A major component of this review deals with the physiological and metabolic consequences of the exercise-induced increase in mitochondria and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Holloszy
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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18
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van der Lans AAJJ, Hoeks J, Brans B, Vijgen GHEJ, Visser MGW, Vosselman MJ, Hansen J, Jörgensen JA, Wu J, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Cold acclimation recruits human brown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3395-403. [PMID: 23867626 DOI: 10.1172/jci68993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been shown that humans have active brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots, raising the question of whether activation and recruitment of BAT can be a target to counterbalance the current obesity pandemic. Here, we show that a 10-day cold acclimation protocol in humans increases BAT activity in parallel with an increase in nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). No sex differences in BAT presence and activity were found either before or after cold acclimation. Respiration measurements in permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria revealed no significant contribution of skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling to the increased NST. Based on cell-specific markers and on uncoupling protein-1 (characteristic of both BAT and beige/brite cells), this study did not show "browning" of abdominal subcutaneous white adipose tissue upon cold acclimation. The observed physiological acclimation is in line with the subjective changes in temperature sensation; upon cold acclimation, the subjects judged the environment warmer, felt more comfortable in the cold, and reported less shivering. The combined results suggest that a variable indoor environment with frequent cold exposures might be an acceptable and economic manner to increase energy expenditure and may contribute to counteracting the current obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
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19
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Paglialunga S, van Bree B, Bosma M, Valdecantos MP, Amengual-Cladera E, Jörgensen JA, van Beurden D, den Hartog GJM, Ouwens DM, Briedé JJ, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. Targeting of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production does not avert lipid-induced insulin resistance in muscle tissue from mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2759-2768. [PMID: 22782287 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS High-fat, high-sucrose diet (HF)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are implicated in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we investigated whether mitochondrial ROS sequestering can circumvent HF-induced oxidative stress; we also determined the impact of any reduced oxidative stress on muscle insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function. METHODS The Skulachev ion (plastoquinonyl decyltriphenylphosphonium) (SkQ), a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, was used to target ROS production in C2C12 muscle cells as well as in HF-fed (16 weeks old) male C57Bl/6 mice, compared with mice on low-fat chow diet (LF) or HF alone. Oxidative stress was measured as protein carbonylation levels. Glucose tolerance tests, glucose uptake assays and insulin-stimulated signalling were determined to assess muscle insulin sensitivity. Mitochondrial function was determined by high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS SkQ treatment reduced oxidative stress in muscle cells (-23% p < 0.05), but did not improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake under insulin-resistant conditions. In HF mice, oxidative stress was elevated (56% vs LF p < 0.05), an effect completely blunted by SkQ. However, HF and HF+SkQ mice displayed impaired glucose tolerance (AUC HF up 33%, p < 0.001; HF+SkQ up 22%; p < 0.01 vs LF) and disrupted skeletal muscle insulin signalling. ROS sequestering did not improve mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION SkQ treatment reduced muscle mitochondrial ROS production and prevented HF-induced oxidative stress. Nonetheless, whole-body glucose tolerance, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, muscle insulin signalling and mitochondrial function were not improved. These results suggest that HF-induced oxidative stress is not a prerequisite for the development of muscle insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paglialunga
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - B van Bree
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Bosma
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M P Valdecantos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - E Amengual-Cladera
- Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - J A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - D van Beurden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - G J M den Hartog
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - D M Ouwens
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J J Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Samocha-Bonet D, Campbell LV, Mori TA, Croft KD, Greenfield JR, Turner N, Heilbronn LK. Overfeeding reduces insulin sensitivity and increases oxidative stress, without altering markers of mitochondrial content and function in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36320. [PMID: 22586466 PMCID: PMC3346759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. High fat feeding induces insulin resistance and increases skeletal muscle oxidative stress in rodents, but there is controversy as to whether skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and function is altered. Methodology and Principal Findings Forty (37±2 y) non-obese (25.6±0.6 kg/m2) sedentary men (n = 20) and women (n = 20) were overfed (+1040±100 kcal/day, 46±1% of energy from fat) for 28 days. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed at baseline and day 28 of overfeeding and skeletal muscle biopsies taken at baseline, day 3 and day 28 of overfeeding in a sub cohort of 26 individuals (13 men and 13 women) that consented to having all 3 biopsies performed. Weight increased on average in the whole cohort by 0.6±0.1 and 2.7±0.3 kg at days 3 and 28, respectively (P<0.0001, without a significant difference in the response between men and women (P = 0.4). Glucose infusion rate during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp decreased from 54.8±2.8 at baseline to 50.3±2.5 µmol/min/kg FFM at day 28 of overfeeding (P = 0.03) without a significant difference between men and women (P = 0.4). Skeletal muscle protein carbonyls and urinary F2-isoprostanes increased with overfeeding (P<0.05). Protein levels of muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and subunits from complex I, II and V of the electron transport chain were increased at day 3 (all P<0.05) and returned to basal levels at day 28. No changes were detected in muscle citrate synthase activity or ex vivo CO2 production at either time point. Conclusions Peripheral insulin resistance was induced by overfeeding, without reducing any of the markers of mitochondrial content that were examined. Oxidative stress was however increased, and may have contributed to the reduction in insulin sensitivity observed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00562393
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lesley V. Campbell
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Trevor A. Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin D. Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jerry R. Greenfield
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hoeks J, Arany Z, Phielix E, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P. Enhanced lipid-but not carbohydrate-supported mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of PGC-1α overexpressing mice. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1026-33. [PMID: 21520076 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to several disease states as well as the process of aging. A possible factor involved is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), a major player in the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. However, it is currently unknown whether PGC-1α, besides stimulating mitochondrial proliferation, also affects the functional capacity per mitochondrion. Therefore, we here tested whether PGC-1α overexpression, besides increasing mitochondrial content, also leads to intrinsic mitochondrial adaptations. Skeletal muscle mitochondria from 10 male, muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpressing mice (PGC-1αTg) and 8 wild-type (WT) mice were isolated. Equal mitochondrial quantities were then analyzed for their oxidative capacity by high-resolution respirometry, fuelled by a carbohydrate-derived (pyruvate) and a lipid (palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine) substrate. Additionally, mitochondria were tested for reactive oxygen species (superoxide) production and fatty acid (FA)-induced uncoupling. PGC-1αTg mitochondria were characterized by an improved intrinsic mitochondrial fat oxidative capacity as evidenced by pronounced increase in ADP-stimulated respiration (P < 0.001) and maximal uncoupled respiration (P < 0.001) upon palmitoyl-CoA plus carnitine. Interestingly, intrinsic mitochondrial capacity on a carbohydrate-derived substrate tended to be reduced. Furthermore, the sensitivity to FA-induced uncoupling was diminished in PGC-1αTg mitochondria (P = 0.02) and this was accompanied by a blunted reduction in mitochondrial ROS production upon FAs in PGC-1αTg versus WT mitochondria (P = 0.04). Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) levels were markedly reduced in PGC-1αTg mitochondria (P < 0.001). Taken together, in addition to stimulating mitochondrial proliferation in skeletal muscle, we show here that overexpression of PGC-1α leads to intrinsic mitochondrial adaptations that seem restricted to fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Hoeks
- NUTRIM-School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Liu J, Chen D, Yao Y, Yu B, Mao X, He J, Huang Z, Zheng P. Intrauterine growth retardation increases the susceptibility of pigs to high-fat diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34835. [PMID: 22523560 PMCID: PMC3327708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that there is a relationship between prenatal growth restriction and the development of metabolic-related diseases in later life, a process involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) increases the susceptibility of offspring to high-fat (HF) diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggested that HF feeding decreased mitochondrial oxidative capacity and impaired mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Therefore, we hypothesized that the long-term consequences of IUGR on mitochondrial biogenesis and function make the offspring more susceptible to HF diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Normal birth weight (NBW), and IUGR pigs were allotted to control or HF diet in a completely randomized design, individually. After 4 weeks of feeding, growth performance and molecular pathways related to mitochondrial function were determined. The results showed that IUGR decreased growth performance and plasma insulin concentrations. In offspring fed a HF diet, IUGR was associated with enhanced plasma leptin levels, increased concentrations of triglyceride and malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glycogen and ATP contents in skeletal muscle. High fat diet-fed IUGR offspring exhibited decreased activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). These alterations in metabolic traits of IUGR pigs were accompanied by impaired mitochondrial respiration function, reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contents, and down-regulated mRNA expression levels of genes responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In conclusion, our results suggest that IUGR make the offspring more susceptible to HF diet-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
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The lipid droplet coat protein perilipin 5 also localizes to muscle mitochondria. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 137:205-16. [PMID: 22127648 PMCID: PMC3262136 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5/OXPAT) is a lipid droplet (LD) coat protein mainly present in tissues with a high fat-oxidative capacity, suggesting a role for PLIN5 in facilitating fatty acid oxidation. Here, we investigated the role of PLIN5 in fat oxidation in skeletal muscle. In human skeletal muscle, we observed that PLIN5 (but not PLIN2) protein content correlated tightly with OXPHOS content and in rat muscle PLIN5 content correlated with mitochondrial respiration rates on a lipid-derived substrate. This prompted us to examine PLIN5 protein expression in skeletal muscle mitochondria by means of immunogold electron microscopy and Western blots in isolated mitochondria. These data show that PLIN5, in contrast to PLIN2, not only localizes to LD but also to mitochondria, possibly facilitating fatty acid oxidation. Unilateral overexpression of PLIN5 in rat anterior tibialis muscle augmented myocellular fat storage without increasing mitochondrial density as indicated by the lack of change in protein content of five components of the OXPHOS system. Mitochondria isolated from PLIN5 overexpressing muscles did not possess increased fatty acid respiration. Interestingly though, (14)C-palmitate oxidation assays in muscle homogenates from PLIN5 overexpressing muscles revealed a 44.8% (P = 0.05) increase in complete fatty acid oxidation. Thus, in mitochondrial isolations devoid of LD, PLIN5 does not augment fat oxidation, while in homogenates containing PLIN5-coated LD, fat oxidation is higher upon PLIN5 overexpression. The presence of PLIN5 in mitochondria helps to understand why PLIN5, in contrast to PLIN2, is of specific importance in fat oxidative tissues. Our data suggests involvement of PLIN5 in directing fatty acids from the LD to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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High fat diet-induced changes in mouse muscle mitochondrial phospholipids do not impair mitochondrial respiration despite insulin resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27274. [PMID: 22140436 PMCID: PMC3225362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus and muscle insulin resistance have been associated with reduced capacity of skeletal muscle mitochondria, possibly as a result of increased intake of dietary fat. Here, we examined the hypothesis that a prolonged high-fat diet consumption (HFD) increases the saturation of muscle mitochondrial membrane phospholipids causing impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity and possibly insulin resistance. Methodology C57BL/6J mice were fed an 8-week or 20-week low fat diet (10 kcal%; LFD) or HFD (45 kcal%). Skeletal muscle mitochondria were isolated and fatty acid (FA) composition of skeletal muscle mitochondrial phospholipids was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography followed by GC. High-resolution respirometry was used to assess oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids by mitochondria. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by HOMA-IR. Principal Findings At 8 weeks, mono-unsaturated FA (16∶1n7, 18∶1n7 and 18∶1n9) were decreased (−4.0%, p<0.001), whereas saturated FA (16∶0) were increased (+3.2%, p<0.001) in phospholipids of HFD vs. LFD mitochondria. Interestingly, 20 weeks of HFD descreased mono-unsaturated FA while n-6 poly-unsaturated FA (18∶2n6, 20∶4n6, 22∶5n6) showed a pronounced increase (+4.0%, p<0.001). Despite increased saturation of muscle mitochondrial phospholipids after the 8-week HFD, mitochondrial oxidation of both pyruvate and fatty acids were similar between LFD and HFD mice. After 20 weeks of HFD, the increase in n-6 poly-unsaturated FA was accompanied by enhanced maximal capacity of the electron transport chain (+49%, p = 0.002) and a tendency for increased ADP-stimulated respiration, but only when fuelled by a lipid-derived substrate. Insulin sensitivity in HFD mice was reduced at both 8 and 20 weeks. Conclusions/Interpretation Our findings do not support the concept that prolonged HF feeding leads to increased saturation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial phospholipids resulting in a decrease in mitochondrial fat oxidative capacity and (muscle) insulin resistance.
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Pajuelo D, Fernández-Iglesias A, Díaz S, Quesada H, Arola-Arnal A, Bladé C, Salvadó J, Arola L. Improvement of mitochondrial function in muscle of genetically obese rats after chronic supplementation with proanthocyanidins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8491-8498. [PMID: 21726097 DOI: 10.1021/jf201775v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronic dietary supplementation of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) at a dose of 35 mg/kg body weight on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle of Zucker obese rats. Three groups of 10 animals each were used: lean Fa/fa lean group (LG) rats, a control fa/fa obese group (OG) of rats, and an obese supplemented fa/fa proanthocyanidins obese group (POG) of rats, which were supplemented with a dose of 35 mg GSPE/kg of body weight/day during the 68 days of experimentation. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism was evaluated by determining enzyme activities, key metabolic gene expression, and immunoblotting of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Mitochondrial function was analyzed by high-resolution respirometry using both a glycosidic and a lipid substrate. In muscle, chronic GSPE administration decreased citrate synthase activity, the amount of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and II, and Nrf1 gene expression, without any effects on the mitochondrial oxidative capacity. This situation was associated with lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, GSPE administration enhanced the ability to oxidize pyruvate, and it also increased the activity of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation including cytochrome c oxidase. There is strong evidence to suggest that GSPE administration stimulates mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle specifically by increasing the capacity to oxidize pyruvate and contributes to reduced muscle ROS generation in obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Differential effects of saturated versus unsaturated dietary fatty acids on weight gain and myocellular lipid profiles in mice. Nutr Diabetes 2011; 1:e11. [PMID: 23449423 PMCID: PMC3302136 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2011.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In conditions of continuous high-fat (HF) intake, the degree of saturation of the fatty acids (FAs) in the diet might have a crucial role in the onset of obesity and its metabolic complications. In particular, the FA composition of the diet might influence the storage form of lipids inside skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the FA composition of HF diets differentially affects weight gain and accumulation of myocellular triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Furthermore, we examined whether the FA composition of the diet was reflected in the composition of the myocellular lipid intermediates. Design: C57Bl6 mice were fed HF diets (45% energy) mainly containing palm oil (PO), cocoa butter (CB), olive oil (OO) or safflower oil (SO; n=6 per group) for 8 weeks. A low-fat diet (10% energy, PO) was used as control. Body weight was monitored weekly. At the end of the dietary intervention, myocellular TAG and DAG content and profiles were measured. Results: We here show that HF_CB prevented weight gain after 8 weeks of HF feeding. Furthermore, the HF diet rich in SO prevented the accumulation of both myocellular TAG and DAG. Interestingly, the FA composition of DAG and TAG in skeletal muscle was a reflection of the dietary FA composition. Conclusion: Already after a relatively short period, the dietary FA intake relates to the FA composition of the lipid metabolites in the muscle. A diet rich in polyunsaturated FAs seems to prevent myocellular lipid accumulation.
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Deficiency of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in muscle does not cause insulin resistance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19739. [PMID: 21589859 PMCID: PMC3093385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is due to a selective decrease in the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and results from accumulation of toxic products of incomplete fat oxidation. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Rats were made severely iron deficient, by means of an iron-deficient diet. Iron deficiency results in decreases of the iron containing mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins without affecting the enzymes of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Insulin resistance was induced by feeding iron-deficient and control rats a high fat diet. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring glucose transport activity in soleus muscle strips. Mitochondrial proteins were measured by Western blot. Iron deficiency resulted in a decrease in expression of iron containing proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in muscle. Citrate synthase, a non-iron containing citrate cycle enzyme, and long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), used as a marker for the fatty acid oxidation pathway, were unaffected by the iron deficiency. Oleate oxidation by muscle homogenates was increased by high fat feeding and decreased by iron deficiency despite high fat feeding. The high fat diet caused severe insulin resistance of muscle glucose transport. Iron deficiency completely protected against the high fat diet-induced muscle insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results of the study argue against the hypothesis that a deficiency of the electron transport chain (ETC), and imbalance between the ETC and β-oxidation pathways, causes muscle insulin resistance.
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Pajuelo D, Díaz S, Quesada H, Fernández-Iglesias A, Mulero M, Arola-Arnal A, Salvadó MJ, Bladé C, Arola L. Acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract modulates energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4279-4287. [PMID: 21401106 DOI: 10.1021/jf200322x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin consumption might reduce the risk of developing several pathologies, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins are attributed to their antioxidant properties, although they also can modulate gene expression at the transcriptional level. Little is known about the effect of proanthocyanidins on mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of an acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. To examine this effect, male Wistar rats fasted for fourteen hours, and then they were orally administered lard oil containing GSPE or were administered lard oil only. Liver, muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were used to study enzymatic activity and gene expression of proteins related to energetic metabolism. Moreover, the gastrocnemius muscle and BAT mitochondria were used to perform high-resolution respirometry. The results showed that, after 5 h, the GSPE administration significantly lowers plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, glycerol and urea concentrations. In skeletal muscle, GSPE lowers FATP1 mRNA levels and increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption, using pyruvate as the substrate, suggesting a promotion of glycosidic metabolism. Furthermore, GSPE increased the genetic expression of key genes in energy metabolism such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and modulated the enzyme activity of proteins, which are involved in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) in BAT. In conclusion, GSPE affects mainly the skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria, increasing their oxidative capacity rapidly after acute supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pajuelo
- Nutrigenomics Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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De Vogel-van den Bosch J, Hoeks J, Timmers S, Houten SM, van Dijk PJ, Boon W, Van Beurden D, Schaart G, Kersten S, Voshol PJ, Wanders RJA, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen P. The effects of long- or medium-chain fat diets on glucose tolerance and myocellular content of lipid intermediates in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:792-9. [PMID: 20595951 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle upon high-fat (HF) feeding is the resultant of fatty acid uptake and oxidation and is associated with insulin resistance. As medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are preferentially β-oxidized over long-chain fatty acids, we examined the effects of medium-chain TAGs (MCTs) and long-chain TAGs (LCTs) on muscle lipid storage and whole-body glucose tolerance. Rats fed a low-fat (LF), HFLCT, or an isocaloric HFMCT diet displayed a similar body weight gain over 8 weeks of treatment. Only HFLCT increased myocellular TAG (42.3 ± 4.9, 71.9 ± 6.7, and 48.5 ± 6.5 µmol/g for LF, HFLCT, and HFMCT, respectively, P < 0.05) and long-chain acylcarnitine content (P < 0.05). Neither HF diet increased myocellular diacylglycerol (DAG) content. Intraperitoneal (IP) glucose tolerance tests (1.5 g/kg) revealed a significantly decreased glucose tolerance in the HFMCT compared to the HFLCT-fed rats (802 ± 40, 772 ± 18, and 886 ± 18 area under the curve for LF, HFLCT, and HFMCT, respectively, P < 0.05). Finally, no differences in myocellular insulin signaling after bolus insulin injection (10 U/kg) were observed between LF, HFLCT, or HFMCT-fed rats. These results show that accumulation of TAGs and acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle in the absence of body weight gain do not impede myocellular insulin signaling or whole-body glucose intolerance.
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Hiroi M, Nagahara Y, Miyauchi R, Misaki Y, Goda T, Kasezawa N, Sasaki S, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K. The combination of genetic variations in the PRDX3 gene and dietary fat intake contribute to obesity risk. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:882-7. [PMID: 21127481 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant capacity of the cell. This imbalance and an excess of ROS induce tissue/cellular damage, which are implicated in chronic inflammation disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndromes. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are the most abundant and ancient cellular antioxidant proteins that help to control intracellular peroxide levels and ROS-dependent signaling. Of the six mammalian isoforms, Prx III is specifically localized in mitochondria. In this study, we detected novel associations between genetic variations of the PRDX3 gene and BMI and obesity risk in the general Japanese population. In addition, these associations were observed only in the subjects with high dietary fat intake, but not in the subjects with low dietary fat intake. These findings indicate that the interaction between genetic variations in the PRDX3 gene and dietary fat intake is important for modulation of BMI and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Hiroi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Schiff M, Bénit P, Coulibaly A, Loublier S, El-Khoury R, Rustin P. Mitochondrial response to controlled nutrition in health and disease. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:65-75. [PMID: 21294740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria exert crucial physiological functions that create complex links among nutrition, health, and disease. While mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent impairment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the hallmark of the rare inherited OXPHOS diseases, OXPHOS dysfunction also plays a central role in the pathophysiology of common conditions such as type 2 diabetes and various neurodegenerative disorders. Dietary interventions, especially calorie restriction, have been shown to improve the course of these diseases and to extend the lifespan. Few data are available on the impact of nutraceuticals (macronutrients, vitamins, and cofactors) on primary inherited OXPHOS diseases. This review presents recent knowledge about the impact of nutritional modulation on mitochondria and lifespan regulation and about the development of potential treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schiff
- Centre de référence Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, INSERM, U676, Paris, France.
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Brouwers O, Niessen PM, Ferreira I, Miyata T, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T, Schrauwen P, Brownlee M, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG. Overexpression of glyoxalase-I reduces hyperglycemia-induced levels of advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1374-80. [PMID: 21056979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.144097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive advanced glycation end product (AGE) precursor methylglyoxal (MGO) and MGO-derived AGEs are associated with diabetic vascular complications and also with an increase in oxidative stress. Glyoxalase-I (GLO-I) transgenic rats were used to explore whether overexpression of this MGO detoxifying enzyme reduces levels of AGEs and oxidative stress in a rat model of diabetes. Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and after 12 weeks, plasma and multiple tissues were isolated for analysis of AGEs, carbonyl stress, and oxidative stress. GLO-I activity was significantly elevated in multiple tissues of all transgenic rats compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Streptozotocin treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase in blood glucose concentrations irrespective of GLO-I overexpression. Levels of MGO, glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone, AGEs, and oxidative stress markers nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde, and F2-isoprostane were elevated in the diabetic WT rats. In diabetic GLO-I rats, glyoxal and MGO composite scores were significantly decreased by 81%, and plasma AGEs and oxidative stress markers scores were significantly decreased by ∼50%. Hyperglycemia induced a decrease in protein levels of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex in the gastrocnemius muscle, which was accompanied by an increase in the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and this was counteracted by GLO-I overexpression. This study shows for the first time in an in vivo model of diabetes that GLO-I overexpression reduces hyperglycemia-induced levels of carbonyl stress, AGEs, and oxidative stress. The reduction of oxidative stress by GLO-I overexpression directly demonstrates the link between glycation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brouwers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Hoeks J, van Herpen NA, Mensink M, Moonen-Kornips E, van Beurden D, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P. Prolonged fasting identifies skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as consequence rather than cause of human insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010; 59:2117-25. [PMID: 20573749 PMCID: PMC2927932 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but it is debated whether this is a primary factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. To test the concept that mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to the development of insulin resistance, we employed the unique model of prolonged fasting in humans. Prolonged fasting is a physiologic condition in which muscular insulin resistance develops in the presence of increased free fatty acid (FFA) levels, increased fat oxidation and low glucose and insulin levels. It is therefore anticipated that skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is maintained to accommodate increased fat oxidation unless factors secondary to insulin resistance exert negative effects on mitochondrial function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS While in a respiration chamber, twelve healthy males were subjected to a 60 h fast and a 60 h normal fed condition in a randomized crossover design. Afterward, insulin sensitivity was assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and mitochondrial function was quantified ex vivo in permeabilized muscle fibers using high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS Indeed, FFA levels were increased approximately ninefold after 60 h of fasting in healthy male subjects, leading to elevated intramuscular lipid levels and decreased muscular insulin sensitivity. Despite an increase in whole-body fat oxidation, we observed an overall reduction in both coupled state 3 respiration and maximally uncoupled respiration in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers, which could not be explained by changes in mitochondrial density. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that the insulin-resistant state has secondary negative effects on mitochondrial function. Given the low insulin and glucose levels after prolonged fasting, hyperglycemia and insulin action per se can be excluded as underlying mechanisms, pointing toward elevated plasma FFA and/or intramuscular fat accumulation as possible causes for the observed reduction in mitochondrial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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High-fat diets rich in medium- versus long-chain fatty acids induce distinct patterns of tissue specific insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:366-71. [PMID: 20655716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excess dietary long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake results in ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Since medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are preferentially oxidized over LCFA, we hypothesized that diets rich in MCFA result in a lower ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance compared to diets rich in LCFA. Feeding mice high-fat (HF) (45% kcal fat) diets for 8 weeks rich in triacylglycerols composed of MCFA (HFMCT) or LCFA (HFLCT) revealed a lower body weight gain in the HFMCT-fed mice. Indirect calorimetry revealed higher fat oxidation on HFMCT compared to HFLCT (0.011.0±0.0007 vs. 0.0096±0.0015 kcal/g body weight per hour, P<.05). In line with this, neutral lipid immunohistochemistry revealed significantly lower lipid storage in skeletal muscle (0.05±0.08 vs. 0.30±0.23 area%, P <.05) and in liver (0.9±0.4 vs. 6.4±0.8 area%, P<.05) after HFMCT vs. HFLCT, while ectopic fat storage in low fat (LF) was very low. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps revealed that the HFMCT and HFLCT resulted in severe whole body insulin resistance (glucose infusion rate: 53.1±6.8, 50.8±15.3 vs. 124.6±25.4 μmol min(-1) kg(-1), P<.001 in HFMCT, HFLCT and LF-fed mice, respectively). However, under hyperinsulinemic conditions, HFMCT revealed a lower endogenous glucose output (22.6±8.0 vs. 34.7±8.5 μmol min(-1) kg(-1), P<.05) and a lower peripheral glucose disappearance (75.7±7.8 vs. 93.4±12.4 μmol min(-1) kg(-1), P<.03) compared to HFLCT-fed mice. In conclusion, both HF diets induced whole body insulin resistance compared to LF. However, the HFMCT gained less weight, had less ectopic lipid accumulation, while peripheral insulin resistance was more pronounced compared to HFLCT. This suggests that HF-diets rich in medium- versus long-chain triacylglycerols induce insulin resistance via distinct mechanisms.
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Jacome-Sosa MM, Lu J, Wang Y, Ruth MR, Wright DC, Reaney MJ, Shen J, Field CJ, Vine DF, Proctor SD. Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:60. [PMID: 20633302 PMCID: PMC3161353 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) are found naturally in ruminant-derived foods. CLA has been shown to have numerous potential health related effects and has been extensively investigated. More recently, we have shown that VA has lipid-lowering properties associated with reduced hepatic lipidogenesis and chylomicron secretion in the JCR:LA-cp rat. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential additional hypolipidemic effects of purified forms of CLA and VA in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome (the JCR:LA-cp rat). METHODS Twenty four obese JCR:LA-cp rats were randomized and assigned to one of three nutritionally adequate iso-caloric diets containing 1% w/w cholesterol and 15% w/w fat for 16 wk: 1) control diet (CD), 2) 1.0% w/w cis-9, trans-11 CLA (CLA), 3) 1.0% w/w VA and 1% w/w cis-9, trans-11 CLA (VA+CLA). Lean rats were fed the CD to represent normolipidemic conditions. RESULTS Fasting plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were reduced in obese rats fed either the CLA diet or the VA+CLA diet as compared to the obese control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001; p < 0.001, p < 0.01; p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). The VA+CLA diet reduced plasma TG and LDL-cholesterol to the level of the normolipidemic lean rats and further decreased nonesterified fatty acids compared to the CLA diet alone. Interestingly, rats fed the VA+CLA diet had a higher food intake but lower body weight than the CLA fed group (P < 0.05). Liver weight and TG content were lower in rats fed either CLA (p < 0.05) or VA+CLA diets (p < 0.001) compared to obese control, consistent with a decreased relative protein abundance of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase in both treatment groups (P < 0.01). The activity of citrate synthase was increased in liver and adipose tissue of rats fed, CLA and VA+CLA diets (p < 0.001) compared to obese control, suggesting increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the hypolipidemic effects of chronic cis-9, trans-11 CLA supplementation on circulating dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis are enhanced by the addition of VA in the JCR:LA-cp rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Lenaers E, De Feyter HM, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P, Schaart G, Nabben M, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ, Hesselink MKC. Adaptations in mitochondrial function parallel, but fail to rescue, the transition to severe hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia: a study in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1100-7. [PMID: 19875988 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional human studies have associated mitochondrial dysfunction to type 2 diabetes. We chose Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as a model of progressive insulin resistance to examine whether intrinsic mitochondrial defects are required for development of type 2 diabetes. Muscle mitochondrial function was examined in 6-, 12-, and 19-week-old ZDF (fa/fa) and fa/+ control rats (n = 8-10 per group) using respirometry with pyruvate, glutamate, and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. Six-week-old normoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic fa/fa rats had reduced mitochondrial fat oxidative capacity. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-driven state 3 and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)-stimulated state uncoupled (state u) respiration on palmitoyl-CoA were lower compared to controls (62.3 +/- 9.5 vs. 119.1 +/- 13.8 and 87.8 +/- 13.3 vs. 141.9 +/- 14.3 nmol O(2)/mg/min.). Pyruvate oxidation in 6-week-old fa/fa rats was similar to controls. Remarkably, reduced fat oxidative capacity in 6-week-old fa/fa rats was compensated for by an adaptive increase in intrinsic mitochondrial function at week 12, which could not be maintained toward week 19 (140.9 +/- 11.2 and 57.7 +/- 9.8 nmol O(2)/mg/min, weeks 12 and 19, respectively), whereas hyperglycemia had developed (13.5 +/- 0.6 and 16.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l, weeks 12 and 19, respectively). This mitochondrial adaptation failed to rescue the progressive development of insulin resistance in fa/fa rats. The transition of prediabetes state toward advanced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia was accompanied by a blunted increase in uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3). Thus, in ZDF rats insulin resistance develops progressively in the absence of mitochondrial dysfunction. In fact, improved mitochondrial capacity in hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemic rats does not rescue the progression toward advanced stages of insulin resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Hyperglycemia/complications
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/physiopathology
- Hyperinsulinism/complications
- Hyperinsulinism/metabolism
- Hyperinsulinism/physiopathology
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/pathology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/physiology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxygen Consumption/physiology
- Protein Carbonylation/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Severity of Illness Index
- Uncoupling Protein 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lenaers
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pagel-Langenickel I, Bao J, Pang L, Sack MN. The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:25-51. [PMID: 19861693 PMCID: PMC2852205 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organs contribute to the development of peripheral insulin resistance, with the major contributors being skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Because insulin resistance usually precedes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by many years, understanding the pathophysiology of insulin resistance should enable development of therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression. Some subjects with mitochondrial genomic variants/defects and a subset of lean individuals with hereditary predisposition to T2DM exhibit skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction early in the course of insulin resistance. In contrast, in the majority of subjects with T2DM the plurality of evidence implicates skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as a consequence of perturbations associated with T2DM, and these mitochondrial deficits then contribute to subsequent disease progression. We review the affirmative and contrarian data regarding skeletal muscle mitochondrial biology in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and explore potential therapeutic options to intrinsically modulate mitochondria as a strategy to combat insulin resistance. Furthermore, an overview of restricted molecular manipulations of skeletal muscle metabolic and mitochondrial biology offers insight into the mitochondrial role in metabolic substrate partitioning and in promoting innate adaptive and maladaptive responses that collectively regulate peripheral insulin sensitivity. We conclude that skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is not generally a major initiator of the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, although its dysfunction is integral to this pathophysiology and it remains an intriguing target to reverse/delay the progressive perturbations synonymous with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Pagel-Langenickel
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1454, USA
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Samocha-Bonet D, Heilbronn LK, Lichtenberg D, Campbell LV. Does skeletal muscle oxidative stress initiate insulin resistance in genetically predisposed individuals? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:83-8. [PMID: 19854062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are postulated to be a common trigger of insulin resistance. For example, treatment of adipocytes with either tumor-necrosis factor-alpha or dexamethasone increases ROS before impairing glucose uptake. Similarly, treatment with mitochondria-specific antioxidants preserves insulin sensitivity in animal models of insulin resistance. However, it remains unclear whether ROS contribute to insulin resistance in humans. First-degree relatives (FDRs) of type 2 diabetes subjects are at increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the documented metabolic impairments in FDRs that could contribute to insulin resistance via increased oxidative stress. We propose that lipotoxic intermediates and lipid peroxides in skeletal muscle interfere with insulin signaling and might cause insulin resistance in these 'at risk' individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Van den Broek NMA, Ciapaite J, De Feyter HMML, Houten SM, Wanders RJA, Jeneson JAL, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Increased mitochondrial content rescues
in vivo
muscle oxidative capacity in long‐term high‐fat‐diet‐fed rats. FASEB J 2009; 24:1354-64. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. A. Van den Broek
- Biomedical NMRDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - J. Ciapaite
- Biomedical NMRDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - H. M. M. L. De Feyter
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyMagnetic Resonance Research CenterYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - S. M. Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic DiseasesDepartments of Pediatrics and Clinical ChemistryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - R. J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic DiseasesDepartments of Pediatrics and Clinical ChemistryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - J. A. L. Jeneson
- Biomedical NMRDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - K. Nicolay
- Biomedical NMRDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - J. J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMRDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Schiff M, Loublier S, Coulibaly A, Bénit P, Ogier de Baulny H, Rustin P. Mitochondria and diabetes mellitus: untangling a conflictive relationship? J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:684-698. [PMID: 19821144 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is occasionally observed in patients with skeletal muscle respiratory chain deficiency, suggesting that skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction might play a pathogenic role in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In support of this hypothesis, decreased muscle mitochondrial activity has been reported in T2D patients and in mouse models of diabetes. However, recent work by several groups suggests that decreased muscle mitochondrial function may be a consequence rather than a cause of diabetes, since decreased mitochondrial function in mice affords protection from diabetes and obesity. We review the data on this controversial but important issue of potential links between mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schiff
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, Paris, France
- Centre de référence Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - S Loublier
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, Paris, France
| | - A Coulibaly
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, Paris, France
| | - P Bénit
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, Paris, France
| | - H Ogier de Baulny
- Centre de référence Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - P Rustin
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
- Université Paris 7, Faculté de médecine Denis Diderot, IFR02, Paris, France.
- INSERM U676, Bâtiment Ecran, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:266-71. [PMID: 19782153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle has been suggested to underlie the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Reduced mitochondrial capacity will contribute to the accumulation of lipid intermediates, desensitizing insulin signaling and leading to insulin resistance. Why mitochondrial function is reduced in the (pre-)diabetic state is, however, so far unknown. Although it is tempting to suggest that skeletal muscle insulin resistance may result from an inherited or acquired reduction in mitochondrial function in the pre-diabetic state, it cannot be excluded that mitochondrial dysfunction may in fact be the consequence of the insulin-resistant/diabetic state. Lipotoxicity, the deleterious effects of accumulating fatty acids in skeletal muscle cells, may lie at the basis of mitochondrial dysfunction: next to producing energy, mitochondria are also the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Fatty acids accumulating in the vicinity of mitochondria are vulnerable to ROS-induced lipid peroxidation. Subsequently, these lipid peroxides could have lipotoxic effects on mtDNA, RNA and proteins of the mitochondrial machinery, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Indeed, increased lipid peroxidation has been reported in insulin resistant skeletal muscle and the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3, which has been suggested to prevent lipid-induced mitochondrial damage, is reduced in subjects with an impaired glucose tolerance and in type 2 diabetic patients. These findings support the hypothesis that fat accumulation in skeletal muscle may precede the reduction in mitochondrial function that is observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Holloszy JO. Skeletal muscle "mitochondrial deficiency" does not mediate insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:463S-6S. [PMID: 19056574 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26717c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin-resistant obese individuals, and insulin-resistant offspring of patients with diabetes have approximately 30% less mitochondria in their skeletal muscles than age-matched healthy controls. It has been hypothesized that this "deficiency" of mitochondria mediates insulin resistance by impairing the ability of muscle to oxidize fatty acids (FAs). However, a 30% decrease in mitochondria should not impair the ability of muscle to oxidize FAs because the capacity of muscle to oxidize substrate is far in excess of what is needed to supply energy in the basal state, ie, in resting muscle. In pathologic states in which mitochondrial content/function is so severely impaired as to limit substrate oxidation in resting muscle, glucose uptake and insulin action are actually enhanced. Recent studies have shown that feeding rodents high-fat diets and raising FA concentrations results in muscle insulin resistance despite an increase muscle mitochondria that enhances the capacity for fat oxidation. Furthermore, it was recently shown that skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes is the same as in nondiabetic Indians and higher than in healthy European Americans. In light of this evidence, it seems highly unlikely that "mitochondrial deficiency" causes muscle insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Holloszy
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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43
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Nabben M, Hoeks J, Briedé JJ, Glatz JFC, Moonen-Kornips E, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P. The effect of UCP3 overexpression on mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle of young versus aged mice. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:4147-52. [PMID: 19041310 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is suggested to protect mitochondria against aging and lipid-induced damage, possibly via modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here we show that mice overexpressing UCP3 (UCP3Tg) have a blunted age-induced increase in ROS production, assessed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, but only after addition of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Mitochondrial function, assessed by respirometry, on glycolytic substrate was lower in UCP3Tg mice compared to wild types, whereas this tended to be higher on fatty acids. State 4o respiration was higher in UCP3Tg animals. To conclude, UCP3 overexpression leads to increased state 4o respiration and, in presence of 4-HNE, blunts the age-induced increase in ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Nabben
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Díaz
- a Laboratorio de Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana , Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Roberto Cao
- c Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF, México
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45
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De Feyter HM, Lenaers E, Houten SM, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MK, Wanders RJA, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Increased intramyocellular lipid content but normal skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity throughout the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2008; 22:3947-55. [PMID: 18653763 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently inherited or acquired skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to dysregulated fatty acid metabolism, resulting in increased levels of intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) and lipid intermediates, inducing insulin resistance. The present study aimed to clarify the order of changes in IMCL levels and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function during the development of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. IMCL levels and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity were determined in vivo, using localized (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and dynamic (31)P MRS, respectively. In parallel, in vitro activities were measured from enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Fa/fa ZDF rats were studied at 3 different ages corresponding to different stages of type 2 diabetes, whereas fa/+ rats served as controls. Fa/fa ZDF rats had higher IMCL contents than controls throughout the duration of the study. In vivo muscle oxidative capacity was not different in fa/fa animals compared to controls, and in vitro enzyme activity data suggested improved functionality of enzymes involved in fat oxidation in type 2 diabetic animals. Accordingly, we can conclude that in the ZDF rat model, type 2 diabetes develops in the absence of skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk M De Feyter
- Yale University, MRRC, TAC N 136, 300 Cedar St., PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT 06520-8043, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute exposure to fatty acids causes insulin resistance in muscle, and excess dietary lipid and obesity are also strongly associated with muscle insulin resistance. Relevant mechanisms, however, are still not fully elucidated. Here we examine the latest evidence as to why lipids might accumulate in muscle and the possible mechanisms for lipid-induced insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Muscle lipid metabolites such as long chain fatty acid coenzyme As, diacylglycerol and ceramides may impair insulin signalling directly. Crosstalk between inflammatory signalling pathways and insulin signalling pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have also been put forward as major contributors to the development or maintenance of lipid-induced insulin resistance in muscle. Several animal models with gene deletions in pathways of fatty acid synthesis and storage also show increased metabolic rate, reduced intramuscular lipid storage and improved insulin action when challenged with a high lipid load. SUMMARY Studies in genetic and dietary obese animal models, genetically modified animals and humans with obesity or type 2 diabetes suggest plausible mechanisms for effects of fatty acids, lipid metabolites, inflammatory pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction on insulin action in muscle. Many of these mechanisms, however, have been demonstrated in situations in which lipid accumulation (obesity) already exists. Whether the initial events leading to muscle insulin resistance are direct effects of fatty acids in muscle or are secondary to lipid accumulation in adipose tissue or liver remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Kraegen
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:314-21. [PMID: 18460925 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328303e27e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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