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Aly AA, Górecki T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography with reversed phase in both dimensions: A review. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464824. [PMID: 38522405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), and in particular comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC), offers increased peak capacity, resolution and selectivity compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. It is commonly accepted that the technique produces the best results when the separation mechanisms in the two dimensions are completely orthogonal; however, the use of similar separation mechanisms in both dimensions has been gaining popularity as it helps avoid difficulties related to mobile phase incompatibility and poor column efficiency. The remarkable advantages of using reversed phase in both dimensions (RPLC×RPLC) over other separation mechanisms made it a promising technique in the separation of complex samples. This review discusses some physical and practical considerations in method development for 2D-LC involving the use of RP in both dimensions. In addition, an extensive overview is presented of different applications that relied on RPLC×RPLC and 2D-LC with reversed phase column combinations to separate components of complex samples in different fields including food analysis, natural product analysis, environmental analysis, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A Aly
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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2
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Samimi P, Aslani R, Molaee-Aghaee E, Sadighara P, Shariatifar N, Jahed Khaniki G, Ozcakmak S, Reshadat Z. Determination and risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 in the kernel of imported raw hazelnuts from Eastern Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6864. [PMID: 38514765 PMCID: PMC10957946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widespread and seriously threatens public health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate AFB1 in imported hazelnut samples in northwest of Iran (Eastern Azerbaijan Province) using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescent Detector (HPLC-FLD). In all tested samples AFB1 was detected. The mean concentration of AFB1 was 4.20 μg/kg and ranged from 3.145 to 8.13 μg/kg. All samples contained AFB1 levels within the maximum acceptable limit except for one sample. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment of AFB1 from consuming imported hazelnuts by Iranian children and adults was evaluated based on the margin of exposure (MoE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. The MoE mean for children was 2529.76, while for adults, it was 8854.16, indicating a public health concern. The present study found that the risk of developing liver cancer among Iranian children was 0.11100736 per 100,000 people, and in the Iranian adult population was 0.0314496 cancers per 100,000 people. Since environmental conditions potentially affect aflatoxin levels in nuts, countries are advised to monitor aflatoxin contents in imported nuts, especially from countries with a conducive climate for mold growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Samimi
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Aslani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sibel Ozcakmak
- Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Zahra Reshadat
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Casado N, Berenguer CV, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. What Are We Eating? Surveying the Presence of Toxic Molecules in the Food Supply Chain Using Chromatographic Approaches. Molecules 2024; 29:579. [PMID: 38338324 PMCID: PMC10856495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.V.B.); (J.S.C.)
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Xu XY, Jiang MT, Wang Y, Sun H, Jing Q, Li XH, Xu B, Zou YD, Yu HS, Li Z, Guo DA, Yang WZ. Multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography/charged aerosol detector assay of ginsenosides for quality evaluation of ginseng from diverse Chinese patent medicines. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464344. [PMID: 37703763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
For quality control of Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) containing the same herbal medicine or different herbal medicines that have similar chemical composition, current ″one standard for one species″ research mode leads to poor universality of the analytical approaches unfavorable to discriminate easily confused species. Herein, we were aimed to elaborate a multiple heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography/charged aerosol detector (MHC-2DLC/CAD) approach to quantitatively assess ginseng from multiple CPMs. Targeting baseline resolution of 16 ginsenosides (noto-R1/Rg1/Re/Rf/Ra2/Rb1/Rc/Ro/Rb2/Rb3/Rd/Rh1/Rg2/Rg3/Rg3(R)/24(R)-p-F11), experiments were conducted to optimize key parameters and validate its performance. A Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column and an XBridge Shield RP18 column were separately utilized in the first-dimensional (1D) and the second-dimensional (2D) chromatography. Eight consecutive cuttings could achieve good separation of 16 ginsenosides within 85 min. The developed MHC-2DLC/CAD method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999), repeatability (RSD < 6.73%), stability (RSD < 5.63%), inter- and intra-day precision (RSD < 5.57%), recovery (93.76-111.14%), and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) varied between 0.45-2.37 ng and 0.96-4.71 ng, respectively. We applied it to the content determination of 16 ginsenosides simultaneously from 28 different ginseng-containing CPMs, which unveiled the ginsenoside content difference among the tested CPMs, and gave useful information to discriminate ginseng in the preparation samples, as well. The MHC-2DLC/CAD approach exhibited advantages of high specificity, good separation ability, and relative high analysis efficiency, which also justified the feasibility of our proposed ″Monomethod Characterization of Structure Analogs″ strategy in quality evaluation of diverse CPMs that contained different ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mei-Ting Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qi Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He-Shui Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - De-An Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Caño-Carrillo I, Gilbert-López B, Montero L, Martínez-Piernas AB, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Comprehensive and heart-cutting multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its applications in food analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37056215 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In food analysis, conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods sometimes lack sufficient separation power due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the analyzed matrices. Therefore, the use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) turns out to be a powerful tool to consider, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This review presents the most remarkable 2D-LC-MS food applications reported in the last 10 years, including a critical discussion of the multiple approaches, modulation strategies as well as the importance of the optimization of the different analytical aspects that will condition the 2D-LC-MS performance. The presence of contaminants in food (food safety), the food quality, and authenticity or the relationship between the beneficial effects of food and human health are some of the fields in which most of the 2D-LC-MS applications are mainly focused. Both heart-cutting and comprehensive applications are described and discussed in this review, highlighting the potential of 2D-LC-MS for the analysis of such complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caño-Carrillo
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lidia Montero
- Institute of Food Science Research-CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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6
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Yang X, Huang R, Xiong L, Chen F, Sun W, Yu L. A Colorimetric Aptasensor for Ochratoxin A Detection Based on Tetramethylrhodamine Charge Effect-Assisted Silver Enhancement. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040468. [PMID: 37185543 PMCID: PMC10136965 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel colorimetric aptasensor based on charge effect-assisted silver enhancement was developed to detect ochratoxin A (OTA). To achieve this objective, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which can catalyze silver reduction and deposition, were used as the carrier of the aptamers tagged with a positively charged tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA). Due to the mutual attraction of positive and negative charges, the TAMRA attracted and retained the silver lactate around the AuNPs. Thus, the chance of AuNP-catalyzed silver reduction was increased. The charge effect-assisted silver enhancement was verified by tagging different base pair length aptamers with TAMRA. Under optimized conditions, the as-prepared OTA aptasensor had a working range of 1 × 102-1 × 106 pg mL-1. The detection limit was as low as 28.18 pg mL-1. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor has been successfully applied to determine OTA in actual samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lulu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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7
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Caño-Carrillo I, Gilbert-López B, Montero L, Martínez-Piernas AB, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A. Comprehensive and heart-cutting multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its applications in food analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37010157 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In food analysis, conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography methods sometimes lack sufficient separation power due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the analysed matrices. Therefore, the use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) turns out to be a powerful tool to consider, especially when coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This review presents the most remarkable 2D-LC-MS food applications reported in the last 10 years, including a critical discussion of the multiple approaches, modulation strategies as well as the importance of the optimisation of the different analytical aspects that will condition the 2D-LC-MS performance. The presence of contaminants in food (food safety), the food quality and authenticity or the relationship between the beneficial effects of food and human health are some of the fields in which most of the 2D-LC-MS applications are mainly focused. Both heart-cutting and comprehensive applications are described and discussed in this review, highlighting the potential of 2D-LC-MS for the analysis of such complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caño-Carrillo
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Bienvenida Gilbert-López
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Lidia Montero
- Institute of Food Science Research-CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Martínez-Piernas
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- University Research Institute for Olives Grove and Olive Oil, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Current Developments of Analytical Methodologies for Aflatoxins' Determination in Food during the Last Decade (2013-2022), with a Particular Focus on Nuts and Nut Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030527. [PMID: 36766055 PMCID: PMC9914313 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a clear overview of the most important analytical development in aflatoxins analysis during the last decade (2013-2022) with a particular focus on nuts and nuts-related products. Aflatoxins (AFs), a group of mycotoxins produced mainly by certain strains of the genus Aspergillus fungi, are known to impose a serious threat to human health. Indeed, AFs are considered carcinogenic to humans, group 1, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Since these toxins can be found in different food commodities, food control organizations worldwide impose maximum levels of AFs for commodities affected by this threat. Thus, they represent a cumbersome issue in terms of quality control, analytical result reliability, and economical losses. It is, therefore, mandatory for food industries to perform analysis on potentially contaminated commodities before the trade. A full perspective of the whole analytical workflow, considering each crucial step during AFs investigation, namely sampling, sample preparation, separation, and detection, will be presented to the reader, focusing on the main challenges related to the topic. A discussion will be primarily held regarding sample preparation methodologies such as partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), and immunoaffinity (IA) related methods. This will be followed by an overview of the leading analytical techniques for the detection of aflatoxins, in particular liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a fluorescence detector (FLD) and/or mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, the focus on the analytical procedure will not be specific only to traditional methodologies, such as LC, but also to new direct approaches based on imaging and the ability to detect AFs, reducing the need for sample preparation and separative techniques.
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Luo D, Guan J, Dong H, Chen J, Liang M, Zhou C, Xian Y, Xu X. Simultaneous determination of twelve mycotoxins in edible oil, soy sauce and bean sauce by PRiME HLB solid phase extraction combined with HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1001671. [PMID: 36245528 PMCID: PMC9555343 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS) method was established for the determination of 12 mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, HT-2 toxin, sterigmatocystin, diacetoxysciroenol, penicillic acid, mycophenolic acid, and citreoviridin) in edible oil, soy sauce, and bean sauce. Samples were extracted by 80:20 (v:v) acetonitrile-water solution, purified by PRiME HLB column, separated by aQ C18 column with mobile phase consisting of 0.5 mmol/L ammonium acetate-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol. The results showed that the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of 12 mycotoxins were 0.12–1.2 μg/L and 0.40–4.0 μg/L, respectively. The determination coefficients of 12 mycotoxins in the range of 0.20–100 μg/L were > 0.998. The average recoveries in soy sauce and bean sauce were 78.4–106.8%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.2–9.7% under three levels, including LOQ, 2× LOQ and 10 × LOQ. The average recoveries in edible oil were 78.3–115.6%, and the precision RSD (n = 6) was 0.9–8.6%. A total of 24 edible oils, soy sauce and bean sauce samples were analyzed by this method. AFB1, AFB2, sterigmatocystin and mycophenolic acid were detected in several samples at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 22.1 μg/kg. The method is simple, sensitive, and rapid and can be used for screening and quantitative analysis of mycotoxin contamination in edible oil, soy sauce, and bean sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Hanjiang Laboratory), Chaozhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Dong
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
| | - Yanping Xian
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, China
- Xiaofei Xu
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Vilar Nogueira W, Dias Remedi R, Vanessa Marimón-Sibaja K, David Moreira Gonçalves K, Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira M, Gardea-Buffon J. Tricothecenes and enzyme activities in the mashing step of the brewing process. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Su B, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Tang Z, Xie X, Chen Q, Cao H, Yu X, Xu Y, Liu X, Hammock BD. Fluonanobody-based nanosensor via fluorescence resonance energy transfer for ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126838. [PMID: 34411960 PMCID: PMC8889937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in food is a serious threat to public health. There is an urgent need for development of rapid and sensitive methods for OTA detection, to minimize consumer exposure to OTA. In this study, we constructed two OTA-specific fluonanobodies (FluoNbs), with a nanobody fused at the carboxyl-terminal (SGFP-Nb) or the amino-terminal (Nb-SGFP) of superfolder green fluorescence protein. SGFP-Nb, which displayed better fluorescence performance, was selected as the tracer for OTA, to develop a FluoNb-based nanosensor (FN-Nanosens) via the fluorescence resonance energy transfer, where the SGFP-Nb served as the donor and the chemical conjugates of OTA-quantum dots served as the acceptor. After optimization, FN-Nanosens showed a limit of detection of 5 pg/mL, with a linear detection range of 5-5000 pg/mL. FN-Nanosens was found to be highly selective for OTA and showed good accuracy and repeatability in recovery experiments using cereals with various complex matrix environments. Moreover, the contents of OTA in real samples measured using FN-Nanosens correlated well with those from the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Therefore, this work illustrated that the FluoNb is an ideal immunosensing tool and that FN-Nanosens is reliable for rapid detection of OTA in cereals with ultrahigh sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchao Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources and College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710119, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zongwen Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xing Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Liang L, Duan W, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Sun B. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Chmangui A, Jayasinghe GDTM, Driss MR, Touil S, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bouabdallah S, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Assessment of trace levels of aflatoxins AFB1 and AFB2 in non-dairy beverages by molecularly imprinted polymer based micro solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3433-3443. [PMID: 34259236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbent was synthesised and used in a batch micro-solid phase extraction format for isolating aflatoxins (AFB1, and AFB2) from non-dairy beverages before liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination. MIP synthesis (precipitation polymerization in 3 : 1 acetonitrile/toluene as a porogen) was performed with 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (DMC), methacrylic acid (MAA) and divinylbenzene-80 (DVB) as a dummy template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively (1 : 4 : 20 molar ratio). 2,2'-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as a polymerization initiator. The adsorbent MIP (50 mg) was enclosed in a cone-shaped polypropylene membrane (porous membrane protected molecularly imprinted micro-solid phase extraction), and parameters such as sample pH, mechanical (orbital-horizontal) shaking, the extraction time (loading stage), the composition of the eluting solution, and the desorption time were optimised. The highest extraction yields were obtained by using 5 mL of non-dairy beverages (pH adjusted at 6.0), and mechanical shaking (150 rpm) for 15 min. Elution was performed with 5 mL of an acetonitrile/formic acid (97.5 : 2.5) mixture under ultrasound (325 W, 35 kHz) for 15 min. After eluate evaporation to dryness and re-dissolution in 150 μL of the mobile phase, the pre-concentration factor of the method was 33.3, which yields limits of detection within the 0.085-0.207 μg L-1 range. In addition, the current proposal was shown to be an accurate and precise method through relative standard deviation of intraday and inter-day assays below 18% and analytical recoveries in the range of 91-104%. However, the method was found to suffer from matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chmangui
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Strategic Grouping in Materials (AEMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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14
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Liu J, Zhou Y, Dong H, Li Q, Zhang Y, Xu M. Disposable Electrochemical Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Using Copper Nanoparticles as Probes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Liu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 20090 P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
| | - Qiaoxia Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 20090 P. R. China
| | - Yintang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shangqiu Normal University Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
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15
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Jorquera-Pereira D, Pavón-Pérez J, Ríos-Gajardo G. Identification of type B trichothecenes and zearalenone in Chilean cereals by planar chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1778-1787. [PMID: 34254899 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1948618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and HPTLC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) methods were described for the simultaneous determination of zearalenone (ZEA); type B trichothecenes (TCT-B); nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) along with its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The extract samples were cleaned-up with Bond Elut Mycotoxin® solid-phase extraction cartridges. Then, separation was performed on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates using toluene, ethyl acetate and formic acid (1:8:1 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Derivatisation was then performed with 10% aluminium trichloride in 50% methanol. Mycotoxin standards and spiked cereals grains were identified by UV spots at 366 nm, with retention factors (RF) of 0.20 (NIV), 0.39 (DON), 0.45 (15-ADON), 0.50 (3-ADON) and 0.60 (ZEA). Some parameters of validation were determined. Calibration data (n = 5) fitted a linear regression model with determination coefficients, R2 > 0.99. The recovery was determined in triplicate at two levels, ranging from 84.3 ± 2.2% to 114.2 ± 11.7%. Detection limits ranged from 80 to 120 μg kg-1 and quantification limits ranged from 120.0 to 200 μg kg-1. The analysis by HPTLC/electrospray (ESI)-MS in negative mode confirmed the presence of TCT-B and ZEA standards in Chilean cereals with mass signals at m/z 355, 371, 337, and 317 for DON, NIV, 3-ADON and 15-ADON, and ZEA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jorquera-Pereira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory in Mycotoxins, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Jessy Pavón-Pérez
- Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Gisela Ríos-Gajardo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Group of Marine Biotechnology (GIBMAR), Center for Biotechnology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory in Mycotoxins, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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16
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development, validation, and application of a multi-method for the determination of mycotoxins, plant growth regulators, tropane alkaloids, and pesticides in cereals by two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3041-3054. [PMID: 33713146 PMCID: PMC8044062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides regularly co-occur in agricultural products worldwide. Thus, humans can be exposed to both toxic contaminants and pesticides simultaneously, and multi-methods assessing the occurrence of various food contaminants and residues in a single method are necessary. A two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 40 (modified) mycotoxins, two plant growth regulators, two tropane alkaloids, and 334 pesticides in cereals was developed. After an acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79:20:1, v/v/v) multi-analyte extraction procedure, extracts were injected into the two-dimensional setup, and an online clean-up was performed. The method was validated according to Commission Decision (EC) no. 657/2002 and document N° SANTE/12682/2019. Good linearity (R2 > 0.96), recovery data between 70-120%, repeatability and reproducibility values < 20%, and expanded measurement uncertainties < 50% were obtained for a wide range of analytes, including very polar substances like deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and methamidophos. However, results for fumonisins, zearalenone-14,16-disulfate, acid-labile pesticides, and carbamates were unsatisfying. Limits of quantification meeting maximum (residue) limits were achieved for most analytes. Matrix effects varied highly (-85 to +1574%) and were mainly observed for analytes eluting in the first dimension and early-eluting analytes in the second dimension. The application of the method demonstrated the co-occurrence of different types of cereals with 28 toxins and pesticides. Overall, 86% of the samples showed positive findings with at least one mycotoxin, plant growth regulator, or pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Ma S, Pan LG, You T, Wang K. g-C 3N 4/Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposites as Adsorbents Analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS for Highly Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of 27 Mycotoxins in Maize: Aiming at Increasing Purification Efficiency and Reducing Time. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4874-4882. [PMID: 33861062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to known studies, numerous mycotoxins have been found simultaneously in foods and have a certain expansion toxicity, so the simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins is absolutely critical. In this article, multifunctional magnetic g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have been fabricated to employ as modified QuEChERS adsorbents. In addition, they were also used in conjunction with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), an accurate quantitative approach, to analyze 27 mycotoxins in maize. The improved method not only has a powerful adsorption effect on the complex matrix by g-C3N4/Fe3O4 but also enables magnetic separation from the sample solution. Experiments proved that this method can exhibit good linearity under the appropriate and optimal external environment (r2 ≥ 0.9954), high sensitivity (the threshold of detection limit is 0.0004-0.6226 μg kg-1, and the threshold of quantification limit is 0.0014-2.0753 μg kg-1), adequate recoveries (77.81-115.21%), and excellent repeatability (with a threshold of intraday precision of 1.5-10.8% and interday precision in the range of 2.9-12.5%). In practice this method has been used to evaluate a variety of mycotoxins in maize specimens, and certain actual outcomes have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shu guang hua yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, P.R. China
| | - Li Gang Pan
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shu guang hua yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, P.R. China
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
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18
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Li H, Zhang D, Cheng X, Sultan MFA, Xiong L, Ma Y, Wang M, Feng W. Application of the Westgard Multi-rule Theory to Internal Quality Control Evaluation of Voriconazole for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200818104337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
There is no worldwide recognized reference internal quality control method
for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of voriconazole (VCZ) by Liquid Chromatography (LC). In
this study, we aimed to develop an internal quality control method for TDM of VCZ, evaluate it by the
Westgard multi-rule theory, and guarantee the analytical quality of the assays.
Methods:
The plasma concentration of VCZ was detected by two-dimensional liquid chromatography
with ultraviolet detection (2D-LC-UV) method. The internal quality control results accompanying with
TDM of VCZ in our laboratory from July 2019 to January 2020 were collected and retrospectively
studied. The Levey-Jennings quality chart and Z-score quality chart were drawn and Westgard multirules
of 12s/13s/22s/R4s/41s/10x were applied to assess the suitable quality control method for TDM of
VCZ.
Results:
The 2D-LC-UV method was well suited to monitor the plasma concentration of VCZ and increase
the real-time capability of TDM for VCZ. Combined with Westgard multi-rules, the quality control
charts of Levery-Jennings and Z-score both can timely discover and judge the systematic errors
and random errors for the internal quality control results. 86 batches of quality control products were
assessed and 7 times warnings and 6 times out of control were detected.
Conclusion:
The Westgard multi-rules, with high efficacy in determining detection errors, has important
application value in the internal quality control for TDM of VCZ. The developed quality control
method can improve the accuracy and reliability for VCZ measurement by the 2D-LC-UV method
and further promote the clinical rational use of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houli Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoliang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Lilong Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maoyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiyi Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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20
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Huang Y, Zhu F, Guan J, Wei W, Zou L. Label-Free Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Versatile Carbon Nanofibers Network Coupled with Au Nanoparticles for Aflatoxin B 1 Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010005. [PMID: 33374220 PMCID: PMC7823963 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Facile detection methods for mycotoxins with high sensitivity are of great significance to prevent potential harm to humans. Herein, a label-free amperometric immunosensor based on a 3-D interconnected carbon nanofibers (CNFs) network coupled with well-dispersed Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) is proposed for the quantitative determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in wheat samples. In comparison to common carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the CNFs network derived from bacterial cellulose biomass possesses a unique hierarchically porous structure for fast electrolyte diffusion and a larger electrochemical active area, which increases the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry curves for an immunosensor. Combined with AuNPs that are incorporated into CNFs by using linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a soft template, the developed Au@PEI@CNFs-based immunosensor showed a good linear response to AFB1 concentrations in a wide range from 0.05 to 25 ng mL-1. The limit of detection was 0.027 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), more than three-fold lower than that of an Au@PEI@CNTs-based sensor. The reproducibility, storage stability and selectivity of the immunosensor were proved to be satisfactory. The developed immunosensor with appropriate sensitivity and reliable accuracy can be used for the analysis of wheat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Fei Zhu
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jinhua Guan
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Long Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation & Utilization from Poyang Lake Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (F.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (L.Z.)
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21
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Arena K, Mandolfino F, Cacciola F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Multidimensional liquid chromatography approaches for analysis of food contaminants. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:17-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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22
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Galimberti A, Cena H, Campone L, Ferri E, Dell'Agli M, Sangiovanni E, Belingheri M, Riva MA, Casiraghi M, Labra M. Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Nutr 2020; 7:569542. [PMID: 33134308 PMCID: PMC7578405 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is literally changing the world. From December 2019 to date, more than 22 million cases have been reported worldwide and global health institutions are acting to slow down the virus transmission and are looking for possible prevention strategies in case of a new outbreak. As in other endemic or pandemic phenomena, the issues mostly covered by scientific and media attention are related to the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of COVID-19. However, a still neglected issue regards the adoption of a more systemic approach considering the close connection among the infection, the environment, and human behaviors, including the role of diet and urban management. To shed light on this issue, we brought together a faculty group involving experts in environment and biodiversity, food safety, human nutrition, and behavior, bioprospecting, as well as medical doctors having a deep knowledge of the complex historical relationship between humanity and vector-borne infections. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Definitely, some priority issues should be addressed to achieve these goals, such as global efforts to increase food safety and security, which would benefit from urban and peri-urban agriculture enhancement, smallholder food producers support, and ecosystem services and local biodiversity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galimberti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Campone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Belingheri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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23
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Zhang K, Banerjee K. A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E539. [PMID: 32825718 PMCID: PMC7551558 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307, India;
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Colombo R, Papetti A. Pre-Concentration and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153441. [PMID: 32751123 PMCID: PMC7436008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are considered one of the most dangerous agricultural and food contaminants. They are toxic and the development of rapid and sensitive analytical methods to detect and quantify them is a very important issue in the context of food safety and animal/human health. The need to detect mycotoxins at trace levels and to simultaneously analyze many different mycotoxin types became mandatory to protect public health. In fact, European Commission regulations specified both their limits in foodstuffs and official sample preparation protocols in addition to analytical methods to verify their presence. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) includes different separation modes, allowing many versatile applications in food analysis and safety. In the context of mycotoxins, recent advances to improve CE sensitivity, particularly pre-concentration techniques or miniaturized systems, deserve remarkable attention, as they provide an interesting approach in the analysis of such contaminants in complex food matrices. This review summarizes the applications of CE combined with different pre-concentration approaches, which have been proposed in the literature (mainly) in the last ten years. A section is also dedicated to recent microchip–CE devices since they represent the most promising CE mode for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382987863; Fax: +39-0382422975
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Tao Z, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang Z. Competitive HRP-Linked Colorimetric Aptasensor for the Detection of Fumonisin B1 in Food based on Dual Biotin-Streptavidin Interaction. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E31. [PMID: 32235423 PMCID: PMC7235773 DOI: 10.3390/bios10040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most prevalent and toxic form among fumonisin homologues which are produced by fusarium species and it contaminates various types of food products, posing serious health hazards for humans and animals. In this work, a colorimetric assay for the detection of FB1 has been developed based on competitive horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked aptamer and dual biotin-streptavidin interaction. In short, a biotinylated aptamer of FB1 was immobilized on the microplate by biotin-streptavidin binding; the complementary strand (csDNA) of the aptamer was ligated with HRP by biotin-streptavidin binding again to form a csDNA-HRP sensing probe, competing with FB1 to bind to the aptamer. The color change can be observed after the addition of chromogenic and stop solution, thereby realizing the visual detection of FB1. Under optimal conditions, good linearity was observed within the concentration range of 0.5 to 300 ng/mL, with a detection of limit of 0.3 ng/mL. This assay is further validated by spike recovery tests towards beer and corn samples, it provides a simple, sensitive and reliable method for the screening of FB1 in food samples and may be potentially used as an alternative to conventional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.T.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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