1
|
Stathas L, Aspridou Z, Koutsoumanis K. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh chicken patties. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113960. [PMID: 38309878 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has witnessed rapid development within the context of food safety in recent years. As a means of contributing to these advancements, a QMRA for Salmonella spp. in fresh chicken patties for the general European Union (EU) population was developed. A two-dimensional (Second Order) Monte-Carlo simulation method was used for separating variability and uncertainty of model's parameters. The stages of industrial processing, retail storage, domestic storage, and cooking in the domestic environment were considered in the exposure assessment. For hazard characterization, a dose-response model was developed by combining 8 published dose-response models using a Pert distribution for describing uncertainty. The QMRA model predicted a mean probability of illness of 1.19*10-4 (5.28*10-5 - 3.57*10-4 95 % C.I.), and a mean annual number of illnesses per 100,000 people of 2.13 (0.96 - 6.59 95 % C.I.). Moreover, sensitivity analysis was performed, and variability in cooking preferences was found to be the most influential model parameter (r = -0.39), followed by dose-response related variability (r = 0.22), and variability in the concentration of Salmonella spp. at the time of introduction at the processing facility (r = 0.11). Various mitigation strategy scenarios were tested, from which, "increasing the internal temperature of cooking" and "decreasing shelf life" were estimated to be the most effective in reducing the predicted risk of illness. Salmonella-related illnesses exhibit particularly high severity, making them some of the most prominent zoonotic diseases in the EU. Regular monitoring of this hazard in order to further highlight its related parameters and causes is a necessary procedure. This study not only provides an updated assessment of Salmonella spp. risk associated with chicken patties, but also facilitates the identification of crucial targets for scientific investigation and implementation of real-world intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardos Stathas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Zafiro Aspridou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koutsoumanis
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flach MG, Dogan OB, Miller MF, Sanchez-Plata MX, Brashears MM. Validation of a Bacteriophage Hide Application to Reduce STEC in the Lairage Area of Commercial Beef Cattle Operations. Foods 2023; 12:4349. [PMID: 38231835 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Finalyse, a T4 bacteriophage, is a pre-harvest intervention that utilizes a combination of bacteriophages to reduce incoming Escherichia coli O157:H7 prevalence by destroying the bacteria on the hides of harvest-ready cattle entering commercial abattoirs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Finalyse, as a pre-harvest intervention, on the reduction in pathogens, specifically E. coli O157:H7, on the cattle hides and lairage environment to overall reduce incoming pathogen loads. Over 5 sampling events, a total of 300 composite hide samples were taken using 25 mL pre-hydrated Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) swabs, collected before and after the hide wash intervention, throughout the beginning, middle, and end of the production day (n = 10 swabs/sampling point/timepoint). A total of 171 boot swab samples were also simultaneously taken at the end of the production day by walking from the front to the back of the pen in a pre-determined 'Z' pattern to monitor the pen floor environment from 3 different locations in the lairage area. The prevalence of pathogens was analyzed using the BAX® System Real-Time PCR Assay. There were no significant reductions observed for Salmonella and/or any Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) on the hides after the bacteriophage application (p > 0.05). Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O111 hide prevalence was very low throughout the study; therefore, no further analysis was conducted. However, boot swab monitoring showed a significant reduction in E. coli O157:H7, O26, and O45 in the pen floor environment (p < 0.05). While using Finalyse as a pre-harvest intervention in the lairage areas of commercial beef processing facilities, this bacteriophage failed to reduce E. coli O157:H7 on the hides of beef cattle, as prevalence was low; however, some STECs were reduced in the lairage environment, where the bacteriophage was applied. Overall, an absolute conclusion was not formed on the effectiveness of Finalyse and its ability to reduce E. coli O157:H7 on the hides of beef cattle, as prevalence on the hides was low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie G Flach
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Onay B Dogan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mark F Miller
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Marcos X Sanchez-Plata
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Flach MG, Dogan OB, Kreikemeier WM, Nightingale KK, Brashears MM. Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Pacific Northwest Beef Feedlot Cattle Fed Two Different Direct-Fed Microbials. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100139. [PMID: 37567500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in beef cattle shedding of foodborne pathogens due to the potential to contaminate surrounding food crops; however, the number of studies published on this topic has declined as the majority of research has emphasized on postharvest mitigation efforts. A field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of pathogens and indicator bacteria in beef cattle fed two different direct-fed microbials (DFMs). Fecal samples from a total of 3,708 crossbred yearling cattle randomly assigned to 16 pens and two treatment groups at a commercial cattle feedlot were taken. During the study period, diets were supplemented with two different DFMs i.) Lactobacillus acidophilus (NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (NP24) (9 log10CFU/head/day), and ii.) Lactobacillus salivarius (L28) (6 log10CFU/head/day). Fecal samples from pen floors were collected on days 0, 21, 42, 63, 103, and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 and concentration of E. coli O157:H7, Enterobacteriaceae, and C. perfringens. Fecal samples collected from cattle fed L28 had significantly lower concentration of C. perfringens (p < 0.05) and had a similar prevalence with no significant differences in E. coli O157:H7 as those fed NP51/NP24 through the study until day 103. On day 103, the prevalence in cattle fed L28 was 40% with a concentration of 0.95 log10MPN/g while those fed NP51/NP24 were 65% with a concentration of 1.2 log10MPN/g. Cattle supplemented with NP51/NP24 achieved a significant log reduction of EB by 2.4 log10CFU/g over the course of the 103-day supplementation period compared to L28. Salmonella prevalence was also measured, but not detected in any samples at significant amounts to draw conclusions. It is evident that E. coli O157:H7 and other foodborne pathogens are still prevalent in cattle operations and that preharvest mitigation strategies should be considered to reduce the risk to beef products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie G Flach
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Onay B Dogan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Wanda M Kreikemeier
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kendra K Nightingale
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brusa V, Dolev S, Signorini M, Leotta G. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with Argentinean kosher beef consumption in Israel. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290182. [PMID: 37590206 PMCID: PMC10434954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) linked to the consumption of Kosher beef produced in Argentina and consumed in Israel in children under 14 years. A probabilistic risk assessment model was developed to characterize STEC prevalence and contamination levels in the beef supply chain (cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, for export and at retail, and home preparation and consumption). The model was implemented in Microsoft Excel 2016 with the @Risk add-on package. Results of 302 surveys with data collected in Israel were as follows: 92.3% of people consumed beef, mostly at home, and 98.2% preferred levels of cooking that ensured STEC removal from the surface of beef cuts. The preferred degree of ground beef doneness was "well-done" (48.2%). Cooking preference ranged from red to "medium-well done" (51.8%). Median HUS probability from Argentinean beef cut and ground beef consumption in children under 14 years old was <10-15 and 8.57x10-10, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases and deaths due to beef cut and ground beef consumption was zero. Risk of infection and HUS probability correlated with salting effect on E. coli count, processing raw beef before vegetables, ways of storage and refrigeration temperature at home, joint consumption of salad and beef cuts, degree of beef doneness and cutting board washing with detergent after each use with beef and vegetables. The STEC-HUS risk in Israel from consumption of bovine beef produced in Argentina was negligible. The current QMRA results were similar to those of previous beef cut consumption QMRA in Argentina and lower than any of the QMRA performed worldwide in other STEC-HUS linked to ground beef consumption. This study confirms the importance of QMRA to estimate and manage the risk of STEC-HUS from beef consumption. The impact variables identified in the sensitivity analysis allowed us to optimize resources and time management, to focus on accurate actions and to avoid taking measures that would not have an impact on the risk of STEC-HUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio Dolev
- Veterinary Services and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA–CONICET). EEA Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- ICYTESAS—Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables (INTA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang T, Shen J, Xue J, Jiang Y, Guo D, Yang J, Kong X, Xu X, Wang X. Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 From Beef Samples Based on Recombinase Aided Amplification Assisted CRISPR/Cas12a System. J AOAC Int 2022; 106:156-164. [PMID: 36005831 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli O157:H7, being the cause of hemorrhagic colitis in humans, is recognized as one of the most dangerous and widespread foodborne pathogens. A highly specific, sensitive, and rapid E. coli O157:H7 detection method needs to be developed since the traditional detection methods are complex, costly, and time-consuming. OBJECTIVE In this study, a recombinase aided amplification (RAA) assisted CRISPR/Cas12a (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a) fluorescence platform for specific, sensitive, and rapid nucleic acid detection of E. coli O157:H7 was introduced. METHODS First, the feasibility (components of CRISPR/Cas12a system) of the developed method was evaluated. Then a total of 34 bacterial strains were used for the specificity test, and gradient dilutions of extracted DNA and bacterial solutions of E. coli O157:H7 were prepared for the sensitivity test. Third, a real-time PCR assay for detection of the specific wzy gene of E. coli O157:H7 (FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual) was used for sensitivity comparison. Finally, analysis of RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection in spiked and 93 real ground beef samples was carried out. RESULTS The developed RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method showed high specificity, and the detection could be completed within 30 min (after 4 h enrichment in spiked ground beef samples). The limit of detection (LOD) of bacterial concentrations and genomic DNA was 5.4 × 102 CFU/mL and 7.5 × 10-4 ng/μL, respectively, which exhibited higher sensitivity than the RAA-gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR methods. Furthermore, it was shown that E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef samples could be positively detected after 4 h enrichment when the initial bacterial inoculum was 9.0 CFU/25 g. The detection results of the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method were 100% consistent with those of the RT-PCR and traditional culture-based methods while screening the E. coli O157:H7 from 93 local collected ground beef samples. CONCLUSIONS The developed RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a method showed high specificity, high sensitivity, and rapid positive detection of E. coli O157:H7 from ground beef samples. HIGHLIGHTS The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a system proposed in this study provided an alternative molecular tool for quick, specific, sensitive, and accurate detection of E. coli O157:H7 in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisong Fang
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jinling Shen
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Junxin Xue
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Dehua Guo
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jielin Yang
- Technology Center for Animal Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xiangxiang Kong
- Shanghai University, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Microbial risk assessment of Escherichia coli shiga-toxin producers (STEC) in raw sheep's milk cheeses in Italy. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
A Farm-to-Fork Quantitative Microbial Exposure Assessment of β-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli among U.S. Beef Consumers. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030661. [PMID: 35336235 PMCID: PMC8952336 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated quantitative descriptions of the transmission of β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli (BR-EC) from commercial beef products to consumers are not available. Here, a quantitative microbial exposure assessment model was established to simulate the fate of BR-EC in a farm-to-fork continuum and provide an estimate of BR-EC exposure among beef consumers in the U.S. The model compared the per-serving exposures from the consumption of intact beef cuts, non-intact beef cuts, and ground beef. Additionally, scenario analysis was performed to evaluate the relative contribution of antibiotic use during beef cattle production to the level of human exposure to BR-EC. The model predicted mean numbers of BR-EC of 1.7 × 10−4, 8.7 × 10−4, and 6.9 × 10−1 CFU/serving for intact beef cuts, non-intact beef cuts, and ground beef, respectively, at the time of consumption. Sensitivity analyses using the baseline model suggested that factors related to sectors along the supply chain, i.e., feedlots, processing plants, retailers, and consumers, were all important for controlling human exposure to BR-EC. Interventions at the processing and post-processing stages are expected to be most effective. Simulation results showed that a decrease in antibiotic use among beef cattle might be associated with a reduction in exposure to BR-EC from beef consumption. However, the absolute reduction was moderate, indicating that the effectiveness of restricting antibiotic use as a standalone strategy for mitigating human exposure to BR-EC through beef consumption is still uncertain. Good cooking and hygiene practices at home and advanced safety management practices in the beef processing and post-processing continuum are more powerful approaches for reducing human exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in beef products.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Fan Y, Feng Z, Song M, Li Q, Jiang B, Qin F, Liu H, Lan L, Yang M. Rapid nucleic acid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on CRISPR/Cas12a system. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Crotta M, Pellicioli L, Gaffuri A, Trogu T, Formenti N, Tranquillo V, Luzzago C, Ferrari N, Lanfranchi P. Analysis of seroprevalence data on Hepatitis E virus and Toxoplasma gondii in wild ungulates for the assessment of human exposure to zoonotic meat-borne pathogens. Food Microbiol 2021; 101:103890. [PMID: 34579849 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence data for Toxoplasma gondii and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), mouflon (Ovis aries/musimon) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) hunted/culled in northern Italy were used to fit seroprevalence distributions describing the exposure and co-exposure of the species to the two pathogens. The higher proportion of T. gondii and HEV seropositive animals was observed in wild boars with point estimate seroprevalence of 49% (N = 331) and 15% (N = 326) respectively. Data allowed comparisons by area (pre-Alpine Vs Alpine environment) for roe deer, red deer and mouflons. Contrasts between the distributions describing the uncertainty in seroprevalence suggest roe deer, red deer and mouflons have higher probability of being seropositive to T. gondii in pre-Alps. When considering HEV, few seropositive animals were detected and contrasts were symmetrically centred to zero for roe deer and red deer; mouflons shown higher probability of being seropositive in Alpine environment. HEV seropositive animals also included chamois (P = 5.1%, N = 97) in the Alpine districts, confirming circulation of HEV in remote areas. Evidence of HEV and T. gondii co-exposure was limited except for wild boars where it was observed in 30 samples representing 60% of the overall HEV-positive samples. Seroprevalence data of single infection and co-infection are extremely useful to investigate circulation of zoonotic pathogens in wild animals and estimate the foodborne risk of human exposure, however, these type of data do not directly translate into the presence/absence of the pathogen in seropositive and seronegative animals. At benefit of future development of quantitative risk assessments aiming at estimating the risk of human infection/co-infection via consumption of game meat, we developed and made available an online application that allows estimating the probability of the pathogen(s) being present as a function of seroprevalence data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotta
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, UK
| | - Luca Pellicioli
- Dipartimento Veterinario e Sicurezza Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Agenzia Tutela Salute Bergamo, via Gallicciolli 4, 24121, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sezione diagnostica di Bergamo, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vito Tranquillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sezione diagnostica di Bergamo, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Coordinated Research Center ''EpiSoMI'', Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Coordinated Research Center ''EpiSoMI'', Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Lanfranchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beef abattoir interventions in a risk-based meat safety assurance system. Meat Sci 2021; 182:108622. [PMID: 34265543 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In risk-based meat safety assurance system, the use of interventions is intended to accomplish the meat safety targets on chilled carcasses, particularly in situations when an abattoir is unable to sufficiently reduce risks arising from specific farms/animal batches by using process hygiene alone. Furthermore, interventions are considered whenever food safety authorities identify meat production processes associated with high risks for consumers. This paper overviews the role of beef interventions in a risk-based, meat safety assurance system. Cattle hide interventions (chemical hide washes and microbial immobilisation treatment with shellac) and beef carcass interventions (pasteurisation treatments with hot water and/or steam and organic (lactic) acid washes), show consistent reduction effects of aerobic bacteria and faecal indicators and reduced prevalences of naturally present VTEC and Salmonella. The review also identified interventions where there was a lack of data and further research was needed, and other contextual factors to inform the risk management decisions for further development of risk-based meat safety assurance system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Schmidt JW, Arthur TM, Wheeler TL, Wang B. A Comparative Quantitative Assessment of Human Exposure to Various Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria among U.S. Ground Beef Consumers. J Food Prot 2021; 84:736-759. [PMID: 33270822 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of animal-derived meat products is suspected as an important exposure route to antimicrobial resistance, as the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) along the beef supply chain is well documented. A retail-to-fork quantitative exposure assessment was established to compare consumers' exposure to various ARB due to the consumption of ground beef with and without "raised without antibiotics" claims and to inform potential exposure mitigation strategies related to consumer practices. The microbial agents evaluated included Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli,Salmonella enterica, TETrS. enterica, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant S. enterica, nalidixic acid-resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., TETrEnterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The final model outputs were the probability of exposure to at least 0 to 6 log CFU microorganisms per serving of ground beef at the time of consumption. It was estimated that tetracycline resistance was more prevalent in ground beef compared with other types of resistance, among which the predicted average probability of ingesting TETrEnterococcus was highest (6.2% of ingesting at least 0 log CFU per serving), followed by TETrE. coli (3.1%) and TETrSalmonella (0.0001%), given common product purchase preferences and preparation behaviors among beef consumers in the United States. The effectiveness of consumer-related interventions was estimated by simulating the differences in exposure as a result of changes in consumer practices in purchasing, handling, and preparing ground beef. The results indicated that proper use of recommended safe cooking and food preparation practices mitigates ARB exposure more effectively than choosing raised without antibiotics compared with conventional beef. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - John W Schmidt
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-2252 [B.W.])
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brusa V, Costa M, Padola NL, Etcheverría A, Sampedro F, Fernandez PS, Leotta GA, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment of haemolytic uremic syndrome associated with beef consumption in Argentina. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242317. [PMID: 33186398 PMCID: PMC7665811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-contaminated beef (intact beef cuts, ground beef and commercial hamburgers) in children under 15 years of age from Argentina. The QMRA was used to characterize STEC prevalence and concentration levels in each product through the Argentinean beef supply chain, including cattle primary production, cattle transport, processing and storage in the abattoir, retail and home preparation, and consumption. Median HUS probability from beef cut, ground beef and commercial hamburger consumption was <10-15, 5.4x10-8 and 3.5x10-8, respectively. The expected average annual number of HUS cases was 0, 28 and 4, respectively. Risk of infection and HUS probability were sensitive to the type of abattoir, the application or not of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) for STEC (HACCP-STEC), stx prevalence in carcasses and trimmings, storage conditions from the abattoir to retailers and home, the joint consumption of salads and beef products, and cooking preference. The QMRA results showed that the probability of HUS was higher if beef cuts (1.7x) and ground beef (1.2x) were from carcasses provided by abattoirs not applying HACCP-STEC. Thus, the use of a single sanitary standard that included the application of HACCP-STEC in all Argentinean abattoirs would greatly reduce HUS incidence. The average number of annual HUS cases estimated by the QMRA (n = 32) would explain about 10.0% of cases in children under 15 years per year in Argentina. Since other routes of contamination can be involved, including those not related to food, further research on the beef production chain, other food chains, person-to-person transmission and outbreak studies should be conducted to reduce the impact of HUS on the child population of Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias—UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Pablo S. Fernandez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, España
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET–Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo L. Signorini
- IdICaL–Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea–(INTA–CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Contribution of Foods and Poor Food-Handling Practices to the Burden of Foodborne Infectious Diseases in France. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111644. [PMID: 33187291 PMCID: PMC7697675 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The foodborne disease burden (FBDB) related to 26 major biological hazards in France was attributed to foods and poor food-handling practices at the final food preparation step, in order to develop effective intervention strategies, especially food safety campaigns. Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella accounted for more than 60% of the FBDB. Approximately 30% of the FBDB were attributed to 11 other hazards including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Meats were estimated as the main contributing food category causing (50-69%) (CI90) of the FBDB with (33-44%), (9-21%), (4-20%) (CI90) of the FBDB for poultry, pork and beef, respectively. Dairy products, eggs, raw produce and complex foods caused each approximately (5-20%) (CI90) of the FBDB. When foods are contaminated before the final preparation step, we estimated that inadequate cooking, cross-contamination and inadequate storage contribute for (19-49%), (7-34%) and (9-23%) (CI90) of the FBDB, respectively; (15-33%) (CI90) of the FBDB were attributed to the initial contamination of ready-to-eat foods-without any contribution from final food handlers. The thorough implementation of good hygienic practices (GHPs) at the final food preparation step could potentially reduce the FBDB by (67-85%) (CI90) (mainly with the prevention of cross-contamination and adequate cooking and storage).
Collapse
|
14
|
Tesson V, Federighi M, Cummins E, de Oliveira Mota J, Guillou S, Boué G. A Systematic Review of Beef Meat Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030688. [PMID: 31973083 PMCID: PMC7037662 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Each year in Europe, meat is associated with 2.3 million foodborne illnesses, with a high contribution from beef meat. Many of these illnesses are attributed to pathogenic bacterial contamination and inadequate operations leading to growth and/or insufficient inactivation occurring along the whole farm-to-fork chain. To ensure consumer health, decision-making processes in food safety rely on Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) with many applications in recent decades. The present study aims to conduct a critical analysis of beef QMRAs and to identify future challenges. A systematic approach, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was used to collate beef QMRA models, identify steps of the farm-to-fork chain considered, and analyze inputs and outputs included as well as modelling methods. A total of 2343 articles were collected and 67 were selected. These studies focused mainly on western countries and considered Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Salmonella spp. pathogens. Future challenges were identified and included the need of whole-chain assessments, centralization of data collection processes, and improvement of model interoperability through harmonization. The present analysis can serve as a source of data and information to inform QMRA framework for beef meat and will help the scientific community and food safety authorities to identify specific monitoring and research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | - Géraldine Boué
- INRA, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (V.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li S, Zhilyaev S, Gallagher D, Subbiah J, Dvorak B. Sustainability of safe foods: Joint environmental, economic and microbial load reduction assessment of antimicrobial systems in U.S. beef processing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:252-262. [PMID: 31323571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various antimicrobial interventions are applied sequentially in the beef processing industry to reduce microbial load on beef products by using intensive inputs (e.g., chemicals, energy), high strength wastewater, and potentially result in meat discoloration. This study serves as the first analysis to jointly evaluate environmental and economic assessment with its microbial load reduction of proposed antimicrobial systems in the U.S. beef processing industry to identify relatively sustainable systems that minimize environmental and economic impacts while providing microbial safe meat. Specifically, forty potential sequential antimicrobial systems were proposed and evaluated from three perspectives: microbial load reduction, environmental, and economic impacts, by meta-analysis, life cycle assessment, and operational cost analysis orderly. The results show that the antimicrobial systems applying steam pasteurization during the main intervention offer high microbial load reduction (>4.2 log CFU/cm2 reduction from a hypothetical initial contamination at 5.0 log CFU/cm2). Human health impact (31.0 to 65.6%) and ecosystem toxicity (3.6 to 12.5%), eutrophication (11.9 to 15.5%) and global warming (6.4 to 22.2%) are the main contributors to the overall environmental single score among the forty antimicrobial systems. Antimicrobial chemicals (up to 82.8%), wastewater treatment (up to 12.7%), and natural gas (up to 10.7%) are the three major drivers of operational cost for sanitizing 1000 kg hot standard carcass weight (HSCW). Devalued (discolored) meat due to contact with heat from steam pasteurization or hot water wash has a considerable increase in economic ($4.5/1000 HSCW) and environmental (especially at farm stage) impacts. Certain antimicrobial systems (e.g., water wash followed by steam pasteurization) were found to be more promising with satisfactory effectiveness, better environmental and cost performance under uncertainty (1000 Monte Carlo simulations). Results from this study can guide the U.S. beef processing industry to advance sustainability while protecting human health from foodborne illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Samson Zhilyaev
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Gallagher
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Bruce Dvorak
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, O'Connor AM, Wang C, Dickson JS, Hurd HS, Wang B. Interventions Targeting Deep Tissue Lymph Nodes May Not Effectively Reduce the Risk of Salmonellosis from Ground Pork Consumption: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2237-2258. [PMID: 31039285 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of deep tissue lymph nodes (DTLNs) or nonvisceral lymph nodes contaminated with Salmonella in wholesale fresh ground pork (WFGP) production may pose risks to public health. To assess the relative contribution of DTLNs to human salmonellosis occurrence associated with ground pork consumption and to investigate potential critical control points in the slaughter-to-table continuum for the control of human salmonellosis in the United States, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was established. The model predicted an average of 45 cases of salmonellosis (95% CI = [19, 71]) per 100,000 Americans annually due to WFGP consumption. Sensitivity analysis of all stochastic input variables showed that cooking temperature was the most influential parameter for reducing salmonellosis cases associated with WFGP meals, followed by storage temperature and Salmonella concentration on contaminated carcass surface before fabrication. The input variables were grouped to represent three main factors along the slaughter-to-table chain influencing Salmonella doses ingested via WFGP meals: DTLN-related factors, factors at processing other than DTLNs, and consumer-related factors. The evaluation of the impact of each group of factors by second-order Monte Carlo simulation showed that DTLN-related factors had the lowest impact on the risk estimate among the three groups of factors. These findings indicate that interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination in DTLNs or to remove DTLNs from WFGP products may be less critical for reducing human infections attributable to ground pork than improving consumers' cooking habits or interventions of carcass decontamination at processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James S Dickson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - H Scott Hurd
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Assessment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in ground beef in the Greek chill chain. Food Res Int 2019; 123:590-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
18
|
Gurman PM, Ross T, Kiermeier A. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Salmonellosis from the Consumption of Australian Pork: Minced Meat from Retail to Burgers Prepared and Consumed at Home. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:2625-2645. [PMID: 30144103 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pork burgers could be expected to have an elevated risk of salmonellosis compared to other pork products due to their comminuted nature. A stochastic risk assessment was performed to estimate the risk of salmonellosis from Australian pork burgers and considered risk-affecting factors in the pork supply chain from retail to consumption at home. Conditions modeled included prevalence and concentration of Salmonella in pork mince, time and temperature effects during retail, consumer transport, and domestic storage and the effect of cooking, with the probability of illness from consumption estimated based on these effects. The model was two-dimensional, allowing for the separation of variability and uncertainty. Potential changes to production practices and consumer behaviors were examined through alternative scenarios. Under current conditions in Australia, the mean risk of salmonellosis from consumption of 100 g pork burgers was estimated to be 1.54 × 10 - 8 per serving or one illness per 65,000,000 servings consumed. Under a scenario in which all pork mince consumed is served as pork burgers, and with conservative (i.e., worst-case) assumptions, 0.746 cases of salmonellosis per year from pork burgers in Australia were predicted. Despite the adoption of several conservative assumptions to fill data gaps, it is predicted that pork burgers have a low probability of causing salmonellosis in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Gurman
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andreas Kiermeier
- Statistical Process Improvement Consulting and Training Pty Ltd, Gumeracha, South Australia, 5233, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li S, Ziara RMM, Dvorak B, Subbiah J. Assessment of water and energy use at process level in the U.S. beef packing industry: Case study in a typical U.S. large‐size plant. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Li
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| | - Rami M. M. Ziara
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| | - Bruce Dvorak
- Department of Civil Engineering University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chaney WE, Maloney R, Johnson BJ, Brooks JC, Brashears MM, Loneragan GH. Corn-Based Distillers' Grains in Diets for Feedlot Cattle Are Associated with the Burden of Escherichia coli O157 in Feces. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:398-405. [PMID: 29620957 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of distillers' grains (DGs) has been associated with increased prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle housed in research settings. Our objective was to quantify the relationship between inclusion of DGs in commercial feedlot rations and the burden of E. coli O157. A convenience sample of 10 feedlots was enrolled based on DG use in finishing diets; 1 cohort included 5 feedlots in which DGs were greater than 15% of the dietary dry matter and the other cohort consisted of 5 feedlots at a concentration less than 8%. Sampling occurred at each feedlot on four occasions at ∼6-week intervals. At each feedlot visit, 4 pens of cattle within 3 weeks of slaughter were selected and 24 freshly voided fecal pats were sampled. Ten-gram samples were enriched in 90 mL of modified tryptic soy broth with novobiocin (20 mg/L) for 14 h at 42°C. Enrichments were subjected to immunomagnetic separation, plating onto chromogenic agar with novobiocin (5 mg/L) and potassium tellurite (2.5 mg/L), incubation for 18 h at 37°C, and latex agglutination of morphologically typical colonies. E. coli O157 was recovered from 16.7% of 3840 samples. Adjusted prevalence was 14.3% after controlling for within-feedlot and within-pen clustering. Prevalence during each sampling period was 19.9% (round 1), 21.0% (round 2), 14.1% (round 3), and 11.7% (round 4). Prevalence varied between cohorts, but this difference varied over time (p = 0.06). Among those with greater than 15% of the diet as DGs, prevalence was greater than those with less than 8% inclusion for all rounds of sampling (p < 0.01). Averaged across time, prevalence was 23.9% and 9.4% for those with greater than 15% and those with less than 8% of DGs, respectively. While observational, these data provide real-world support of reports of increased E. coli O157:H7 burden associated with DG use in cattle diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Evan Chaney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Rebecca Maloney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - J Chance Brooks
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nekouei O, Checkley S, Waldner C, Smith BA, Invik J, Carson C, Avery B, Sanchez J, Gow S. Exposure to antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli through the consumption of ground beef in Western Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29524769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-borne bacteria is a public health issue. Retail meat is considered an important carrier for antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli. Currently, resistance of E. coli strains to third generation cephalosporins are of particular concern, with significant potential animal and public health consequences. Resistance to tetracyclines is also a concern, due to high prevalence of this resistance and important co-resistance patterns. However, the actual likelihood of exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via the consumption of retail meats, beyond the simple frequencies of resistance found in samples of meat at the grocery store, in Canada remains to be investigated. This study was conducted to estimate the potential human exposure to ceftriaxone- and tetracycline-resistant E.coli (CREC and TREC; the hazards of interest) through the consumption of ground beef in Western Canada. Our exposure assessment simulation model included five modules: 1) estimation of prevalence and concentration of the hazards of interest in retail ground beef samples collected by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS), 2011-2014; 2) potential growth of the hazards during transportation from retail to home; 3) potential growth or reduction of the hazards during home storage; 4) thermal inactivation of the hazards due to cooking; and 5) consumption. The outputs of the model were presented as the probability of consumers' exposure to various threshold levels of the hazards [10 to 106 colony forming units (CFU)] in one serving of cooked ground beef. Overall, the probabilities of exposure to high threshold levels of the hazards (>4 log10 CFU/serving) were estimated to be lower than 0.12% in the study population (2011-2014). The mean probabilities of exposure to at least 1 log10 CFU CREC and TREC in a single meal containing cooked ground beef were 0.067% (SD: 0.001%) and 1.20% (SD: 0.02%), respectively. This probability substantially decreased as the threshold level of exposure increased to ≥6 log10 CFU. The probability of exposure to TREC was consistently greater than that for CREC. Cooking led to a prominent drop in the mean concentration of the hazards (4.7 log10 CFU/g). The findings from this research could inform the policy-making process and provide suggestions for adjustments in future retail surveillance plans. In addition, important knowledge gaps in this area have been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Nekouei
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ben A Smith
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Carolee Carson
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Brent Avery
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- University of Saskatchewan, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chapman B, Pintar K, Smith BA. Multi-Exposure Pathway Model to Compare Escherichia coli O157 Risks and Interventions. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:392-409. [PMID: 28471504 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The relative contributions of exposure pathways associated with cattle-manure-borne Escherichia coli O157:H7 on public health have yet to be fully characterized. A stochastic, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was developed to describe a hypothetical cattle farm in order to compare the relative importance of five routes of exposure, including aquatic recreation downstream of the farm, consumption of contaminated ground beef processed with limited interventions, consumption of leafy greens, direct animal contact, and the recreational use of a cattle pasture. To accommodate diverse environmental and hydrological pathways, existing QMRAs were integrated with novel and simplistic climate and field-level submodels. The model indicated that direct animal contact presents the greatest risk of illness per exposure event during the high pathogen shedding period. However, when accounting for the frequency of exposure, using a high-risk exposure-receptor profile, consumption of ground beef was associated with the greatest risk of illness. Additionally, the model was used to evaluate the efficacy of hypothetical interventions affecting one or more exposure routes; concurrent evaluation of multiple routes allowed for the assessment of the combined effect of preharvest interventions across exposure pathways-which may have been previously underestimated-as well as the assessment of the effect of additional downstream interventions. This analysis represents a step towards a full evaluation of the risks associated with multiple exposure pathways; future incorporation of variability associated with environmental parameters and human behaviors would allow for a comprehensive assessment of the relative contribution of exposure pathways at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Chapman
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Pintar
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B A Smith
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pintar KDM, Thomas KM, Christidis T, Otten A, Nesbitt A, Marshall B, Pollari F, Hurst M, Ravel A. A Comparative Exposure Assessment of Campylobacter in Ontario, Canada. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:677-715. [PMID: 27641939 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To inform source attribution efforts, a comparative exposure assessment was developed to estimate the relative exposure to Campylobacter, the leading bacterial gastrointestinal disease in Canada, for 13 different transmission routes within Ontario, Canada, during the summer. Exposure was quantified with stochastic models at the population level, which incorporated measures of frequency, quantity ingested, prevalence, and concentration, using data from FoodNet Canada surveillance, the peer-reviewed and gray literature, other Ontario data, and data that were specifically collected for this study. Models were run with @Risk software using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean number of cells of Campylobacter ingested per Ontarian per day during the summer, ranked from highest to lowest is as follows: household pets, chicken, living on a farm, raw milk, visiting a farm, recreational water, beef, drinking water, pork, vegetables, seafood, petting zoos, and fruits. The study results identify knowledge gaps for some transmission routes, and indicate that some transmission routes for Campylobacter are underestimated in the current literature, such as household pets and raw milk. Many data gaps were identified for future data collection consideration, especially for the concentration of Campylobacter in all transmission routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina D M Pintar
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Tanya Christidis
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Ainsley Otten
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Andrea Nesbitt
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Barbara Marshall
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Frank Pollari
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | - Matt Hurst
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pollari F, Christidis T, Pintar KDM, Nesbitt A, Farber J, Lavoie MC, Gill A, Kirsch P, Johnson RP. Evidence for the benefits of food chain interventions on E. coli O157:H7/NM prevalence in retail ground beef and human disease incidence: A success story. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e71-e78. [PMID: 31820420 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7/NM has historically been associated with consumption of undercooked ground beef. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation of the decline in E. coli O157:H7/NM infections in Canada with the introduction of control efforts in ground beef by industry. METHODS The human incidence of E. coli O157:H7/NM, prevalence in ground beef and interventions from 1996 to 2014 were analyzed. Pathogen prevalence data were obtained from federal government and industry surveillance and inspection/compliance programs. A survey of the largest ground beef producers in Canada was conducted to identify when interventions were implemented. RESULTS The incidence of E. coli O157:H7/NM infections in Canada declined from ≈4 cases/100 000 to ≈1 case/100000 from 2000 to 2010. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) prevalence in ground beef sold at retail declined from about 30% around the year 2000 to <2% since 2012. Other measures of the prevalence of E. coli, VTEC, and E. coli O157:H7/NM in beef and ground beef also declined. The number and types of interventions implemented in the major beef processing establishments in Canada increased from 1996 to 2016. CONCLUSION The observed decline in human illnesses and pathogen levels in relation to retail meats was associated with the introduction of control efforts by industry, federal and provincial/territorial governments, and the general population. Industry-led changes in beef processing along with the introduction of food safety policies, regulations, and public education have led to improved food safety in Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pollari
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tanya Christidis
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Katarina D M Pintar
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Andrea Nesbitt
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 130 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jeff Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Cuelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory at Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jones-Ibarra AM, Wall KR, Vuia-Riser J, Kerth CR, Castillo A, Taylor TM. Escherichia albertii Inactivation following l-Lactic Acid Exposure or Cooking in Ground Beef. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1475-1481. [PMID: 28221930 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen recovered from young children and adults exhibiting symptoms of gastroenteritis via pathogenesis factors including attaching and effacing lesions, cytolethal distending toxin, and Shiga toxin variants. Study objectives were to determine E. albertii survival following (i) exposure to lactic acid as a function of solution pH and incubation period and (ii) cooking ground beef patties to different endpoint temperatures. E. albertii was incubated in phosphate buffer containing 3.0% l-lactic acid adjusted to pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 7.0; survivors were determined every 30 min for 150 min. Ground beef patties (80% lean) were cooked to temperature endpoints simulating undercooking (62°C), the minimum temperature for safe cooking (71.1°C), and cooking to well done (76°C). Maximal pathogen reduction was observed after a 30-min exposure to pH 3.0 l-lactic acid. Reductions of 3.9, 4.4, and 4.9 log CFU/g were obtained following cooking ground beef patties to 62, 71.1, and 76°C, respectively, but the reductions did not differ as a function of the endpoint cooking temperature (P ≥ 0.05). E. albertii may be controlled on beef through the proper application of antimicrobial interventions and cooking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie M Jones-Ibarra
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Kayley R Wall
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Jennifer Vuia-Riser
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Chris R Kerth
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Alejandro Castillo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - T Matthew Taylor
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Goldschmidt Lins P, Aparecida Silva A, Marina Piccoli Pugine S, Ivan Cespedes Arce A, José Xavier Costa E, Pires De Melo M. Effect of Exposure to Pulsed Magnetic Field on Microbiological Quality, Color and Oxidative Stability of Fresh Ground Beef. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Goldschmidt Lins
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Silvana Marina Piccoli Pugine
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aldo Ivan Cespedes Arce
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ernane José Xavier Costa
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariza Pires De Melo
- Department of Basic Sciences (ZAB); Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA); University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Campus Fernando Costa USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gurman P, Ross T, Holds G, Jarrett R, Kiermeier A. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in pork burger patties. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 219:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
28
|
Brookes VJ, Jordan D, Davis S, Ward MP, Heller J. Saltelli Global Sensitivity Analysis and Simulation Modelling to Identify Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Contaminated Beef Carcasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146016. [PMID: 26713610 PMCID: PMC4694618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Strains of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) are important foodborne pathogens in humans, and outbreaks of illness have been associated with consumption of undercooked beef. Here, we determine the most effective intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated beef carcasses using a modelling approach. Method A computational model simulated events and processes in the beef harvest chain. Information from empirical studies was used to parameterise the model. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using the Saltelli method identified variables with the greatest influence on the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses. Following a baseline scenario (no interventions), a series of simulations systematically introduced and tested interventions based on influential variables identified by repeated Saltelli GSA, to determine the most effective intervention strategy. Results Transfer of STEC O157 from hide or gastro-intestinal tract to carcass (improved abattoir hygiene) had the greatest influence on the prevalence of contaminated carcases. Due to interactions between inputs (identified by Saltelli GSA), combinations of interventions based on improved abattoir hygiene achieved a greater reduction in maximum prevalence than would be expected from an additive effect of single interventions. The most effective combination was improved abattoir hygiene with vaccination, which achieved a greater than ten-fold decrease in maximum prevalence compared to the baseline scenario. Conclusion Study results suggest that effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses should initially be based on improved abattoir hygiene. However, the effect of improved abattoir hygiene on the distribution of STEC O157 concentration on carcasses is an important information gap—further empirical research is required to determine whether reduced prevalence of contaminated carcasses is likely to result in reduced incidence of STEC O157 associated illness in humans. This is the first use of variance-based GSA to assess the drivers of STEC O157 contamination of beef carcasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Jordan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Davis
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Systematic review-meta-analysis of the effect of chilling on Campylobacter spp. during primary processing of broilers. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
30
|
Lahou E, Wang X, De Boeck E, Verguldt E, Geeraerd A, Devlieghere F, Uyttendaele M. Effectiveness of inactivation of foodborne pathogens during simulated home pan frying of steak, hamburger or meat strips. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 206:118-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
31
|
Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Li M, Malladi S, Hurd HS, Goldsmith TJ, Brichta-Harhay DM, Loneragan GH. Salmonella spp. in lymph nodes of fed and cull cattle: Relative assessment of risk to ground beef. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
34
|
Smith BA, Ruthman T, Sparling E, Auld H, Comer N, Young I, Lammerding AM, Fazil A. A risk modeling framework to evaluate the impacts of climate change and adaptation on food and water safety. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
35
|
Young I, Gropp K, Fazil A, Smith BA. Knowledge synthesis to support risk assessment of climate change impacts on food and water safety: A case study of the effects of water temperature and salinity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters and harvest waters. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
36
|
Kiermeier A, Jenson I, Sumner J. Risk Assessment of Escherichia coli O157 illness from consumption of hamburgers in the United States made from Australian manufacturing beef. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2015; 35:77-89. [PMID: 24984959 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the risk of contracting illness due to the consumption in the United States of hamburgers contaminated with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of serogroup O157 produced from manufacturing beef imported from Australia. We have used a novel approach for estimating risk by using the prevalence and concentration estimates of E. coli O157 in lots of beef that were withdrawn from the export chain following detection of the pathogen. For the purpose of the present assessment an assumption was that no product is removed from the supply chain following testing. This, together with a number of additional conservative assumptions, leads to an overestimation of E. coli O157-associated illness attributable to the consumption of ground beef patties manufactured only from Australian beef. We predict 49.6 illnesses (95%: 0.0-148.6) from the 2.46 billion hamburgers made from 155,000 t of Australian manufacturing beef exported to the United States in 2012. All these illness were due to undercooking in the home and less than one illness is predicted from consumption of hamburgers cooked to a temperature of 68 °C in quick-service restaurants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kiermeier
- Statistical Process Improvement Consulting and Training Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grilli E, Bari R, Piva A, Edrington TS, Pitta DW, Pinchak WE, Nisbet DJ, Callaway TR. Organic Acid Blend with Pure Botanical Product Treatment ReducesEscherichia coliandSalmonellaPopulations in Pure Culture and inIn VitroMixed Ruminal Microorganism Fermentations. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:56-61. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bari
- DIMEVET, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Tom S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | | | | | - David J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We have reviewed the risk factors for the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC)-associated human diseases. The analysis of STEC surveillance data and trends shows differences in frequency and severity of the illnesses across countries, whereas the economic and social costs for the affected families, the community, and the health system are better estimated in developed countries. The occurrence of STEC infections is determined by the interaction of the pathogen, the reservoirs, and the biological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of the host. The main risk factors identified in earlier case-control and population-based studies were dietary behaviors and beef consumption. However, in recent years, other risky exposures have also emerged, like the consumption of raw vegetables and sprouts, working or camping in rural areas, visiting farms, and person-to-person transmission. Epidemiological changes have also been determined by the intensification of cattle production, the increase in centralized food production and distribution, and the growth in the volume of international trade of foods. The main lessons learned from recent large outbreaks are knowledge of virulence determinants of new pathogenic strains, recognition of new vehicles of infection, development of new methodologies for detecting STEC in foods and humans, improvement in food regulations and hygiene guidelines, new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of infected patients, establishment of continuous educational programs for food consumers, and enhanced cooperation and teamwork of regional and international networks.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wisener LV, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Faires MC, Glass-Kaastra SK. The Use of Direct-Fed Microbials to Reduce Shedding ofEscherichia coliO157 in Beef Cattle: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:75-89. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Wisener
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - M. C. Faires
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. K. Glass-Kaastra
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Trokhymchuk A, Waldner C, Gow S, Chaban B, Hill JE. Comparison of baseline bacterial levels in retail ground beef originating from different regulatory, processing, and packaging environments. J Food Prot 2014; 77:404-11. [PMID: 24674431 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to collect baseline measures of bacteria present in retail ground beef offered for sale in Saskatchewan and to assess differences associated with the licensing or regulatory environment of the packaging and processing facilities as indicated by package labeling. Packages of ground beef (n = 309) were purchased from May 2011 to May 2012. Retail samples were categorized as originating from facilities regulated by the federal government or licensed by the provincial government (n = 126), originating from facilities licensed by local health regions (n = 80), or having no inspection or source information on the package label (n = 103). Total aerobic plate counts and total Escherichia coli plate counts were determined using 3M Petrifilm methods. Total bacterial load was estimated using real-time quantitative PCR. The data were analyzed on a log scale using multivariable linear regression, accounting for season and whether the samples were fresh or frozen at purchase. Total aerobic plate counts and Escherichia coli plate counts were lower in samples from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities than in samples from locally licensed facilities (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) or in samples with no inspection information on the label (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Frozen ground beef from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities had the lowest total bacterial load. Samples clearly labeled as packaged at federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities consistently had the lowest estimated bacterial levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Bonnie Chaban
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Janet E Hill
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sockett P, Goebel SE, Varela NP, Guthrie A, Wilson J, Guilbault LA, Clark WF. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli: costs of illness in Canada, including long-term health outcomes. J Food Prot 2014; 77:216-26. [PMID: 24490915 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to provide cost estimates of human Escherichia coli O157 infection to facilitate future assessment of the benefits and costs of alternative preventive strategies to reduce illness. We investigated the costs of illness to Canadians from primary human infection by verotoxigenic E. coli O157 (also called Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157) using data from the National Notifiable Diseases Registry. We used relative risk information from peer-reviewed publications to estimate the burden of illness and associated costs for eight long-term health outcomes. National estimates of the number of cases (mean and 5th and 95th percentiles), associated costs, and a rank correlation test to identify which outcomes were associated with the highest per capita costs were calculated. An estimated 22,344 cases of primary infections occur in Canada annually, costing $26.7 million. There are 37,867 additional on-going long-term health outcomes costing $377.2 million each year. Our analysis indicated that the annual cost for primary and long-term illness is $403.9 million. The analysis supports evaluation of alternative control and prevention measures and the development and implementation of policy and practices aimed at safe food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sockett
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S E Goebel
- Bioniche Life Sciences, 231 Dundas Street E., Belleville, Ontario, Canada K8N 1E2.
| | - N P Varela
- University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - A Guthrie
- Novometrix Research, Inc., Moffat, Ontario, Canada L0P 1J0
| | - J Wilson
- Novometrix Research, Inc., Moffat, Ontario, Canada L0P 1J0
| | - L A Guilbault
- BIOptima Consulting, Inc., Saint-Bruno, Québec, Canada J3V 6G8
| | - W F Clark
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5W9
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sources of Escherichia coli deposited on beef during breaking of carcasses carrying few E. coli at two packing plants. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
43
|
Powell MR. The economic efficiency of sampling size: the case of beef trim revisited. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2013; 33:385-396. [PMID: 23496435 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A recent paper by Ferrier and Buzby provides a framework for selecting the sample size when testing a lot of beef trim for Escherichia coli O157:H7 that equates the averted costs of recalls and health damages from contaminated meats sold to consumers with the increased costs of testing while allowing for uncertainty about the underlying prevalence of contamination. Ferrier and Buzby conclude that the optimal sample size is larger than the current sample size. However, Ferrier and Buzby's optimization model has a number of errors, and their simulations failed to consider available evidence about the likelihood of the scenarios explored under the model. After correctly modeling microbial prevalence as dependent on portion size and selecting model inputs based on available evidence, the model suggests that the optimal sample size is zero under most plausible scenarios. It does not follow, however, that sampling beef trim for E. coli O157:H7, or food safety sampling more generally, should be abandoned. Sampling is not generally cost effective as a direct consumer safety control measure due to the extremely large sample sizes required to provide a high degree of confidence of detecting very low acceptable defect levels. Food safety verification sampling creates economic incentives for food producing firms to develop, implement, and maintain effective control measures that limit the probability and degree of noncompliance with regulatory limits or private contract specifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Powell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis, Washington, DC 20250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|