Moringa plants: Bioactive compounds and promising applications in food products

Aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera and Cinnamomum cassia as promising sources of antibiofilm compounds against mucoid and small colony variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterial biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose significant challenges in treating cystic fibrosis (CF) airway infections due to their resistance to antibiotics. New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to treat these chronic infections. This study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm potential of various plant extracts, specifically targeting mucoid and small colony variants of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and strains. Moreover, it aimed to gain insights into the mechanisms of action and the potential phytochemicals responsible for antibiofilm activity. Solid-liquid extractions were performed on seven biomasses using water and ethanol (70 and 96 %) under controlled conditions, resulting in 21 distinct plant extracts. These extracts were evaluated for extraction yield, antioxidant activity, phenolic content, chemical composition by HPLC-TOF-MS, and antibiofilm activity using a 96-well plate assay, followed by crystal violet staining, bacterial adhesion assessment, and brightfield microscopy. Our findings revealed that aqueous extracts exhibited the highest inhibition of biofilm formation, with cinnamon bark and moringa seeds showing strong antibiofilm activity against both bacterial species. Brightfield microscopy confirmed that these extracts effectively inhibited biofilm formation. Chemical analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including moringin, benzaldehyde, coumarin, and quinic acid, which likely contribute to the observed antibiofilm effects. Recognizing that the antibiofilm properties of moringin, a common compound in both moringa seed and cinnamon bark extracts, remain underexplored, we conducted potential target identification via PharmMapper and molecular docking analyses to provide a foundation for future research. Computational analyses indicated that moringin might inhibit aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase in P. aeruginosa and potentially interact with an unknown target in S. aureus. In conclusion, moringa seed and cinnamon bark extracts demonstrated significant potential for developing new therapies targeting biofilm-associated infections in CF. Further studies are needed to validate the computational predictions, identify the bacterial targets, and elucidate the precise mechanisms behind moringin's antibiofilm activity, which is likely the potential key contributor to the observed activity of the moringa and cinnamon bark extracts.

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic cyclization of cyclohexadienone-tethered allenes

The rhodium(III)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic cyclization of cyclohexadienone-tethered allenes is successfully developed. This protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance and is applicable for modifying biologically active molecules containing phenol structures. Notably, compounds 3ga and 3ha demonstrate promising anticancer properties.

Influence of tomato peel fiber and moringa leaf extract bioactive coatings on the quality, shelf life, and sensory properties of fresh tomatoes

This study assessed the impact of bioactive coatings made from tomato peel fiber and moringa leaf extract on the physiological, physicochemical, shelf life, and sensory properties of fresh tomatoes during storage, with an emphasis on sustainable packaging and postharvest technology. Fresh tomatoes were coated with a bioactive solution containing tomato peel fiber and moringa leaf extract, followed by storage under ambient conditions. Quality parameters, including weight loss rate, firmness, colour change (ΔE), pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic content (TPC), ascorbic acid content (AAC), antioxidant activity, lycopene content, and respiration rate, were evaluated at four time points over a month. A control group of uncoated tomatoes was also analyzed. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results showed that the bioactive coating significantly reduced weight loss (0.61 vs. 0.93 %/day), firmness loss (0.4 vs. 0.7 N/day), colour change (ΔE 17.20 vs. 18.90), and respiration rate (4 vs. 10.7 mL CO2/kg·h) compared to uncoated tomatoes. Moreover, it preserved key quality attributes such as TTA, TSS, TPC, AAC, antioxidant activity, and lycopene content. Sensory evaluation revealed that the overall acceptability of coated tomatoes (76.01 %) was higher than that of uncoated tomatoes (68.04 %). In conclusion, tomato peel fiber and moringa leaf extract bioactive coatings, as natural preservatives, are effective in extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of fresh tomatoes by reducing degradation, preserving physicochemical properties, and enhancing sensory appeal. These sustainable bioactive coatings offer a promising postharvest technology solution for improving storage, reducing food waste, and advancing sustainable packaging in the tomato industry.

Nutritional value and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera: a short overview of current research

A member of the Moringaceae family, Moringa Oleifera Lam is a perennial deciduous tropical tree known as the 'Miracle Tree' for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. Food and nutrition are crucial aspects of the development and maintenance of healthy health. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal bush that is used as both human food and a medical alternative all over the world. Various parts of the tree are used to treat chronic diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and cancer. Moringa is an excellent source of essential nutrients and has been found to have a significant impact on improving nutritional deficiencies in populations with limited access to food. Moringa oleifera contains essential amino acids, carotenoids, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, phytochemicals, vitamins, and fibre. Moringa offers nutritional and economic advantages, medicinal and therapeutic uses, and future biological potential for human well-being.

Encapsulation of debittered pomelo juice using novel Moringa oleifera exudate for enrichment of yoghurt: A techno-functional approach

Debittering of pomelo juice was conducted using 3.7 g of activated resin, resulting in a 36.8% reduction in bitterness without affecting the bioactive properties of juice. The debittered juice was then encapsulated with Moringa oleifera exudate at various ratios (1-5%), yielding a powder with a slightly rough surface. Total phenol content (TPC) increased by 46-56% compared to the debittered juice. Functional yoghurt containing encapsulates at concentrations of 1% and 2% demonstrated that the 2% concentration led to longer storage duration, resulting in increased acidity and syneresis compared to the control. TPC of the yoghurt (161.89-198.22 μg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) remained significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control (47.15 μg GAE/g) and acacia gum-based yoghurt (141.89-171.37 μg GAE/g), decreasing with storage duration. Addition of encapsulates significantly altered the yoghurt's texture, resulting in lower firmness (0.57 to 0.64 N) compared to the control, while adhesiveness values remained comparable (6.33 to 6.25 g.s). The highest values of G' and G" were observed in samples containing 2% encapsulates with moringa compared to those with acacia gum. This study suggests potential avenues for further exploration in functional foods with enhanced health benefits.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Bioaccessibility of Ethanolic Extracts from Mexican Moringa oleifera Leaf

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and bioaccessibility of Moringa oleifera ethanolic extracts using pressurized liquid extraction with varying ethanol concentrations (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) in water-ethanol mixtures. Quercetin derivatives and neochlorogenic acid were identified as major compounds via high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The 70% ethanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content, highlighting a strong correlation between phenolics and antioxidant potential. Extracts prepared with 50% and 70% ethanol (30 μg/mL) significantly inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokine secretion, with the 70% ethanol extract demonstrating robust anti-inflammatory effects. During in vitro digestion (oral, gastric, and intestinal phases), minimal changes were noted in most phenolic compounds' post-oral phase, but reductions occurred after the gastric phase. Substantial decreases in major compounds and antioxidant activity were observed in post-gastric and intestinal phases. Overall, ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera, particularly those with 70% ethanol, exhibit promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting potential for developing therapeutic agents against oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders. However, it is essential to protect these compounds to prevent their degradation during digestion.

Medicinal utilization and nutritional properties of drumstick (Moringa oleifera)-A comprehensive review

The tropical and subtropical regions of the world support the growth of the Indian plant Moringa oleifera. It usually goes by the name drumstick tree or horseradish tree and thrives in warm climates. The leaves of the M. oleifera tree are now frequently used as nutrients and nutraceuticals due to their availability of various minerals. While having only very minor antinutritional effects, the leaves are abundant in many beneficial compounds. A recent review of the bioactive components and activity of moringa leaves has focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Drumstick leaves have antidiabetic qualities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial qualities among other health benefits. Phytochemicals, in addition to minerals and vitamins, are abundant in this vegetable. The majority of these effects, according to a review in the literature, are mostly brought on by the presence of carotenoids, glucosinolates, and phytochemicals. As a value-added component in the production of wholesome meals, moringa is becoming more popular. Despite extensive research into locating and quantifying these advantageous elements in drumstick leaves, bioavailability and bioaccessibility studies were carried out. Beneficial photochemicals are absorbed and digested through incredibly intricate processes that involve several physicochemical and physiological interactions. Therefore, the biological impact of food may be attributed to its various metabolites that can access particular areas of action rather than its original substances. This body of literature offers the most recent findings in scientific research on the bioavailability, health advantages, nutritional profiles, and bioactive activities of moringa leaves as they relate to their use in a range of food products. Drumsticks are frequently used as a food element that promotes health because of their potent protection against a variety of ailments and the presence of environmental pollutants.

Optimization of Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) Parameters for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Bioactivity Assessment

Moringa oleifera leaves are rich sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) stands out as a promising technique for effectively extracting valuable compounds from natural sources. In this study, we aimed to optimize PLE parameters, such as temperature, extraction duration, and pressure, to maximize bioactive compound (polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid) yield from M. oleifera leaves and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. According to the outcomes of this research, the maximum achieved total polyphenol content was 24.10 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight (dw), and the total flavonoid content was increased up to 19.89 mg rutin equivalents (RtE)/g dw. Moreover, after HPLC-DAD analysis, neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, catechin and epicatechin, rutin, and narirutin were identified and quantified. As far as the optimum ascorbic acid content is concerned, it was found to be 4.77 mg/g dw. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three different methods: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the DPPH method, and the anti-hydrogen peroxide activity (AHPA) method, resulting in 124.29 μmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g dw, 131.28 μmol AAE/g dw, and 229.38 μmol AAE/g dw values, respectively. Lastly, the albumin denaturation inhibition was found to be 37.54%. These findings underscore the potential of PLE as an efficient extraction method for preparing extracts from M. oleifera leaves with the maximum content of bioactive compounds.

Moringa oleifera: a valuable insight into recent advances in medicinal uses and pharmacological activities

Moringa oleifera is an important medicinal plant in several countries; for example, Nigeria, the USA, Turkey, Germany, Greece, and Ukraine. The abundant bioactive and nutritional properties of this plant make it useful in many and diverse areas of life, including the health, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries to mention but a few. Research has found that the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, fatty acids, saponins, essential oils, folate, aromatic hydrocarbons, sterols, glucosinolates, and glycosides, among others, characterize the moringa nutrient profile and, as a result, give rise to its remedial effects on ailments such as wounds, stomach and duodenal ulcers, allergies, obesity, diabetes, inflammation, asthma, and so on. It is the aim of this review to provide an insight into such medicinal and pharmacological remedies attributed to moringa, stating both the past and recent discoveries. This review article also takes a look into the botanical features, bioactive compounds, antinutrients, food applications, bacterial fermentation products, biosafety, industrial applications, and other uses of moringa. Finally, with the belief that knowledge is progressive, we acknowledge that there are things yet undiscovered about this wonder plant that will be of value both to medicine and general life; we therefore recommend that research work continues on the moringa plant. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Purification, Identification, and Mechanistic Investigation of Novel Selenium-Enriched Antioxidant Peptides from Moringa oleifera Seeds

In this study, five novel Se-enriched antioxidant peptides (FLSeML, LSeMAAL, LASeMMVL, SeMLLAA, and LSeMAL) were purified and identified from Se-enriched Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) seed protein hydrolysate. The five peptides showed excellent cellular antioxidant activity, with respective EC₅₀ values of 0.291, 0.383, 0.662, 0.1, and 0.123 μg/mL. The five peptides (0.025 mg/mL) increased the cell viability from 78.72 to 90.71, 89.16, 93.92, 83.68, and 98.29%, respectively, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and significantly increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in damaged cells. Molecular docking results revealed that the five novel Se-enriched peptides interacted with the key amino acid of Keap1, thus directly blocking the interaction of Keap1-Nrf2 and activating the antioxidant stress response to enhance the ability of scavenging free radicals in vitro. In conclusion, Se-enriched M. oleifera seed peptides exhibited significant antioxidant activity and can be expected to find widespread use as a highly active natural functional food additive and ingredient.

An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of Moringa oleifera have been documented in numerous studies due to its richness of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights up-to-date research findings on the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera, including mechanisms against NDs. The information was gathered from databases, which include Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid-MEDLINE, Springer, and Elsevier. Neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera were mainly assessed by using the crude extracts in vitro and in vivo experiments. Isolated compounds from M. oleifera such as moringin, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, and identified compounds of M. oleifera such as phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, (-)-epicatechin, and isoquercitrin) have been reported to have neuropharmacological activities. Therefore, these compounds may potentially contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More in-depth studies using in vivo animal models of neurological-related disorders and extensive preclinical investigations, such as pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and bioavailability studies are necessary before clinical trials can be carried out to develop M. oleifera constituents into neuroprotective agents.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Moringa oleifera Food Supplements

Moringa oleifera has been reported to possess a high number of bioactive compounds; hence, several food supplements are commercially available based on it. This work aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial food supplements. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ), and the antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS^·+ and DPPH assays. Thirty-three compounds were identified, and all the main compounds were quantified, observing that the main contribution to the phenolic profile was due to kaempferol and quercetin glucosides. The antioxidant activity in both assays agreed with the phenolic content: the higher the phenolic levels, the higher the antioxidant activity. The obtained results were compared with those previously published regarding Moringa oleifera leaves to establish the potential benefits of food supplement consumption in the diet.

Pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes with neuroprotective activities from Moringa oleifera seeds

Seven undescribed pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes (pyrrolemorines A-G), along with four known analogs, were isolated from the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds. The structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic and chemical analyses using HRMS and NMR spectra, acid hydrolysis, and Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced ECD experiments. Pyrrolemorines A, E, and pyrrolemarumine displayed neuroprotective activities against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury in PC12 cells by regulating NF-κb and Nrf2.

Profiling of Nutritionally Vital Bioactive Compounds in Emerging Green Leafy Vegetables: A Comparative Study

Green leafy vegetables (GLVs), especially lettuce and spinach, are the key source of bioactive antioxidants in a diet. This research compared the contents and composition of lettuce and spinach bioactive compounds with emerging GLVs, moringa and fenugreek. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring (SIM) was used to examine carotenoids and tocols, while phytosterols were examined using gas chromatography (GC)-MS. Among the studied GLVs, the (all-E)-lutein was the most dominating carotenoid ranging between 31.3 (green/red lettuce)−45.3 % (fenugreek) of total carotenoids, followed by (all-E)-violaxanthin and (all-E)-β-carotene. Surprisingly, (all-E)-β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, was the second most dominating carotenoid in moringa, accounting for 109.2 µg/g fresh weight (FW). Moreover, the significantly highest (p < 0.05; Tukey HSD) contents of total carotenoids (473.3 µg/g FW), α-tocopherol (83.7 µg/g FW), and total phytosterols (206.4 µg/g FW) were recorded in moringa. Therefore, moringa foliage may serve as an affordable source of nutritionally vital constituents in a diet.

A Comprehensive Review of Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds-Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Their Encapsulation

Moringa oleifera Lam. has gained a lot of attention due to its potential use as a functional food not only for human health but also for animal health. Its bioactive molecules include carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, fatty acids, essential amino acids, and functional peptides. Despite significant efforts to isolate and characterize bioactive metabolites with health functions, few effective metabolites are accessible. The current review aims to describe the main processes for extracting and encapsulating bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera for potential impact on food science and public health. Researchers have shown that different extraction techniques significantly impact the Moringa polysaccharides' molecular structure and biological activity. Encapsulation has been proposed to reduce oxidative stability and entrap active agents within a carrier material to deliver bioactive molecules into foods. Currently, polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids, are used for material encapsulation. Recent techniques include spray drying, cross-linking gelation, freeze-drying, nanoencapsulation, electrospinning, and electrospraying. Moreover, these encapsulations can overlap concerns regarding the Moringa oleifera compounds' cytotoxicity. Future studies should prioritize the effect of new encapsulation materials on Moringa extract and develop new techniques that consider both encapsulation cost and efficiency.

Effect of Antioxidant-Rich Moringa Leaves on Quality and Functional Properties of Strawberry Juice

Moringa oleifera and strawberry are cultivated extensively worldwide and are divinely blessed with an enormous amount of nutritional and medicinal constituents, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, potassium, and phenolic antioxidants that play a pivotal role in treating, confining, and preventing diabetes and many kinds of cancer. The focus of the study is to develop different samples of highly acceptable ready to serve (RTS) Moringa strawberry juice blend by underutilizing Moringa and strawberry juice in different proportions. Moringa oleifera's bitter taste and green color steeply limits its acceptability and counter this drawback utilized with strawberry juice. The physicochemical analysis of blended juice was performed to investigate the suitability and keeping quality of the juice mixture. The collected data signify that pH titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) the slight modification after the inclusion of Moringa juice extract and throughout the storage. The Moringa treatment positively improved the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and vitamin C from 12 to 49.17 mg GAE/100g, 61.41 to 87.69%, and 64.03 to 86.65 mg/100 mL, respectively, but there was a slight decline in antioxidant quantity while stored under refrigerated conditions for one month. An assimilative trend was noticed in TPC and vitamin C, which collapsed from 49.17-36.32 mg GAE to 86.65-79.19 mg, respectively. In accordance with sensory analysis T 2 (90% strawberry juice and 10% Moringa extract), the juice blend was rated best in context to flavor, color, and taste. This juice blend proved to be greatly effective especially for children suffering from malnutrition as well as women to counter with its appreciable number of nutritional constituents.

Comparison of Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Properties of Moringa peregrina and Ferulago carduchorum Leaf Extracts and Microencapsulation of Superior Plant

Today, medicinal plants have a crucial role in treating diseases such as diabetes and cancer. These plants do not impose any side effects owing to their bioactive compounds in comparison with chemical drugs. Several studies have demonstrated antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. According to previous studies, Moringa peregrina (MP) and Ferulago carduchorum (FC) are two promising plants in terms of antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. This research followed a three-stage study. In the first stage, the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of MP and FC ethanolic extracts, native to Iran, were compared using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the ABTS•+ radical scavenging and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activities of both plants were dependent on extract concentration. MP exhibited lower IC50 values in both tests, 1.01 and 4.96 mg·mL−1, respectively. Accordingly, the extract of MP was selected for further experiments. In the second stage, total phenolic content (TPC) and GC-MS analysis were conducted on MP extract to investigate the reason behind its antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Results of assessing total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method revealed a strong positive correlation between TPC with antioxidant activity (r = 0.94, $p<0.05$ ). GC-MS was used to identify phytoconstituents of the extract, leading to the determination of 35 components whose major one was vitamin E (10.2%). To ensure its suitability for food fortification, in the third stage, encapsulation of the MP extract was followed. Microencapsulation was performed using three polymer coatings, and the effects of carriers were investigated on moisture content, solubility, bulk density, microencapsulation yield, particle size, antioxidant activity, and TPC. According to the experiments, antioxidant activity and TPC were retained well in all carriers. Moreover, SEM, DSC, and FTIR analyses confirmed that the extract was well-coated and no surface fractures were observed. The results indicated that MP can be a promising plant for food fortification as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic source.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) polysaccharides: Extraction, characterization, bioactivities, and industrial application

Owing to numerous biological activities of different parts of Moringa oleifera Lam., various studies have been carried out to isolate and explore the activities of its various bioactive compounds including polysaccharides. Polysaccharides of M. oleifera have been reported to possess a variety of biofunctionalities including antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive and gastrointestinal protection. In addition to bioactive polysaccharides, the gum exudated by stem of this plant is of commercial importance with wide range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. Various extraction and purification methods as well as combination of methods have been used to isolate and purify moringa polysaccharides. Studies suggest that extraction methods influence the structure of polysaccharides and thus their biological activity. This review summarizes all the available literature to provide updated information related to extraction, purification, modification, structural characterization, bioactivities and potential applications of moringa polysaccharides. This review will provide novel insights for future research and applications of moringa polysaccharides.

Application of Sol–Gels Modified with Natural Plants Extracts as Stationary Phases in Open-Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography

Ethanol extracts of three widely growing plants were added to silica sol–gel solutions, which were subsequently applied as wall surface modifiers in inner quartz capillaries. Modified capillaries were used for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of nucleotides and amino groups containing biological compounds (neurotransmitters, amino acids and oligopeptides). The experiments were performed at physiological pH 7.40, and eventual changes of effective mobilities were calculated. Specific compounds characteristic for each plant were tested as sol–gel additives as well, and thus-modified capillaries were used for the separations of the same analytes under identical conditions. The aim of this study was to find out possible interactions between physiological compounds and extracts of freely available plants anchorded in the sol-gel stationary phase in the flowing system. Even though the amount of the modifier in each capillary is very small, basic statistical evaluation showed some not negligible changes in effective mobility of tested analytes. These changes were bigger than ±5% for separations of nucleotides in capillaries with curcuma, Moringa or the mixture of synthetic additives as the sol-gel aditive, and for separations of amino compounds where these changes varying by additive, analyte by analyte.

Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Pointing to the Antidiabetic Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extracts from Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera

In vitro and animal model studies are of great interest for selecting new phytochemicals, including polyphenols with antioxidative properties, as candidates for antidiabetic drugs. This review provides evidence from a critical literature data analysis on the effects of plant extract supplementation in diabetes mellitus management. We considered and meta-analyzed the efficacy of oral supplementation of plant extracts in animal model studies and examined physiological and oxidative stress parameters. Finally, 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis, revealing three plants with experimentally confirmed in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic properties: Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera. The following parameter changes resulted from an investigation of the supplementation: reduced oxidative stress, decreased insulin resistance, increased insulin release, reduced adiposity, and a modulatory effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as attenuation of diabetes-associated weight loss, reduced fasting blood glucose and lowered oxidative status. A comparison of Gymnema montanum versus Glybenclamide revealed the superiority of extracts over drug administration in some aspects. Although the analyzed extracts are promising candidates for antidiabetic treatment, there is much inconsistent data in the literature. Therefore, ultimate references for using these compounds in the prevention of diabetes are currently not applicable.

Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract protects kidney function in rats with diabetic nephropathy by increasing GSK-3β activity and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) seeds are widely used in traditional folk medicine and as nutritional supplements in the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. Published research showed that M. oleifera seeds (MOS) have pharmacological activities such as blood glucose-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. However, experimental evidence on the use of MOS to treat diabetic nephropathy and its underlying mechanisms were rarely reported.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MOS extract on the kidneys of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and reveal its underlying mechanisms.

STUDY DESIGN

HFD-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and high-glucose induced Human Renal Mesangial Cells (HRMC) were used to explore the protective effect of MOS on diabetic nephropathy in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

HRMC were used to preliminarily evaluate the effect of MOS extract under high glucose conditions. For the in vivo study, rats were divided into the following 6 groups (n = 5): normal control group (NC), diabetic nephropathy model group (DN), high dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-H, 200 mg/kg/d); medium dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-M, 100 mg/kg/d); low dose of MOS-treatment group (DN + MOS-l, 50 mg/kg/d), and metformin-treatment group (DN + MET, 200 mg/kg/d). After 4 weeks of treatment, the damage caused by DN was assessed based on the related parameters of urine and blood. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were used to assess pathological tissue damage. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (P-GSK-3β) levels, whereas western blotting was used to detect Nrf2, HO-1, nephrin, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β levels.

RESULTS

MOS extract could inhibit the proliferation of HRMCs induced by high glucose levels. Compared with the rats in the DN group, MOS not only significantly reduced blood glucose levels and oxidative stress in the experimental rats but also improved their kidney function and reduced kidney tissue damage. Additionally, MOS extract increased GSK-3β activity and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that MOS could activate GSK-3β and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways to exert antioxidant and anti-renal fibrosis activities, and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Phytochemical and pharmacological reports of the hypoglycemic activity of the Moringa oleifera extracts

Abstract Moringa oleifera is an arboreal plant belonging to the family Moringaceae distributed in tropical areas and has gained enormous attention in the last decades. This research is a review on the association between aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaves and diabetes mellitus and understanding its pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms. The research refinement demonstrated the pharmaceutical potential of M. oleifera and its phytochemicals, given its antidiabetic effect. The prospective analysis showed the amount of application within IPC A61K in health area. The secondary metabolites present in M. oleifera, glucosinolates, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds may be responsible, in part, for the disease control hypoglycemic actions. Glucosinolates, when metabolized by salivary enzymes, give rise to sulforaphanes that act in preventing type 2 diabetes and in reducing insulin resistance. Flavonoids interact with intestinal enzymes by modifying carbohydrate metabolism by regulating glycemic levels, in addition to increasing insulin sensitivity. Phenolic compounds increase the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT4) and reduce the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, contributing to the reduction of glucose resistance and blood sugar control. Moringa oleifera can be used as complementary therapy of the type-2 diabetes.

Anti-Cancer and Medicinal Potentials of Moringa Isothiocyanate

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), which belongs to the Moringaceae family, is a common herb, rich in plant compounds. It has a variety of bioactive compounds that can act as antioxidants, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, etc., which can be obtained in different body parts of M. oleifera. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) from M. oleifera are one class of these active substances that can inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways, thus curbing cancer migration and metastasis, at the same time they have little adverse effect on normal cells. There are multiple variants of ITCs in M. oleifera, but the predominant phytochemical is 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate, also known as moringa isothiocyanate (MIC-1). Studies have shown that MIC-1 has the possibility to be used clinically for the treatment of diabetes, neurologic diseases, obesity, ulcerative colitis, and several cancer types. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer and anti-chronic disease effects of MIC-1, current trends, and future direction of MIC-1 based treatment strategies. This review combines the relevant literature of the past 10 years, in order to provide more comprehensive information of MIC-1 and to fully exploit its potentiality in the clinical settings.

Characterization of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Extract Encapsulated in Maltodextrin and/or Gum Arabic Coatings

The encapsulation of bioactive-rich plant extracts is an effective method of preventing their damage or loss of activity during processing and storage. Here, the techno-functional properties of microcapsules developed from Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MoLP) extract (core) with maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and a combination (MDGA) (coatings) were assessed. The bulk and tap density were 0.177, 0.325 and 0.297 g/mL and 0.13, 0.295 and 0.259 g/mL for GA, MD and MDGA microcapsules, respectively. Flowability properties of microcapsules indicated an intermediate flow except for GA which had a poor flow. The moisture content of the microcapsules ranged from 1.47% to 1.77% with no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed. All the microcapsules had high water solubility (86.35% for GA to 98.74% for MD and 90.51% for MDGA). Thermogravimetric analyses revealed that encapsulation enhanced the thermal stability of the core material. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the microcapsules and extracts have an amorphous nature, which was validated by the surface morphology analysis that showed amorphous, irregular, and flake-like attributes except for MDGA microcapsules which had slightly spherical and agglomerated surfaces. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectra of the microcapsules showed the presence of C-O and O-H aromatic rings as well as amine groups. New spectra were observed at 1177, 1382 and 1411 cm⁻¹ for MDGA, MD and GA, respectively, after encapsulation, which connotes a slight modification in the chemical structural pattern after encapsulation. Storage stability tests (28 days at 4, 25 and 40 °C) showed that the microcapsules were most stable at 4 °C and the stability differs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with coating material type and temperature with MDGA showing better storage stability than others. Altogether, the attributes of the MDGA microcapsules were comparatively better than either MD or GA alone. The present data, therefore, demonstrate an effective encapsulation process for MoLP extract that can serve as fortificants in processed food products where MoLP may be used.

Health benefits and phenolic compounds of Moringa oleifera leaves: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) is native to India and is a cash crop widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The health improving properties of MO has been studied from a long time ago for the numerous phenolic compounds, including vitamins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, isothiocyanates, tannins and saponins, which are present in considerable amounts in the plant. A growing spectrum of therapeutic characteristics of MO leaves has been found and used in the remission or treatment of oxidative stress, liver disease, neurological disease, hyperglycemia and cancer.

HYPOTHESIS

This review focused on researches applying MO or MO leaf extract as a functional food or cure against various disease and cellular injuries. We believed it would help the discovery of therapeutic application of MO and understanding of MO phytochemistry.

METHODS

The data collected in this review were extracted from researches indexed in Web of Science, google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus to find out health benefits and biological activities of MO leaves polyphenols. The studies reporting mechanistic route of phenolic compounds of MO leaves were also considered in the present study.

RESULTS

It has been reported that polyphenols of MO leaf have protective characteristics against neurodegenerative disorders through reducing DNA damage, activation of AchE activity and inhibition of caspase-3 activity. It has been reported that, they protected the kidney from damage caused by melamine through suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine, metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1). Similarly, methanol extract of MO leaves has low hypoglycemic attributes and attenuate the risk of diabetes caused by alloxan by enhancing lipid metabolism and stimulating insulin release, glucose uptake, and glycogen synthesis. In addition, MO leaves are becoming the best phytomedicine to reduce hypertension, which are naturally known as angiotensin-1converting enzyme (ACE), acetylcholinesterase, arginase and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors.

CONCLUSION

MO leaves extract as a health promoting food additives for human and animals due to its great protective effect against many diseases and the widely persistent environmental toxins which disrupted cellular metabolic function. More studies are required to use the phenolic compounds of MO leaves to develop and produce drugs for controlling and treatment of various diseases.

Neoteric approach for peanuts biofilm using the merits of Moringa extracts to control aflatoxin contamination

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins are still a principal challenge that threatened peanut production, marketing, and handling. This study aimed to face the problem using bioactive materials, which reduce fungi and mycotoxin contamination, Moringa extracts may be suitable for solving this challenge. Also, the study was compared the extracts of leaves and oil-free seeds. Fresh leaves and seeds were collected, dried, and milled, while oil was collected by cold pressing. The extracts were evaluated for total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, the oil contents of fatty acids, tocopherol, and sterols were determined. An emulsion for protecting peanuts compositing of leaves extract carried by Moringa oil, and commercial emulsifier. Leaves extract evaluation reflected distinct properties of its fibers, total phenols, and flavonoids. It was recorded a microbial inhibition of bacteria and fungi. The values ​​for both minimal inhibition and fungicidal concentrations were recorded at 3.2 mg/mL and 490 μg/L, respectively. For oil, it showed a unique content, as oleic acid was the main fatty acid, with an affinity between palmitic and behenic in their ratios. Also, oil was recorded by high contents of alpha-tocopherol and Δ7-Campesterol, with 1.166 mg/kg oil as total sterols content. The leaves extract has also a unique capacity to inhibit toxigenic fungi. By applying the composite emulsion for peanut coating, results expressed a high CFU-count inhibition when it was inoculated by A. flavus strain compared to the control.

Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) as Source of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Lippia graveolens is a traditional crop and a rich source of bioactive compounds with various properties (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, UV defense, anti-glycemic, and cytotoxicity) that is primarily cultivated for essential oil recovery. The isolated bioactive compounds could be useful as additives in the functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Carvacrol, thymol, β-caryophyllene, and p-cymene are terpene compounds contained in oregano essential oil (OEO); flavonoids such as quercetin O-hexoside, pinocembrin, and galangin are flavonoids found in oregano extracts. Furthermore, thermoresistant compounds that remain in the plant matrix following a thermal process can be priced in terms of the circular economy. By using better and more selective extraction conditions, the bioactive compounds present in Mexican oregano can be studied as potential inhibitors of COVID-19. Also, research on extraction technologies should continue to ensure a higher quality of bioactive compounds while preventing an undesired chemical shift (e.g., hydrolysis). The oregano fractions can be used in the food, health, and agricultural industries.

A Large-Scale Fully Annotated Low-Cost Cost Microscopy Image Dataset for Deep Learning Framework

This work presents a large-scale three-fold annotated, low-cost microscopy image dataset of potato tubers for plant cell analysis in deep learning (DL) framework which has huge potential in the advancement of plant cell biology research. Indeed, low-cost microscopes coupled with new generation smartphones could open new aspects in DL-based microscopy image analysis, which offers several benefits including portability, easy to use, and maintenance. However, its successful implications demand properly annotated large number of diverse microscopy images, which has not been addressed properly- that confines the advanced image processing based plant cell research. Therefore, in this work, a low-cost microscopy image database of potato tuber cells having total 34,657 number of images, has been generated by Foldscope (costs around 1 USD) coupled with a smartphone. This dataset includes 13,369 unstained and 21,288 stained (safranin-o, toluidine blue-o, and lugol's iodine) images with three-fold annotation based on weight, section areas, and tissue zones of the tubers. The physical image quality (e.g., contrast, focus, geometrical attributes, etc.) and its applicability in the DL framework (CNN-based multi-class and multi-label classification) have been examined and results are compared with the traditional microscope image set. The results show that the dataset is highly compatible for the DL framework.

Bioactive components from Moringa oleifera seeds: production, functionalities and applications - a critical review

A readily distinguishable and indigenous member of the plant kingdom in the Indian subcontinent is the 'drumstick tree', i.e. Moringa oleifera Lam. In addition to India, this drought-tolerant and rapidly evolving tree is currently extensively disseminated across the globe, including subtropical and tropical areas. The plant boasts a high nutritional, nutraceutical and therapeutic profile, mainly attributing to its significant repertoire of the biologically active components in different parts: protein, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, tannin, isothiocyanate, lipids, minerals, vitamins, amongst others. M. oleifera seeds have been shown to elicit a myriad of pharmacological potential and health benefits, including: antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Additionally, the seed cakes obtained from post-extraction process are utilized for: coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation purposes, benefiting effluent management and the purification of water, mainly because of their capability in eliminating microbes and organic matter. Despite the extraordinary focus on other parts of the plant, especially the foliage, the beneficial aspects of the seeds have not been sufficiently highlighted. The health benefits of bioactive components in the seeds are promising and demonstrate enough potential to facilitate the development of functional foods. In this review, we present a critical account of the types, characteristics, production and isolation of bioactive components from M. oleifera seeds. Furthermore, we appraise the: pharmacological activities, cosmetic, biodiesel, lubricative, modern farming, nutritive and wastewater treatment applications of these functional ingredients. We infer that there is a need for further human/clinical studies and evaluation, despite their health benefits. Additionally, the safety issues need to be adequately clarified and assessed, in order to establish a conventional therapeutic profile.

Spray-drying encapsulation of microwave-assisted extracted polyphenols from Moringa oleifera: Influence of tragacanth, locust bean, and carboxymethyl-cellulose formulations

In this work, polyphenols from Moringa oleifera (Mor) leaves were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and encapsulated by spray-drying (SD). Particularly, we explored the influence of tragacanth gum (TG), locust bean gum (LBG), and carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) as wall-materials on the physicochemical behavior of encapsulated Mor. Single or combined wall-material treatments (100:00 and 50:50 ratios, and total solid content 1%) were tested. The results showed the wall-material had a significant effect on the process yield (55.7-68.3%), encapsulation efficiency (24.28-35.74%), color (yellow or pale-yellow), total phenolic content (25.17-27.49 mg GAE g^-1 of particles), total flavonoid content (23.20-26.87 mg QE g^-1 of particles), antioxidant activity (DPPH^• = 5.96-6.95 mg GAE g^-1; ABTS^•+ = 5.61-6.18 mg TE g^-1 of particles), and particle size distribution (D₅₀ = 112-1946 nm) of the encapsulated Mor. On the other hand, SEM analysis showed smooth and spherical particles, while TGA and DSC analyses confirmed the encapsulation of bioactive compounds based on the changes in thermal peaks. Finally, XRD analysis showed that the particles have an amorphous behavior. The encapsulated Mor produced with individual TG or CMC demonstrated better properties than those obtained from mixed gums. Thus, TG or CMC might be feasible wall materials for manufacturing encapsulated Mor that conserve the phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Plant microRNAs from Moringa oleifera Regulate Immune Response and HIV Infection

Traditional medicine is often chosen due to its affordability, its familiarity with patient’s cultural practices, and its wider access to the local community. Plants play an important role in providing indispensable nutrients, while specific small RNAs can regulate human gene expression in a cross-kingdom manner. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of plant-enriched purified extract microRNAs from Moringa oleifera seeds (MO) on the immune response and on HIV infection. Bioinformatic analysis shows that plant microRNAs (p-miRs) from MO belonging to 18 conserved families, including p-miR160h, p-miR166, p-miR482b, p-miR159c, p-miR395d, p-miR2118a, p-miR393a, p-miR167f-3p, and p-miR858b are predicted to target with high affinity BCL2, IL2RA, TNF, and VAV1, all these being involved in the cell cycle, apoptosis, immune response and also in the regulation of HIV pathogenesis. The effects of MO p-miRs transfected into HIV+ PBMCs were analyzed and revealed a decrease in viability associated with an increase of apoptosis; an increase of T helper cells expressing Fas and a decrease of intracellular Bcl2 protein expression. Meanwhile no effects were detected in PBMCs from healthy donors. In CD4⁺ T cells, transfection significantly reduced cell activation and modified the T cell differentiation, thereby decreasing both central and effector memory cells while increasing terminal effector memory cells. Interestingly, the p-miRs transfection induces a reduction of intracellular HIV p24 protein and a reduction of viral DNA integration. Finally, we evaluated the effect of synthetic (mimic) p-miR858b whose sequence is present in the MO p-miR pool and predicted to target VAV1, a protein involved in HIV-Nef binding. This protein plays a pivotal role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, so triggering the activation of various pathways. The transfection of HIV+ PBMCs with the synthetic p-miR858b showed a reduced expression of VAV1 and HIV p24 proteins. Overall, our evidence defines putative mechanisms underlying a supplementary benefit of traditional medicine, alongside current antiretroviral therapy, in managing HIV infection in resource-limited settings where MO remains widely available.

Utilizing Plant Synthetic Biology to Improve Human Health and Wellness

Plants offer a vast source of bioactive chemicals with the potential to improve human health through the prevention and treatment of disease. However, many potential therapeutics are produced in small amounts or in species that are difficult to cultivate. The rapidly evolving field of plant synthetic biology provides tools to capitalize on the inventive chemistry of plants by transferring metabolic pathways for therapeutics into far more tenable plants, increasing our ability to produce complex pharmaceuticals in well-studied plant systems. Plant synthetic biology also provides methods to enhance the ability to fortify crops with nutrients and nutraceuticals. In this review, we discuss (1) the potential of plant synthetic biology to improve human health by generating plants that produce pharmaceuticals, nutrients, and nutraceuticals and (2) the technological challenges hindering our ability to generate plants producing health-promoting small molecules.

Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera: Chemical and Biological Approaches

Alternative therapies, such as phytotherapy, are considered to improve the health status of people with chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs). In this regard, Moringa oleifera is currently being studied for its nutritional value and its total phenolic content. Besides phenolic compounds, the phytochemical composition is also of great interest. This composition is characterized by the presence of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates formed by the biotransformation of Moringa glucosinolates contain an additional sugar in their chemical structure, which provides stability to these bioactive compounds over other isothiocyanates found in other crops. Both glucosinolates and isothiocyanates have been described as beneficial for the prevention and improvement of some chronic diseases. The content of glucosinolates in Moringa tissues can be enhanced by certain harvesting methods which in turn alters their final yield after extraction. This review aims to highlight certain features of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates from M. oleifera, such as their chemical structure, functionality, and main extraction and harvesting methods. Some of their health-promoting effects will also be addressed.

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powder antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity in human primary fibroblasts

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) leaf powder has been well studied, however, understanding how extraction methods of antioxidant compounds affect human primary fibroblasts still needs to be determined. The antioxidant capacity was analyzed through a copper reduction capacity method and primary human skin fibroblasts were evaluated for cytotoxicity using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Antioxidant activity under the influence of methanolic solvents (Trolox equivalents of 160.18 nmol/µL) was 17 times higher than under aqueous solvents. Interestingly, the aqueous extract showed less toxicity in comparison to the methanolic, as cells resulted more susceptible to concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 5 mg/L. Although, MO methanol solvent showed a higher antioxidant capacity in comparison to the aqueous solvent, it presented greater cytotoxicity. Thus, it is concluded that the aqueous extract could be suitable for downstream processing and applications.

Antioxidant activity and calcium bioaccessibility of Moringa oleifera leaf hydrolysate, as a potential calcium supplement in food

Moringa oleifera leaf (ML) is rich in vitamins and minerals, specially abundant calcium, therefore it is widely used as a calcium supplement for food. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity and calcium bioaccessibility of M. oleifera leaf hydrolysate (MLH) as a calcium supplement for kimchi. MLH was prepared under three different proteases, two different protease contents, and three different incubation times. Total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities were investigated. Cellular activity and calcium bioaccessibility were also investigated. The highest calcium level of MLH was observed in 3% Protamex treatment for 4 h. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities of MLH in Protamex and Alcalase treatments were higher than those in Flavourzyme treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, high cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed in C2C12 cells. Kimchi containing MLH showed high calcium accessibility compared to kimchi alone. Taken together, the application of MLH could have potential as a calcium supplement for kimchi production.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Moringa Leaves Grown in Spain Versus 28 Leaves Commonly Consumed in Pre-Packaged Salads

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) evaluated by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ABTS, DPPH, and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and total polyphenol content (TPC) by Folin–Ciocalteu were determined in Moringa oleifera leaves (MO) grown in Spain, and compared with 28 different vegetable leaves pre-packaged for consumption as a salad. Total carotenoids, flavonoids, and chlorophylls were also determined in the samples with highest TAC. Two different extraction procedures were applied to obtain the methanolic fraction and the lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions. The highest TAC and TPC contents were found in MO. High values were also found in red chicory, “lollo rosso”, and oak lettuce. The lowest TAC and TPC values were obtained in iceberg lettuce. The correlations between the extraction procedures and methods assayed were high and statistically significant. In the light of these results, we suggest the addition of MO to the existing range of fresh-cut salad foods would increase their antioxidant content by up to six times.