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Honles J, Clisson C, Monge C, Vásquez-Ocmín P, Cerapio JP, Palamy S, Casavilca-Zambrano S, Herrera J, Pineau P, Deharo E, Peynet V, Bertani S. Exposure assessment of 170 pesticide ingredients and derivative metabolites in people from the Central Andes of Peru. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13525. [PMID: 35941193 PMCID: PMC9360020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Central Andes of Peru are a region of great concern regarding pesticide risk to the health of local communities. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to assess the level of pesticide contamination among Andean people. Analytical chemistry methods were used to measure the concentrations of 170 pesticide-related compounds in hair samples from 50 adult Andean subjects living in rural and urban areas. As part of the study, a questionnaire was administered to the subjects to collect information regarding factors that increase the risk of pesticide exposure. Our results indicate that Andean people are strongly exposed to agrochemicals, being contaminated with a wide array of pesticide-related compounds at high concentration levels. Multivariate analyses and geostatistical modeling identified sociodemographic factors associated with rurality and food origin that increase pesticide exposure risk. The present study represents the first comprehensive investigation of pesticide-related compounds detected in body samples collected from people living in the Central Andes of Peru. Our findings pinpoint an alarming environmental situation that threatens human health in the region and provide a rationale for improving public policies to protect local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Honles
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru
| | - Claire Clisson
- Institut de Recherche et d'Expertise Scientifique, Europarc, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudia Monge
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru.,Banco Nacional de Tejidos Tumorales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Pablo Cerapio
- International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru.,UMR 1037 CRCT, INSERM, UPS, CNRS UMR 5071, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Excellence Toulouse-Cancer (TOUCAN), UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sysay Palamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Sandro Casavilca-Zambrano
- International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru.,Banco Nacional de Tejidos Tumorales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier Herrera
- UMR 260 LEDa, IRD, CNRS UMR 8007-260, Université Paris Dauphine, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U 993, Paris, France
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS UMR 5290, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Peynet
- Institut de Recherche et d'Expertise Scientifique, Europarc, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Bertani
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. .,International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), IRD, INEN, Lima, Peru. .,Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31000, Toulouse, France.
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2
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Lin S, Ali MU, Zheng C, Cai Z, Wong MH. Toxic chemicals from uncontrolled e-waste recycling: Exposure, body burden, health impact. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127792. [PMID: 34802823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling processes have induced serious environmental pollution and human health impacts. This paper reviewed studies on the wide range of toxic chemicals through the use of primitive recycling techniques, their transfer to various ecological compartments, and subsequent health impacts. Results indicated that local food items were heavily polluted by the pollutants emitted, notably heavy metals in vegetables, rice, fish and seafood, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in livestock. Dietary exposure is the most important exposure pathway. The associations between exposure to e-waste and high body burdens of these pollutants were evident. It seems apparent that toxic chemicals emitted from e-waste activities are causing a number of major illnesses related to cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory systems, according to the information provided by a local hospital (Taizhou, an e-waste recycling hot spot in China). More epidemiological data should be made available to the general public. It is envisaged that there are potential dangers of toxic chemicals passing on to the next generation via placental transfer and lactation. There is a need to monitor the development and health impacts of infants and children, born and brought up in the e-waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Peng FJ, Hardy EM, Mezzache S, Bourokba N, Palazzi P, Stojiljkovic N, Bastien P, Li J, Soeur J, Appenzeller BMR. Exposure to multiclass pesticides among female adult population in two Chinese cities revealed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105633. [PMID: 32179318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high use of pesticides worldwide and the constant exposure of humans to these toxic-by-design chemicals have drawn the attention on the possible consequences on human health. However, information on the exposure of the general population to pesticides remain very limited in most countries, especially in urban areas. In the present work, hair analysis was conducted to investigate the exposure of 204 urban women living in two Chinese cities (Baoding and Dalian) to 110 pesticides and 30 metabolites of the following families: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, phenylpyrazoles, acid herbicides, urea herbicides and azoles. Results showed that 71 pesticides and 23 metabolites were found in the hair samples, with concentrations ranging up to 1070 pg/mg in hair. In each hair sample, the number of detected chemicals ranged from 25 to 50, demonstrating the cumulative exposure to pesticides among Chinese women in the studied regions. The concentrations of 38 chemicals (e.g., p-nitrophenol, diethyldithiophosphate, λ-cyhalothrin, permethrin, carbendazim and tebuconazole) were significantly different between women in Baoding and Dalian, indicating the regional differences in exposure to pesticide. Using a multiple regression analysis, we found that concentrations of a few dominant pesticides were associated with age, body mass index (BMI), cooking frequency and regions. These results can provide baseline information on exposure of female adult Chinese population to multiple pesticides and support future studies focused on the health effects associated with pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sakina Mezzache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Nasrine Bourokba
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Biopolis Drive, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Natali Stojiljkovic
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Philippe Bastien
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Jing Li
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, No. 550 JinYu Rd., Pudong New Area, China
| | - Jeremie Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay Sous Bois, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Iatrou EI, Tsygankov V, Seryodkin I, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Barbounis E, Zakharenko AM, Chaika VV, Sergievich AA, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast K. Monitoring of environmental persistent organic pollutants in hair samples collected from wild terrestrial mammals of Primorsky Krai, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7640-7650. [PMID: 30666573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitute a wide range of chemicals. Their release into the environment has raised great concern due to their potentially harmful impact in humans and wildlife species. The aim of this current study was to detect selected POPs in hair samples of wild terrestrial mammals from Primorsky Krai, Russia, so as to assess potential environmental exposure. The tested wild species were leopard cat, musk deer, wolf, amur hedgehog, and raccoon dog. The targeted organochlorines were hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDTs (opDDE, ppDDE, and opDDD), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphylene (ACEN), fluorene (FLU), anthracene (ANTH) phenathrene (PHEN), and pyrene (PYR)). The detection of POPs was conducted in hair samples by a one-step hair extraction method, by using a headspace solid-phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME) and analyzed then by GC-MS. The majority of the wild animal hair samples were found positive in all tested pollutants. More specifically, the percentage of positive hair samples for HCB was 93.3% and for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs, 20.0 to 100.0%, 6.7 to 100.0%, and 75.0 to 100.0%, respectively. DDT, PCB, and PAH detection ranged from 1.26 to 52.06 pg mg-1, 0.73 to 31.34 pg mg-1, and 2.59 to 35.00 pg mg-1, respectively. The highest mean concentration levels of all tested pollutants were found for musk deer (PCBs 12.41 pg mg-1, DDTs 21.87 pg mg-1, PAHs 22.12 pg mg-1) compared to the other wild species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides results regarding contamination in different terrestrial mammals by POP exposure. The use of hair as a matrix is proven to be an effective tool for nondestructive biological monitoring of POP contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia I Iatrou
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1393, 710 03, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ivan Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1393, 710 03, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1393, 710 03, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Barbounis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1393, 710 03, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Alexander A Sergievich
- Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, P.O. Box 1393, 710 03, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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5
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Relationship between LINE-1 methylation pattern and pesticide exposure in urban sprayers. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:125-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Boumba VA, Ziavrou KS, Vougiouklakis T. Hair as a Biological Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to Environmental Toxicants. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:143-63. [PMID: 16717031 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600683028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Moreover, hair-testing is now extensively used in workplace testing, as well as, on legal cases, historical research etc. This article reviews methodological and practical issues related to the application of hair as a biological indicator of drug use/abuse or of chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Hair structure and the mechanisms of drug incorporation into it are commented. The usual preparation and extraction methods as well as the analytical techniques of hair samples are presented and commented on. The outcomes of hair analysis have been reviewed for the following categories: drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids), benzodiazepines, prescribed drugs, pesticides and organic pollutants, doping agents and other drugs or substances. Finally, the specific purpose of the hair testing is discussed along with the interpretation of hair analysis results regarding the limitations of the applied procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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7
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Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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8
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Yusa V, Millet M, Coscolla C, Roca M. Analytical methods for human biomonitoring of pesticides. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Rashaid AHB, Harrington PDB, Jackson GP. Profiling Amino Acids of Jordanian Scalp Hair as a Tool for Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis: A Pilot Study. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7078-84. [PMID: 26075473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayat H. B. Rashaid
- Department
of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Peter de B. Harrington
- Center
for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Glen P. Jackson
- Department of Forensic & Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- C.
Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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10
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Kucharska A, Covaci A, Vanermen G, Voorspoels S. Non-invasive biomonitoring for PFRs and PBDEs: new insights in analysis of human hair externally exposed to selected flame retardants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:1062-1071. [PMID: 25461107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hypothesis whether externally adsorbed and internally deposited flame retardants (FRs) in hair could be distinguished. To this extent, hair samples collected from one volunteer were exposed under controlled conditions to phosphate FR (PFR) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) standards to mimic external contamination. Afterwards, suitable washing procedures to selectively remove contaminants from the hair surface were investigated. The samples were measured by GC-(ECNI)-MS for PBDEs and LC-(ESI+)-MS/MS for PFRs. All investigated compounds were transferred onto the hair surface. One of the most important finding was that dust particles are not mandatory to transfer compounds on the hair surface and to be able to measure high levels of compounds in human hair. To assess different protocols to selectively remove external contamination, the exposed hair samples were washed in different media before analysis: water, methanol, hexane:dichloromethane (1:1, v/v), acetone and shampoo. Results indicated that there is no washing medium able to entirely and exclusively remove external contamination. Among investigated media, methanol removed a meaningful part of the external contamination (42-105%), but the removal efficiencies differed among compounds. We therefore concluded that hair should not be washed prior to analysis and in case of visible contamination (e.g. with cosmetic products), water would be the recommended agent. Organic solvents should not be used for the washing step. Although it is impossible to distinguish external from internal exposure, hair samples may be used as valuable biomarker of human exposure, providing a measure of integral exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which has used externally exposed hair samples to PBDEs and PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kucharska
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanermen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Industrial Innovation Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Kokkinaki A, Kokkinakis M, Kavvalakis MP, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Maravgakis G, Babatsikou F, Fragkiadakis GA, Tsatsakis AM. Biomonitoring of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in urine and hair samples of sprayers and rural residents of Crete, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:181-187. [PMID: 25173049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of rural residents (control group) and occupational exposed population group of sprayers to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) by measuring their non-specific dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in hair and in urine samples. All subjects (n=120) were residents of the municipality of Ierapetra, an area of intensive cultivation in Crete, Greece. METHODS The determined OPs metabolites were DMP, DEP, DETP and DEDTP. Two different approaches were used for the analysis of the collected samples; solid-liquid extraction with sonication for hair and liquid-liquid extraction for urine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed after derivatization of the isolated analytes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The detection rates of DMP, DEP and DETP for both control and sprayers groups were high in both matrices, ranging from 91% to 100%. DEDTP was detected only in 9% of sprayers hair samples, while its detection rates in urine samples ranged from 83% to 90% for both population groups. Data analysis revealed significantly higher sumDAPs levels in urine of sprayers than in the urine of control group (p<0.001) and this is justified since sampling occurred during spraying periods. SumDAPs levels in hair samples of the sprayers were also significantly higher than in the hair of control group (p<0.001), confirming the long-term exposure to OPs. SumDAPs found levels in urine and hair samples of subjects were significantly correlated (Spearman׳s rho=0.728, p<0.001). Our study confirmed the elevated levels of DAPs in hair and urine samples in occupationally exposed group of sprayers in comparison to control group, even detected levels were similar in logarithmic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kokkinaki
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Manolis Kokkinakis
- Food Quality Laboratory, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Ierapetra, Greece
| | - Matthaios P Kavvalakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George Maravgakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Fotoula Babatsikou
- Department of Public Health, Technical Education Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios A Fragkiadakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Welfare Professions, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Siteia, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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12
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Koutroulakis D, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis M, Alegakis A, Theodoropoulou E, Kavvalakis M, Kappou D, Tsatsakis A. Dialkyl phosphates in amniotic fluid as a biomarker of fetal exposure to organophosphates in Crete, Greece; association with fetal growth. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Duca RC, Salquebre G, Hardy E, Appenzeller BM. Comparison of solid phase- and liquid/liquid-extraction for the purification of hair extract prior to multi-class pesticides analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 955-956:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Grova N, Salquèbre G, Appenzeller BMR. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 52 monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hairs of rats after controlled exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8897-911. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Yu W, Cai W, Shao X. Chemometric approach for fast analysis of prometryn in human hair by GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2277-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University; Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University; Tianjin P. R. China
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Persistent organochlorinated pesticides and mechanisms of their toxicity. Toxicology 2013; 307:74-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Roig N, Sierra J, Rovira J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Nadal M. In vitro tests to assess toxic effects of airborne PM(10) samples. Correlation with metals and chlorinated dioxins and furans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:791-797. [PMID: 23231889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation is an important exposure pathway to airborne pollutants such as heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and particulate matter. Chronic exposure to those chemicals, which form part of complex environmental mixtures, may mean important human health risks. In the present study, the suitability of different in vitro tests to evaluate the toxic effects of air PM(10) pollutants is investigated. In addition, it is also assessed how to distinguish the contribution of chemical pollutants to toxicity. Sixty-three air samples were collected in various areas of Catalonia (Spain), and the levels of ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated. Aqueous acidic extractions of quartz fiber filters, where PM(10) had been retained, were performed. The photo-luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) bioassay was performed to assess ecotoxicity. Moreover, MTT and Comet Assays, both using human lung epithelial cells A549 as target cells, were applied to assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of air samples, respectively. The results show that Microtox® is an excellent screening test to perform a first evaluation of air quality, as it presented a significant correlation with chemical contaminants, contrasting with MTT Assay. Although none of the samples exhibited genotoxicity, a high correlation was found between this in vitro test and carcinogenic agents. Urban samples from traffic-impacted areas would be significantly more toxic. Finally, environmental temperature was identified as a key parameter, as higher values of ecotoxicity were found in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Roig
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Histopathological lesions, oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in liver and kidneys following long term exposure of rabbits to diazinon and propoxur. Toxicology 2012. [PMID: 23201499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of diazinon and propoxur on liver and kidneys, following long term exposure of rabbits. METHODS Ten New Zealand white female rabbits were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups, consisting of 2 animals each. Diazinon (groups 1 and 2) and propoxur (groups 3 and 4) were administered at 2 different doses, and group 5 served as the control group. Histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage were evaluated. RESULTS Both pesticides induced focal inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and kidneys. The low dose of propoxur induced a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), with no difference in reduced glutathione (GSH), while the high dose of propoxur induced an increase in GSH with no change in TAC. For diazinon-exposed animals, the opposite findings were observed. Both diazinon and propoxur induced a statistically significant oxidative DNA damage in the liver and kidneys and a subsequent increase in telomerase activity in these tissues, possibly as a counteracting mechanism. Furthermore, systemic inflammation, as depicted by the dose-dependent increase in telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), was observed in propoxur treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Histopathological lesions, oxidative stress and genotoxic effects were induced in liver and kidneys following long term exposure of rabbits to diazinon and propoxur.
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Dahmardeh Behrooz R, Barghi M, Bahramifar N, Esmaili-Sari A. Organochlorine contaminants in the hair of Iranian pregnant women. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:235-241. [PMID: 22047617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the hair of pregnant women was sampled between November 2007 and January 2008 in Ahvaz and Noushahr cities and the countryside of Noushahr, Iran. They were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and seven polychlorinated (PCBs) congeners (IUPAC Nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180). Significant differences between the concentrations of investigated pollutants were found between the locations (p<0.05). For HCHs, the γ-HCH isomer was measured at higher mean concentrations (6 ng g(-1) hair) compared to the β-HCH isomer (0.03 ng g(-1)), which generally is the most prevalent HCH in biological matrices. Very high mean concentrations of p,p'-DDT in countryside of Noushahr (24 ng g(-1)) combined with lower values (0.6) of ratio p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT in the hair samples suggest recent exposure to "fresh" DDT in this region. Significant differences in OCPs and PCBs were found between primiparous and multiparous mothers (p<0.05). There was no correlation between levels of OCPs and PCBs in the hair of Iranian pregnant women and their age. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the organochlorine levels, including HCHs, between mothers who have eaten fish once a week and those who consumed fish more than once per week in Noushahr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz
- Institute Research of Hamoun International Wetland, Zabol University, Zabol, Sistan, Iran.
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20
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Schummer C, Salquèbre G, Briand O, Millet M, Appenzeller BMR. Determination of farm workers' exposure to pesticides by hair analysis. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:203-10. [PMID: 22154536 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a highly sensitive method based on solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry was used to test hair samples for 50 pesticides including 39 molecules from different chemical families currently used in agriculture and 11 organochlorines. The population investigated was composed of 18 farm workers who provided hair samples repeatedly collected during the entire treatment period (from March to November 2009). Among the 62 hair samples that were collected, 33 different target molecules were detected. The most frequently detected agricultural pesticides were Diflufenican and Pyrimethanil, two herbicides which were detected in 13 subjects. The concentration in volunteers' hair matched with agricultural activity and the highest concentration was observed for Cyprodinil (1161pg/mg), an anilinopyrimidine used as a fungicide. For organochlorines, p,p'-DDE and γ-HCH were the most frequently detected molecules as they were present in at least one of the hair samples provided by each of the 18 volunteers. The highest concentrations detected for these chemicals reached 21.0pg/mg for p,p'-DDE and 23.5pg/mg for γ-HCH, but the highest concentration of organochlorine was observed for β-endosulfan (105pg/mg). The results suggest that farm workers have a weak, though constant exposure to organochlorine pesticides, especially to p,p'-DDE and γ-HCH, while exposure to currently used pesticides is strongly associated with occupation. Observations also suggest that spraying work would not necessarily be the only source of exposure to agricultural pesticides and that worker not directly involved in spraying can also be submitted to significant level of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schummer
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring - CRP-Sante, Université du Luxembourg, 162A avenue de la Faïencerie, L-1511, Luxembourg
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Tsatsakis AM, Tutudaki M, Tzatzarakis MN, Dawson A, Mohamed F, Christaki M, Alegakis AK. Is hair analysis for dialkyl phosphate metabolites a suitable biomarker for assessing past acute exposure to organophosphate pesticides? Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:266-73. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111403171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AM Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Tutudaki
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - MN Tzatzarakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Dawson
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - F Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M Christaki
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - AK Alegakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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22
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Smith-Baker C, Saleh MA. Hair as a marker for pesticides exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2011; 46:648-653. [PMID: 21790305 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.597701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rats were orally treated with mixtures of chlorinated pesticides. Hair was collected and analyzed for pesticide residues over a period of up to four weeks. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the recovered pesticides in hair were determined using gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Results suggest that hair can be used as a biomarker for the monitoring of organochlorinated pesticide residues at low parts per billion levels. Chlorinated pesticides were also detected in human hair of environmentally exposed and occupationally exposed individuals, which indicates that hair can be used for monitoring pesticides exposure.
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Margariti MG, Tsatsakis AM. Assessment of long-term subacute exposure to dimethoate by hair analysis of dialkyl phosphates DMP and DMTP in exposed rabbits: The effects of dose, dose duration and hair colour. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:821-829. [PMID: 19674743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis for dialkyl phosphates' (DAPs) residues could provide a measure of chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs). The aim of this study was to determine whether these metabolites can be internally incorporated into the hair of rabbits exposed to dimethoate and also to investigate the influence of dose and dose duration of this OP, as well as the effect of hair colour on the concentrations of its DAPs in hair. Two-coloured rabbits were daily exposed to dimethoate (0, 12 or 24mgkg(-1) body weight) via their drinking water. Hair samples of both colours were obtained 4 and 6 months after the beginning of exposure from the back of all treated rabbits, and each hair colour sample was analyzed for dimethyl phosphate (DMP) and dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis revealed the incorporation of these metabolites into the rabbit hair in a dose-dependent manner. The mean concentrations found ranged from 0.18 to 0.77ngmg(-1) for DMP and from 0.43 to 1.53ngmg(-1) for DMTP. Mixed results for the significance of the relationship between dose duration and the levels of the two DAPs in hair are observed. Hair pigmentation does not appear to affect the concentration values of DMTP, whereas it seems to be a critical factor in the incorporation of DMP into hair. These data confirm the ability of hair testing to assess chronic OP exposure by the detection of DAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Department of Medicine, Centre of Toxicological Sciences and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71409 Crete, Greece
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24
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Tsatsakis A, Tzatzarakis M, Koutroulakis D, Toutoudaki M, Sifakis S. Dialkyl phosphates in meconium as a biomarker of prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A study on pregnant women of rural areas in Crete, Greece. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:364-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250902745090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Margariti MG, Tsatsakis AM. Analysis of dialkyl phosphate metabolites in hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A biomarker of chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Biomarkers 2009; 14:137-47. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500902792912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Tsatsakis A, Zafiropoulos A, Tzatzarakis M, Tzanakakis G, Kafatos A. Relation of PON1 and CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms to clinical findings in a cross-sectional study of a Greek rural population professionally exposed to pesticides. Toxicol Lett 2009; 186:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Esteban M, Castaño A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:438-49. [PMID: 18951632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans and other living organisms are exposed to a variety of chemical pollutants that are released into the environment as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollutants are incorporated into the organism by different routes and can then be stored and distributed in different tissues, which leads to an internal concentration that can induce different alterations, adverse effects and/or diseases. Control measures should be taken to avoid these effects and human biomonitoring is a very useful tool that can contribute to this aim. Human biomonitoring uses different matrices to measure the target chemicals depending on the chemical, the amount of matrix necessary for the analysis and the detection limit (LOD) of the analytical technique. Blood is the ideal matrix for most chemicals due to its contact with the whole organism and its equilibrium with organs and tissues where chemicals are stored. However, it has an important disadvantage of being an invasive matrix. The development of new methodology and modern analytical techniques has allowed the use of other matrices that are less or non-invasive, such as saliva, urine, meconium, nails, hair, and semen or breast milk. The presence of a chemical in these matrices reflects an exposure, but correlations between levels in non-invasive matrices and blood must be established to ensure that these levels are related to the total body burden. The development of new biomarkers that are measurable in these matrices will improve non-invasive biomonitoring. This paper reviews studies that measure Cd, Pb, Hg, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides and phthalates in non-invasive matrices, the most used techniques for measurements and what alternative techniques are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, National Centre of Environmental Health (CNSA), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Tsatsakis A, Toutoudaki M, Tzatzarakis M. Assessing Chronic Exposure to Anticholinesterase Pesticides by Hair Analysis. COUNTERACTION TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM IN EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2342-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tsatsakis AM, Tzatzarakis MN, Tutudaki M, Babatsikou F, Alegakis AK, Koutis C. Assessment of levels of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in the hair of a Greek rural human population. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:933-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the assessment of chronic exposure of the rural population of Helia Peloponnesus, Greece to banned organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), using hair analysis. A total of 222 head hair samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of those organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites or isomers. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to measure the levels of the pollutants. The median concentrations of α-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, ortho para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (opDDE), para para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (ppDDE), ortho para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (opDDD), para para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (ppDDD) + ortho para 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane, and para para 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane were determined at 40.4, 19.7, 124.2, 6.2, 7.8, 73.1, 8.0, and 5.7 pg/mg. The median concentration of total HCHs and DDTs were 117.8 pg/mg and 9.4 pg/mg, respectively. The levels of total HCHs were much higher than the levels of DDTs in the hair samples of the studied population. This may be attributed to the presence of lindane, a pesticide officially banned in 2002. It is interesting to see that DDTs are still traced in samples despite their use being banned for more than three decades. There was no difference in the levels of the detected pesticides in hair sampled from men or women. The concentration of HCHs remains high and relatively stable across the age groups, suggesting constant exposure until very recently. The concentration of the total DDTs and the parent compound, pp-DDT presents a statistically significant decreasing trend across the age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - MN Tzatzarakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - M Tutudaki
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - F Babatsikou
- Department of Public Health, Technical Education Institute of Athens, Greece
| | - AK Alegakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - C Koutis
- Department of Public Health, Technical Education Institute of Athens, Greece
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30
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Schramm KW. Hair-biomonitoring of organic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:1103-11. [PMID: 18547610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews past research on hair analysis development for organic contaminants from the point of view of analytical procedures, successful applications and their limitations. For the past 20 years, hair analysis for organic pollutants has received more and more attention, since it is non-invasive, easily available and ethically not prioritized. New methods such as SFE, SPME and INAA have been developed to make the analysis more accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the correlation of contamination levels between hair samples and ambient air or internal tissues has been found by hair analysis and short-term and long-term exposure assessment in combination. However, there are still some limitations of hair analysis to be a validated risk assessment tool for many compounds. Some limitations had been of the past, some have not been fully investigated and need still further study. In this way, hair analysis can be the key to successfully biomonitor organic contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Covaci A, Hura C, Gheorghe A, Neels H, Dirtu AC. Organochlorine contaminants in hair of adolescents from Iassy, Romania. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:16-20. [PMID: 18396311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human hair samples (n=42) from Iassy county (Eastern Romania) collected in 2002-2003 from adolescents were analyzed for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, p,p'-DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane and metabolites and 5 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Very low levels were found for HCB and oxychlordane (0.8 and 2.5 ng g(-1)) indicating a low usage of these pesticide formulations in the studied area. In case of HCHs, gamma-HCH isomer was measured at higher median concentrations (79 ng g(-1) hair) compared to the beta-HCH isomer (55 ng g(-1)), which generally is the most prevalent from HCHs. The DDTs profile consisted in p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT which levels correspond to 81% of sum DDTs. Very high median concentrations measured for p,p'-DDT (192 ng g(-1)) combined with lower values for p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT of 0.4 (from 0.20 to 2.0) in all hair samples suggest recent exposure to "fresh" DDT. When gender was considered, significantly higher concentrations for most of the investigated contaminants were found in girls hair compared to boys. Very high levels were found in the present study for HCHs and DDTs compared to samples from Greece, Western Europe and China. In case of PCBs, the levels found in Romanian samples were found to be in the same range compared to other previously published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Dulaurent S, Gaulier J, Baudel J, Fardet L, Maury E, Lachâtre G. Hair analysis to document non-fatal pesticide intoxication cases. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 176:72-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chan JKY, Xing GH, Xu Y, Liang Y, Chen LX, Wu SC, Wong CKC, Leung CKM, Wong MH. Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:7668-7674. [PMID: 18075072 DOI: 10.1021/es071492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study is one of the very few investigating the dioxin body burden of a group of child-bearing-aged women at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) (24 +/- 2.83 years of age, 40% were primiparae) and a reference site (Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province, about 245 km away from Taizhou) (24 +/- 2.35 years of age, 100% were primiparae) in China. Five sets of samples (each set consisted of human milk, placenta, and hair) were collected from each site. Body burdens of people from the e-waste processing site (human milk, 21.02 +/- 13.81 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat (World Health Organization toxic equivalency 1998); placenta, 31.15 +/- 15.67 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; hair, 33.82 +/- 17.74 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g dry wt) showed significantly higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/ Fs) than those from the reference site (human milk, 9.35 +/- 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; placenta, 11.91 +/- 7.05 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g fat; hair, 5.59 +/- 4.36 pg WHO-TEQ1998/g dry wt) and were comparatively higher than other studies. The difference between the two sites was due to e-waste recycling operations, for example, open burning, which led to high background levels. Moreover, mothers from the e-waste recycling site consumed more foods of animal origin. The estimated daily intake of PCDD/Fs within 6 months by breastfed infants from the e-waste processing site was 2 times higher than that from the reference site. Both values exceeded the WHO tolerable daily intake for adults by at least 25 and 11 times, respectively. Our results implicated that e-waste recycling operations cause prominent PCDD/F levels in the environment and in humans. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Y Chan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, G/F, Block 5, Low-Rise Buildings, 32 Renfrew Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Chai Z, Sun H. Human hair as a potential biomonitor for assessing persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:685-93. [PMID: 17367859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore human biomonitor of persistent organic pollutants (POP) for public health risk assessment, extractable organohalogens (EOX), extractable persistent organohalogens (EPOX) and some selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in children hair from urban and rural regions of Beijing, China, were measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The results indicated that about 96% of the total halogens existed as water-soluble polar compounds; about 25 to 50% of EOX were sulfuric acid-resistant EPOX; organochlorines were the major fraction of the organohalogens; and 88 to 99.6% of extractable persistent organochlorines (EPOCl) cannot be attributed to the selected OCP and PCB. HCH, DDT and 2-5CB were the major contributors to hair OCP and PCB. Further, gamma-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and PCB-52 were the predominant individuals of HCH, DDT and 2-5CB, respectively. The concentration distributions of EPOCl, HCH, DDT and PCB in children hair were generally in the order of urban>rural and girls>boys, except for PCB congeners with random distributions between genders. Pearson positive correlations between hair lipid and the detected parameters of hair gamma-HCH (p<0.01), DDT (p<0.01), EOCl (p<0.05), as well as EPOCl (p<0.05) were observed. Also, the ratios of hair alpha/gamma and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT suggested that fresh input of HCH and DDT might exist in Beijing area. Hair can reflect body's integral exposure to POP from endogenous and exogenous sources, which, thus, can be used as a potential biomonitor in assessing POP exposure for public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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Posecion N, Ostrea E, Bielawski D, Corrion M, Seagraves J, Jin Y. Detection of Exposure to Environmental Pesticides During Pregnancy by the Analysis of Maternal Hair Using GC-MS. Chromatographia 2006; 64:681-687. [PMID: 17664959 PMCID: PMC1934610 DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of pesticides were extracted from maternal hair by solid-liquid extraction. Analysis of their selected metabolites involved a methanolic/hydrochloric acid methyl ester derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction. Gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry was used to detect and quantify the pesticides and metabolites. Recovery of parent compounds and metabolites from the analysis of spiked hair ranged from 87 to 112% with coefficients of variation less than 11%. Limits of detection ranged from 0.031 to 5.88 μg g(-1). Analysis of hair samples from pregnant women in the Philippines showed maternal exposure during pregnancy to bioallethrin, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor and malathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Posecion
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- E-Mail:
| | - E. Ostrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- University of the Philippines Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Manila, Philippines
| | - D. Bielawski
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - M. Corrion
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J. Seagraves
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Y. Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E Canfield Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Tsatsakis AM. 'Maternal hair--an appropriate matrix for detecting maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy', by Ostrea et al. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:365; author reply 365-6. [PMID: 16952348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Robison HL, Schwartz CC, Petty JD, Brussard PF. Assessment of pesticide residues in army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and their potential consequences to foraging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:1704-12. [PMID: 16487567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During summer, a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) (USA) can excavate and consume millions of army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) (ACMs) that aggregate in high elevation talus. Grizzly bears in the GYE were listed as threatened by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1975 and were proposed for delisting in 2005. However, questions remain about key bear foods. For example, ACMs are agricultural pests and concern exists about whether they contain pesticides that could be toxic to bears. Consequently, we investigated whether ACMs contain and transport pesticides to bear foraging sites and, if so, whether these levels could be toxic to bears. In 1999 we collected and analyzed ACMs from six bear foraging sites. ACMs were screened for 32 pesticides with gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Because gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) can be more sensitive than GC-ECD for certain pesticides, we revisited one site in 2001 and analyzed these ACMs with GC-MS/MS. ACMs contained trace or undetectable levels of pesticides in 1999 and 2001, respectively. Based on chemical levels in ACMs and numbers of ACMs a bear can consume, we calculated the potential of chemicals to reach physiological toxicity. These calculations indicate bears do not consume physiologically toxic levels of pesticides and allay concerns they are at risk from pesticides transported by ACMs. If chemical control of ACMs changes in the future, screening new ACM samples taken from bear foraging sites may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Robison
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology/314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Thomas GO, Wilkinson M, Hodson S, Jones KC. Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:30-41. [PMID: 16236409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood serum from 154 volunteers at 13 UK locations in 2003 were analysed for a range of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs. HCB, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT and beta-HCH were the dominant organochlorine pesticides in most samples. BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183 were the most regularly detected PBDEs. This study is the first report of BDE209 in UK human blood (found in 11 samples, range < 15-240 ng/g lipid). Concentration and age correlated for the less easily metabolised PCBs, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, HCB and HCHs. With increasing age females tended to have lower concentrations of the more chlorinated PCBs than males. Similar PBDE concentrations, and distributions, to those reported in the general population in Sweden in 2002 were found, despite differences in historical PBDE production and usage. There is increasing regulation to control persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals, and establishing human exposure will help to identify substances which should be urgently phased out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth O Thomas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Pragst F, Balikova MA. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 370:17-49. [PMID: 16624267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hair differs from other materials used for toxicological analysis because of its unique ability to serve as a long-term storage of foreign substances with respect to the temporal appearance in blood. Over the last 20 years, hair testing has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of chronic drug abuse as well as intentional or unintentional poisoning. In this paper, we review the physiological basics of hair growth, mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis for drugs and other organic substances. Improved chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques with increased selectivity and sensitivity and new methods of sample preparation have improved detection limits from the ng/mg range to below pg/mg. These technical advances have substantially enhanced the ability to detect numerous drugs and other poisons in hair. For example, it was possible to detect previous administration of a single very low dose in drug-facilitated crimes. In addition to its potential application in large scale workplace drug testing and driving ability examination, hair analysis is also used for detection of gestational drug exposure, cases of criminal liability of drug addicts, diagnosis of chronic intoxication and in postmortem toxicology. Hair has only limited relevance in therapy compliance control. Fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair have proven to be suitable markers for alcohol abuse. Hair analysis for drugs is, however, not a simple routine procedure and needs substantial guidelines throughout the testing process, i.e., from sample collection to results interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Savvopoulos MA, Pallis E, Tzatzarakis MN, Dialyna IA, Tzanakakis GN, Tsatsakis AM. Legal issues of addiction assessment: the experience with hair testing in Greece. J Appl Toxicol 2005; 25:143-52. [PMID: 15744757 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present Greek law and legislation for crimes and felonies regarding drugs of abuse and the interpretation of hair testing results with respect to Greek law. Details (such as the process, the decision and the competence of the Court, the police record, the indictment, the expert reports, the defendant's individuality, the crimes and the penal confrontal and many others) from legal cases related to toxicomany and its judicial verification were collected and analysed. Laboratory data of cases concerning the laboratory evaluation of toxicomany in addicts and also occasionally the legal course of cases with addict defendants are presented. In four representative cases segmental hair analysis proved that, for as long as the individuals were imprisoned, findings with drug substances corresponding to that period were lesser or practically absent compared with samples corresponding to the time out of prison, which showed increased drug abuse. Hair analysis provides information on chronic exposure rather than acute poisoning. Its detection window varies from some days to months or even years. The procedure that the law lays down in many cases is insufficient and in most cases impossible to abide by. When the medical examiner is not able to decide if the claim of toxicomany is real, segmental hair analysis may be the only way to prove it. In other cases where the medical examiner is able to diagnose the addiction, a segmental hair analysis is necessary because it can show long-term drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Savvopoulos
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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