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Raja R, Jyoti Sarkar D, Biswas A, Mondal S, Kumar Aralappanavar V, Dei J, Kumar Behera B, Bhattacharyya S, Pal S, Mukherjee S, Kumar Das B. Colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) in water using tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) as an indicator. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2025; 324:124967. [PMID: 39153350 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) poses a serious risk to both human and environment health. Hence, a simple, robust, and efficient analytical method must be developed to monitor the presence of Cr(VI) in the environment. The current investigation concentrated on the colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) using TMB as indicator in the presence of H2O2. The study found that Cr(VI) reacts with H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals which oxidize TMB in a concentration dependent manner. Under optimized conditions, the method obtained a good linearity range (0.025-0.5 mg/L, r2 = 0.9944) with LOD and LOQ of 0.009 mg/L and 0.029 mg/L, respectively. The technique was further improved by the addition of EDTA in the sample preparation protocol to reduce the false positive result by the presence of ions like Cu2+, Fe3+, etc. The study recorded improved Cr(VI) recoveries (81.73-111.40 %) at different fortification levels (0.1-0.5 mg/L). Under optimized conditions, the EDTA added method obtained a good linear response (r2 = 0.9952) with a detection limit of 0.023 mg/L which is less than the prescribed limits by WHO (0.05 mg/L) and US EPA (0.1 mg/L) for drinking water. The developed analytical method is very simple without use of any nanomaterial and the results with natural water samples show that it has the potential for real-time detection of Cr(VI) in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramij Raja
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Shirsak Mondal
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Aralappanavar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotsna Dei
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Souvik Pal
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Kolkata-700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhankar Mukherjee
- Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Kolkata-700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120, West Bengal, India
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Zhao K, Long X, Li J, Wang Y, Lan P, Wang Y. Anti-oxidant activity of 1-(1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl)ethenone, a Maillard reaction product derived from fructose and histidine. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39092851 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Maillard reaction involves the interaction of various amino acids and reducing sugars, resulting in food browning. It often produces appealing aromas and flavors. The complexities of the reaction are such that it can be challenging to identify the often numerous and frequently volatile products formed by it. In the present study, we sought to identify and evaluate an unusual product with anti-oxidant activity arising from a fructose-histidine Maillard reaction model. The anti-oxidant profile of this product was assessed by computational means. RESULTS The fructose-histidine Maillard reaction products (FH-MRPs) were generated by heating a 2:1 mixture of the sugar and the amino acid at 140 °C for 2 h. Chromatographically separable fractions, labelled DM-1 to DM-8, were obtained using silica gel as the stationary phase and dichloromethane/methanol (DCM/MeOH) mixtures as the mobile one. Fraction DM-5 exhibited the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and further bio-assay guided fractionation led to isolation and identification of 1-(1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-yl)ethenone (IMPE) as the active principal, the structure of which was established by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and mass spectral techniques. A mechanism for the formation of IMPE from its precursors is proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest this novel heterocyclic compound exerts its anti-oxidant effects by interacting with DPPH and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. Essentially, IMPE was non-toxic below 300 ug mL-1, showing a concentration-dependent free radical clearance capacity and reducing power within the 100-1000 μg mL-1 range, and moreover, exhibiting significant Fe2+ chelating abilities wihin the 50-200 μg mL-1 range. CONCLUSION This study identified the unique FH-MRP, IMPE, and found that it acts as food antioxidant through the chelation of metal ions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyu Zhao
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Long
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junle Li
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Yu N, Wang N, Zhang W, Xue J, zhou Q, Hu F, Bai X, Liu N. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) inhibits myofibroblast differentiation through inducing ferroptosis mediated by ferritinophagy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27276. [PMID: 38463857 PMCID: PMC10923727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is caused by persistent micro-injuries and aberrant repair processes. Myofibroblast differentiation in lung is a key event for abnormal repair. Dihydroartemisinin(DHA), a well-known anti-malarial drug, have been shown to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis, but its mechanism is not clear. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathgenesis of many diseases, including IPF. Ferritinophagy is a form of cellular autophagy which regulates intracellular iron homeostasis. The function of DHA on myofibroblasts differentiation of pulmonary and whether related with ferroptosis and ferritinophagy are unknown now. Using human fetal lung fibroblast 1(HFL1) cell line and the qRT-PCR, immunofluorescent and Western blotting techniques, we found that after TGF-β1 treatment, the levels of ɑ-SMA expression and ROS increased; the mRNA and protein levels of FTH1 and NCOA4, the content of Fe2+ and 4-HNE increased significantly at 6h, then gradually reduced with time. After DHA treatment, FHL1 cells appeared ferroptosis; the levels of α-SMA mRNA and protein reduced and the levels of ROS and 4-HNE increased; the Fe2+ levels decreased sharply at 6h, then increased with time, and were higher than normal since 24h; the mRNA and protein levels of FTH1 and NCOA4 decreased, exhibited a downward trend. These results show that Fe2+, ROS and lipid peroxidation are involved in and ferritinophagy is inhibited during fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation; The depletion of Fe2+ at early stage induced by DHA treatment triggers the ferritinophagy in HFL1 cells, leading to degradation of FTH1 and NCOA4 and following increase of Fe2+ levels. DHA may inhibit the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation through inducing ferroptosis mediated by ferritinophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Nan Wang
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Weiqun Zhang
- Dental Implant Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, PR China
| | - Junyu Xue
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Quan zhou
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Fengai Hu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
| | - Naiguo Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, PR China
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Liao Q, Yang J, Lu Z, Jiang Q, Gong Y, Liu L, Peng H, Wang Q, Zhang X, Liu Z. FTH1 indicates poor prognosis and promotes metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16493. [PMID: 38025726 PMCID: PMC10658887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) has been increasingly found to play a crucial role in cancer as a core regulator of ferroptosis, while its role of non-ferroptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still unclear. Methods Herein, we analyzed the expression level of FTH1 in HNSCC using TCGA database, and FTH1 protein in HNSCC tissues and cell lines was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting, respectively. Then, its prognostic value and relationship with clinical parameters were investigated in HNSCC patients. Additionally, the biological function of FTH1 in HNSCC was explored. Results The current study showed that FTH1 is significantly overexpressed in HNSCC tissues and related to poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis of HNSCC. FTH1 knockdown could suppress the metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of HNSCC. Conclusion Our findings indicate that FTH1 plays a critical role in the progression and metastasis of HNSCC and can serve as a promising prognostic factor and therapeutic target in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Lu
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingshan Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yongqian Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Ernst L, Barayeu U, Hädeler J, Dick TP, Klatt JM, Keppler F, Rebelein JG. Methane formation driven by light and heat prior to the origin of life and beyond. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4364. [PMID: 37528079 PMCID: PMC10394037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which likely enabled the evolution of life by keeping the early Earth warm. Here, we demonstrate routes towards abiotic methane and ethane formation under early-earth conditions from methylated sulfur and nitrogen compounds with prebiotic origin. These compounds are demethylated in Fenton reactions governed by ferrous iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by light and heat in aqueous environments. After the emergence of life, this phenomenon would have greatly intensified in the anoxic Archean by providing methylated sulfur and nitrogen substrates. This ROS-driven Fenton chemistry can occur delocalized from serpentinization across Earth's humid realm and thereby substantially differs from previously suggested methane formation routes that are spatially restricted. Here, we report that Fenton reactions driven by light and heat release methane and ethane and might have shaped the chemical evolution of the atmosphere prior to the origin of life and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ernst
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Uladzimir Barayeu
- Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Hädeler
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith M Klatt
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Microcosm Earth Center, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology & Philipps University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Biogeochemistry Group, Department for Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Keppler
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment HCE, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Rebelein
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), 35032, Marburg, Germany.
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Kontoghiorghes GJ. The Vital Role Played by Deferiprone in the Transition of Thalassaemia from a Fatal to a Chronic Disease and Challenges in Its Repurposing for Use in Non-Iron-Loaded Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1016. [PMID: 37513928 PMCID: PMC10384919 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The iron chelating orphan drug deferiprone (L1), discovered over 40 years ago, has been used daily by patients across the world at high doses (75-100 mg/kg) for more than 30 years with no serious toxicity. The level of safety and the simple, inexpensive synthesis are some of the many unique properties of L1, which played a major role in the contribution of the drug in the transition of thalassaemia from a fatal to a chronic disease. Other unique and valuable clinical properties of L1 in relation to pharmacology and metabolism include: oral effectiveness, which improved compliance compared to the prototype therapy with subcutaneous deferoxamine; highly effective iron removal from all iron-loaded organs, particularly the heart, which is the major target organ of iron toxicity and the cause of mortality in thalassaemic patients; an ability to achieve negative iron balance, completely remove all excess iron, and maintain normal iron stores in thalassaemic patients; rapid absorption from the stomach and rapid clearance from the body, allowing a greater frequency of repeated administration and overall increased efficacy of iron excretion, which is dependent on the dose used and also the concentration achieved at the site of drug action; and its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and treat malignant, neurological, and microbial diseases affecting the brain. Some differential pharmacological activity by L1 among patients has been generally shown in relation to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) of the drug. Unique properties exhibited by L1 in comparison to other drugs include specific protein interactions and antioxidant effects, such as iron removal from transferrin and lactoferrin; inhibition of iron and copper catalytic production of free radicals, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis; and inhibition of iron-containing proteins associated with different pathological conditions. The unique properties of L1 have attracted the interest of many investigators for drug repurposing and use in many pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, microbial conditions, renal conditions, free radical pathology, metal intoxication in relation to Fe, Cu, Al, Zn, Ga, In, U, and Pu, and other diseases. Similarly, the properties of L1 increase the prospects of its wider use in optimizing therapeutic efforts in many other fields of medicine, including synergies with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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Bragg MA, Breaux WA, M’Koma AE. Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Colorectal Cancer: Translational and Transformational Risks Posed by Exogenous Free Hemoglobin Alpha Chain, A By-Product of Extravasated Erythrocyte Macrophage Erythrophagocytosis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1254. [PMID: 37476546 PMCID: PMC10358352 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's colitis (CC). Patients with IBD are at increased risk for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CACRC) compared to the general population. CACRC is preceded by IBD, characterized by highly heterogenous, pharmacologically incurable, pertinacious, worsening, and immune-mediated inflammatory pathologies of the colon and rectum. The molecular and immunological basis of CACRC is highly correlated with the duration and severity of inflammation, which is influenced by the exogenous free hemoglobin alpha chain (HbαC), a byproduct of infiltrating immune cells; extravasated erythrocytes; and macrophage erythrophagocytosis. The exogenous free HbαC prompts oxygen free radical-arbitrated DNA damage (DNAD) through increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is exacerbated by decreased tissue antioxidant defenses. Mitigation of the Fenton Reaction via pharmaceutical therapy would attenuate ROS, promote apoptosis and DNAD repair, and subsequently prevent the incidence of CACRC. Three pharmaceutical options that attenuate hemoglobin toxicity include haptoglobin, deferoxamine, and flavonoids (vitamins C/E). Haptoglobin's clearance rate from plasma is inversely correlated with its size; the smaller the size, the faster the clearance. Thus, the administration of Hp1-1 may prove to be beneficial. Further, deferoxamine's hydrophilic structure limits its ability to cross cell membranes. Finally, the effectiveness of flavonoids, natural herb antioxidants, is associated with the high reactivity of hydroxyl substituents. Multiple analyses are currently underway to assess the clinical context of CACRC and outline the molecular basis of HbαC-induced ROS pathogenesis by exposing colonocytes and/or colonoids to HbαC. The molecular immunopathogenesis pathways of CACRC herein reviewed are broadly still not well understood. Therefore, this timely review outlines the molecular and immunological basis of disease pathogenesis and pharmaceutical intervention as a protective measure for CACRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amosy E. M’Koma
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (M.A.B.); (W.A.B.)
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Selyutina OY, Timoshnikov VA, Polyakov NE, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Metal Complexes of Omadine ( N-Hydroxypyridine-2-thione): Differences of Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Behavior in Light and Dark Conditions with Possible Toxicity Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104210. [PMID: 37241949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Omadine or N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione and its metal complexes are widely used in medicine and show bactericidal, fungicidal, anticancer, and photochemical activity. The redox activity of omadine complexes with iron, copper, and zinc on lipid peroxidation under light and dark conditions has been investigated. The monitoring of the oxidation of linoleic acid micelles, resembling a model of lipid membrane, was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). It has been shown that the omadine-zinc complex can induce the oxidation of linoleic acid under light irradiation, whereas the complexes with iron and copper are photochemically stable. All the chelating complexes of omadine appear to be redox-inactive in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under dark conditions. These findings suggest that omadine can demonstrate antioxidant behavior in processes involving reactive oxygen species generation induced by transition metals (Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions). However, the omadine complex with zinc, which is widely used in shampoos and ointments, is photochemically active and may cause oxidative cell membrane damage when exposed to light, with possible implications to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Selyutina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Solid Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay E Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Solid Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus
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New Iron Metabolic Pathways and Chelation Targeting Strategies Affecting the Treatment of All Types and Stages of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213990. [PMID: 36430469 PMCID: PMC9696688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is new and increasing evidence from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies implicating the pivotal role of iron and associated metabolic pathways in the initiation, progression and development of cancer and in cancer metastasis. New metabolic and toxicity mechanisms and pathways, as well as genomic, transcription and other factors, have been linked to cancer and many are related to iron. Accordingly, a number of new targets for iron chelators have been identified and characterized in new anticancer strategies, in addition to the classical restriction of/reduction in iron supply, the inhibition of transferrin iron delivery, the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase in DNA synthesis and high antioxidant potential. The new targets include the removal of excess iron from iron-laden macrophages, which affects anticancer activity; the modulation of ferroptosis; ferritin iron removal and the control of hyperferritinemia; the inhibition of hypoxia related to the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF); modulation of the function of new molecular species such as STEAP4 metalloreductase and the metastasis suppressor N-MYC downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1); modulation of the metabolic pathways of oxidative stress damage affecting mitochondrial function, etc. Many of these new, but also previously known associated iron metabolic pathways appear to affect all stages of cancer, as well as metastasis and drug resistance. Iron-chelating drugs and especially deferiprone (L1), has been shown in many recent studies to fulfill the role of multi-target anticancer drug linked to the above and also other iron targets, and has been proposed for phase II trials in cancer patients. In contrast, lipophilic chelators and their iron complexes are proposed for the induction of ferroptosis in some refractory or recurring tumors in drug resistance and metastasis where effective treatments are absent. There is a need to readdress cancer therapy and include therapeutic strategies targeting multifactorial processes, including the application of multi-targeting drugs involving iron chelators and iron-chelator complexes. New therapeutic protocols including drug combinations with L1 and other chelating drugs could increase anticancer activity, decrease drug resistance and metastasis, improve treatments, reduce toxicity and increase overall survival in cancer patients.
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Şahin N, Çelebi MS, Ayvaz MÇ, Üstün E. Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition, Electrochemical and Theoretical Evaluation of Novel PEPPSI Type N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pang H, Liu L, Bai Z, Chen R, Tang H, Cai Y, Yu S, Hu B, Wang X. Fabrication of sulfide nanoscale zero-valent iron and heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Selyutina OY, Kononova PA, Koshman VE, Fedenok LG, Polyakov NE. The Interplay of Ascorbic Acid with Quinones-Chelators—Influence on Lipid Peroxidation: Insight into Anticancer Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020376. [PMID: 35204258 PMCID: PMC8869476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is a multifaceted compound that can perform both antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities in the redox reactions induced by transition metal ions, so its role in nature and especially in the human body is still the subject of debate. In the present study, we have examined the influence of ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation in a model system that mimics the cell membrane, namely micelles of linoleic acid (LA), induced by chelate complexes of iron and copper ions with quinone-chelator 2-phenyl-4-(butylamino)-naphtholquinoline-7,12-dione (Q1). This quinone effectively generates reactive oxygen species and semiquinone radicals inside cancer cells via a cycling redox reaction. Here it was demonstrated that in the absence of quinone-chelator ascorbic acid significantly accelerates the lipid peroxidation induced by both Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions. It has been shown also that Q1 chelate complexes with Fe(II) and Cu(II) ions are redox active in the LA micelles oxidation. No effect of ascorbate was detected on the reactivity of chelate complex with Fe(II) ions. On the other hand, ascorbate performs pro-oxidant activity in Q1-Cu(II) complex induced reaction. We can conclude that ascorbate-driven redox cycling of Q1 may promote its anti-tumor activity.
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13
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Sergeeva SV, Petrovsky DV, Kobzeva TV, Stass DV. Model bacterial system to study the possible effect of strong magnetic fields on biochemical reactions involving free radicals at the cellular level. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Mechanistic Insights of Chelator Complexes with Essential Transition Metals: Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Activity and Applications in Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031247. [PMID: 35163169 PMCID: PMC8835618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant/pro-oxidant activity of drugs and dietary molecules and their role in the maintenance of redox homeostasis, as well as the implications in health and different diseases, have not yet been fully evaluated. In particular, the redox activity and other interactions of drugs with essential redox metal ions, such as iron and copper, need further investigation. These metal ions are ubiquitous in human nutrition but also widely found in dietary supplements and appear to exert major effects on redox homeostasis in health, but also on many diseases of free radical pathology. In this context, the redox mechanistic insights of mainly three prototype groups of drugs, namely alpha-ketohydroxypyridines (alpha-hydroxypyridones), e.g., deferiprone, anthraquinones, e.g., doxorubicin and thiosemicarbazones, e.g., triapine and their metal complexes were examined; details of the mechanisms of their redox activity were reviewed, with emphasis on the biological implications and potential clinical applications, including anticancer activity. Furthermore, the redox properties of these three classes of chelators were compared to those of the iron chelating drugs and also to vitamin C, with an emphasis on their potential clinical interactions and future clinical application prospects in cancer, neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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15
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Guo Q, Li L, Hou S, Yuan Z, Li C, Zhang W, Zheng L, Li X. The Role of Iron in Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:778492. [PMID: 34858857 PMCID: PMC8631356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element for the human body, and its deficiency or excess can induce a variety of biological processes. Plenty of evidences have shown that iron metabolism is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. In addition, iron plays an important role in cell death, which is very important for the development of potential strategies for tumor treatment. Here, we reviewed the latest research about iron metabolism disorders in various types of tumors, the functions and properties of iron in ferroptosis and ferritinophagy, and new opportunities for iron-based on treatment methods for tumors, providing more information regarding the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwen Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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16
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Ding R, Zhang D, Gao Y, Chen X, Yang M. Characteristics of refractory organics in industrial wastewater treated using a Fenton-coagulation process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3432-3440. [PMID: 32070262 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1732476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenging environmental issue to develop a cost-efficient approach for the removal of low-concentration refractory organics in industrial wastewater. In this study, the Fenton-coagulation process was utilised to remove the organics from the industrial effluent. The operational conditions of the Fenton-coagulation process were optimised, and then, the molecular weight (MW) and resin fraction distribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were investigated before and after the Fenton-coagulation process. The results showed that the efficiency of organic matter removal was affected by the Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio, pH, and reaction time. The removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by Fenton-coagulation process reached 37.8% under the following conditions: pH = 4.0 - 5.0, H2O2 concentration = 34 mg/L, Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio = 1.5, and reaction time = 120 min. The resin fraction distribution results showed that hydrophobic bases (HoB) were almost completely removed, and the removal rate of hydrophobic acids (HoA) reached 58%, while hydrophilic matter (HiM) became the dominant form in the final effluent after the Fenton-coagulation process due to the appearance of hydrophilic charged fractions (HiC). The results were explained by a two-step mechanism (Fenton oxidation and Fe3+ coagulation). According to the molecular weight (MW), 35.7% removal of the main fractions of organic matter with MW < 1 kDa was achieved. Furthermore, a pilot test proved that the final effluent quality after the Fenton-coagulation process conformed to the first class of the A discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- Beijing Jingyushun Environmental Protection Co., Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Environmental Aquatic Chem, Research Center for Eco-Environ. Sci., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Tangshan Green Environ-tech Inc. Ltd, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Gao
- State Key Lab of Environmental Aquatic Chem, Research Center for Eco-Environ. Sci., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment of Anhui Province, Institute of Industry and Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Lab of Environmental Aquatic Chem, Research Center for Eco-Environ. Sci., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kim HJ, Montenegro D, Zhao J, Sparrow JR. Bisretinoids of the Retina: Photo-Oxidation, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation, and Disease Consequences. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091382. [PMID: 34573014 PMCID: PMC8467448 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and, in particular, retinal pigment epithelial cells are unusual for being encumbered by exposure to visible light, while being oxygen-rich, and also amassing photoreactive molecules. These fluorophores (bisretinoids) are generated as a byproduct of the activity of vitamin A aldehyde-the chromophore necessary for vision. Bisretinoids form in photoreceptor cells due to random reactions of two molecules of vitamin A aldehyde with phosphatidylethanolamine; bisretinoids are subsequently transferred to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, where they accumulate in the lysosomal compartment with age. Bisretinoids can generate reactive oxygen species by both energy and electron transfer, and they become photo-oxidized and photolyzed in the process. While these fluorescent molecules are accrued by RPE cells of all healthy eyes, they are also implicated in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA; (H.J.K.); (D.M.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 635 W., 165th Str., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-9944
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18
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Timoshnikov VA, Kichigina LA, Selyutina OY, Polyakov NE, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Antioxidant Activity of Deferasirox and Its Metal Complexes in Model Systems of Oxidative Damage: Comparison with Deferiprone. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165064. [PMID: 34443652 PMCID: PMC8401497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deferasirox is an orally active, lipophilic iron chelating drug used on thousands of patients worldwide for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. The essential transition metals iron and copper are the primary catalysts of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. The redox effects of deferasirox and its metal complexes with iron, copper and other metals are of pharmacological, toxicological, biological and physiological importance. Several molecular model systems of oxidative damage caused by iron and copper catalysis including the oxidation of ascorbic acid, the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles and the oxidation of dihydropyridine have been investigated in the presence of deferasirox using UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Deferasirox has shown antioxidant activity in all three model systems, causing substantial reduction in the rate of oxidation and oxidative damage. Deferasirox showed the greatest antioxidant activity in the oxidation of ascorbic acid with the participation of iron ions and reduced the reaction rate by about a 100 times. Overall, deferasirox appears to have lower affinity for copper in comparison to iron. Comparative studies of the antioxidant activity of deferasirox and the hydrophilic oral iron chelating drug deferiprone in the peroxidation of linoleic acid micelles showed lower efficiency of deferasirox in comparison to deferiprone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Timoshnikov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Lilia A. Kichigina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Olga Yu. Selyutina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - Nikolay E. Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.A.T.); (L.A.K.); (O.Y.S.); (N.E.P.)
| | - George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol CY-3021, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
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19
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Hu ZW, Chen L, Ma RQ, Wei FQ, Wen YH, Zeng XL, Sun W, Wen WP. Comprehensive analysis of ferritin subunits expression and positive correlations with tumor-associated macrophages and T regulatory cells infiltration in most solid tumors. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11491-11506. [PMID: 33864445 PMCID: PMC8109065 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is the most important iron storage form and is known to influence tumor immunity. We previously showed that expression of ferritin light chain (FTL) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) subunits is increased in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC). Here, we analyzed solid tumor datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to investigate correlations between FTL and FTH1 expressions and (i) patient survival, using univariate, multivariate, Kaplan-Meier and Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis; and (ii) tumor-infiltrating immune cell subsets, using the bioinformatics tools Estimation of Stomal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumor tissues, Microenvironment Cell Population-counter, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, and Tumor Immunology Miner. We found that FTL and FTH1 are upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in most of the human cancers analyzed. Tumor FTL levels were associated with prognosis in patients with lower grade glioma (LGG), whereas FTH1 levels were associated with prognosis in patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma, HNSC, LGG, and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma. In many cancers, FTL and FTH1 levels was significantly positively correlated with tumor infiltration by tumor-associated macrophages and T regulatory cells. These results suggest an important role for FTL and FTH1 in regulating tumor immunity to solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Wei Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Qiang Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Qin Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Lan Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Otorhinolaryngology Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, P.R. China
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20
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Wu J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Ahmad S, Luo Y. Synthesis and Photoactivated Toxicity of 2-Thiophenylfuranocoumarin Induce Midgut Damage and Apoptosis in Aedes aegypti Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1091-1106. [PMID: 33432806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Furanocoumarins are photoactive compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites. They possess many bioactivities, including antioxidative, anticancer, insecticidal, and bactericidal activities. Here, we designed a new scheme for synthesizing 2-arylfuranocoumarin derivatives by condensation, esterification, bromination, and Wittig reaction. We found that 2-thiophenylfuranocoumarin (Iy) had excellent photosensitive activity. Three Iy concentrations (LC25, LC50, and LC75) were used to treat the fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). The photoactivated toxicity, sublethal dose, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress level, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and apoptosis were studied. The results showed that Iy induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in midgut cells under ultraviolet light. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that mitochondria were damaged, and the activities of related enzymes were inhibited. Ultimately, Iy exposure led to excessive ROS production followed by the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR, which diminished ROS elimination and escalated oxidative stress in midgut cells, aggravating the degree of oxidative damage in these cells. Histopathological changes were observed in the midgut, which led to intestinal barrier dysfunction. When the elimination of ROS was blocked and it accumulated in cells, apoptosis-related genes, including AeDronc, AeCaspase7, and AeCaspase8, were induced and activated. In addition, Iy affected the growth and development of A. aegypti at sublethal concentrations, and there was an obvious post-lethal effect. Thus, we found that Iy caused midgut damage and apoptosis in A. aegypti larvae under ultraviolet light, which preliminarily revealed the mode of action of Iy in A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Lanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P.R. China
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21
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Zhao J, Kim HJ, Ueda K, Zhang K, Montenegro D, Dunaief JL, Sparrow JR. A vicious cycle of bisretinoid formation and oxidation relevant to recessive Stargardt disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100259. [PMID: 33837742 PMCID: PMC7948646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of iron to transfer electrons enables the contribution of this metal to a variety of cellular activities even as the redox properties of iron are also responsible for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), the most destructive of the reactive oxygen species. We previously showed that iron can promote the oxidation of bisretinoid by generating highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH). Now we report that preservation of iron regulation in the retina is not sufficient to prevent iron-induced bisretinoid oxidative degradation when blood iron levels are elevated in liver-specific hepcidin knockout mice. We obtained evidence for the perpetuation of Fenton reactions in the presence of the bisretinoid A2E and visible light. On the other hand, iron chelation by deferiprone was not associated with changes in postbleaching recovery of 11-cis-retinal or dark-adapted ERG b-wave amplitudes indicating that the activity of Rpe65, a rate-determining visual cycle protein that carries an iron-binding domain, is not affected. Notably, iron levels were elevated in the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of Abca4−/− mice. Consistent with higher iron content, ferritin-L immunostaining was elevated in RPE of a patient diagnosed with ABCA4-associated disease and in RPE and photoreceptor cells of Abca4−/− mice. In neural retina of the mutant mice, reduced Tfrc mRNA was also an indicator of retinal iron overload. Thus iron chelation may defend retina when bisretinoid toxicity is implicated in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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22
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Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7080045. [PMID: 32751493 PMCID: PMC7460366 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.
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23
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Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:2156582. [PMID: 32775406 PMCID: PMC7391096 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2156582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications.
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24
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Abstract
Objectives: Prooxidant properties of iron-binding hydroxypyridone compounds including deferiprone and mimosine were analyzed. Methods: Hydroxypyridone/iron-dependent production of reactive oxygen species was evidenced by the inactivation of aconitase, the most sensitive enzyme to oxidative stress in permeabilized yeast cells. Results and Discussion: Deferiprone and mimosine produced reactive oxygen species in the presence of ferrous sulfate. The inactivation required sodium azide the inhibitor of catalase, and addition of TEMPOL, a scavenger of superoxide radical, protected aconitase from the inactivation, suggesting that the superoxide radical produced from the hydroxypyridone/iron complex is responsible for the inactivation of aconitase. A principal role of superoxide radical was further supported by the finding that the hydroxypyridone/iron complex can inactivate aconitase in the presence of cyanide the inhibitor of superoxide dismutase. Deferiprone and mimosine stimulated the Fe2+ oxidation, resulting in the one-electron reduction of oxygen to form superoxide anion, which can inactivate aconitase by oxidizing the prosthetic iron-sulfur cluster. Mimosine further stimulated the ascorbate/iron-dependent formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA. Conclusion: Biological toxicity of mimosine and deferiprone reported previously can be accounted for by the prooxidant properties of hydroxypyridone compounds: coordination complex with iron generates reactive oxygen species resulting in the disturbance of mitochondrial energy metabolism and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Murakami
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Masataka Yoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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25
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Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113967. [PMID: 32486511 PMCID: PMC7312906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AscH2) is one of the most important vitamins found in the human diet, with many biological functions including antioxidant, chelating, and coenzyme activities. Ascorbic acid is also widely used in medical practice especially for increasing iron absorption and as an adjuvant therapeutic in iron chelation therapy, but its mode of action and implications in iron metabolism and toxicity are not yet clear. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy, and EPR spin trapping spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant/pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid in reactions involving iron and the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). The experiments were carried out in a weak acidic (pH from 3 to 5) and neutral (pH 7.4) medium. Ascorbic acid exhibits predominantly pro-oxidant activity by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, followed by the formation of dehydroascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid accelerates the redox cycle Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction, which leads to a significant increase in the yield of toxic hydroxyl radicals. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that despite a much lower stability constant of the iron–ascorbate complex compared to the FeL13 complex, ascorbic acid at high concentrations is able to substitute L1 in the FeL13 chelate complex resulting in the formation of mixed L12AscFe complex. This mixed chelate complex is redox stable at neutral pH = 7.4, but decomposes at pH = 4–5 during several minutes at sub-millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid. The proposed mechanisms play a significant role in understanding the mechanism of action, pharmacological, therapeutic, and toxic effects of the interaction of ascorbic acid, iron, and L1.
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Wu D, Bai Y, Wang W, Xia H, Tan F, Zhang S, Su B, Wang X, Qiao X, Wong PK. Highly pure MgO 2 nanoparticles as robust solid oxidant for enhanced Fenton-like degradation of organic contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 374:319-328. [PMID: 31022632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In typical Fenton/Fenton-like reactions, H2O2 was usually used as an oxidant to degrade organic contaminants. However, liquid H2O2 is unstable, easy to decompose and has high biological toxicity especially at high concentration. Herein, highly pure magnesium peroxide (MgO2) nanoparticles were first synthesized and used instead of H2O2 to degrade organic dyes. The structure and morphology of as-prepared products were confirmed by XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR techniques. The active oxygen content of MgO2 nanoparticles reached up to 26.93 wt%, suggesting a high purity of the as-prepared sample. The degradation performance of MgO2 nanoparticles towards organic contaminants was systematically investigated in the terms of the molar ratio of Fe3+ to MgO2, the dosage of MgO2, initial solution pH and different organic dyes. The results indicated the as-prepared MgO2 exhibited excellent degradation ability to various types of organic dyes. 10 mg of MgO2 nanoparticles could almost completely degrade 200 mL of 20 mg/L methylene blue (MB) in 30 min with a TOC removal rate of 70.2%. The efficient degradation performance was ascribed to the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the MgO2/Fe3+ system. The pathways of MB degradation were also proposed based on the determination of the reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Fatang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Xueliang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lien HL, Yu CH, Kamali S, Sahu RS. Bimetallic Fe/Al system: An all-in-one solid-phase Fenton reagent for generation of hydroxyl radicals under oxic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:480-488. [PMID: 30991337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the classic Fenton reaction, both H2O2 and ferrous ion (Fe(II)) are required under a narrow low pH range to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH). The modified Fenton processes including heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction, photo-Fenton reaction and electro-Fenton reaction developed to overcome the drawbacks of the homogeneous Fenton reaction have recently received increasing attention. However, all the modifications of the classic Fenton reaction cannot be assembled into one system and require external supply of reagents or energy. We present here, bimetallic Fe/Al, a novel solid-phase Fenton reagent capable of in situ generation of H2O2 and Fe(II) to form OH under near neutral pH conditions without an external energy supply. Aluminum acts as an electron donor to maintain the electron supply and preserve the outer layer of iron at the zero-valence state with enhanced surface areas. The production of OH by bimetallic Fe/Al was quantified and further detected by an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis under oxic conditions. Radical scavenging tests were performed by adding isopropanol or 1,4‑benzoquinone in the system to investigate the nature of the oxidants produced during the oxidative process. Bimetallic Fe/Al system for the Fenton reaction in water involves both surface-mediated and aqueous-phase reactions. A pilot scale test using a continuous-flow column packed with Fe/Al (9.8 kg) demonstrated the capability of bimetallic Fe/Al for COD removal of acidic dye solutions. The novelty of bimetallic Fe/Al is that it is an all-in-one solid-phase Fenton reagent that can be readily applied to a wide variety of environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Lung Lien
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 811 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Han Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 811 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Saeed Kamali
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN, USA
| | - Rama Shanker Sahu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 811 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Effective inhibition of copper-catalyzed production of hydroxyl radicals by deferiprone. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:331-341. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang P, Ma L, Yang Z, Li H, Gao Z. Study on the detoxification mechanisms to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato iron(III) chloride (FeTPPS), an efficient pro-oxidant of heme water-soluble analogue. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 189:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferritin: A potential serum marker for lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:314-322. [PMID: 30655769 PMCID: PMC6313208 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world, yet current treatment options are associated with limited success. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of ferritin in HNSCC and clarify whether it may serve as a biomarker for predicting HNSCC metastasis. The chemiluminescent immunoassay method was used to investigate the differences in the serum ferritin (SF) levels between patients with and without tumors, and between HNSCC with and without lymph node metastasis. The iron content and expression levels of ferritin were detected to verify the differences between tumor and normal tissues, and between HNSCC without and with lymph node metastasis. Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset was used to support the aforementioned results. No statistically significant difference in the SF level was observed between patients with and without tumors. Iron content and expression levels of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) and ferritin light chain (FTL) were higher in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. The iron content and expression levels of SF, FTH and FTL were increased in HNSCC with metastasis compared with HNSCC without metastasis. The GEO dataset further verified the results and reported that the expression level of FTH was correlated with the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. Ferritin may not be a biomarker for the early diagnosis of HNSCC. However, an association exists between the expression level of ferritin and HNSCC cervical metastasis. SF may be a potential biomarker for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with HNSCC.
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Wang X, Ji G, Shi C, Diwu J, Chen L, Gui D, Wan J, Silver MA, Wang J, Wang S. Structural and thermodynamic stability of uranyl-deferiprone complexes and the removal efficacy of U(vi) at the cellular level. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8764-8770. [PMID: 29916520 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01738g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Deferiprone (3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridone, DFP), which is a drug clinically used for removing heavy metals in vivo, was explored for its removal efficiency towards uranium. The reaction of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate with DFP at room temperature yielded the compound [(UO2)(H2O)(C7NO2H8)2]·4H2O (1), which crystallizes from a mixed solution of methanol and water (pH = 7.0). X-ray diffraction shows that the stable complexation of uranyl occurs from the coordination of two bidentate DFP ligands perpendicular to the O[double bond, length as m-dash]U[double bond, length as m-dash]O unit with a fifth coordinating oxygen atom coming from one water molecule, resulting in a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. The formation constants of uranyl and DFP complexes were measured and the species distribution diagram illustrates that UO2L2 (94.6%) is the dominant uranyl-DFP complex in 0.1 M KCl solution at physiological pH = 7.4. The results from both crystallographic and potentiometric studies imply that the metal : ligand ratio is 1 : 2. The effectiveness of using DFP to remove uranium was examined at the cellular level, and the results suggest that it can significantly reduce the cellular uptake and increase the cellular release of U(vi) in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
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Photo Protection of Haematococcus pluvialis Algae by Astaxanthin: Unique Properties of Astaxanthin Deduced by EPR, Optical and Electrochemical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040080. [PMID: 29065482 PMCID: PMC5745490 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The antioxidant astaxanthin is known to accumulate in Haematococcus pluvialis algae under unfavorable environmental conditions for normal cell growth. The accumulated astaxanthin functions as a protective agent against oxidative stress damage, and tolerance to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is greater in astaxanthin-rich cells. The detailed mechanisms of protection have remained elusive, however, our Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), optical and electrochemical studies on carotenoids suggest that astaxanthin's efficiency as a protective agent could be related to its ability to form chelate complexes with metals and to be esterified, its inability to aggregate in the ester form, its high oxidation potential and the ability to form proton loss neutral radicals under high illumination in the presence of metal ions. The neutral radical species formed by deprotonation of the radical cations can be very effective quenchers of the excited states of chlorophyll under high irradiation.
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Jiang Q, Li X, Tian Y, Lin Q, Xie H, Lu W, Chi Y, Chen D. Lyophilized aqueous extracts of Mori Fructus and Mori Ramulus protect Mesenchymal stem cells from •OH-treated damage: bioassay and antioxidant mechanism. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:242. [PMID: 28464859 PMCID: PMC5414230 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Mori Fructus and Mori Ramulus are two traditional Chinese herbal medicines from mulberries. The present work explores their beneficial effects on •OH–treated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and discusses possible mechanisms. Methods Lyophilized aqueous extracts of Mori Fructus (LAMF) and Mori Ramulus (LAMR) were prepared and analyzed using HPLC. LAMF and LAMR (along with morin) were further investigated for their effects on •OH-treated MSCs using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl (MTT) assay. The direct antioxidation mechanisms were studied using 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO•)-scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+•)-scavenging and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl (DPPH•)-scavenging, as well as Cu2+-reducing and Fe3+-reducing antioxidant power. Finally, the indirect antioxidant mechanism was investigated based on the UV-vis spectra of Fe2+-chelation. Results In each LAMF and LAMR, seven phytophenols were successfully measured by HPLC, including five flavonoids (morin, rutin, astragalin, isoquercitrin and luteolin) and two non-flavonoids (chlorogenic acid and maclurin). MTT assays revealed that LAMF, LAMR and morin could effectively increase the survival of •OH-treated MSCs at 10–100 μg/mL, and could effectively scavenge PTIO• (IC 50 6609.7 ± 756.6, 4286.9 ± 84.9 and 103.4 ± 0.9 μg/mL, respectively), DPPH• (IC 50 208.7 ± 3.0, 97.3 ± 3.1 and 8.2 ± 0.7 μg/mL, respectively) and ABTS+• (IC 50 73.5 ± 5.8, 34.4 ± 0.1 and 4.2 ± 0.2 μg/mL, respectively), and reduce Cu2+ (IC 50 212.5 ± 7.0, 123.2 ± 0.9 and 14.1 ± 0.04 μg/mL, respectively) & Fe3+ (IC 50 277.0 ± 3.1, 191.9 ± 5.2 and 5.0 ± 0.2 μg/mL, respectively). In the Fe2+-chelating assay, the five flavonoids produced much stronger shoulder-peaks than the two non-flavonoids within 420–850 nm. Conclusion Mori Fructus and Mori Ramulus, can protect MSCs from •OH-induced damage. Such beneficial effects can mainly be attributed to the antioxidant action of phytophenols, which occurs via direct (ROS-scavenging) and indirect mechanism (Fe2+-chelating). The ROS-scavenging mechanism, however, include at least a H+-transfer and an electron-transfer (ET), and possibly includes a hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT). In the Fe2+-chelating, flavonoids are more effective than non-flavonoids. This can be attributed to several adjacent planar chelating-sites between the 3-OH and 4-C = O, between the 4-C = O and 5-OH, or between the 3′-OH and 4′-OH in flavonoids. Such multiple-Fe2+-chelating reactions cause overlap in the UV-vis absorptions to deepen the complex color, enhance the peak strength, and form shoulder-peaks. By comparison, two non-flavonoids with catechol moiety produce only a weak single peak. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1730-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zou C, Liu X, Liu R, Wang M, Sui M, Mu S, Li L, Ji L, Xie R. Effect of the oral iron chelator deferiprone in diabetic nephropathy rats. J Diabetes 2017; 9:332-340. [PMID: 27121697 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the iron chelator deferiprone in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats and the mechanisms involved. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats (180-220 g, 6 weeks old) were randomly divided into a control group, a DN group and two DN groups treated with either 50 or 100 mg/kg per day deferiprone. The DN group was established by feeding of a high-carbohydrate-fat diet and injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin into the vena caudalis. The duration of deferiprone treatment was 20 weeks. Histopathological changes were detected by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining, as well as transmission electron microscopy. Levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue-specific inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, and nitrotyrosine were determined in kidney tissues using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histopathological observations showed that deferiprone treatment alleviated inflammation infiltrates and collagenous fibrosis in DN rats. Results from RT-PCR and western blotting indicated that deferiprone inhibited the expression of NF-κB, MCP-1, COX-2, and nitrotyrosine, which were overexpressed in DN rats. Immunohistochemistry showed that the mechanism of deferiprone action may involve regulation of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Decreased MMP-9 expression and increased TIMP-1 expression in DN rats were significantly promoted and inhibited by deferiprone, respectively. CONCLUSION Iron chelation by oral deferiprone has a renoprotective effect in DN rats by relieving oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which is related to the cytokines NF-κB, MCP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, COX-2, and nitrotyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruichan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Suhong Mu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liqi Ji
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Liu J, Li X, Lin J, Li Y, Wang T, Jiang Q, Chen D. Sarcandra glabra (Caoshanhu) protects mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative stress: a bioevaluation and mechanistic chemistry. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:423. [PMID: 27793132 PMCID: PMC5084467 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcandra glabra (Caoshanhu) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for treating various oxidative-stressed diseases. The present work evaluated its protective effect on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from oxidative stress and then discussed possible mechanisms underlying this observation. METHODS Ethanolic extract of S. glabra (ESG) was investigated by chemical methods for its content of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, and astilbin. ESG, along with rosmarinic acid and astilbin, was investigated for the effect on the viability of Fenton-treated MSCs using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl (MTT) assay. The observed cell protective effect was further explored by mechanistic chemistry using various antioxidant assays, including DNA protection, •OH-scavenging, •O2--scavenging, FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), ABTS+•-scavenging, DPPH•-scavenging, and Fe2+-chelating assays. RESULTS Analysis of ESG revealed a content of 46.31 ± 0.56 mg quercetin/g total phenolics, 0.78 ± 0.01 % rosmarinic acid, and 3.37 ± 0.01 % astilbin. Results from the MTT assay revealed that three compounds (rosmarinic acid>astilbin>ESG) could effectively increase the survival of Fenton-treated MSCs. Similarly, in •O2--scavenging, DPPH•-scavenging, and Fe2+-chelating assays, rosmarinic acid exhibited more activity than astilbin; while in FRAP, ABTS+•-scavenging assays, astilbin was stronger than rosmarinic acid. CONCLUSION S. glabra can prevent MSCs from •OH-induced oxidative stress. Such protective effect can be attributed to its antioxidant ability and the presence of two kinds of phytophenols, i.e. caffeoyl derivatives and flavonoids. As the respective representatives of caffeoyl derivatives and flavonoids, rosmarinic acid and astilbin may exert the antioxidant action via direct ROS-scavenging and indirect ROS-scavenging (i.e. Fe2+-chelating). The direct ROS-scavenging ability involves hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and/or electron transfer (ET) pathway. Astilbin engages the latter pathway more, which can be attributed to the larger planar conjugation in A/C fused rings. Rosmarinic acid, on the other hand, shows more HAT and Fe2+-chelating potential, which may be due to rosmarinic acid bearing one more catechol moiety whereas astilbin has steric-hindrance from 3-α-L-rhamnose and an H-bonding between 4,5 sites. The antioxidant features of rosmarinic acid can be generalized to other caffeoyl derivatives, while that of astilbin cannot be generalized to other flavonoids because of the difference in chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - Yunrong Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Waihuan East Road No.232, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, 510006.
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Kaviani S, Izadyar M, Housaindokht MR. Solvent and spin state effects on molecular structure, IR spectra, binding energies and quantum chemical reactivity indices of deferiprone–ferric complex: DFT study. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carreau N, Tremblay D, Savona M, Kremyanskaya M, Mascarenhas J. Ironing out the details of iron overload in myelofibrosis: Lessons from myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood Rev 2016; 30:349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li X, Wang L, Wang Y, Xiong Z. Effect of drying method on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tamta A, Prakash O, Punetha H, Pant A. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant potential of essential oil and rhizome extracts of Curcuma amada Roxb. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23312009.2016.1168067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Tamta
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - H. Punetha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - A.K. Pant
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
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Lee YK, Lau YM, Ng KM, Lai WH, Ho SL, Tse HF, Siu CW, Ho PWL. Efficient attenuation of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) cardiomyopathy by modulation of iron homeostasis-human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) as a drug screening platform for FRDA. Int J Cardiol 2016; 203:964-71. [PMID: 26625322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder commonly associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is caused by silencing of the frataxin (FXN) gene encoding the mitochondrial protein involved in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. METHODS Application of our previously established FRDA human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived cardiomyocytes model as a platform to assess the efficacy of treatment with either the antioxidant coenzyme Q10 analog, idebenone (IDE) or the iron chelator, deferiprone (DFP), which are both under clinical trial. RESULTS DFP was able to more significantly suppress synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than IDE at the dosages of 25 μM and 10nM respectively which agreed with the reduced rate of intracellular accumulation of iron by DFP treatment from 25 to 50 μM. With regard to cardiac electrical-contraction (EC) coupling function, decay velocity of calcium handling kinetics in FRDA-hiPSC-cardiomyocytes was significantly improved by DFP treatment but not by IDE. Further mechanistic studies revealed that DFP also modulated iron induced mitochondrial stress as reflected by mitochondria network disorganization and decline level of respiratory chain protein, succinate dehydrogenase (CxII) and cytochrome c oxidase (COXIV). In addition, iron-response protein (IRP-1) regulatory loop was overridden by DFP as reflected by resumed level of ferritin (FTH) back to basal level and the attenuated transferrin receptor (TSFR) mRNA level suppression thereby reducing further iron uptake. CONCLUSIONS DFP modulated iron homeostasis in FRDA-hiPSC-cardiomyocytes and effectively relieved stress-stimulation related to cardiomyopathy. The resuming of redox condition led to the significantly improved cardiac prime events, cardiac electrical-coupling during contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ki Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yee-Man Lau
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwong-Man Ng
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hon Lai
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong - Guangdong Joint Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, China
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Kontoghiorghe CN, Kolnagou A, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Phytochelators Intended for Clinical Use in Iron Overload, Other Diseases of Iron Imbalance and Free Radical Pathology. Molecules 2015; 20:20841-72. [PMID: 26610453 PMCID: PMC6332094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron chelating drugs are primarily and widely used in the treatment of transfusional iron overload in thalassaemia and similar conditions. Recent in vivo and clinical studies have also shown that chelators, and in particular deferiprone, can be used effectively in many conditions involving free radical damage and pathology including neurodegenerative, renal, hepatic, cardiac conditions and cancer. Many classes of phytochelators (Greek: phyto (φυτό)—plant, chele (χηλή)—claw of the crab) with differing chelating properties, including plant polyphenols resembling chelating drugs, can be developed for clinical use. The phytochelators mimosine and tropolone have been identified to be orally active and effective in animal models for the treatment of iron overload and maltol for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Many critical parameters are required for the development of phytochelators for clinical use including the characterization of the therapeutic targets, ADMET, identification of the therapeutic index and risk/benefit assessment by comparison to existing therapies. Phytochelators can be developed and used as main, alternative or adjuvant therapies including combination therapies with synthetic chelators for synergistic and or complimentary therapeutic effects. The development of phytochelators is a challenging area for the introduction of new pharmaceuticals which can be used in many diseases and also in ageing. The commercial and other considerations for such development have great advantages in comparison to synthetic drugs and could also benefit millions of patients in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kontoghiorghe
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
| | - Annita Kolnagou
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
| | - George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
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Water soluble biocompatible vesicles based on polysaccharides and oligosaccharides inclusion complexes for carotenoid delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 128:207-19. [PMID: 26005157 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since carotenoids are highly hydrophobic, air- and light-sensitive hydrocarbon compounds, developing methods for increasing their bioavailability and stability towards irradiation and reactive oxygen species is an important goal. Application of inclusion complexes of "host-guest" type with polysaccharides and oligosaccharides such as arabinogalactan, cyclodextrins and glycyrrhizin minimizes the disadvantages of carotenoids when these compounds are used in food processing (colors and antioxidant capacity) as well as for production of therapeutic formulations. Cyclodextrin complexes which have been used demonstrated enhanced storage stability but suffered from poor solubility. Polysaccharide and oligosaccharide based inclusion complexes play an important role in pharmacology by providing increased solubility and stability of lipophilic drugs. In addition they are used as drug delivery systems to increase absorption rate and bioavailability of the drugs. In this review we summarize the existing data on preparation methods, analysis, and chemical reactivity of carotenoids in inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin, arabinogalactan and glycyrrhizin. It was demonstrated that incorporation of carotenoids into the "host" macromolecule results in significant changes in their physical and chemical properties. In particular, polysaccharide complexes show enhanced photostability of carotenoids in water solutions. A significant decrease in the reactivity towards metal ions and reactive oxygen species in solution was also detected.
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