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Kouao DS, Grochowska K, Stranak V, Sezemsky P, Gumieniak J, Kramek A, Karczewski J, Coy E, Hanus J, Kylian O, Sawczak M, Siuzdak K. Laser-Treated MXene as an Electrochemical Agent to Boost Properties of Semitransparent Photoelectrode Based on Titania Nanotubes. ACS Nano 2024; 18:10165-10183. [PMID: 38533789 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Ti3C2Tx underwent laser treatment to reshape it, resulting in the formation of a TiO2/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction. The interaction with laser light induced the formation of spherical TiO2 composed of an anatase-rutile phase on the Ti3C2Tx surface. Such a heterostructure was loaded over a titania nanotube (TNT) layer, and the surface area was enhanced through immersion in a TiCl4 solution followed by thermal treatment. Consequently, the photon-to-electron conversion efficiency exhibits a 10-fold increase as compared to bare TNT. Moreover, for the sample produced with optimized conditions, five times higher photoactivity is observed in comparison to bare TNT. It was shown that under visible light irradiation the most photoactive heterojunction based on the tubular layer reveals a substantial drop in the charge transfer resistance of about 32% with respect to the dark condition. This can be attributed to the narrower band gaps of the modified material and improvement of the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Overall results suggest that this investigation underscores TiO2/Ti3C2Tx as a promising noble-metal-free material that enhances both the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical performances of electrode materials based on TNT that can be further used in light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujearic-Stephane Kouao
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grochowska
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vitezslav Stranak
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sezemsky
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Gumieniak
- The Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszów University of Technology, Kwiatkowskiego 4 St., 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kramek
- The Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszów University of Technology, Kwiatkowskiego 4 St., 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Hanus
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kylian
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mirosław Sawczak
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
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Schio AL, de Lima MS, Frassini R, Scariot FJ, Cemin F, Elois MA, Alvarez F, Michels AF, Fongaro G, Roesch-Ely M, Figueroa CA. Light, Copper, Action: Visible-Light Illumination Enhances Bactericidal Activity of Copper Particles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1808-1818. [PMID: 38411100 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria are an old concern to human health, as they are responsible for nosocomial infections, and the number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms keeps growing. Copper is known for its intrinsic biocidal properties, and therefore, it is a promising material to combat infections when added to surfaces. However, its biocidal properties in the presence of light illumination have not been fully explored, especially regarding the use of microsized particles since nanoparticles have taken over all fields of research and subjugated microparticles despite them being abundant and less expensive. Thus, the present work studied the bactericidal properties of metallic copper particles, in microscale (CuMPs) and nanoscale (CuNPs), in the absence of light and under white LED light illumination. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CuMPs against Staphylococcus aureus that achieved a 6-log reduction was 5.0 and 2.5 mg mL-1 for assays conducted in the absence of light and under light illumination, respectively. Similar behavior was observed against Escherichia coli. The bactericidal activity under illumination provided a percentage increase in log reduction values of 65.2% for S. aureus and 166.7% for E. coli when compared to the assays under dark. This assay reproduced the testing CuNPs, which showed superior bactericidal activity since the concentration of 2.5 mg mL-1 promoted a 6-log reduction of both bacteria even under dark. Its superior bactericidal activity, which overcame the effect of illumination, was expected once the nanoscale facilitated the interaction of copper within the surface of bacteria. The results from MBC were supported by fluorescence microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Therefore, CuMPs and CuNPs proved to have size- and dose-dependent biocidal activity. However, we have shown that CuMPs photoactivity is competitive compared to that of CuNPs, allowing their application as a self-cleaning material for disinfection processes assisted by conventional light sources without additives to contain the spread of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L Schio
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michele S de Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafaele Frassini
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Joel Scariot
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cemin
- "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Elois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Michels
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Roesch-Ely
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Figueroa
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Islam SU, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Wisuthiphaet N, Nitin N, Sun G. Design and Development of Robust, Daylight-Activated, and Rechargeable Biocidal Polymeric Films as Promising Active Food Packaging Materials. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023. [PMID: 37272898 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging infectious diseases have created one of the major practical needs to develop active packaging materials with durable antibacterial and antiviral properties for the food industry. To meet this demand, the development of new technologies applicable to food contact surfaces is highly desired but challenging. The recent discovery of the photoactive properties of vitamin K (VK) derivatives has raised great expectations as promising candidates in functional film development due to the generation of biocidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) by these compounds. Inspired by the excellent photoactivity of one of the light-stable VK derivatives, menadione (VK3), under visible daylight irradiation, we demonstrate a protocol for the fabrication of daylight-mediated biocidal packaging materials by incorporating VK3 into a poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix. The VK3 (i.e., 1-5% w/w) incorporated EVA films successfully demonstrated the production of ROS and antibacterial and antiviral performance against Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and T7 bacteriophage, respectively, under daylight exposure conditions. The results revealed that the addition of a proper percentage of VK3 significantly enhanced the ROS productivity of the films and created a novel daylight-induced microbial killing performance on the films. The biocidal functions of the films are long-lasting and rechargeable when exposed to light repeatedly, making them a viable contender for replacing currently available conventional packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ul Islam
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cunyi Zhao
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicharee Wisuthiphaet
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Selyutina OY, Timoshnikov VA, Polyakov NE, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Metal Complexes of Omadine ( N-Hydroxypyridine-2-thione): Differences of Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Behavior in Light and Dark Conditions with Possible Toxicity Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104210. [PMID: 37241949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Omadine or N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione and its metal complexes are widely used in medicine and show bactericidal, fungicidal, anticancer, and photochemical activity. The redox activity of omadine complexes with iron, copper, and zinc on lipid peroxidation under light and dark conditions has been investigated. The monitoring of the oxidation of linoleic acid micelles, resembling a model of lipid membrane, was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). It has been shown that the omadine-zinc complex can induce the oxidation of linoleic acid under light irradiation, whereas the complexes with iron and copper are photochemically stable. All the chelating complexes of omadine appear to be redox-inactive in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under dark conditions. These findings suggest that omadine can demonstrate antioxidant behavior in processes involving reactive oxygen species generation induced by transition metals (Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions). However, the omadine complex with zinc, which is widely used in shampoos and ointments, is photochemically active and may cause oxidative cell membrane damage when exposed to light, with possible implications to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Selyutina
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Solid Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay E Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Solid Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus
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Michalska-Domańska M, Prabucka K, Czerwiński M. Modification of Anodic Titanium Oxide Bandgap Energy by Incorporation of Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Manganese In Situ during Anodization. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2707. [PMID: 37048998 PMCID: PMC10095768 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we attempted to modify the bandgap of anodic titanium oxide by in situ incorporation of selected elements into the anodic titanium oxide during the titanium anodization process. The main aim of this research was to obtain photoactivity of anodic titanium oxide over a broader sunlight wavelength. The incorporation of the selected elements into the anodic titanium oxide was proved. It was shown that the bandgap values of anodic titanium oxides made at 60 V are in the visible region of sunlight. The smallest bandgap value was obtained for anodic titanium oxide modified by manganese, at 2.55 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength of 486.89 nm and blue color. Moreover, it was found that the pH of the electrolyte significantly affects the thickness of the anodic titanium oxide layer. The production of barrier oxides during the anodizing process with properties similar to coatings made by nitriding processes is reported for the first time.
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Liang YC, You SY, Chen BY. Crystal Design and Photoactivity of TiO 2 Nanorod Template Decorated with Nanostructured Bi 2S 3 Visible Light Sensitizer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12024. [PMID: 36233326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, TiO2-Bi2S3 composites with various morphologies were synthesized through hydrothermal vulcanization with sputtering deposited Bi2O3 sacrificial layer method on the TiO2 nanorod templates. The morphologies of decorated Bi2S3 nanostructures on the TiO2 nanorod templates are controlled by the duration of hydrothermal vulcanization treatment. The Bi2S3 crystals in lumpy filament, nanowire, and nanorod feature were decorated on the TiO2 nanorod template after 1, 3, and 5 h hydrothermal vulcanization, respectively. Comparatively, TiO2-Bi2S3 composites with Bi2S3 nanowires exhibit the best photocurrent density, the lowest interfacial resistance value and the highest photodegradation efficiency towards Rhodamine B solution. The possible Z-scheme photoinduced charge separation mechanism and suitable morphology of Bi2S3 nanowires might account for the high photoactivity of TiO2 nanorod-Bi2S3 nanowire composites.
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Zhou S, Bai J, Huang K, Ye X, Peng Y, Lei M. Consideration of Photoactivity of TiO 2 Pigments via the Photodegration of Methyl Orange under UV Irradiation. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6044. [PMID: 36079424 PMCID: PMC9457480 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing a rapid and reliable method for measuring the photoreactivity of TiO2 pigments is of great importance for industrial application. The photoactivity of industrial TiO2 pigments were evaluated via the photodegradation of a model azo dye, methyl orange (MO), in the present work. The TiO2 pigments were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The photoactivity test results showed that the anatase TiO2 pigment was responsible for accelerating MO degradation, while the rutile pigment acted as a stabilizer, and effective UV absorber retarded the photodegradation of MO. It was found that the photodegradation of MO was driven mainly by photoholes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), in the presence of TiO2 pigment with high photoactivity. With the help of the degradation intermediates during the photodegradation process and the calculated data, the preliminary degradation mechanism including azo bond cleaving, h+ oxidation, and hydroxylated products' generation for MO was also elucidated. The photoactivity of TiO2 pigments can be rapidly evaluated in this work, which would be an efficient approach for assessing the product quality control and the end-use performance of TiO2 pigments.
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Wiśniewski M, Roszek K. Underestimated Properties of Nanosized Amorphous Titanium Dioxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052460. [PMID: 35269599 PMCID: PMC8910173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide is one of the best described photosensitive materials used in photocatalysis, solar cells, self-cleaning coatings, and sunscreens. The scientific and industrial attention has been focused on the highly photoactive crystalline phase of titanium dioxide (TiO2). It is commonly accepted that the smaller TiO2 particles, the higher photoactivity they present. Therefore, titanium dioxide nanoparticles are massively produced and widely used in everyday products. The amorphous phase of titanium dioxide has been treated with neglect, as the lack of its photocatalytic properties is assumed in advance. In this work, the complex experimental proof of the UV-protective properties of the nano-sized amorphous TiO2 phase is reported. Amorphous n-TiO2 is characterized by photocatalytic inactivity and, as a consequence, low cytotoxicity to fibroblast cells. When exposed to UV radiation, cells with amorphous TiO2 better survive under stress conditions. Thus, we postulate that amorphous n-TiO2 will be more beneficial and completely safe for cosmetic applications. Moreover, the results from in situ FTIR studies let us correlate the low toxicity of amorphous samples with low ability to form hydroperoxo surface species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wiśniewski
- Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (K.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (K.R.)
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Liu Y, Wang M, Yin S, Xie L, Qu X, Fu H, Shi Q, Zhou F, Xu F, Tao S, Zhu D. Comparing Photoactivities of Dissolved Organic Matter Released from Rice Straw-Pyrolyzed Biochar and Composted Rice Straw. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:2803-2815. [PMID: 35089700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we systematically compared the photoactivity and photobleaching behavior between dissolved black carbon (DBC) from rice straw biochar and leached dissolved organic carbon (LDOC) from rice straw compost using complementary techniques. The Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analysis showed that DBC was dominated by polycyclic aromatic (55.1%) and tannin-like molecules (24.1%), while LDOC was dominated by lignin-like (58.9%) and tannin-like molecules (19.7%). Under simulated sunlight conditions, DBC had much higher apparent quantum yields for 3DOM* and 1O2 but much lower apparent quantum yields for •OH than LDOC. After a 168 h irradiation, the total number of LDOC formulas identified by FT-ICR MS decreased by 40.1% with concurrent increases in O/C and H/C ratios and also decreases in double bond equivalence minus oxygen (DBE - O) and average molecular weight identified by gel permeation chromatography. However, despite the large decreases in UVA254 and DOC, the total number of DBC formulas decreased only by 12.0% with nearly unchanged O/C ratio, DBE - O values, molecular weight distribution, and benzenepolycarboxylic aromatic condensation (BACon) index regardless of the decreased percentage of condensed aromatic carbon (ConAC %). Compared with LDOC, the photolysis of DBC was much less oxidative and destructive mainly via breakup of a small portion of the highly condensed aromatic rings, probably accompanied by photodecarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Liu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minli Wang
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Shujun Yin
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lekai Xie
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- School of the Environment, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Quan Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Cerrato E, Chiesa M, Giamello E, Livraghi S, Salvadori E, Paganini MC. Zinc oxide hollow spheres decorated with cerium dioxide. The role of morphology in the photoactivity of semiconducting oxides. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:134001. [PMID: 34942602 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical activity of the recently proposed CeO2-ZnO photocatalytic material active under visible light has been improved by means of significant modifications of its morphology. A polymeric templating agent (Pluronic) has been used in the synthesis obtaining a particle morphology based on hollow spheres that is better defined in the case of high template concentration. The charge separation ability and the light-induced surface electron transfer under irradiation with visible polychromatic light in various ranges of wavelengths has been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance. The reactivity of the photogenerated holes has been monitored by the spin trapping technique in the presence of DMPO. The hollow spheres morphology achieved through the synthesis here reported leads to systems with a higher photoactivity under visible irradiation than the same system displaying the classic platelets morphology. A parallel increase of the photocatalytic activity of this novel system in pollution remediation reactions is therefore predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Gulino A, Papanikolaou G, Lanzafame P, Aaliti A, Primerano P, Spitaleri L, Triolo C, Dahrouch Z, Khaskhoussi A, Lo Schiavo S. Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Behavior of SiO 2 @nitrized-TiO 2 Nanocomposites Obtained by a Straightforward Novel Approach. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1033-1040. [PMID: 34648236 PMCID: PMC8515923 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the facile synthesis of SiO2 @nitrized-TiO2 nanocomposite (NST) by calcination of TiO2 xerogel with OctaAmmonium POSS® (N-POSS; POSS=polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes). The as-obtained nanoporous mixed oxide is constituted by uniformly distributed SiO2 and nitrized-TiO2 , where the silica component is present in an amorphous state and TiO2 in an anatase/rutile mixed phase (92.1 % vs. 7.9 %, respectively) with very small anatase crystallites (3.7 nm). The TiO2 lattice is nitrized both at interstitial and substitutional positions. NST features a negatively charged surface with a remarkable surface area (406 m2 g-1 ), endowed with special adsorption capabilities towards cationic dyes. Its photocatalytic behavior was tested by following the degradation of standard aqueous methylene blue and methyl orange solutions under UV and visible light irradiation, according to ISO 10678:2010. For comparison, analogous investigations were carried out on a silica-free N-TiO2 , obtained by using NH4 Cl as nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Catania, and INSTM UdR of CataniaViale Andrea Doria 695125CataniaItaly
| | - Georgia Papanikolaou
- Department of ChemicalBiologicalPharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 3198166MessinaItaly
| | - Paola Lanzafame
- Department of ChemicalBiologicalPharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 3198166MessinaItaly
| | - Abdellatif Aaliti
- Département de Génie Chimique, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Substances Naturelles et EnvironnementFaculté des Sciences et Techniques de TangerAncienne Route de l'Aéroport, Km 10, Ziaten. BP: 416.TangerMaroc
| | - Patrizia Primerano
- Dipartimento di IngegneriaUniversità degli Studi di MessinaContrada Di Dio98166MessinaItaly
| | - Luca Spitaleri
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Catania, and INSTM UdR of CataniaViale Andrea Doria 695125CataniaItaly
| | - Claudia Triolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civiledell'Energia, dell'Ambiente e dei Materiali (DICEAM)Università “Mediterranea”Via Graziella, Loc. Feo di Vito89122Reggio CalabriaItaly
| | - Zainab Dahrouch
- Département de Génie Chimique, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Matériaux, Substances Naturelles et EnvironnementFaculté des Sciences et Techniques de TangerAncienne Route de l'Aéroport, Km 10, Ziaten. BP: 416.TangerMaroc
| | - Amani Khaskhoussi
- Dipartimento di IngegneriaUniversità degli Studi di MessinaContrada Di Dio98166MessinaItaly
| | - Sandra Lo Schiavo
- Department of ChemicalBiologicalPharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 3198166MessinaItaly
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Morka KD, Wernecki M, Kędziora A, Książczyk M, Dudek B, Gerasymchuk Y, Lukowiak A, Bystroń J, Bugla-Płoskońska G. The Impact of Graphite Oxide Nanocomposites on the Antibacterial Activity of Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7386. [PMID: 34299005 PMCID: PMC8304721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles can interact with the complement system and modulate the inflammatory response. The effect of these interactions on the complement activity strongly depends on physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. The interactions of silver nanoparticles with serum proteins (particularly with the complement system components) have the potential to significantly affect the antibacterial activity of serum, with serious implications for human health. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of graphite oxide (GO) nanocomposites (GO, GO-PcZr(Lys)2-Ag, GO-Ag, GO-PcZr(Lys)2) on the antibacterial activity of normal human serum (NHS), serum activity against bacteria isolated from alveoli treated with nanocomposites, and nanocomposite sensitivity of bacteria exposed to serum in vitro (using normal human serum). Additionally, the in vivo cytotoxic effect of the GO compounds was determined with application of a Galleria mellonella larvae model. GO-PcZr(Lys)2, without IR irradiation enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the human serum. IR irradiation enhances bactericidal activity of serum in the case of the GO-PcZr(Lys)2-Ag sample. Bacteria exposed to nanocomposites become more sensitive to the action of serum. Bacteria exposed to serum become more sensitive to the GO-Ag sample. None of the tested GO nanocomposites displayed a cytotoxicity towards larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dorota Morka
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maciej Wernecki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Anna Kędziora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Marta Książczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (B.D.)
| | - Yuriy Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okolna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland; (Y.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Anna Lukowiak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Okolna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland; (Y.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, S. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.W.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (B.D.)
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Wang T, Jia X, Lv C, Ji L, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Wang S. Multifunctional Textiles Based on Three-Dimensional Hierarchically Structured TiO 2 Nanowires. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:27557-27566. [PMID: 34100290 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional (3D) micro-/nanostructures with multiscale hierarchy offers new potential for the improvement of the pristine textile properties. In this work, a polyester fabric coated with 3D hierarchically structured rutile TiO2 nanowires (THNWP) was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal strategy. The THNWP samples exhibit markedly improved photocatalytic activities and antibacterial properties owing to their 3D hierarchical architecture constructed by one-dimensional nanowire structures, good crystallinity, excellent light-harvesting capability, and fast electron-transfer rate. Furthermore, the unique 3D hierarchical nanostructures also combine with the monofilament to produce ternary-scale hierarchy, which endows the fabric surface with outstanding superamphiphobicity after further facile fluorination treatment. The supportive air-pockets trapped within the unique ternary-scale architectures are proved to be the crucial factor in the achievement of high liquid repellency, and the highest performing superamphiphobic surface is capable of repelling liquids down to a minimal surface tension of 23.4 mN m-1. We envision that our findings may possess great potential in the bottom-up design of high-performance textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xueying Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chang Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lvlv Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yinhu Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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14
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Lin Y, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Chemical approaches for the enhancement of porphyrin skeleton-based photodynamic therapy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1080-1099. [PMID: 32329382 PMCID: PMC7241559 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1755669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT), remarkable studies have been conducted to generate photosensitisers (PSs), especially porphyrin PSs. A variety of chemical modifications of the porphyrin skeleton have been introduced to improve cellular delivery, stability, and selectivity for cancerous tissues. This review aims to highlight the developments in porphyrin-based structural modifications, with a specific emphasis on the role of PDT in anticancer treatment and the design of PSs to achieve a synergistic effect on multiple targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Huang L, Qian C, Ma Z. Stimuli-Responsive Purely Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Materials. Chemistry 2020; 26:11914-11930. [PMID: 32159896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview summarizes the recent progress of stimuli-responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials. Organic phosphorescence is closely related to the intermolecular interactions, because such interactions are beneficial to promote spin orbital coupling (SOC) and boost intersystem cross (ISC) efficiency and finally are conducive to satisfactory phosphorescence. It is found that the intermolecular interactions, which are essential for organic phosphorescence, are easily disturbed by external stimuli such as mechanical force, photon, acid, chemical vapor, leading to the luminescence change. According to this principle, various purely organic phosphorescence materials sensitive to external stimuli have been developed. This Minireview categorizes reported stimuli-responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials on the basis of different stimuli, including mechanochromism, mechanoluminescence, photoactivity, acid-responsiveness and other stimuli. Some prospective strategies for constructing stimuli-responsive purely organic phosphorescence molecules are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of, Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chen Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of, Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of, Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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16
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Uthaman S, Kim Y, Lee JY, Pillarisetti S, Huh KM, Park IK. Self-Quenched Polysaccharide Nanoparticles with a Reactive Oxygen Species-Sensitive Cascade for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:28004-28013. [PMID: 32501678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanocarrier systems that keep the photosensitizer (PS) inactive during systemic circulation and then efficiently release or activate the PS in response to unique TME conditions have attracted much attention. Herein, we report novel TME-responsive, self-quenched polysaccharide nanoparticles (NPs) with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive cascade. The PS, pheophorbide A (PhA), was conjugated to a water-soluble glycol chitosan (GC) through an ROS-sensitive thioketal (TK) linker. The amphiphilic GC-TK-PhA conjugates could arrange themselves into NPs and remain photoinactive due to their self-quenching effects. Upon reaching the ROS-rich hypoxic core of the tumor tissue, the NPs release the PS in a photoactive form by efficient, ROS-sensitive TK bond cleavage, thus generating potent phototoxic effects. Following near-infrared irradiation, the increase in locoregional ROS levels further accelerates the release and activation of PS. These cascade reactions caused a significant reduction in the tumor volume, demonstrating good antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yugyeong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shameer Pillarisetti
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
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17
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Golic AE, Valle L, Jaime PC, Álvarez CE, Parodi C, Borsarelli CD, Abatedaga I, Mussi MA. BlsA Is a Low to Moderate Temperature Blue Light Photoreceptor in the Human Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1925. [PMID: 31497002 PMCID: PMC6712483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an environmental signal that produces extensive effects on the physiology of the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Many of the bacterial responses to light depend on BlsA, a bluelight using FAD (BLUF)-type photoreceptor, which also integrates temperature signals. In this work, we disclose novel mechanistic aspects of the function of BlsA. First, we show that light modulation of motility occurs only at temperatures lower than 24°C, a phenotype depending on BlsA. Second, blsA transcript levels were significantly reduced at temperatures higher than 25°C, in agreement with BlsA protein levels in the cell which were undetectable at 26°C and higher temperatures. Also, quantum yield of photo-activation of BlsA (lBlsA) between 14 and 37°C, showed that BlsA photoactivity is greatly compromised at 25°C and absent above 28°C. Fluorescence emission and anisotropy of the cofactor together with the intrinsic protein fluorescence studies suggest that the FAD binding site is more susceptible to structural changes caused by increments in temperature than other regions of the protein. Moreover, BlsA itself gains structural instability and strongly aggregates at temperatures above 30°C. Overall, BlsA is a low to moderate temperature photoreceptor, whose functioning is highly regulated in the cell, with control points at expression of the cognate gene as well as photoactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián E Golic
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lorena Valle
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC) CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Paula C Jaime
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC) CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Clarisa E Álvarez
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Clarisa Parodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio D Borsarelli
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC) CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Inés Abatedaga
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC) CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Mussi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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18
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Karlsson M, Strandqvist C, Jussi J, Öberg O, Petermann I, Elmlund L, Dunne S, Fu Y, Wang Q. Chemical Sensors Generated on Wafer-Scale Epitaxial Graphene for Application to Front-Line Drug Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E2214. [PMID: 31091664 DOI: 10.3390/s19102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Generation of large areas of graphene possessing high quality and uniformity will be a critical factor if graphene-based devices/sensors are to be commercialized. In this work, epitaxial graphene on a 2" SiC wafer was used to fabricate sensors for the detection of illicit drugs (amphetamine or cocaine). The main target application is on-site forensic detection where there is a high demand for reliable and cost-efficient tools. The sensors were designed and processed with specially configured metal electrodes on the graphene surface by utilizing a series of anchors where the metal contacts are directly connected on the SiC substrate. This has been shown to improve adhesion of the electrodes and decrease the contact resistance. A microfluidic system was constructed to pump solutions over the defined graphene surface that could then act as a sensor area and react with the target drugs. Several prototypic systems were tested where non-covalent interactions were used to localize the sensing components (antibodies) within the measurement cell. The serendipitous discovery of a wavelength-dependent photoactivity for amphetamine and a range of its chemical analogs, however, limited the general application of these prototypic systems. The experimental results reveal that the drug molecules interact with the graphene in a molecule dependent manner based upon a balance of π -stacking interaction of the phenyl ring with graphene (p-doping) and the donation of the amine nitrogens lone pair electrons into the π - π *-system of graphene (n-doping).
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19
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Koteja A, Matusik J, Luberda-Durnaś K, Szczerba M. The Nature of Interactions and UV-Induced Response within α-Zirconium Phosphate Intercalation Compounds with Azobenzenes. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12091436. [PMID: 31052552 PMCID: PMC6539894 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes immobilization on a solid support enables the usage of their trans-cis isomerization ability for preparation of functional materials. The behavior of azobenzenes in the interlayer space of α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) upon the UV-Vis irradiation was investigated. Two experimental approaches were performed: (1) co-intercalation of benzylalkylammonium surfactants and azobenzene in the interlayers of ZrP (ZBCnA), and (2) intercalation of p-aminoazobenzene (ZpA). The materials were characterized with XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, CHN analysis, and the molecular modeling. The molecules in ZBCnA samples were sparsely packed and held by weak hydrophobic interactions. Conversely, the molecules in ZpA sample were strongly H-bonded to the ZrP, well-ordered, and densely packed. These structural features determined the samples' photoresponsive behavior. Low density of molecules in the ZBCnA samples, allowed the effective, fast, and reversible isomerization of azobenzene. Whereas the ZpA sample did not react to the UV irradiation because of the steric hindrance of tightly packed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koteja
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Matusik
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Luberda-Durnaś
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, ul. Senacka 1, 30-063 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Szczerba
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, ul. Senacka 1, 30-063 Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Janek M, Radtke A, Muzioł TM, Jerzykiewicz M, Piszczek P. Tetranuclear Oxo-Titanium Clusters with Different Carboxylate Aromatic Ligands: Optical Properties, DFT Calculations, and Photoactivity. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1661. [PMID: 30205558 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Titanium(IV) oxo-clusters of the general formula (Ti4O2(OiBu)10(O2CR’)2) (R’ = C13H9 (1), PhCl (2), PhNO2 (3)) were studied in order to estimate their potential photoactivity. The structure of the resulting tetranuclear Ti(IV) oxo-complexes was then determined via single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR). An analysis of diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) allowed for the assessment of band gap values of (1)–(3) microcrystalline samples complexes. The use of different carboxylate ligands allowed the band gap of tetranuclear Ti(IV) oxo-clusters to be modulated in the range of 3.6 eV–2.5 eV. Density functional theory (DFT) methods were used to explain the influence of substitutes on band gap and optical activity. Dispersion of (1)–(3) microcrystals in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrixes enabled the formation of composite materials for which the potential photocatalytic activity was estimated through the study on methylene blue (MB) photodegradation processes in the presence of UV light. The results obtained revealed a significant influence of carboxylate ligands functionalization on the photoactivity of synthesized tetranuclear Ti(IV) oxo-complexes.
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21
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Bandosz TJ, Ania CO. Origin and Perspectives of the Photochemical Activity of Nanoporous Carbons. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1800293. [PMID: 30250787 PMCID: PMC6145414 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Even though, owing to the complexity of nanoporous carbons' structure and chemistry, the origin of their photoactivity is not yet fully understood, the recent works addressed here clearly show the ability of these materials to absorb light and convert the photogenerated charge carriers into chemical reactions. In many aspects, nanoporous carbons are similar to graphene; their pores are built of distorted graphene layers and defects that arise from their amorphicity and reactivity. As in graphene, the photoactivity of nanoporous carbons is linked to their semiconducting, optical, and electronic properties, defined by the composition and structural defects in the distorted graphene layers that facilitate the exciton splitting and charge separation, minimizing surface recombination. The tight confinement in the nanopores is critical to avoid surface charge recombination and to obtain high photochemical quantum yields. The results obtained so far, although the field is still in its infancy, leave no doubts on the possibilities of applying photochemistry in the confined space of carbon pores in various strategic disciplines such as degradation of pollutants, solar water splitting, or CO2 mitigation. Perhaps the future of photovoltaics and smart-self-cleaning or photocorrosion coatings is in exploring the use of nanoporous carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J. Bandosz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe City College of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
- CUNY Energy CenterThe City College of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
| | - Conchi O. Ania
- CEMHTICNRS (UPR 3079)Univ. Orleans4571OrléansFrance
- Instituto Nacional del Carbon (INCAR)CSIC33011OviedoSpain
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22
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Liang YC, Chung CC, Lo YJ, Wang CC. Microstructure-Dependent Visible-Light Driven Photoactivity of Sputtering-Assisted Synthesis of Sulfide-Based Visible-Light Sensitizer onto ZnO Nanorods. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:E1014. [PMID: 28774134 DOI: 10.3390/ma9121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The ZnO-CdS core-shell composite nanorods with CdS shell layer thicknesses of 5 and 20 nm were synthesized by combining the hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods with the sputtering thin-film deposition of CdS crystallites. The microstructures and optical properties of the ZnO-CdS nanorods were associated with the CdS shell layer thickness. A thicker CdS shell layer resulted in a rougher surface morphology, more crystal defects, and a broader optical absorbance edge in the ZnO-CdS rods. The ZnO-CdS (20 nm) nanorods thus engaged in more photoactivity in this study. When they were further subjected to a postannealing procedure in ambient Ar/H2, this resulted in the layer-like CdS shell layers being converted into the serrated CdS shell layers. By contrast, the ZnO-CdS nanorods conducted with the postannealing procedure exhibited superior photoactivity and photoelectrochemical performance; the substantial changes in the microstructures and optical properties of the composite nanorods following postannealing in this study might account for the observed results.
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Zhang G, Zhang L, Liu Y, Liu L, Huang CP, Liu H, Li J. Substitution Boosts Charge Separation for High Solar-Driven Photocatalytic Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:26783-26793. [PMID: 27662229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bandgap engineering of photocatalysts is a common approach to achieving high effective utilization of solar resource. However, the difficulty in achieving bandgap narrowing and high activity simultaneously seems to be irreconcilable via the traditional modification pathway. Herein, we have substituted iodine for a fraction of bromine atoms in BiOBr to overcome this restriction and provided some deep-seated insights into how the substitution boosts the photocatalytic properties. The substituted BiOBr0.75I0.25 exhibited exceptional photoactivity, with photon-to-current conversion efficiency approximately 6 times greater than TiO2 in UV region, and more than 10 times higher than BiOBr or BiOI in visible-light region. We found that the substitution narrowed the bandgap, facilitated the diffusion of electron with small effective mass, as well as induced oxygen vacancies on [Bi2O2]2+ layers. By virtue of the stronger dipole moments produced, the enhancement of intrinsic electric fields between [Bi2O2]2+ and halogen slabs was achieved in BiOBr0.75I0.25; thereby the distance the photogenerated electron could diffuse was sufficient to inhibit the recombination. Our findings not only shed light on the potential properties of hybrid-halide photocatalysts but also provide a strategy for developing high efficiency catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Huijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Seredych M, Łoś S, Giannakoudakis DA, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Bandosz TJ. Photoactivity of g-C3 N4 /S-Doped Porous Carbon Composite: Synergistic Effect of Composite Formation. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:795-799. [PMID: 26990914 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A composite of g-C3 N4 with visible-light photoactive S-doped carbon was synthesized. Synergistic effects in surface chemistry and electrical conductivity, and a decrease in the band gap (Eg , estimated from optical measurements) from 2.91 eV for g-C3 N4 to 2.79 eV for the composite were found. Both the carbon and the composite showed photosensitivity but only the composite revealed a visible-light-driven reduction activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Seredych
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Szymon Łoś
- Institute of Molecular Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dimitrios A Giannakoudakis
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, 10031, USA
- Ph. D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | | | - Teresa J Bandosz
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, 10031, USA.
- Ph. D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA.
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25
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Du D, Wang K, Wen Y, Li Y, Li YY. Photodynamic Graphene Quantum Dot: Reduction Condition Regulated Photoactivity and Size Dependent Efficacy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:3287-94. [PMID: 26761130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Prequenching and selective activation of photosensitizer (PS) are highly desired in photodynamic therapy (PDT) to avoid off-target effect due to nonspecific activation and poor targeting selectivity of PS. In this study, nanographene materials as a unique π-conjugated planar system for electronic transfer were employed as the robust platform for temporarily quenching of PS. Photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) was integrated onto planar structure of graphene quantum dot (GQD) or graphene oxide (GO) via a reduction cleavable disulfide linker. The formed hybrid nanosystem displayed considerable fluorescence quenching and slight phototoxicity, even under the condition of light irradiation, while the photoactivity of PS could be selectively recovered in the presence of the reducing agent. Compared with graphene oxide system with larger size (around 200 nm), GQD nanosystem exhibited significantly improved tumor accumulation via enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR effect). The in vivo study demonstrated extremely effective suppression of tumor growth for the group treated with the GQD nanosystem with cleavable linker, revealing the promising application of the presented novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Du
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Wen
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Y Li
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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26
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Ingrosso C, Esposito Corcione C, Striani R, Comparelli R, Striccoli M, Agostiano A, Curri ML, Frigione M. UV-curable nanocomposite based on methacrylic-siloxane resin and surface-modified TiO2 nanocrystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:15494-15505. [PMID: 26151152 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel UV-light-curable nanocomposite material formed of a methacrylic-siloxane resin loaded with 1 wt % oleic acid and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate silane (OLEA/MEMO)-coated TiO2 nanorods (NRs) has been manufactured as a potential self-curing structural coating material for protection of monuments and artworks, optical elements, and dental components. OLEA-coated TiO2 NRs, presynthesized by a colloidal chemistry route, have been surface-modified by a treatment with the methacrylic-based silane coupling agent MEMO. The resulting OLEA/MEMO-capped TiO2 NRs have been dispersed in MEMO; that is a monomer precursor of the organic formulation, used as a "common solvent" for transferring the NRs in prepolymer components of the formulation. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have allowed investigation of the effects of the incorporation of the OLEA/MEMO-capped TiO2 NRs on reactivity and photopolymerization kinetics of the nanocomposite, demonstrating that the embedded NRs significantly increase curing reactivity of the neat organic formulation both in air and inert atmosphere. Such a result has been explained on the basis of the photoactivity of the nanocrystalline TiO2 which behaves as a free-radical donor photocatalyst in the curing reaction, finally turning out more effective than the commonly used commercial photoinitiator. Namely, the NRs have been found to accelerate the cure rate and increase cross-linking density, promoting multiple covalent bonds between the resin prepolymers and the NR ligand molecules, and, moreover, they limit inhibition effect of oxygen on photopolymerization. The NRs distribute uniformly in the photocurable matrix, as assessed by transmission electron microscopy analysis, and increase glass transition temperature and water contact angle of the nanocomposite with respect to the neat resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ingrosso
- †CNR-IPCF U.O.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- ‡Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaella Striani
- ‡Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberto Comparelli
- †CNR-IPCF U.O.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- †CNR-IPCF U.O.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Agostiano
- †CNR-IPCF U.O.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Lucia Curri
- †CNR-IPCF U.O.S. Bari, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- ‡Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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Seredych M, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Bandosz TJ. Peculiar Properties of Mesoporous Synthetic Carbon/Graphene Phase Composites and their Effect on Supercapacitive Performance. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:1955-65. [PMID: 25916763 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Composites of mesoporous synthetic carbon and the graphene phase were synthesized in aqueous suspension by employing dispersive interactions of both phases. The resulting carbon-based materials were further heat treated in air at 350 °C. The composites and their components were characterized by using adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, thermal analysis-mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM, high-resolution TEM, and XRD. Then, they were tested as supercapacitors in three-electrode cells and under visible-light irradiation. The composites and the initial carbon share exactly the same pore-size distributions, but they exhibit significant differences in their surface chemistry, wettability, and conductivity. This allowed us to determine the extent of their effects on their capacitive/pseudocapacitive performance. The results showed that features other than the textural properties can increase the capacitive performance by more than 100 %. The synergistic properties of the composites and their sulfur functional group related photoactivity were linked to chemical interactions between the nanoporous carbon phase and graphite oxide during the formation of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Seredych
- The City College of New York, Department of Chemistry, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA)
| | | | - Teresa J Bandosz
- The City College of New York, Department of Chemistry, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 (USA).
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Zhao Y, Woods JA, Farrer NJ, Robinson KS, Pracharova J, Kasparkova J, Novakova O, Li H, Salassa L, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Song L, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Diazido mixed-amine platinum(IV) anticancer complexes activatable by visible-light form novel DNA adducts. Chemistry 2013; 19:9578-91. [PMID: 23733242 PMCID: PMC4280898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platinum diam(m)ine complexes, such as cisplatin, are successful anticancer drugs, but suffer from problems of resistance and side-effects. Photoactivatable Pt(IV) prodrugs offer the potential of targeted drug release and new mechanisms of action. We report the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic properties of photoactivatable diazido complexes trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MA)(Py)] (1; MA=methylamine, Py=pyridine) and trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(MA)(Tz)] (2; Tz=thiazole), and interpret their photophysical properties by TD-DFT modelling. The orientation of the azido groups is highly dependent on H bonding and crystal packing, as shown by polymorphs 1p and 1q. Complexes 1 and 2 are stable in the dark towards hydrolysis and glutathione reduction, but undergo rapid photoreduction with UVA or blue light with minimal amine photodissociation. They are over an order of magnitude more potent towards HaCaT keratinocytes, A2780 ovarian, and OE19 oesophageal carcinoma cells than cisplatin and show particular potency towards cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells (A2780cis). Analysis of binding to calf-thymus (CT), plasmids, oligonucleotide DNA and individual nucleotides reveals that photoactivated 1 and 2 form both mono- and bifunctional DNA lesions, with preference for G and C, similar to transplatin, but with significantly larger unwinding angles and a higher percentage of interstrand cross-links, with evidence for DNA strand cross-linking further supported by a comet assay. DNA lesions of 1 and 2 on a 50 bp duplex were not recognised by HMGB1 protein, in contrast to cisplatin-type lesions. The photo-induced platination reactions of DNA by 1 and 2 show similarities with the products of the dark reactions of the Pt(II) compounds trans-[PtCl2(MA)(Py)] (5) and trans-[PtCl2(MA)(Tz)] (6). Following photoactivation, complex 2 reacted most rapidly with CT DNA, followed by 1, whereas the dark reactions of 5 and 6 with DNA were comparatively slow. Complexes 1 and 2 can therefore give rapid potent photocytotoxicity and novel DNA lesions in cancer cells, with no activity in the absence of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Julie A Woods
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of DundeeNinewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY (UK)
| | - Nicola J Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Kim S Robinson
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of DundeeNinewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY (UK)
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
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