1
|
Carballo C, Mateus AP, Maya C, Mantecón L, Power DM, Manchado M. Microalgal extracts induce larval programming and modify growth and the immune response to bioactive treatments and LCDV in Senegalese sole post-larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:263-272. [PMID: 32750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants are key molecules in aquaculture since they heighten defensive responses and protection against pathogens. The present study investigated the treatment of Senegalese sole larvae with a whole-cell crude extract of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana (Nanno) and programming of growth and the immune system. Larvae at hatch were treated with the Nanno extracts for 2 h and thereafter were cultivated for 32 days post-hatch (dph) in parallel with an untreated control group (CN). Dry weight and length at 21 days post-hatch (dph) were higher in post-larvae of the Nanno than CN group. These differences in weight were later confirmed at 32 dph. To evaluate changes in the immune response associated with Nanno-programming treatments, the Nanno and CN post-larvae were supplied with two bioactive compounds yeast β-glucan (Y) and a microalga extract from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (MAe). The bioactive treatments were administrated to the treatment groups through the live prey (artemia metanauplii, 200 artemia mL-1) enriched for 30 min with MAe or Y (at 2 mg mL-1 SW) or untreated prey in the case of the negative control (SW). The effect of the treatments was assessed by monitoring gene expression, enzyme activity and mortality over 48 h. The post-larvae sole supplied with the bioactive compounds Y and MAe had increased mortality at 48 h compared to the SW group. Moreover, mortality was higher in Nanno-programmed than CN post-larvae. Lysozyme and total anti-protease enzymatic activities at 6 and 24 h after the start of the trial were significantly higher in the Nanno and MAe supplied post-larvae compared to their corresponding control (CN and SW, respectively). Immune gene transcripts revealed that il1b, cxc10 and mx mRNAs were significantly different between Nanno and CN post-larvae at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, the expression of il1b, tnfa, cxc10, irf3, irf7 and mx was modified by bioactive treatments but with temporal differences. At 48 h after bioactive treatments, Y and SW post-larvae were challenged with the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). No difference existed in viral copy number between programming or bioactive treatment groups at 3, 6 and 24 h after LCDV challenge although the total number of copies reduced with time. Gene expression profiles in the LCDV-challenged group indicated that post-larvae triggered a wide defensive response compared to SWC 24 h after challenge, which was modulated by programming and bioactive compound treatments. Cluster analysis of expressed genes separated the SW and Y groups indicating long-lasting effects of yeast β-glucan treatment in larvae. A noteworthy interaction between Nanno-programming and Y-treatment on the regulation of antiviral genes was observed. Overall, the data demonstrate the capacity of microalgal crude extracts to modify sole larval plasticity with long-term effects on larval growth and the immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Maya
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecón
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa, María, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Crecimiento Azul, Centro IFAPA El Toruño, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mandal SC, Weidmann M, Albalat A, Carrick E, Morro B, MacKenzie S. Polarized Trout Epithelial Cells Regulate Transepithelial Electrical Resistance, Gene Expression, and the Phosphoproteome in Response to Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1809. [PMID: 32922394 PMCID: PMC7456818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of disease is a major challenge in aquaculture production. The fish gill characterized with a large surface area and short route to the bloodstream is a major environmental interface and a significant portal of entry for pathogens. To investigate gill responses to viral infection the salmonid gill cell line RTgill-W1 was stimulated with synthetic dsRNA and the salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 (SAV-2). Epithelial integrity in polarized cells can be measured as transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) which is defined as the electrical resistance across a cell monolayer. TEER is a widely accepted quantitative measure of cellular integrity of a cell monolayer. TEER increased immediately after stimulation with the synthetic dsRNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). In parallel, tight junction and gene expression of innate immune activation markers was modulated in response to poly(I:C). The SAV-2 virus was found to replicate at a low level in RTgill-W1 cells where TEER was disturbed at an early stage of infection, however, gene expression related to tight junction regulation was not modulated. A strong poly(I:C)-driven antiviral response was observed including increases of Rig-like receptors (RLRs) and interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) mRNAs. At the level of signal transduction, poly(I:C) stimulation was accompanied by the phosphorylation of 671 proteins, of which 390 were activated solely in response to the presence of poly(I:C). According to motif analysis, kinases in this group included MAPKs, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), all reported to be activated in response to viral infection in mammals. Results also highlighted an activation of the cytoskeletal organization that could be mediated by members of the integrin family. While further work is needed to validate these results, our data indicate that salmonid gill epithelia has the ability to mount a significant response to viral infection which might be important in disease progression. In vitro cell culture can facilitate both a deeper understanding of the anti-viral response in fish and open novel therapeutic avenues for fish health management in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar C Mandal
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Carrick
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bernat Morro
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vo TTM, Lai YY, Lin CH. The influence of a GT repeat polymorphism on poly(I:C) induction of the grouper MxII gene promoter in GK cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:99-105. [PMID: 32224278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interferons play an important role in the fish innate immune system against viral infection by inducing the interferon stimulated genes, such as Mx gene. We cloned the MxII gene promoter from orange-spotted grouper and found three MxII gene promoters. All of them contained two interferon stimulated response elements (ISREs), and three dinucleotide repeat sequences located at 5' end of ISREs. Interestingly, there is a polymorphic GT repeat element located upstream of these ISREs. The three MxII gene promoters respectively contained 27, 29, and 31 GT repeats, namely EcMx_27, EcMx_29, and EcMx_31. To determine whether GT repeat element influence the MxII gene expression, the MxII gene promoters were subcloned into promoterless reporter plasmid and transfected into grouper kidney (GK) cells. The results showed that a significant induction by poly(I:C) was detected in GK cells transfected with pEcMx_31 (2.65 folds) whereas there was no induction in GK cells transfected with pEcMx_27 and pEcMx_29. However, the significant induction by nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection was found in GK cells separately transfected with three reporter plasmids. These results suggest that the GT repeat element plays an important role in modulation of MxII gene expression and the induction by poly(I:C) and NNV may be mediated through different signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Minh Vo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Lai
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carballo C, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Berbel C, Castro D, Borrego JJ, Sarasquete C, Manchado M. Feed and immersion challenges with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) reveals specific mechanisms for horizontal transmission and immune response in senegalese sole post-larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:710-718. [PMID: 30999043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The horizontal transmission of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) through contaminated water and feed (using artemia as vehicle) and the associated immune gene expression profiles in Senegalese sole post-larvae were investigated. All specimens analyzed were positive for LCDV DNA detection at 1-day post-challenge (1 dpc) with the highest viral levels in specimens infected through the immersion route. However, the percentage of LCDV-positive animals and number of viral DNA copies dropped progressively at 2 and 7 dpc. The histological analysis identified structural changes in the skin, muscle and gills of sole post-larvae LCDV-challenged by immersion. In situ hybridization confirmed a wide distribution of LCDV in the skin, gut, surrounding vessels in trunk muscle and head kidney in the immersion route, while the signals were restricted to the liver and lamina propria in the feeding treatment. Expression analysis using a set of 22 genes related to innate immune defense system demonstrated clear differences in the time-course response to LCDV as function of the infection route. Most antiviral defense genes, the proinflammatory cytokines, the complement c3, g-type lysozyme and T-cell markers cd4 and cd8a were rapidly induced in the feeding-infected post-larvae, and they were remained activated at 2 dpc. In contrast, in the immersion-infected post-larvae the induction of most defensive genes was delayed, with a low intensity at 2 dpc. All these data demonstrate that LCDV can horizontally infect Senegalese sole post-larvae through the water or feed although with different patterns of histopathological disorders, virus distribution and route-specific expression profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC-Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Concha Berbel
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC-Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li C, Weng S, He J. WSSV-host interaction: Host response and immune evasion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:558-571. [PMID: 30352263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As invertebrates, shrimps rely on multiple innate defense reactions, including humoral immunity and cellular immunity to recognize and eliminate various invaders, such as viruses. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes the most prevalent and devastating viral disease in penaeid shrimps, which are the most widely cultured species in the coastal waters worldwide. In the last couple of decades, studies about WSSV implicate a dual role of the immune system in protecting shrimps against the infection; these studies also explore on the pathogenesis of WSSV infection. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the innate immune responses of shrimps to WSSV, as well as the molecular mechanisms used by this virus to evade host immune responses or actively subvert them for its own benefit. Deciphering the interactions between WSSV and the shrimp host is paramount to understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis during viral infection and to the development of a safe and effective WSSV defensive strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim MS, Shin MJ, Kim KH. Increase of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus growth by knockout of IRF9 gene in Epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:443-448. [PMID: 30244086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been a notorious pathogen in freshwater and marine fish. Due to the lack of effective treatment measures against VHSV disease, the development of prophylactic vaccines has been required, and methods that can produce high-titered viruses would be advantageous in producing cost-effective vaccines. Type I interferon (IFN) responses are the key elements of vertebrates' antiviral activities, and IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex formed through type I IFNs up-regulates the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is a key component of ISGF3, so the inhibition of IRF9 would compromise host's type I IFN responses, which would weaken host antiviral activity. In this study, to increase the replication of VHSV, we generated IRF9 knockout Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells using a CRISPR/Cas9 vector that contains an EPC cell's U6 promoter-driven guide RNA cassette (targeting IRF9 gene) and a Cas9 expressing cassette. In the clones of IRF9 knockout EPC cells, there were no increase in ISG15 gene by poly I:C, and in Mx1 gene by both poly I:C and VHSV. Interestingly, although the increased folds were conspicuously lower than control EPC cells, the expression of ISG 15 gene in all the IRF9 knockout clones was significantly increased by VHSV infection. Control EPC cells pre-treated with poly I:C did not show any CPE when infected with VHSV, however, IRF9 knockout EPC cells showed CPE by VHSV infection in spite of being pretreated with poly I:C. The replication of VHSV in IRF9 knockout EPC cells was significantly faster and higher than that in control EPC cells indicating that the IRF9 knockout-mediated decrease of type I IFN responses allowed VHSV to replicate efficiently. Considering an economical aspect for the production of fish vaccines, the present IRF9 knockout EPC cells can be used to get higher-titered VHSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Graduate School of Integrated Bioindustry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Min Jun Shin
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carballo C, Chronopoulou EG, Letsiou S, Maya C, Labrou NE, Infante C, Power DM, Manchado M. Antioxidant capacity and immunomodulatory effects of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract in Senegalese sole. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:1-8. [PMID: 30064015 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The microalgae are an important source of bioactive molecules including β-glucans that can be used as immunostimulants in aquaculture. In the present study, the antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity of a chrysolaminarin-enriched extract obtained from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was evaluated. The extract showed a higher total antioxidant activity as determined by ORAC and FRAP assays and a lower DPPH scavenging activity than particulate yeast-β-glucan. The cytotoxicity test indicated that extract concentrations higher than 0.01% w/v could impair cell viability of human dermal fibroblasts. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity, juvenile soles were intraperitoneally injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract suspended in coconut oil (1 mg/fish) followed by a reinjection at 7 days. A sham group injected with the carrier solution was maintained as a negative control. Cumulated mortality of fish injected with the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract was 29.4% after six days and no mortality was recorded after extract reinjection. Expression analyses of fifteen genes related to the innate immune system in kidney, spleen and intestine showed temporal and organ-specific responses. A rapid (2 days post-injection; dpi) and strong induction of the pro-inflammatory il1b and the antimicrobial peptide hamp1 in the three immunological organs, the hsp90aa in kidney and spleen, irf3 in intestine and c3 in spleen was observed indicating a potent inflammatory response. The recovery of steady-state levels for all activated genes at 5 dpi, and the down-regulation of c-lectin receptor as well as some interferon-related genes (ifn1, irf1, irf3, irf8, irf9 and mx) in kidney and cxc10 in spleen indicated that the soles were able to activate a homeostatic response against the β-glucan insult. The reinjection of the chrysolaminarin-enriched extract did not activate a new inflammatory response but reduced the mRNA levels of hsp90aa and irf3 indicating that soles developed some resistance to β-glucans. Overall, these results reveal this enriched extract as a novel and potent source of β-glucans with antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacity suitable for immunostimulation in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Evangelia G Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Letsiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Scientific Affairs Department, APIVITA S.A., Athens, Greece
| | - Claudia Maya
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlos Infante
- Fitoplanton Marino S.L., 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular Endocrinology Group, Marine Science Center (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Labella AM, Garcia-Rosado E, Bandín I, Dopazo CP, Castro D, Alonso MC, Borrego JJ. Transcriptomic Profiles of Senegalese Sole Infected With Nervous Necrosis Virus Reassortants Presenting Different Degree of Virulence. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 30065724 PMCID: PMC6056728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Betanodaviruses [nervous necrosis virus (NNV)] are the causative agent of the viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, a disease that affects cultured Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). NNV reassortants, combining genomic segments from redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) genotypes, have been previously isolated from several fish species. The wild-type reassortant wSs160.03, isolated from Senegalese sole, has been proven to be more virulent to sole than the parental genotypes (RGNNV and SJNNV), causing 100% mortality. Mutations at amino acids 247 (serine to alanine) and 270 (serine to asparagine) in the wSs160.03 capsid protein have allowed us to obtain a mutant reassortant (rSs160.03247+270), which provokes a 40% mortality decrease. In this study, the RNA-Seq technology has been used to comparatively analyze Senegalese sole transcriptomes in two organs (head kidney and eye/brain) after infection with wild-type and mutant strains. A total of 633 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) in animals infected with the wild-type isolate (with higher virulence), whereas 393 genes were differentially expressed in animals infected with the mutant strain (37.9% decrease in the number of DEGs). To study the biological functions of detected DEGs involved in NNV infection, a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed. Different GO profiles were obtained in the following subclasses: (i) biological process; (ii) cellular component; and (iii) molecular function, for each viral strain tested. Immune response and proteolysis have been the predominant biological process after the infection with the wild-type isolate, whereas the infection with the mutant strain induces proteolysis in head kidney and inhibition of vasculogenesis in nervous tissue. Regarding the immune response, genes coding for proteins acting as mediators of type I IFN expression (DHX58, IRF3, IRF7) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG15, Mx, PKR, Gig1, ISG12, IFI44, IFIT-1, to name a few) were upregulated in animals infected with the wild-type isolate, whereas no-differential expression of these genes was observed in samples inoculated with the mutant strain. The different transcriptomic profiles obtained could help to better understand the NNV pathogenesis in Senegalese sole, setting up the importance as virulence determinants of amino acids at positions 247 and 270 within the RNA2 segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Labella
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Green TJ, Speck P. Antiviral Defense and Innate Immune Memory in the Oyster. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030133. [PMID: 29547519 PMCID: PMC5869526 DOI: 10.3390/v10030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is becoming a valuable model for investigating antiviral defense in the Lophotrochozoa superphylum. In the past five years, improvements to laboratory-based experimental infection protocols using Ostreid herpesvirus I (OsHV-1) from naturally infected C. gigas combined with next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed that oysters have a complex antiviral response involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways. Experimental evidence indicates C. gigas utilizes an interferon-like response to limit OsHV-1 replication and spread. Oysters injected with a viral mimic (polyI:C) develop resistance to OsHV-1. Improved survival following polyI:C injection was found later in life (within-generational immune priming) and in the next generation (multi-generational immune priming). These studies indicate that the oyster's antiviral defense system exhibits a form of innate immune-memory. An important priority is to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. This knowledge will motivate the development of practical and cost-effective treatments for improving oyster health in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research & Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Avunje S, Jung SJ. Poly (I:C) and imiquimod induced immune responses and their effects on the survival of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:338-345. [PMID: 29054829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of immune genes by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and imiquimod in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and their role in control of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection were examined. Poly (I:C) (100 μg/fish) treated olive flounder had very low mortality (5%) post VHSV infection, while the imiquimod treated group had 65% and 85% mortality at a dose of 100 μg/fish and 50 μg/fish, respectively. Though the imiquimod treated group had high mortality, it was lower than the untreated group, which had 90% mortality. In vivo experiments were conducted to determine effect of the two ligands on immune modulation in the head kidney of olive flounder. Poly (I:C) activated the immune genes (TLR-3, TLR-7, MDA-5, LGP-2, IRF-3, IRF-7, IL-1β type I IFN and Mx) very early, within 1 d post stimulation, faster and stronger than imiquimod. Though Mx levels were enhanced by imiquimod, the host was still susceptible to VHSV. The poly (I:C) treated group had a high immune response at the time of infection and 1 dpi, though it decreased at later stages. The imiquimod treated group and the unstimulated group had a higher immune response to VHSV compared to the poly (I:C) treated group. The nucleoprotein copies of VHSV were very low in the poly (I:C) treated group but interestingly, were high in both untreated and imiquimod treated fish. Thus, host survival from a viral infection does not only depend on the quantity of immune response but also the time of response. Although imiquimod enhanced immune gene expression in olive flounder, a delayed response could be the reason for high mortality to VHS compared with poly (I:C), which induced the immune system effectively and efficiently to protect the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satheesha Avunje
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muire PJ, Hanson LA, Wills R, Petrie-Hanson L. Differential gene expression following TLR stimulation in rag1-/- mutant zebrafish tissues and morphological descriptions of lymphocyte-like cell populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184077. [PMID: 28910320 PMCID: PMC5598945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of lymphocytes, rag1-/- mutant zebrafish develop protective immunity to bacteria. In mammals, induction of protection by innate immunity can be mediated by macrophages or natural killer (NK) cells. To elucidate potential responsive cell populations, we morphologically characterized lymphocyte-like cells (LLCs) from liver, spleen and kidney hematopoietic tissues. In fish, these cells include NK cells and Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCCs). We also evaluated the transcriptional expression response of select genes that are important indicators of NK and macrophage activation after exposure to specific TLR ligands. The LLC cell populations could be discriminated by size and further discriminated by the presence of cytoplasmic granules. Expression levels of mx, tnfα, ifnγ, t-bet and nitr9 demonstrated dynamic changes in response to intra-coelomically administered β glucan (a TLR2/6 ligand), Poly I:C (a TLR3 ligand) and resiquimod (R848) (a TLR7/8 ligand). Following TLR 2/6 stimulation, there was a greater than 100 fold increase in ifnγ in liver, kidney and spleen and moderate increases in tnfα in liver and kidney. TLR3 stimulation caused broad up regulation of mx, down-regulation of tnfα in kidney and spleen tissues and up regulation of nitr9 in the kidney. Following TLR 7/8 stimulation, there was a greater than 100 fold increase in ifnγ in liver and kidney and t-bet in liver. Our gene expression findings suggest that LLCs and macrophages are stimulated following β glucan exposure. Poly I:C causes type I interferon response and mild induction of LLC in the kidney and R-848 exposure causes the strongest LLC stimulation. Overall, the strongest NK like gene expression occurred in the liver. These differential effects of TLR ligands in rag1-/- mutant zebrafish shows strong NK cell-like gene expression responses, especially in the liver, and provides tools to evaluate the basis for protective immunity mediated by the innate immune cells of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J. Muire
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Larry A. Hanson
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Robert Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lora Petrie-Hanson
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
López-Vázquez C, Alonso MC, Dopazo CP, Bandín I. In vivo study of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coexistence in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1129-1139. [PMID: 28032357 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of IPNV-VHSV coinfection and superinfection on the mortality caused by both viruses in Senegalese sole has been analysed. No effect was observed after coinfection. However, a clear viral interference was recorded between a primary IPNV and a subsequent VHSV infection, which led to a survival increase in the infected sole of 50% points when compared with fish infected only with VHSV. The significantly higher Mx transcriptional values in the fish pre-exposed to IPNV (at least at first days after superinfection) and the increased daily mortality when low Mx transcriptional levels were recorded suggest that Mx may be involved in the protective effect against VHSV infection. However, in fish subjected to VHSV primary/IPNV secondary infection, no interference was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C López-Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Málaga, Spain
| | - C P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jung MH, Jung SJ. Protective immunity against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) infection and TLR3-mediated type I interferon signaling pathway in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) following poly (I:C) administration. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:293-301. [PMID: 28602740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the potential of poly (I:C) to induce antiviral status for protecting rock bream from RBIV infection. Rock bream injected with poly (I:C) at 2 days before infection (1.1 × 104) at 20 °C had significantly higher protection with RPS 13.4% and 33.4% at 100 and 200 μg/fish, respectively, through 100 days post infection (dpi). The addition of boost immunization with poly (I:C) at before/post infection at 20 °C clearly enhanced the level of protection showing 33.4% and 60.0% at 100 and 200 μg/fish, respectively. To investigate the development of a protective immune response, rock bream were re-infected with RBIV (1.1 × 107) at 200 dpi. While 100% of the previously unexposed fish died, 100% of the previously infected fish survived. Poly (I:C) induced TLR3 and Mx responses were observed at several sampling time points in the spleen, kidney and blood. Moreover, significantly high expression levels of IRF3 (2.9- and 3.1-fold at 1 d and 2 days post administration (dpa), respectively), ISG15 and PKR expression (5.4- and 10.2-fold at 2 dpa, respectively) were observed in the blood, but the expression levels were low in the spleen and kidney after poly (I:C) administration. Our results showed the induction of antiviral immune responses and indicate the possibility of developing long term preventive measures against RBIV using poly (I:C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carballo C, Castro D, Borrego JJ, Manchado M. Gene expression profiles associated with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in experimentally infected Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:129-139. [PMID: 28476672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pathogenesis of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and the immune gene expression patterns associated with this viral infection were determined in the flatfish Senegalese sole. The results indicate that LCDV spreads rapidly from the peritoneal cavity through the bloodstream to reach target organs such as kidney, gut, liver, and skin/fin. The viral load was highest in kidney and reduced progressively thorough the experiment in spite of the viral major capsid protein gene was transcribed. The LCDV injection activated a similar set of differentially expressed transcripts in kidney and intestine although with some differences in the intensity and time-course response. This set included antiviral-related transcripts (including the mx and interferon-related factors irf1, irf2, irf3, irf7, irf8, irf9, irf10), cytokines (il1b, il6, il8, il12 and tnfa) and their receptors (il1r, il8r, il10r, il15ra, il17r), chemokines (CXC-type, CC-type and IL-8), prostaglandins (cox-2), g-type lysozymes, hepcidin, complement fractions (c2, c4-1 and c4-2) and the antigen differentiation factors cd4, cd8a, and cd8b. The expression profile observed indicated that the host triggered a systemic defensive response including inflammation able to cope with the viral challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Universitario Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Universitario Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang CJ, Chou CM, Lien HW, Chu CY, Ho JY, Wu Y, Cheng CH. IRF9-Stat2 Fusion Protein as an Innate Immune Inducer to Activate Mx and Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Zebrafish Larvae. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:310-319. [PMID: 28500614 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection often causes large amounts of mortality during teleost larvae stage. Strong induction of innate immunity to increase survival rates of teleost larvae has been less reported. In this study, we present a zebrafish IRF9-Stat2 fusion protein (zIRF9-S2C) as a strong innate immunity inducer and characterized induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in zebrafish larvae. zIRF9-S2C could mimic IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex to constitutively activate transcription of Mx promoter through IFN-stimulatory element (ISRE) sites. Mutation of two ISRE sites on Mx promoter reduced transactivation activities of Mx promoter induced by zIRF9-S2C. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiment shows that zIRF9-S2C could directly bind to two ISRE sites of Mx promoter. Induction of transactivation of Mx promoter by zIRF9-S2C shows significantly higher activity than by zebrafish IFN1 (zIFN1), IFNγ (zIFNγ), and Tetraodon IRF9-S2C (TnIRF9-S2C). zIRF9-S2C raises transcription of Mxa, Mxb, Mxc, Ifnφ1, Ifnφ2, and Ifnφ3 in zebrafish liver ((ZFL) cell line) cells and zebrafish larvae. Collectively, we suggest that IRF9-S2C could activate transcription of ISGs with species-specific recognition and could be an innate immunity inducer in teleost larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Chu
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wuxing St, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) vs. VHSV (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus): A Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:192. [PMID: 27303308 PMCID: PMC4880558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a very valuable fish species both in Europe and China. The culture of this flatfish is well-established but several bacteria, viruses, and parasites can produce mortality or morbidity episodes in turbot farms. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) is one of the most threatening pathogens affecting turbot, because neither vaccines nor treatments are commercially available. Although the mortality in the turbot farms is relatively low, when this virus is detected all the stock have to be destroyed. The main goals that need to be improved in order to reduce the incidence of this disease is to know what are the strategies or molecules the host use to fight the virus and, in consequence, try to potentiate this response using different ways. Certain molecules can be selected as potential antiviral treatments because of their high protective effect against VHSV. On the other hand, the use of resistance markers for selective breeding is one of the most attractive approaches. This review englobes all the investigation concerning the immune interaction between turbot and VHSV, which until the last years was very scarce, and the knowledge about VHSV-resistance markers in turbot. Nowadays, the availability of abundant transcriptomic information and the recent sequencing of the turbot genome open the door to a more exhaustive and profuse investigation in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
González-Mariscal JA, Fernández-Trujillo MA, Alonso MC, García-Rosado E, Álvarez MC, Béjar J. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Mx gene promoters respond differentially to IPNV and VHSV infections in RTG-2 cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 171:73-80. [PMID: 26964720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of virus-host interactions relies on the knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the type I interferon (IFN I)-stimulated genes (ISGs). Among ISGs, those coding Mx proteins play a main role due to their direct antiviral activity. The study of these genes in gilthead seabream is interesting, since this species displays high natural resistance to viral diseases, being asymptomatic carrier of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Gilthead seabream has three Mx genes (Mx1, Mx2, and Mx3), encoding proteins with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. The structure of the three promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) has been previously disclosed, and their response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells characterized. To further analyze these promoters, their response to two viral infections has been evaluated in the present study. For that purpose, RTG-2 cells transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of each promoter were inoculated with either IPNV or VHSV at two different doses. The highest and lowest fold induction values were recorded for pMx2 and pMx3, respectively. The promoter induction was always stronger after VHSV inoculation than in IPNV-inoculated cells. In addition, the higher dose of VHSV tested induced higher response of the three promoters, whereas in IPNV-infected cells the highest induction was recorded after inoculation with the lower viral dose. To further study the response of the Mx2 promoter, RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of pMx2 were stimulated with poly I:C and subsequently infected with IPNV or VHSV. Interestingly, IPNV infection inhibited the induction caused by poly I:C, suggesting an antagonistic activity of IPNV on Mx2 transcription. In contrast, VHSV infection did not alter the response triggered by poly I:C. These results highlight the specific regulation that controls the activity of each promoter, and support the existence of complex interactions between host cells, specific Mx promoters, and viruses, which are responsible for the final outcome of a viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Microbiology, Spain
| | | | - M C Álvarez
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain
| | - J Béjar
- Universidad de Málaga, Department of Genetics, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun H, Jiang Z, Mao M, Huo Y, Han Y, Zhang S. Cloning and expression analysis of interferon regulatory factor 7 in the Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:7-15. [PMID: 26702560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) plays an important role in regulating the response of type I interferon (IFN) to viral infection. To understand the mechanisms underlying immune reactions in the Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, the gene encoding G. macrocephalus IRF7 was cloned and characterized. The cDNA of G. macrocephalus IRF7 was also cloned and sequenced. A cDNA sequence of 2032 bp was assembled using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. It contains an open reading frame of 1323 bp in length, which encoded a 440-amino acid polypeptide that comprised a DNA-binding domain (DBD), an IRF association domain (IAD), and a serine-rich domain (SRD). In the DBD, the tryptophan cluster consisted of only four tryptophans, which is a unique characteristic in fish IRF7. The mRNA of IRF7 was detected in various tissues, including in the spleen, thymus, kidney, intestine, and gills, using relative quantification PCR (R-qPCR). Dynamic expression of IRF7 was observed in larvae throughout post-hatching (ph) development, with the highest level detected at day of ph (dph) 25. Response to immune stimulation was examined by challenging larvae with polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) to mimic viral infection and elicit an immune reaction. R-qPCR revealed that the expression of IRF7 significantly increased in pIC-treated groups relative to that in the control groups, in a time-dependent manner, with peak responses at 48 and 72 h after pIC-treatment. These results show that IRF7 is expressed in various tissues of adult fish and larvae and is sensitive to viral infection, suggesting that it plays a role in antiviral immune defense in G. macrocephalus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Mingguang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuzhe Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Saisai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alvarez-Torres D, Podadera AM, Bejar J, Bandin I, Alonso MC, Garcia-Rosado E. Role of the IFN I system against the VHSV infection in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Vet Res 2016; 47:3. [PMID: 26743229 PMCID: PMC4705576 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Senegalese sole is susceptible to marine VHSV isolates but is not affected by freshwater isolates, which may indicate differences regarding virus-host immune system interaction. IFN I induces an antiviral state in fish, stimulating the expression of genes encoding antiviral proteins (ISG). In this study, the stimulation of the Senegalese sole IFN I by VHSV infections has been evaluated by the relative quantification of the transcription of several ISG (Mx, Isg15 and Pkr) after inoculation with marine (pathogenic) and freshwater (non-pathogenic) VHSV isolates. Compared to marine VHSV, lower levels of RNA of the freshwater VHSV induced transcription of ISG to similar levels, with the Isg15 showing the highest fold induction. The protective role of the IFN I system was evaluated in poly I:C-inoculated animals subsequently challenged with VHSV isolates. The cumulative mortality caused by the marine isolate in the control group was 68%, whereas in the poly I:C-stimulated group was 5%. The freshwater VHSV isolate did not cause any mortality. Furthermore, viral RNA fold change and viral titers were lower in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups than in the controls. The implication of the IFN I system in the protection observed was confirmed by the transcription of the ISG in animals from the poly I:C + VHSV groups. However, the marine VHSV isolate exerts a negative effect on the ISG transcription at 3 and 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), which is not observed for the freshwater isolate. This difference might be partly responsible for the virulence shown by the marine isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alvarez-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana M Podadera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Julia Bejar
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bandin
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thanasaksiri K, Hirono I, Kondo H. Temperature-dependent regulation of gene expression in poly (I:C)-treated Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:835-840. [PMID: 26052011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of poly (I:C)-treated Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, under different temperatures was investigated using microarray analysis. The response was analyzed in spleen tissue at 3 and 24 h post injection (hpi) at 15 °C and 25 °C. A large number of genes in fish treated with poly (I:C) at 25 °C were expressed at 3 hpi, whereas the expression profiles at 24 hpi appeared to be similar to those of the controls. Cluster analysis of the different expression profiles showed three distinct groups of up-regulated genes in fish reared at 15 °C. These were early (3 hpi), early-to-late (3 and 24 hpi), and late (24 hpi) up-regulated genes. These genes included type I IFN-related genes and inflammatory genes. Among the up-regulated genes, most of the type I IFN-related genes played early-to-late- and late-responding genes at 15 °C but early-responding genes at 25 °C. Thus, several up-regulated genes in these groups from the microarray result were further verified by qPCR. These results indicate that the type I IFN gene expressions of P. olivaceus treated with poly (I:C) can be regulated in a temperature-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Thanasaksiri
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Valero Y, García-Alcázar A, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Antimicrobial response is increased in the testis of European sea bass, but not in gilthead seabream, upon nodavirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:203-213. [PMID: 25707600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a crucial role in the fish innate immune response, being considered a fundamental component of the first line of defence against pathogens. Moreover, AMPs have not been studied in the fish gonad since this is used by some pathogens as a vehicle or a reservoir to be transmitted to the progeny, as occurs with nodavirus (VNNV), which shows vertical transmission through the gonad and/or gonadal fluids, but no study has looked into the gonad of infected fish. In this framework, we have characterized the antimicrobial response triggered by VNNV in the testis of European sea bass, a very susceptible species of the virus, and in the gilthead seabream, which acts as a reservoir, both in vivo and in vitro, and compared with that present in the serum and brain (target tissue of VNNV). First, our data show a great antiviral response in the brain of gilthead seabream and in the gonad of European sea bass. In addition, for the first time, our results demonstrate that the antimicrobial activities (complement, lysozyme and bactericidal) and the expression of AMP genes such as complement factor 3 (c3), lysozyme (lyz), hepcidin (hamp), dicentracin (dic), piscidin (pis) or β-defensin (bdef) in the gonad of both species are very different, but generally activated in the European sea bass, probably related with the differences of susceptibility upon VNNV infection, and even differs to the brain response. Furthermore, the in vitro data suggest that some AMPs are locally regulated playing a local immune response in the gonad, while others are more dependent of the systemic immune system. Data are discussed in the light to ascertain their potential role in viral clearance by the gonad to avoid vertical transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thanasaksiri K, Sakai N, Yamashita H, Hirono I, Kondo H. Influence of temperature on Mx gene expression profiles and the protection of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, against red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection after poly (I:C) injection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:441-5. [PMID: 25107694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Influence of temperature on the susceptibility of fish against virus infection has been studied for a decade. Recent reports have been shown the effects of rearing temperatures on the fish immune system against virus infection. However, the roles of temperature in regulation of type I interferon (IFN) system has not yet been investigated. Thus, the effects of temperature on type I IFN response were investigated in this study using poly (I:C) injection in sevenband grouper and Mx gene was used as a marker for type I IFN expression. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) result showed that Mx expression profiles were moderately different between temperatures. The highly up-regulated Mx transcripts at 3 h post injection (hpi) were observed in high temperatures (25 °C and 30 °C) but not in low temperatures (15 °C and 20 °C). Meanwhile, low temperatures (15 °C and 20 °C) could detect the highly up-regulated Mx transcripts at 24 hpi. Expression of Mx transcripts was also observed at 72 hpi at 15 °C. Poly (I:C)-injected fish were challenged with RGNNV after 72 and 168 hpi. At 72 hpi, 100% of fish survived at all temperatures, whereas 95% survival rate was observed at 168 hpi at 25 °C during 14 days of observation. To further verify the duration period of an antiviral state at different temperatures, qPCR and endpoint dilution assay were used to quantify the number of virus in fish challenged with RGNNV. The reduction of viral copy numbers and viral titers could be observed at 72 and 168 hpi. However, high viral copy numbers and viral titers could be detected at 168 hpi at 30 °C. These results demonstrate that temperatures influenced on the Mx expression profiles and the duration period of an antiviral state efficiently interfered with virus replication at different temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Thanasaksiri
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nichika Sakai
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamashita
- Fisheries Research Center, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Uwajima, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mu Y, Li M, Ding F, Ding Y, Ao J, Hu S, Chen X. De novo characterization of the spleen transcriptome of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) and analysis of the immune relevant genes and pathways involved in the antiviral response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97471. [PMID: 24820969 PMCID: PMC4018400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) is an economically important marine fish in China. To understand the molecular basis for antiviral defense in this species, we used Illumia paired-end sequencing to characterize the spleen transcriptome of polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]-induced large yellow croakers. The library produced 56,355,728 reads and assembled into 108,237 contigs. As a result, 15,192 unigenes were found from this transcriptome. Gene ontology analysis showed that 4,759 genes were involved in three major functional categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. We further ascertained that numerous consensus sequences were homologous to known immune-relevant genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology mapping annotated 5,389 unigenes and identified numerous immune-relevant pathways. These immune-relevant genes and pathways revealed major antiviral immunity effectors, including but not limited to: pattern recognition receptors, adaptors and signal transducers, the interferons and interferon-stimulated genes, inflammatory cytokines and receptors, complement components, and B-cell and T-cell antigen activation molecules. Moreover, the partial genes of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptors signaling pathway, Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway were found to be changed after poly(I:C) induction by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, suggesting that these signaling pathways may be regulated by poly(I:C), a viral mimic. Overall, the antivirus-related genes and signaling pathways that were identified in response to poly(I:C) challenge provide valuable leads for further investigation of the antiviral defense mechanism in the large yellow croaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Ding
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SNH); (XHC)
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetics and Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (SNH); (XHC)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tso CH, Hung YF, Tan SP, Lu MW. Identification of the STAT1 gene and the characterisation of its immune response to immunostimulants, including nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection, in Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1339-1348. [PMID: 23954694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-1 is an indispensable signal transduction protein that is involved in the interferon pathway. STAT-1 plays an important role in the innate immune response. The full-length cDNA of Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) STAT-1, MgSTAT1, was cloned. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the amino acid sequence. Our results indicate that STAT1 is highly conserved with other vertebrates. We also report the expression of MgSTAT1 in different tissues treated with immune stimulants, including LPS, CpG ODN, and poly (I:C), in vivo. The expression of MgSTAT1 was significantly induced in the head kidney upon treatment with poly (I:C) compared to the control. Moreover, the results indicate that MgSTAT1 is up-regulated during nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection. This study reveals that similar to the mammalian antiviral response, MgSTAT1 mediates the immune response in Malabar grouper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsi Tso
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mu Y, Wan X, Lin K, Ao J, Chen X. Liver proteomic analysis of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) following polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid induction. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1267-1276. [PMID: 23479204 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the liver protein profiles of the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) exposed to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a viral mimic, using the differential proteomic approach. Sixteen altered protein spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry, including eight upregulated proteins and eight downregulated proteins. These altered host proteins were classified into six categories based on their biological function: cellular process, metabolic process, biological regulation, binding, and catabolic process, highlighting the fact that response to poly(I:C) induction in fish seems to be complex and diverse. Moreover, four corresponding genes of the differentially expressed proteins were validated by relative quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analysis further demonstrated the changes in protein abundance of natural killer enhancing factor and peroxiredoxin 6. These results will be helpful in furthering our understanding of the changes of physiological processes in liver of fish during virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang B, Huang WS, Nie P. Characterization of four Mx isoforms in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1048-1054. [PMID: 23872472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mx protein is known to play an important role in vertebrate immune response to viral infection. In this study, cDNA sequences of four Mx isoforms, designated as MxA, B, C and D were characterized in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. These sequences contained an open reading frame of 1899, 1896, 1866, 1779 bp, flanked by 95, 53, 138, 69 bp of 5' untranslated region and 389, 241, 136, 124 bp of 3' untranslated region, respectively. A phylogenetic tree constructed with Mx peptide sequences from vertebrates revealed that MxA, C and D in the European eel formed into a clade containing zebrafish MxA and MxB and Mx proteins in other teleosts, whereas MxB in the eel was clustered together with zebrafish MxD, MxG and MxF. The transcription level of all Mx isoforms increased in a poly I:C dose-dependent manner in peripheral blood leukocytes of eels, as revealed by real-time PCR. A further experiment was conducted to reveal the temporal change in expression of these isoforms in various organs/tissues following poly I:C stimulation, and significant increase in expression was observed at various degrees in different organs or in different sampling occasions within the 12 h experimental period. In particular, MxA had the highest level of increase, while MxB had the lowest; and three isoforms, MxA, MxB and MxD had the highest increase in intestine, while the highest increase of MxC expression was observed in liver. These four isoforms of eel Mx are thus expressed differentially, and further work is certainly required to clarify the activity of promoter elements and antiviral activity of these Mx isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Green TJ, Montagnani C. Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 μvar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:382-388. [PMID: 23685009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo studies were carried out to investigate the protective effect of a synthetic viral analogue (poly I:C) against Ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1 μvar). Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were immune-primed by intramuscular injection of 240 μg of poly I:C or sterile seawater at 1 day prior to infection with OsHV-1 μvar. Poly I:C injection induced an antiviral state in C. gigas as the percentage of viral-infected oysters at 48 h post infection was significantly lower in the poly I:C treatment (11%) compared to seawater controls (100%). In an additional experiment, we demonstrated that the protective role of poly I:C is reproducible and elicits a specific antiviral response as immune-priming with heat-killed Vibrio splendidus provided no protection against subsequent viral infection. In both experiments, genes homologous to a toll-like receptor (TLR), MyD88, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and protein kinase R (PKR) were up-regulated in oysters immune-primed with poly I:C compared to seawater controls (p < 0.05). The MyD88, IRF and PKR genes were also significantly up-regulated in response to OsHV-1 μvar infection (p < 0.05), which is suggestive that they are implicated in the antiviral response of C. gigas. Our results demonstrate that C. gigas can recognise double-strand RNA to initiate an innate immune response that inhibits viral infection. The observed response has striking similarities to the hallmarks of the type-1 interferon response of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Ifremer, UMR 5119 "Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems", Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC80, 30495 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Picchietti S, Bernini C, Belardinelli MC, Ovidi E, Taddei AR, Guerra L, Abelli L, Fausto AM. Immune modulatory effects of Aloe arborescens extract on the piscine SAF-1 cell line. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1335-1344. [PMID: 23470814 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological potential of Aloe arborescens Miller leaf components was investigated, with special attention deserved to immune modulatory effects on the Sparus aurata fibroblast cell line SAF-1. The cells were treated with Aloe extract at different concentrations (1.2-4.8 mg ml(-1)) for various times (24-72 h). The lowest concentration did not provoke any cellular damage observable by SEM and did not affect ATP amounts after 24 and 48 h, while even induced a significant increase over controls after 72 h. We next examined the transcription kinetics of different immune-related genes (IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, COX-2, IFN-I, Mx and MHCI-α) in SAF-1 cells stimulated with LPS or poly I:C. The Aloe extract (1.2 mg ml(-1)) acted as a powerful immune stimulant in LPS- or poly I:C-activated SAF-1 cells, inducing a synergic effect on interconnected genes that are expected to be involved in different aspects of the immune responses. These reports provide a new perspective for the use of A. arborescens to prevent or oppose bacterial and viral fish diseases and to face, as an alternative strategy based on natural plant extracts, the growing unwillingness to rely upon standard solutions involving antibiotics or antimicrobial chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Picchietti
- Dep. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bravo J, Real F, Padilla D, Olveira JG, Grasso V, Román L, Acosta F. Effect of lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio alginolyticus on the Mx gene expression and virus recovery from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) experimentally infected with Nodavirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:383-386. [PMID: 23092730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Infections with nodavirus affect a wild and farmed fish species throughout the world, mostly from the marine environment. The aim of this work was to determine the immune status of gilthead sea bream that comes as a result of a Nodavirus infection, induced by activation of the interferon response pathway by lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio alginolyticus and the expression of interferoninduced Mx protein in liver samples. The enhancement of Mx protein gene expression was detected in liver samples of experimentally nodavirus infected fish and, furthermore, the immunostimulant LPS of V. alginolyticus decreased almost three times the virus titration with respect to no-immunized or infected with nodavirus group of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Díaz-Rosales P, Romero A, Balseiro P, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes in families of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) after infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:515-529. [PMID: 22790792 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is one of the major threats to the development of the aquaculture industry worldwide. The present study was aimed to identify genes differentially expressed in several turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families showing different mortality rates after VHSV. The expression analysis was conducted through genome-wide expression profiling with an oligo-microarray in the head kidney. A significant proportion of the variation in the gene expression profiles seemed to be explained by the genetic background, indicating that the mechanisms by which particular species and/or populations can resist a pathogen(s) are complex and multifactorial. Before the experimental infections, fish from resistant families (low mortality rates after VHSV infection) showed high expression of different antimicrobial peptides, suggesting that their pre-immune state may be stronger than fish of susceptible families (high mortality rates after VHSV infection). After infection, fish from both high- and low-mortality families showed an up-modulation of the interferon-induced Mx2 gene, the IL-8 gene and the VHSV-induced protein 5 gene compared with control groups. Low levels of several molecules secreted in the mucus were observed in high-mortality families, but different genes involved in viral entrance into target cells were down-regulated in low-mortality families. Moreover, these families also showed a strong down-modulation of marker genes related to VHSV target organs, including biochemical markers of renal dysfunction and myocardial injury. In general, the expression of different genes involved in the metabolism of sugars, lipids and proteins were decreased in both low- and high-mortality families after infection. The present study serves as an initial screen for genes of interest and provides an extensive overview of the genetic basis underlying the differences between families that are resistant or susceptible to VHSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Díaz-Rosales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello 6, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bravo J, Acosta F, Padilla D, Grasso V, Real F. Mx expression in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in response to poly I:C, bacterial LPS and chromosomal DNA: preliminary study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:170-172. [PMID: 21575726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peng CA, Wang CH, Wang WL. Rapid antiviral assay using QD-tagged fish virus as imaging nanoprobe. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:412-5. [PMID: 20691211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of rapid antiviral assays can expedite the process of screening potential agents against viral pathogens. In the present study, fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) incorporated with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) were used as imaging nanoprobes to detect the threshold amount of poly I:C (an interferon inducer) required to induce zebrafish cells into an antiviral state against IPNV. QD-IPNV hybrids were formed by colloidal clustering of negatively charged QDs and IPNV, using the cationic polymer polybrene (50 μg/mL). To test the screening potential of the QD-IPNV hybrids for anti-IPNV drug candidates, zebrafish ZF4 cells primed with the immunostimulant poly I:C at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL for 6h were used as a model system. After poly I:C treatment, cells were exposed to the QD-IPNV hybrids for 6h at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5. The anti-IPNV effectiveness of poly I:C was assessed via fluorescence intensity of the QDs. Our results showed that ZF4 cells primed with poly I:C at 10 μg/mL were highly protected from IPNV challenge (i.e., no detection of QD fluorescence). In summary, a rapid and efficient cell-based imaging platform has been developed for assessing the anti-IPNV activity of poly I:C on ZF4 cells using QD-IPNV hybrids. This approach may be applied to a wider range of fish species and fish pathogenic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Magnadottir B. Immunological control of fish diseases. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:361-79. [PMID: 20352271 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates. Fish are therefore the first animal phyla to possess both an innate and adaptive immune system making them very interesting as regards developmental studies of the immune system. The massive increase in aquaculture in recent decades has also put greater emphasis on studies of the fish immune system and defence against diseases commonly associated with intensive fish rearing. Some of the main components of the innate and adaptive immune system of fish are described. The innate parameters are at the forefront of immune defence in fish and are a crucial factor in disease resistance. The adaptive response of fish is commonly delayed but is essential for lasting immunity and a key factor in successful vaccination. Some of the inherent and external factors that can manipulate the immune system of fish are discussed, the main fish diseases are listed and the pathogenicity and host defence discussed. The main prophylactic measures are covered, including vaccination, probiotics and immunostimulation. A key element in the immunological control of fish diseases is the great variation in disease susceptibility and immune defence of different fish species, a reflection of the extended time the present day teleosts have been separated in evolution. Future research will probably make use of molecular and proteomic tools both to study important elements in immune defence and prophylactic measures and to assist with breeding programmes for disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bergljot Magnadottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Characterization of three novel β-defensin antimicrobial peptides in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|