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Herranz-Jusdado JG, Morel E, Ordás MC, Martín D, Docando F, González L, Sanjuán E, Díaz-Rosales P, Saura M, Fouz B, Tafalla C. Yersinia ruckeri infection activates local skin and gill B cell responses in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 140:108989. [PMID: 37549876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fish lack organized structures in mucosal tissues such as those of mammals, but instead contain dispersed B and T cells with the capacity to respond to external stimuli. Nonetheless, there is still a great lack of knowledge regarding how B cells differentiate to plasmablasts/plasma cells in these mucosal surfaces. To contribute to a further understanding of the mechanisms through which fish mucosal B cells are activated, in the current study, we have studied the B cell responses in the skin and gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Yersinia ruckeri. We have first analyzed the transcription levels of genes related to B cell function in both mucosal surfaces, and in spleen and kidney for comparative purposes. In a second experiment, we have evaluated how the infection affects the presence and size of B cells in both skin and gills, as well as the presence of plasmablasts secreting total or specific IgMs. The results obtained in both experiments support the local differentiation of B cells to plasmablasts/plasma cells in the skin and gills of rainbow trout in response to Y. ruckeri. Interestingly, these plasmablasts/plasma cells were shown to secrete specific IgMs as soon as 5 days after the exposure. These findings contribute to a further understanding of how B cells in the periphery respond to immune stimulation in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Herranz-Jusdado
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Morel
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Ordás
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Docando
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - L González
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sanjuán
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Saura
- Animal Breeding Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - B Fouz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Liang C, Sheng X, Tang X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. Structural characteristics and mucosal immune response of the interbranchial lymphoid tissue in the gills of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 123:388-398. [PMID: 35334297 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A specialized lymphoepithelial tissue termed the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) is recently identified in several fish species. However, the structural variation and mucosal immune functions of the ILT remain largely unknown. In this study, the anti-Zap-70 MAb was firstly determined to specifically recognize ZAP-70 protein, and CD4-1+, CD4-2+ and CD8β+ T-cells, but not IgM+ B cells, in peripheral blood leucocytes of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Then we found that aggregates of Zap-70+ cells were located in the epithelium covering the bottom of the interbranchial cleft and along the afferent and efferent edges of the filaments in a cross view, where a meshwork of epithelial cells containing diffused lymphoid cells was exhibited, confirming these structures as the ILT; In a sagittal view, Zap-70+ cells were situated at the base of the filaments (here named as proximal ILT, pILT) and in the interlamellar epithelium (named as distal ILT, dILT). Also, a few IgM+ B cells were distributed at these sites. The lymphoepithelium within pILT and dILT was very thin with a low number of Zap-70+ cells in premetamorphosis and postclimax larvae of flounder, and got thicker containing much more Zap-70+ cells in juvenile and adult individuals. The aggregates of CD4-1+/Zap-70+, CD4-2+/Zap-70+, and CD8β+/Zap-70+ T-cell subsets were identified in the ILT. Post bath vaccination with inactivated Edwardsiella tarda and then intraperitoneal injection of EdU, the amounts of EdU+ and Zap-70+ cells obviously increased at 3 d and 7 d, and co-localization of EdU+/Zap-70+ cells identified the presence of proliferative T cells; meanwhile, MHC class II-expressing cells were increased. These findings indicated that the ILT in gills of flounder was an important site for the induction of local T cell-mediated immunity, which would lead to a better understanding of mucosal immunity and defense mechanisms of teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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3
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Zheng T, Song Z, Qiang J, Tao Y, Zhu H, Ma J, Xu P. Transport Stress Induces Skin Innate Immunity Response in Hybrid Yellow Catfish ( Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × P. vachellii♂) Through TLR/NLR Signaling Pathways and Regulation of Mucus Secretion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740359. [PMID: 34712228 PMCID: PMC8545808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of live fish is a necessary step for commercial production. The skin of teleost fish is the first non-specific immune barrier against exogenous stimuli, and it plays an important protective role under transport stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the skin responses to transport stress in hybrid yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco♀ × Pseudobagrus vachellii♂) through transcriptome and biochemical analyses. Water samples were collected during a simulated transport treatment. Biochemical indexes and/or gene expression in blood, skin, and mucus in fish in control groups and transport-stress groups (0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 16 h) were assayed. The levels of total ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen in the water increased with increasing transport time. Comparison of skin transcriptomes between the control group and the group subjected to 16 h of transport revealed 1547 differentially expressed genes (868 up-regulated and 679 down-regulated). The results of the transcriptome analysis were validated by analyses of the expression levels of selected genes by qRT-PCR. The results indicated that the toll-like receptors and nod-like receptors signaling pathways mediate the skin's immune response to transport stress: tlr9, mfn2, and ikbke were significantly up-regulated and nfkbia and map3k7cl were significantly down-regulated under transport stress. With increasing transport time, lysozyme activity and the immunoglobulin M content in skin mucus first increased and then decreased. The number of mucous cells peaked at 8 h of transport stress, and then decreased. The mucus cells changed from types II and IV to types I, II, III, and IV. The amounts of red and white blood cells and the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit first increased and then decreased during 16 h of transport stress. Together, the results showed that the skin responds to transport stress by activating the immune signaling pathway and regulating mucus secretion. These findings have important biological significance for selecting strains that tolerate transport, as well as economic significance for optimizing the transport conditions for scaleless fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhuo Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Qiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Yifan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Junlei Ma
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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5
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Botwright NA, Mohamed AR, Slinger J, Lima PC, Wynne JW. Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672700. [PMID: 34135900 PMCID: PMC8202022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are susceptible to recurrent amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans over the growout production cycle. The parasite elicits a highly localized response within the gill epithelium resulting in multifocal mucoid patches at the site of parasite attachment. This host-parasite response drives a complex immune reaction, which remains poorly understood. To generate a model for host-parasite interaction during pathogenesis of AGD in Atlantic salmon the local (gill) and systemic transcriptomic response in the host, and the parasite during AGD pathogenesis was explored. A dual RNA-seq approach together with differential gene expression and system-wide statistical analyses of gene and transcription factor networks was employed. A multi-tissue transcriptomic data set was generated from the gill (including both lesioned and non-lesioned tissue), head kidney and spleen tissues naïve and AGD-affected Atlantic salmon sourced from an in vivo AGD challenge trial. Differential gene expression of the salmon host indicates local and systemic upregulation of defense and immune responses. Two transcription factors, znfOZF-like and znf70-like, and their associated gene networks significantly altered with disease state. The majority of genes in these networks are candidates for mediators of the immune response, cellular proliferation and invasion. These include Aurora kinase B-like, rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 25-like and protein NDNF-like inhibited. Analysis of the N. perurans transcriptome during AGD pathology compared to in vitro cultured N. perurans trophozoites, as a proxy for wild type trophozoites, identified multiple gene candidates for virulence and indicates a potential master regulatory gene system analogous to the two-component PhoP/Q system. Candidate genes identified are associated with invasion of host tissue, evasion of host defense mechanisms and formation of the mucoid lesion. We generated a novel model for host-parasite interaction during AGD pathogenesis through integration of host and parasite functional profiles. Collectively, this dual transcriptomic study provides novel molecular insights into the pathology of AGD and provides alternative theories for future research in a step towards improved management of AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amin R Mohamed
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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6
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McCormack M, Talbot A, Dillon E, O’Connor I, MacCarthy E. Host Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Re-Inoculated with Paramoeba perurans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050993. [PMID: 34062978 PMCID: PMC8147987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, recurrence rates of amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans are high and no prophylactic strategies exist for disease prevention. In this study, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were initially inoculated with P. perurans and following the development of amoebic gill disease were treated with freshwater immersion on day 21 and day 35 post inoculation. Fish were re-inoculated following a negative qPCR analysis for the presence of P. perurans. The gill host immune response was investigated at 7, 14, and 18 days post re-inoculation. Differential proteome expression of immune related proteins was assessed by comparison of each time point against naïve controls. In the gill, some proteins of the innate immune system were expressed in response to gill re-colonization by P. perurans, while no features of adaptive immunity were found to be differentially expressed. Many of the proteins identified are novel in the context of AGD and their expression profiles suggest that their roles in the response to disease development and progression in single or multiple infections warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McCormack
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anita Talbot
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene Dillon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Ian O’Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
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7
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McCormack M, Dillon E, O’Connor I, MacCarthy E. Investigation of the Initial Host Response of Naïve Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Inoculated with Paramoeba perurans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040746. [PMID: 33918228 PMCID: PMC8066739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD), caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans is characterised by hyperplasia of the gill epithelium and lamellar fusion. In this study, the initial host response of naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) inoculated with P. perurans was investigated. Using gel-free proteomic techniques and mass spectrometry gill and serum samples were analysed at 7 timepoints (2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days) post-inoculation with P. perurans. Differential expression of immune related proteins was assessed by comparison of protein expression from each time point against naïve controls. Few host immune molecules associated with innate immunity showed increased expression in response to gill colonisation by amoebae. Furthermore, many proteins with roles in immune signalling, phagocytosis and T-cell proliferation were found to be inhibited upon disease progression. Initially, various immune factors demonstrated the anticipated increase in expression in response to infection in the serum while some immune inhibition became apparent at the later stages of disease progression. Taken together, the pro-immune trend observed in serum, the lack of a robust early immune response in the gill and the diversity of those proteins in the gill whose altered expression negatively impact the immune response, support the concept of a pathogen-derived suppression of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McCormack
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugene Dillon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ian O’Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
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8
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Marcos‐López M, Rodger HD. Amoebic gill disease and host response in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
L.): A review. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12766. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Benedicenti O, Pottinger TG, Collins C, Secombes CJ. Effects of temperature on amoebic gill disease development: Does it play a role? J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1241-1258. [PMID: 31206728 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between increasing water temperature and amoebic gill disease (AGD) prevalence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been noted at fish farms in numerous countries. In Scotland (UK), temperatures above 12°C are considered to be an important risk factor for AGD outbreaks. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test for the presence of an association between temperature and variation in the severity of AGD in Atlantic salmon at 10 and 15°C. The results showed an association between temperature and variation in AGD severity in salmon from analysis of histopathology and Paramoeba perurans load, reflecting an earlier and stronger infection post-amoebae exposure at the higher temperature. While no significant difference between the two temperature treatment groups was found in plasma cortisol levels, both glucose and lactate levels increased when gill pathology was evident at both temperatures. Expression analysis of immune- and stress-related genes showed more modulation in gills than in head kidney, revealing an organ-specific response and an interplay between temperature and infection. In conclusion, temperature may not only affect the host response, but perhaps also favour higher attachment/growth capacity of the amoebae as seen with the earlier and stronger P. perurans infection at 15°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Benedicenti
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tom G Pottinger
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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10
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Marcos-López M, Espinosa Ruiz C, Rodger HD, O'Connor I, MacCarthy E, Esteban MÁ. Local and systemic humoral immune response in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) under a natural amoebic gill disease outbreak. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 66:207-216. [PMID: 28501445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the protozoan parasite Neoparamoeba perurans, is one of the most significant infectious diseases for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) mariculture. The present study investigated the humoral immune response (both local in gill mucus and systemic in serum) of farmed Atlantic salmon naturally infected with N. perurans in commercial sea pens, at two different stages of the disease and after freshwater treatment. Parameters analysed included activity of immune related enzymes (i.e. lysozyme, peroxidase, protease, anti-protease, esterase, alkaline phosphatase), IgM levels, and the terminal carbohydrate profile in the gill mucus. Overall, greater variations between groups were noted in the immune parameters determined in gill mucus than the equivalent in the serum. In gill mucus, IgM levels and peroxidase, lysozyme, esterase and protease activities were decreased in fish showing longer exposure time to the infection and higher disease severity, then showed a sequential increase after treatment. Results obtained highlight the capacity of gills to elicit a local response to the infection, indicate an impaired immune response at the later stages of the disease, and show partial reestablishment of the host immune status after freshwater treatment. In addition to providing data on the humoral response to AGD, this study increases knowledge on gill mucosal humoral immunity, since some of the parameters were analysed for the first time in gill mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Marcos-López
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland; FishVet Group Ireland, Unit 7b Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hamish D Rodger
- FishVet Group Ireland, Unit 7b Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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11
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Piazzon MC, Galindo-Villegas J, Pereiro P, Estensoro I, Calduch-Giner JA, Gómez-Casado E, Novoa B, Mulero V, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish. Front Immunol 2016; 7:637. [PMID: 28082977 PMCID: PMC5186763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Piazzon
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
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12
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Xu Z, Takizawa F, Parra D, Gómez D, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, LaPatra SE, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins at respiratory surfaces mark an ancient association that predates the emergence of tetrapods. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10728. [PMID: 26869478 PMCID: PMC4754351 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas-exchange structures are critical for acquiring oxygen, but they also represent portals for pathogen entry. Local mucosal immunoglobulin responses against pathogens in specialized respiratory organs have only been described in tetrapods. Since fish gills are considered a mucosal surface, we hypothesized that a dedicated mucosal immunoglobulin response would be generated within its mucosa on microbial exposure. Supporting this hypothesis, here we demonstrate that following pathogen exposure, IgT+ B cells proliferate and generate pathogen-specific IgT within the gills of fish, thus providing the first example of locally induced immunoglobulin in the mucosa of a cold-blooded species. Moreover, we demonstrate that gill microbiota is predominantly coated with IgT, thus providing previously unappreciated evidence that the microbiota present at a respiratory surface of a vertebrate is recognized by a mucosal immunoglobulin. Our findings indicate that respiratory surfaces and mucosal immunoglobulins are part of an ancient association that predates the emergence of tetrapods. In teleost fish the gills perform—in addition to respiration—functions such as immune defence. Here the authors show that IgT, a teleost specific Ig previously shown to be involved in gut and skin mucosal immunity, is locally induced in the gill, where it plays a key role in immunity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David Parra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Daniela Gómez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiskberg DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Scott E LaPatra
- Research Division, Clear Springs Foods Inc., P O Box 712, Buhl, Idaho 83316, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 413 Rosenthal building, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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