1
|
Liu JJ, Chen SK, Luo H, Wang Y, Song XX, He WW, Huang XJ, Yin JY, Nie SP. Insights into dynamic evolution of glucuronofucogalactoglucan from water extract of Agrocybe cylindracea during maturation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 339:122235. [PMID: 38823906 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of Agrocybe cylindracea polysaccharides at four developmental stages, as well as their dynamic evolution during maturation. Results showed that the polysaccharides from A. cylindracea water extract exhibited similar structural characteristics across all four maturity stages, despite a significant reduction in yields. Four water-soluble heteroglycans, including one high molecular weight (ACPM-Et50-I) and three low molecular weight (ACPM-Et50-II, ACPM-Et60, ACPM-Et80), were isolated from A. cylindracea at each maturity stage. ACPM-Et50-I was identified as branched heterogalactans, while ACPM-Et60 and ACPM-Et80 were branched heteroglucans. However, ACPM-Et50-II was characterized as a branched glucuronofucogalactoglucan at the tide-turning stage but a glucuronofucoglucogalactan at the pileus expansion stage due to the increase of its α-(1 → 6)-D-Galp. In general, although the structural skeletons of most A. cylindracea heteroglycans were similar during maturation as shown by their highly consistent glycosyl linkages, there were still differences in the distribution of some heteroglucans. This work has for the first time reported a glucuronofucogalactoglucan in A. cylindracea and its dynamic evolution during maturation, which may facilitate the potential application of A. cylindracea in food and biomedicine industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Shi-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Wei-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mafla-Endara PM, Meklesh V, Beech JP, Ohlsson P, Pucetaite M, Hammer EC. Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reduces bacterial and fungal biomass in microfabricated soil models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166503. [PMID: 37633381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have been proven to induce toxicity in diverse organisms, yet their effect on soil microbes like bacteria and fungi remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we used micro-engineered soil models to investigate the effect of polystyrene (PS) nanospheres on Pseudomonas putida and Coprinopsis cinerea. Specifically, we explored the effects of increasing concentrations of 60 nm carboxylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated nanospheres (0, 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/L) on these bacterial and fungal model organisms respectively, over time. We found that both microorganisms could disperse through the PS solution, but long-distance dispersal was reduced by high concentrations. Microbial biomass decreased in all treatments, in which bacteria showed a linear dose response with the strongest effect at 10 mg/L concentration, and fungi showed a non-linear response with the strongest effect at 2 mg/L concentration. At the highest nanoplastics concentration, the first colonizing fungal hyphae adsorbed most of the PS nanospheres present in their vicinity, in a process that we termed the 'vacuum cleaner effect'. As a result, the toxicity effect of the original treatment on subsequently growing fungal hyphae was reduced to a growth level indistinguishable from the control. We did not find evidence that nanoplastics are able to penetrate bacterial nor fungal cell walls. Overall, our findings provide evidence that nanoplastics can cause a direct negative effect on soil microbes and highlight the need for further studies that can explain how the microbial stress response might affect soil functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mafla-Endara
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Viktoriia Meklesh
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Edith C Hammer
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, Yao S, Xia W, Ma X, Shi L, Ju H, Li Z, Zhong Y, Xie B, Tao Y. Targeted metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal changes in gibberellin and related cell wall-acting enzyme-encoding genes during stipe elongation in Flammulina filiformis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1195709. [PMID: 37799602 PMCID: PMC10548271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1195709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flammulina filiformis, a typical agaric fungus, is a widely cultivated and consumed edible mushroom. Elongation of its stipe (as the main edible part) is closely related to its yield and commercial traits; however, the endogenous hormones during stipe elongation and their regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Gibberellin (GA) plays an important role in the regulation of plant growth, but little has been reported in macro fungi. In this study, we first treated F. filiformis stipes in the young stage with PBZ (an inhibitor of GA) and found that PBZ significantly inhibited elongation of the stipe. Then, we performed GA-targeted metabolome and transcriptome analyses of the stipe at both the young and elongation stages. A total of 13 types of GAs were detected in F. filiformis; the contents of ten of them, namely, GA3, GA4, GA8, GA14, GA19, GA20, GA24, GA34, GA44, and GA53, were significantly decreased, and the contents of three (GA5, GA9, and GA29) were significantly increased during stipe elongation. Transcriptome analysis showed that the genes in the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway showed varying expression patterns: HMGS, HMGR, GPS, and FPPS were significantly upregulated, while CPS/KS had no significant difference in transcript level during stipe elongation. In total, 37 P450 genes were annotated to be involved in GA biosynthesis; eight of them were upregulated, twelve were downregulated, and the rest were not differentially expressed. In addition, four types of differentially expressed genes involved in stipe elongation were identified, including six signal transduction genes, five cell cycle-controlling genes, twelve cell wall-related enzymes and six transcription factors. The results identified the types and content of GAs and the expression patterns of their synthesis pathways during elongation in F. filiformis and revealed the molecular mechanisms by which GAs may affect the synthesis of cell wall components and the cell cycle of the stipe through the downstream action of cell wall-related enzymes, transcription factors, signal transduction and cell cycle control, thus regulating stipe elongation. This study is helpful for understanding the roles of GAs in stipe development in mushrooms and lays the foundation for the rational regulation of stipe length in agaric mushrooms during production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sen Yao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huimin Ju
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yingli Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Stipe Gradient Elongation of Flammulina filiformis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010064. [PMID: 36675885 PMCID: PMC9862757 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stipe gradient elongation is an important and remarkable feature in the development of most mushroom fruiting bodies. However, its molecular mechanism has rarely been described. Here, the decreasing trend of stipe elongation and increasing trend of cell length in a gradient from the top to the base of the stipe were determined in a model basidiomycete mushroom: Flammulina filiformis. According to RNA-seq results, 1409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among elongation region (ER), transition region (TR), and stable region (SR) samples, including 26 transcription factors (TFs). Based on Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) clustering of DEGs, clusters 1 and 3, with obvious expression trends that were consistent with or in contrast to the elongation rate, were screened. The cluster 1 DEGs were mainly involved in the GO cellular component category and KEGG genetic information processing class; however, the cluster 3 DEGs were mainly involved in metabolic processes. Furthermore, qRT-PCR confirmed that key genes of the long-chain fatty acid synthesis pathway were involved in stipe gradient elongation and regulated by NADPH oxidase-derived ROS signaling molecules. These findings provide an essential basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of stipe gradient elongation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Ma X, Long Y, Yao S, Wei C, Han X, Gan B, Yan J, Xie B. Effects of β-1,6-Glucan Synthase Gene ( FfGS6) Overexpression on Stress Response and Fruit Body Development in Flammulina filiformis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1753. [PMID: 36292637 PMCID: PMC9601887 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1, 6-glucan synthase is a key enzyme of β-1, 6-glucan synthesis, which plays a vital role in the cell wall cross-linking of fungi. However, the role of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene in the development of the fruiting body and the stress response of macrofungi is largely unknown. In this study, four overexpression transformants of the β-1, 6-glucan synthase gene (FfGS6) were successfully obtained, and gene function was studied in Flammulina filiformis. The overexpression of FfGS6 can increase the width of mycelium cells and improve the tolerance ability under mechanical injury and oxidative stress. Moreover, FfGS6 gene expression fluctuated in up-regulation during the recovery process of mycelium injury but showed a negative correlation with H2O2 concentration. Fruiting body phenotype tests showed that mycelia's recovery ability after scratching improved when the FfGS6 gene was overexpressed. However, primordia formation and the stipe elongation ability were significantly inhibited. Our findings indicate that FfGS6 is involved in regulating mycelial cell morphology, the mycelial stress response, and fruit body development in F. filiformis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Long
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Yao
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chuanzheng Wei
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xing Han
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Bingcheng Gan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Baogui Xie
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reactive Oxygen Species Distribution Involved in Stipe Gradient Elongation in the Mushroom Flammulina filiformis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121896. [PMID: 35741023 PMCID: PMC9221348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom stipe raises the pileus above the substrate into a suitable position for dispersing spores. The stipe elongates at different speeds along its length, with the rate of elongation decreasing in a gradient from the top to the base. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stipe gradient elongation are largely unknown. Here, we used the model basidiomycete mushroom Flammulina filiformis to investigate the mechanism of mushroom stipe elongation and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in this process. Our results show that O2- and H2O2 exhibit opposite gradient distributions in the stipe, with higher O2- levels in the elongation region (ER), and higher H2O2 levels in the stable region (SR). Moreover, NADPH-oxidase-encoding genes are up-regulated in the ER, have a function in producing O2-, and positively regulate stipe elongation. Genes encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) are up-regulated in the SR, have a function in producing H2O2, and negatively regulate stipe elongation. Altogether, our data demonstrate that ROS (O2-/H2O2) redistribution mediated by NADPH oxidase and MnSODs is linked to the gradient elongation of the F. filiformis stipe.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao J, Yuan J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Bi J, Lyu L, Yu C, Yuan S, Liu Z. MAPK CcSakA of the HOG Pathway Is Involved in Stipe Elongation during Fruiting Body Development in Coprinopsis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050534. [PMID: 35628789 PMCID: PMC9147448 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, such as the high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG) pathway, are evolutionarily conserved signaling modules responsible for transmitting environmental stress signals in eukaryotic organisms. Here, we identified the MAPK homologue in the HOG pathway of Coprinopsis cinerea, which was named CcSakA. Furthermore, during the development of the fruiting body, CcSakA was phosphorylated in the fast elongating apical part of the stipe, which meant that CcSakA was activated in the apical elongating stipe region of the fruiting body. The knockdown of CcSakA resulted in a shorter stipe of the fruiting body compared to the control strain, and the expression of phosphomimicking mutant CcSakA led to a longer stipe of the fruiting body compared to the control strain. The chitinase CcChiE1, which plays a key role during stipe elongation, was downregulated in the CcSakA knockdown strains and upregulated in the CcSakA phosphomimicking mutant strains. The results indicated that CcSakA participated in the elongation of stipes in the fruiting body development of C. cinerea by regulating the expression of CcChiE1. Analysis of the H2O2 concentration in different parts of the stipe showed that the oxidative stress in the elongating part of the stipe was higher than those in the non-elongating part. The results indicated that CcSakA of the HOG pathway may be activated by oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that the HOG pathway transmits stress signals and regulates the expression of CcChiE1 during fruiting body development in C. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yating Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Linna Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Cigang Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (J.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (J.B.); (L.L.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai R, Yang M, Zhao J, Liu X, Zhou Y, Kang L, Zhang W, Lyu L, Yuan S, Liu Z. The extracellular β-glucosidase BGL2 has two variants with different molecular sizes and hydrolytic activities in the stipe or pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34788214 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two variants of extracellular β-glucosidase (BGL2) were purified from the stipe and pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea. In the stipe, BGL2 was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 220 kDa, representing a mature full-length peptide of BGL2. However, in the pilei, the apparent molecular mass of BGL2 was only approximately 120 kDa, consisting of the 60 kDa N-terminal fragment and 55 kDa C-terminal fragment. The hydrolytic activities of BGL2 purified from the pilei were higher than those of BGL2 purified from the stipe. No mRNA splice variants of bgl2 were detected. Therefore, the different variants of BGL2 in the stipe and pilei were not formed by differential RNA splicing. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that full-length BGL2 could be cleaved by endogenous proteases from pilei or commercial trypsin at a similar site to form an oligomeric protein consisting of the N-terminal fragment and C-terminal fragment similar to BGL2 from pilei. The hydrolytic activity of BGL2 increased after cleavage by those proteases in vitro. We conclude that the 120 kDa variant of BGL2 in the pilei of C. cinerea is formed by posttranslational proteolytic cleavage. Posttranslational proteolytic cleavage is an efficient way to regulate the activity of BGL2 to adapt to the needs of different physiological functions in the elongation stipe and expansion pilei of C. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mingmei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Linna Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li M, Bi J, Bai Y, Kang L, Duan B, Liu Z, Yuan S. Accumulation and cross-linkage of β-1,3/1,6-glucan lead to loss of basal stipe cell wall extensibility in mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117743. [PMID: 33674003 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mature basal stipe of mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea loses wall extensibility. We found that an endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG from C. cinerea could restore mature basal stipe wall extensibility via pretreatment such that the ENG-pretreated basal stipe walls could be induced to extend by chitinase ChiIII. ENG pretreatment released glucose, laminaribiose, and 3-O-D-gentiobiose-D-glucose from the basal stipe walls, consistent with ENG-digested products of β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. Different effects of endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG and exo-β-1,3-glucanase EXG pretreatment on the structure, amount and ratio (β-1,3-glucoside bonds to β-1,6-glucoside bonds) of products from the basal stipe and the apical stipe cell walls, respectively, and on the cell wall extensibility and the cell wall ultra-architecture of the basal stipes were analyzed. All results demonstrate that the more accumulation and cross-linkage of β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan with wall maturation lead to loss of wall extensibility of the basal stipe regions compared to the apical stipe cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210013, PR China
| | - Baiyun Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu C, Bi J, Kang L, Zhou J, Liu X, Liu Z, Yuan S. The molecular mechanism of stipe cell wall extension for mushroom stipe elongation growth. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Wang T, Yue S, Jin Y, Wei H, Lu L. Advances allowing feasible pyrG gene editing by a CRISPR-Cas9 system for the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 147:103509. [PMID: 33400990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) has been cultivated as important raw materials for food and pharmaceutical industries in most of Asian countries, especially in China. Unfortunately, the generation and improvement of new cultivars are very difficult since there are many barriers which have not been solved thoroughly by gene editing tools, even though the CRISPR-Cas9 technique has been widely applied in other species. In this study, we identified the point-mutated variant of the endogenous sdhB gene (cbxr) as a more stable selection marker than hygromycin B resistance gene (hph) in P. eryngii. Furthermore, using a codon-optimized Cas9, a predicted native U6 promoter-guided sgRNA, as well as an optimized protoplast transformation system, a highly efficient pyrG gene editing system was established in P. eryngii, that incorporated varied insertions and deletions (indels) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). Findings for a successful targeted gene editing strategy in the edible mushroom P. eryngii may open a new chapter for the improvement of edible mushroom cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shang Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yating Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Phosphoinositide signaling plays a key role in the regulation of cell wall reconstruction during the postharvest morphological development of Dictyophora indusiata. Food Chem 2020; 346:128890. [PMID: 33385914 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential signaling mechanism of Dictyophora indusiata during postharvest morphological development was investigated through quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses. A total of 1566 phosphorylation sites changed significantly (872 upregulated and 694 downregulated) in the mature stage compared with those in the peach-shaped stage of D. indusiata. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the upregulated differentially phosphorylated proteins were mainly involved in the "phosphatidylinositol signaling system" and "mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-yeast", while the downregulated differentially phosphorylated proteins were related mainly to "starch and sucrose metabolism". Further mining of the phosphoproteome data revealed that upregulated phosphoinositide signaling activated the cell wall integrity pathway and then regulated the synthesis of the main components of the cell wall. The results suggested that phosphoinositide signaling could be a potential target pathway for the regulation of the postharvest morphological development of D. indusiata.
Collapse
|
13
|
Comparative study of β-glucan-degrading enzymes from Coprinopsis cinerea for their capacities to induce stipe cell wall extension. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:516-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
14
|
Bai Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Kang L, Liu Z, Yuan S. Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel chitin deacetylase, CDA3, from the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:536-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Zhu W, Hu J, Li Y, Yang B, Guan Y, Xu C, Chen F, Chi J, Bao Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus Reveals Great Metabolic Differences in the Cap and Stipe Development and the Potential Role of Ca 2+ in the Primordium Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246317. [PMID: 31847351 PMCID: PMC6940972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated edible fungus around the world. At present, studies on the developmental process of the fruiting body are limited. In our study, we compared the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the stipe and cap of the fruiting body by high-throughput proteomics. GO and pathway analysis revealed the great differences in the metabolic levels, including sucrose and starch metabolism, and sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, and the differences of 16 important DEPs were validated further by qPCR analysis in expression level. In order to control the cap and stipe development, several chemical inducers were applied to the primordium of the fruiting body according to the pathway enrichment results. We found that CaCl2 can affect the primordium differentiation through inhibiting the stipe development. EGTA (ethyleneglycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) treatment confirmed the inhibitory role of Ca2+ in the stipe development. Our study not only shows great metabolic differences during the cap and stipe development but also reveals the underlying mechanism directing the primordium differentiation in the early development of the fruiting body for the first time. Most importantly, we provide a reliable application strategy for the cultivation and improvement of the Pleurotus ostreatus, which can be an example and reference for a more edible fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.H.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yang Li
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Bing Yang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.H.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yanli Guan
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Chong Xu
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Fei Chen
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingliang Chi
- Microbial Research Institute of Liaoning Province, Chaoyang 122000, China; (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (C.X.); (F.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
- School of Food and Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 12421, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8470-6344; Fax: +86-411-8470-6365
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glucanase-Induced Stipe Wall Extension Shows Distinct Differences from Chitinase-Induced Stipe Wall Extension of Coprinopsis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01345-19. [PMID: 31444203 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01345-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports that a high concentration of the endo-β-1,3-glucanase ENG (200 μg ml-1) induced heat-inactivated stipe wall extension of Coprinopsis cinerea, whereas a high concentration of the extracellular β-glucosidase BGL2 (1,000 μg ml-1) did not; however, in combination, low concentrations of ENG (25 μg ml-1) and BGL2 (260 μg ml-1) induced heat-inactivated stipe cell wall extension. In contrast to the previously reported chitinase-reconstituted stipe wall extension, β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe cell wall extension initially exhibited a fast extension rate that quickly decreased to zero after approximately 60 min; the stipe cell wall extension induced by a high concentration of β-1,3-glucanase did not result in stipe breakage during measurement, and the inner surfaces of glucanase-reconstituted extended cell walls still remained as amorphous matrices that did not appear to have been damaged. These distinctive features of the β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted wall extension may be because chitin chains are cross-linked not only to the nonreducing termini of the side chains and the backbones of β-1,6 branched β-1,3-glucans but also to other polysaccharides. Remarkably, a low concentration of either the β-1,3-glucanase ENG or of chitinase ChiE1 did not induce heat-inactivated stipe wall extension, but a combination of these two enzymes, each at a low concentration, showed stipe cell wall extension activity that exhibited a steady and continuous wall extension profile. Therefore, we concluded that the stipe cell wall extension is the result of the synergistic actions of glucanases and chitinases.IMPORTANCE We previously reported that the chitinase could induce stipe wall extension and was involved in stipe elongation growth of the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea In this study, we explored that β-1,3-glucanase also induced stipe cell wall extension. Interestingly, the extension profile and extended ultra-architecture of β-1,3-glucanase-reconstituted stipe wall were different from those of chitinase-reconstituted stipe wall. However, β-1,3-glucanase cooperated with chitinase to induce stipe cell wall extension. The significance of this synergy between glucanases and chitinases is that it enables a low concentration of active enzymes to induce wall extension, and the involvement of β-1,3-glucanases is necessary for the cell wall remodeling and the addition of new β-glucans during stipe elongation growth.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chitinases Play a Key Role in Stipe Cell Wall Extension in the Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00532-19. [PMID: 31126941 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00532-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation growth of the mushroom stipe is a characteristic but not well-understood morphogenetic event of basidiomycetes. We found that extending native stipe cell walls of Coprinopsis cinerea were associated with the release of N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose and with chitinase activity. Two chitinases among all detected chitinases from C. cinerea, ChiE1 and ChiIII, reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension and released N-acetylglucosamine and chitinbiose. Interestingly, both ChiE1 and ChiIII hydrolyze insoluble crystalline chitin powder, while other C. cinerea chitinases do not, suggesting that crystalline chitin components of the stipe cell wall are the target of action for ChiE1 and ChiIII. ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe walls showed maximal extension activity at pH 4.5, consistent with the optimal pH for native stipe wall extension in vitro; ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted heat-inactivated stipe wall extension activities were associated with stipe elongation growth regions; and the combination of ChiE1 and ChiIII showed a synergism to reconstitute heat-inactivated stipe wall extension at a low action concentration. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the inner surface of acid-induced extended native stipe cell walls and ChiE1- or ChiIII-reconstituted extended heat-inactivated stipe cell walls exhibited a partially broken parallel microfibril architecture; however, these broken transversely arranged microfibrils were not observed in the unextended stipe cell walls that were induced by neutral pH buffer or heat inactivation. Double knockdown of ChiE1 and ChiIII resulted in the reduction of stipe elongation, mycelium growth, and heat-sensitive cell wall extension of native stipes. These results indicate a chitinase-hydrolyzing mechanism for stipe cell wall extension.IMPORTANCE A remarkable feature in the development of basidiomycete fruiting bodies is stipe elongation growth that results primarily from manifold cell elongation. Some scientists have suggested that stipe elongation is the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides, while other scientists have proposed the possibility that stipe elongation results from nonhydrolytic disruption of the hydrogen bonds between cell wall polysaccharides. Here, we show direct evidence for a chitinase-hydrolyzing mechanism of stipe cell wall elongation in the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea that is different from the expansin nonhydrolysis mechanism of plant cell wall extension. We presumed that in the growing stipe cell walls, parallel chitin microfibrils are tethered by β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucans, and that the breaking of the tether by chitinases leads to separation of these microfibrils to increase their spacing for insertion of new synthesized chitin and β-1,3-glucans under turgor pressure in vivo.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kang L, Zhu Y, Bai Y, Yuan S. Characteristics, transcriptional patterns and possible physiological significance of glycoside hydrolase family 16 members in Coprinopsis cinerea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5475642. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Niu X, Guo X, Yu H, Liu Z, Zhang Z, Yuan S. Heterologous expression, characterization and possible functions of the chitin deacetylases, Cda1 and Cda2, from mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. Glycobiology 2018; 28:318-332. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Wenjing Rd, Dushu lake campus, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd, Xianlin University Park, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Niu X, Zhou JS, Wang YX, Liu CC, Liu ZH, Yuan S. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Novel Chitinase (ChiEn1) from Coprinopsis cinerea and its Synergism in the Degradation of Chitin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6943-6956. [PMID: 28721730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase ChiEn1 did not hydrolyze insoluble chitin but showed hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities toward chitin-oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the addition of ChiEn1 increased the amount of reducing sugars released from chitin powder by endochitinase ChiIII by 105.0%, and among the released reducing sugars the amount of (GlcNAc)2 was increased by 149.5%, whereas the amount of GlcNAc was decreased by 10.3%. The percentage of GlcNAc in the products of chitin powder with the combined ChiIII and ChiEn1 was close to that in the products of chitin-oligosaccharides with ChiEn1, rather than that with ChiIII. These results indicate that chitin polymers are first degraded into chitin oligosaccharides by ChiIII and the latter are further degraded to monomers and dimers by ChiEn1, and the synergistic action of ChiEn1 and ChiIII is involved in the efficient degradation of chitin in cell walls during pileus autolysis. The structure modeling explores the molecular base of ChiEn1 action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Jiang-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Yan-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Niu X, Liu CC, Xiong YJ, Yang MM, Ma F, Liu ZH, Yuan S. The Modes of Action of ChiIII, a Chitinase from Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, Shift with Changes in the Length of GlcNAc Oligomers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6958-6968. [PMID: 27573573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A putative class III endochitinase (ChiIII) was reported previously to be expressed dominantly in fruiting bodies of Coprinopsis cinerea, and its expression levels increased with the maturation of the fruiting bodies. This paper further reports that ChiIII is a novel chitinase with exo- and endoactivities. When the substrate was (GlcNAc)3-5, ChiIII exhibited exoactivity, releasing GlcNAc processively from the reducing end of (GlcNAc)3-5; when the substrate was (GlcNAc)6-7, the activity of ChiIII shifted to an endoacting enzyme, randomly splitting chitin oligosaccharides to various shorter oligosaccharides. This shift in the mode of action of ChiIII may be related to its stronger hydrolytic capacity to degrade chitin in fungal cell walls. The predicted structure of ChiIII shows that it lacks the α+β domain insertion; however, its substrate binding cleft seems to be deeper than that of common endochitinases but shallower and more open than that of common exochitinases, which may be related to its exo- and endohydrolytic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jing Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Mei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou Y, Kang L, Niu X, Wang J, Liu Z, Yuan S. Purification, characterization and physiological significance of a chitinase from the pilei of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw120. [PMID: 27190145 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We purified a chitinase from pilei extractions of Coprinopsis cinerea fruiting bodies by ammonium sulfate precipitation and CM Sepharose cation exchange chromatography. MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis characterized this purified chitinase as a putative class V chitinase, ChiB1. ChiB1 hydrolyzed colloidal chitin and chitosan, whereas it did not hydrolyze chitin powder. ChiB1 cleaved only pNP-(GlcNAc)2, rather than pNP-GlcNAc or pNP-(Glc-NAc)3, to release nitrophenol. ChiB1 preferably and progressively released (GlcNAc)2 from (GlcNAc)6 and digested (GlcNAc)6 to two molecules of (GlcNAc)3 in a small proportion, but did not split (GlcNAc)2, so it is an exochitinase. ChiB1 has an optimum temperature range of 35°C to 40°C and an optimum pH of 5.0. ChiB1 exhibited Km and Vmax values of 2.63 mg ml(-1) and 2.31 μmol min(-1) mg protein(-1) for colloidal chitin, respectively. The ChiB1 gene, along with another putative endochitinase (class III chitinase gene), was expressed dominantly among eight predicted chitinase genes in the genome, and its expression level increased with the maturation of fruiting bodies. ChiB1 incubation released a large amount of soluble β-glucan fractions from alkali-insoluble cell wall fractions of C. cinerea fruiting bodies, thereby it may promote the degradation of cell walls in synergy with the β-1,3-glucanases during pileus autolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang W, Kang L, Yang M, Zhou Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Yuan S. Purification, characterization and function analysis of an extracellular β-glucosidase from elongating stipe cell walls inCoprinopsis cinerea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw078. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|