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van der Westhuizen ET. Single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in G protein-coupled receptors may contribute to autism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2158-2181. [PMID: 36787962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and severity from person to person. Genetic sequencing has identified thousands of genes containing mutations in autistic individuals, which may contribute to the development of autistic symptoms. Several of these genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are cell surface expressed proteins that transduce extracellular messages to the intracellular space. Mutations in GPCRs can impact their function, resulting in aberrant signalling within cells and across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. This review summarises the current knowledge on autism-associated single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in GPCRs and the impact of these genetic mutations on GPCR function. For some autism-associated mutations, changes in GPCR expression levels, ligand affinity, potency and efficacy have been observed. However, for many the functional consequences remain unknown. Thus, further work to characterise the functional impacts of the genetically identified mutations is required. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Shajan B, Marri S, Bastiampillai T, Gregory KJ, Hellyer SD, Nair PC. Trace amine associated receptor 1: predicted effects of single nucleotide variants on structure-function in geographically diverse populations. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:61. [PMID: 38863077 PMCID: PMC11165750 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a novel pharmaceutical target under investigation for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric conditions. TAAR1 single nucleotide variants (SNV) have been found in patients with schizophrenia and metabolic disorders. However, the frequency of variants in geographically diverse populations and the functional effects of such variants are unknown. In this study, we aimed to characterise the distribution of TAAR1 SNVs in five different WHO regions using the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) and conducted a critical computational analysis using available TAAR1 structural data to identify SNVs affecting ligand binding and/or functional regions. Our analysis shows 19 orthosteric, 9 signalling and 16 micro-switch SNVs hypothesised to critically influence the agonist induced TAAR1 activation. These SNVs may non-proportionally influence populations from discrete regions and differentially influence the activity of TAAR1-targeting therapeutics in genetically and geographically diverse populations. Notably, our dataset presented with orthosteric SNVs D1033.32N (found only in the South-East Asian Region and Western Pacific Region) and T1945.42A (found only in South-East Asian Region), and 2 signalling SNVs (V1253.54A/T2526.36A, found in African Region and commonly, respectively), all of which have previously demonstrated to influence ligand induced functions of TAAR1. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis using SIFT4G, MutationTaster 2, PROVEAN and MutationAssessor predicted all 16 micro-switch SNVs are damaging and may further influence the agonist activation of TAAR1, thereby possibly impacting upon clinical outcomes. Understanding the genetic basis of TAAR1 function and the impact of common mutations within clinical populations is important for the safe and effective utilisation of novel and existing pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britto Shajan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tarun Bastiampillai
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Scott BM, Chen SK, Van Nynatten A, Liu J, Schott RK, Heon E, Peisajovich SG, Chang BSW. Scaling up Functional Analyses of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:61-71. [PMID: 38324225 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to convert external stimuli into internal signals to elicit cellular responses. However, how mutations in GPCR-coding genes affect GPCR activation and downstream signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Approaches such as deep mutational scanning show promise in investigations of GPCRs, but a high-throughput method to measure rhodopsin activation has yet to be achieved. Here, we scale up a fluorescent reporter assay in budding yeast that we engineered to study rhodopsin's light-activated signal transduction. Using this approach, we measured the mutational effects of over 1200 individual human rhodopsin mutants, generated by low-frequency random mutagenesis of the GPCR rhodopsin (RHO) gene. Analysis of the data in the context of rhodopsin's three-dimensional structure reveals that transmembrane helices are generally less tolerant to mutations compared to flanking helices that face the lipid bilayer, which suggest that mutational tolerance is contingent on both the local environment surrounding specific residues and the specific position of these residues in the protein structure. Comparison of functional scores from our screen to clinically identified rhodopsin disease variants found many pathogenic mutants to be loss of function. Lastly, functional scores from our assay were consistent with a complex counterion mechanism involved in ligand-binding and rhodopsin activation. Our results demonstrate that deep mutational scanning is possible for rhodopsin activation and can be an effective method for revealing properties of mutational tolerance that may be generalizable to other transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Scott
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven K Chen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan K Schott
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio G Peisajovich
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Belinda S W Chang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Wess J, Oteng AB, Rivera-Gonzalez O, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. β-Arrestins: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Pharmacological Perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:854-884. [PMID: 37028945 PMCID: PMC10441628 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and -2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and -3, respectively), are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of cellular signaling pathways and physiologic functions. The two proteins were discovered for their ability to disrupt signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via binding to the activated receptors. However, it is now well recognized that both β-arrestins can also act as direct modulators of numerous cellular processes via either GPCR-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recent structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies have provided novel insights into how β-arrestins bind to activated GPCRs and downstream effector proteins. Studies with β-arrestin mutant mice have identified numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes regulated by β-arrestin-1 and/or -2. Following a short summary of recent structural studies, this review primarily focuses on β-arrestin-regulated physiologic functions, with particular focus on the central nervous system and the roles of β-arrestins in carcinogenesis and key metabolic processes including the maintenance of glucose and energy homeostasis. This review also highlights potential therapeutic implications of these studies and discusses strategies that could prove useful for targeting specific β-arrestin-regulated signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The two β-arrestins, structurally closely related intracellular proteins that are evolutionarily highly conserved, have emerged as multifunctional proteins able to regulate a vast array of cellular and physiological functions. The outcome of studies with β-arrestin mutant mice and cultured cells, complemented by novel insights into β-arrestin structure and function, should pave the way for the development of novel classes of therapeutically useful drugs capable of regulating specific β-arrestin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Antwi-Boasiako Oteng
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Osvaldo Rivera-Gonzalez
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland (J.W., A.-B.O., O.R.-G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (E.V.G., V.V.G.)
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An Update of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling and Its Deregulation in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030736. [PMID: 36765694 PMCID: PMC9913146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a cell surface receptor superfamily responding to a wide range of external signals. The binding of extracellular ligands to GPCRs activates a heterotrimeric G protein and triggers the production of numerous secondary messengers, which transduce the extracellular signals into cellular responses. GPCR signaling is crucial and imperative for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. High-throughput sequencing analyses revealed the occurrence of the genetic aberrations of GPCRs and G proteins in multiple malignancies. The altered GPCRs/G proteins serve as valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and pharmacological targets. Furthermore, the dysregulation of GPCR signaling contributes to tumor initiation and development. In this review, we have summarized the research progress of GPCRs and highlighted their mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC). The aberrant activation of GPCRs promotes GC cell proliferation and metastasis, remodels the tumor microenvironment, and boosts immune escape. Through deep investigation, novel therapeutic strategies for targeting GPCR activation have been developed, and the final aim is to eliminate GPCR-driven gastric carcinogenesis.
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Suzuki E, Miyado M, Kuroki Y, Fukami M. Genetic variants of G-protein coupled receptors associated with pubertal disorders. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12515. [PMID: 37122876 PMCID: PMC10134480 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is the regulatory center for pubertal development. This axis involves six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by KISS1R, TACR3, PROKR2, GNRHR, LHCGR, and FSHR. Methods Previous studies have identified several rare variants of the six GPCR genes in patients with pubertal disorders. In vitro assays and animal studies have provided information on the function of wild-type and variant GPCRs. Main Findings Of the six GPCRs, those encoded by KISS1R and TACR3 are likely to reside at the top of the HPG axis. Several loss-of-function variants in the six genes were shown to cause late/absent puberty. In particular, variants in KISS1R, TACR3, PROKR2, and GNRHR lead to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in autosomal dominant, recessive, and oligogenic manners. Furthermore, a few gain-of-function variants of KISS1R, PROKR2, and LHCGR have been implicated in precocious puberty. The human HPG axis may contain additional GPCRs. Conclusion The six GPCRs in the HPG axis govern pubertal development through fine-tuning of hormone secretion. Rare sequence variants in these genes jointly account for a certain percentage of genetic causes of pubertal disorders. Still, much remains to be clarified about the molecular network involving the six GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Department of Food and NutritionBeppu UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Collaborative Research, National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Diversity ResearchNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular EndocrinologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
- Division of Diversity ResearchNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
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7
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Gurevich VV. Do arrestin oligomers have specific functions? CELL SIGNALING 2023; 1:42-46. [PMID: 37664541 PMCID: PMC10473880 DOI: 10.46439/signaling.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins are a small family of versatile regulators of cell signaling. Arrestins regulate signaling and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors, regulate and direct to particular subcellular compartments numerous protein kinases, ubiquitin ligases, etc. Three out of four arrestin subtypes expressed in vertebrates self-associate, each forming oligomers of a distinct size and shape. While the structures of the solution oligomers of arrestin-1, -2, and -3 have been elucidated, no function specific for the oligomeric form of either of these three subtypes has been identified thus far. Considering how multi-functional average-sized (~45 kDa) arrestin proteins were found to be, it appears likely that certain functions are predominantly or exclusively fulfilled by monomeric and oligomeric forms of each subtype.
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8
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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Barreto CA, Preto AJ, Moreira IS. MUG: A mutation overview of GPCR subfamily A17 receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:586-600. [PMID: 36659920 PMCID: PMC9822836 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate several signaling pathways through a general mechanism that involves their activation, upholding a chain of events that lead to the release of molecules responsible for cytoplasmic action and further regulation. These physiological functions can be severely altered by mutations in GPCR genes. GPCRs subfamily A17 (dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic and trace amine receptors) are directly related with neurodegenerative diseases, and as such it is crucial to explore known mutations on these systems and their impact in structure and function. A comprehensive and detailed computational framework - MUG (Mutations Understanding GPCRs) - was constructed, illustrating key reported mutations and their effect on receptors of the subfamily A17 of GPCRs. We explored the type of mutations occurring overall and in the different families of subfamily A17, as well their localization within the receptor and potential effects on receptor functionality. The mutated residues were further analyzed considering their pathogenicity. The results reveal a high diversity of mutations in the GPCR subfamily A17 structures, drawing attention to the considerable number of mutations in conserved residues and domains. Mutated residues were typically hydrophobic residues enriched at the ligand binding pocket and known activating microdomains, which may lead to disruption of receptor function. MUG as an interactive web application is available for the management and visualization of this dataset. We expect that this interactive database helps the exploration of GPCR mutations, their influence, and their familywise and receptor-specific effects, constituting the first step in elucidating their structures and molecules at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pan-cancer functional analysis of somatic mutations in G protein-coupled receptors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21534. [PMID: 36513718 PMCID: PMC9747925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most frequently exploited drug target family, moreover they are often found mutated in cancer. Here we used a dataset of mutations found in patient samples derived from the Genomic Data Commons and compared it to the natural human variance as exemplified by data from the 1000 genomes project. We explored cancer-related mutation patterns in all GPCR classes combined and individually. While the location of the mutations across the protein domains did not differ significantly in the two datasets, a mutation enrichment in cancer patients was observed among class-specific conserved motifs in GPCRs such as the Class A "DRY" motif. A Two-Entropy Analysis confirmed the correlation between residue conservation and cancer-related mutation frequency. We subsequently created a ranking of high scoring GPCRs, using a multi-objective approach (Pareto Front Ranking). Our approach was confirmed by re-discovery of established cancer targets such as the LPA and mGlu receptor families, but also discovered novel GPCRs which had not been linked to cancer before such as the P2Y Receptor 10 (P2RY10). Overall, this study presents a list of GPCRs that are amenable to experimental follow up to elucidate their role in cancer.
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The Role of Arrestin-1 Middle Loop in Rhodopsin Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213887. [PMID: 36430370 PMCID: PMC9694801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins preferentially bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The middle loop, highly conserved in all arrestin subtypes, is localized in the central crest on the GPCR-binding side. Upon receptor binding, it directly interacts with bound GPCR and demonstrates the largest movement of any arrestin element in the structures of the complexes. Comprehensive mutagenesis of the middle loop of rhodopsin-specific arrestin-1 suggests that it primarily serves as a suppressor of binding to non-preferred forms of the receptor. Several mutations in the middle loop increase the binding to unphosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin severalfold, which makes them candidates for improving enhanced phosphorylation-independent arrestins. The data also suggest that enhanced forms of arrestin do not bind GPCRs exactly like the wild-type protein. Thus, the structures of the arrestin-receptor complexes, in all of which different enhanced arrestin mutants and reengineered receptors were used, must be interpreted with caution.
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Cancer-Associated Mutations of the Adenosine A2A Receptor Have Diverse Influences on Ligand Binding and Receptor Functions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154676. [PMID: 35897852 PMCID: PMC9331671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is an immune checkpoint in the tumor micro-environment and has become an emerging target for cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of cancer-patient-derived A2AAR mutations on ligand binding and receptor functions. The wild-type A2AAR and 15 mutants identified by Genomic Data Commons (GDC) in human cancers were expressed in HEK293T cells. Firstly, we found that the binding affinity for agonist NECA was decreased in six mutants but increased for the V275A mutant. Mutations A165V and A265V decreased the binding affinity for antagonist ZM241385. Secondly, we found that the potency of NECA (EC50) in an impedance-based cell-morphology assay was mostly correlated with the binding affinity for the different mutants. Moreover, S132L and H278N were found to shift the A2AAR towards the inactive state. Importantly, we found that ZM241385 could not inhibit the activation of V275A and P285L stimulated by NECA. Taken together, the cancer-associated mutations of A2AAR modulated ligand binding and receptor functions. This study provides fundamental insights into the structure–activity relationship of the A2AAR and provides insights for A2AAR-related personalized treatment in cancer.
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Korona B, Korona D, Zhao W, Wotherspoon AC, Du MQ. CCR6 activation links innate immune responses to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma development. Haematologica 2022; 107:1384-1396. [PMID: 35142152 PMCID: PMC9152962 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.280067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is driven by oncogenic co-operation among immunological stimulations and acquired genetic changes. We previously identified recurrent CCR6 mutations in MALT lymphoma, with majority predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking the phosphorylation motif important for receptor desensitization. Functional consequences of these mutational changes, the molecular mechanisms of CCR6 activation and how this receptor signaling contributes to MALT lymphoma development remain to be investigated. In the present study, we demonstrated that these mutations impaired CCR6 receptor internalization and were activating changes, being more potent in apoptosis resistance, malignant transformation, migration and intracellular signaling, particularly in the presence of the ligands CCL20, HBD2 (human b defensin 2) and HD5 (human a defensin 5). CCR6 was highly expressed in malignant B cells irrespective of the lymphoma sites. HBD2 and CCL20 were constitutively expressed by the duct epithelial cells of salivary glands, and also those involved in lymphoepithelial lesions (LEL) in salivary gland MALT lymphoma. While in the gastric setting, HBD2, and HD5, to a less extent CCL20, were highly expressed in epithelial cells of pyloric and intestinal metaplasia respectively including those involved in LEL, which are adaptive responses to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. These findings suggest that CCR6 signaling is most likely active in MALT lymphoma, independent of its mutation status. The observations explain why the emergence of malignant B cells and their clonal expansion in MALT lymphoma are typically around LEL, linking the innate immune responses to lymphoma genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslawa Korona
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Dagmara Korona
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Wanfeng Zhao
- The Human Research Tissue Bank, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge
| | | | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge.
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Wang X, Jespers W, de Waal JJ, Wolff KAN, van Uden L, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP, Heitman LH. Cancer-related somatic mutations alter adenosine A 1 receptor pharmacology-A focus on mutations in the loops and C-terminus. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22358. [PMID: 35604751 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200203rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. The adenosine A1 receptor (A1 AR) has been detected to be over-expressed in various cancer cell lines. However, the role of A1 AR in tumor development is not yet well characterized. A series of A1 AR mutations were identified in the Cancer Genome Atlas from cancer patient samples. In this study, we have investigated the pharmacology of mutations located outside of the 7-transmembrane domain by using a "single-GPCR-one-G protein" yeast system. Concentration-growth curves were obtained with the full agonist CPA for 12 mutant receptors and compared to the wild-type hA1 AR. Most mutations located at the extracellular loops (EL) reduced the levels of constitutive activity of the receptor and agonist potency. For mutants at the intracellular loops (ILs) of the receptor, an increased constitutive activity was found for mutant receptor L211R5.69 , while a decreased constitutive activity and agonist response were found for mutant receptor L113F34.51 . Lastly, mutations identified on the C-terminus did not significantly influence the pharmacological function of the receptor. A selection of mutations was also investigated in a mammalian system. Overall, similar effects on receptor activation compared to the yeast system were found with mutations located at the EL, but some contradictory effects were observed for mutations located at the IL. Taken together, this study will enrich the insight of A1 AR structure and function, enlightening the consequences of these mutations in cancer. Ultimately, this may provide potential precision medicine in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wang
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Jespers
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Just J de Waal
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A N Wolff
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Liedeke van Uden
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
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14
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APLNR regulates IFN-γ signaling via β-arrestin 1 mediated JAK-STAT1 pathway in melanoma cells. Biochem J 2022; 479:385-399. [PMID: 35084016 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APLNR) regulates many biological processes including metabolism, angiogenesis, circulating blood volume and cardiovascular function. Additionally, APLNR is overexpressed in various types of cancer and influences cancer progression. APLNR is reported to regulate tumor recognition during immune surveillance by modulating the IFN-γ response. However, the mechanism of APLNR crosstalk with intratumoral IFN-γ signaling remains unknown. Here, we show that activation of APLNR upregulates IFN-γ signaling in melanoma cells through APLNR mediated β-arrestin 1 but not β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Our data suggests that β-arrestin 1 directly interacts with STAT1 to inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation to attenuate IFN-γ signaling. The APLNR mutant receptor, I109A, which is deficient in β-arrestins recruitment, is unable to enhance intratumoral IFN-γ signaling. While APLNR N112G, a constitutively active mutant receptor, increases intratumoral sensitivity to IFN-γ signaling by enhancing STAT1 phosphorylation upon IFN-γ exposure. We also demonstrate in a co-culture system that APLNR regulates tumor survival rate. Taken together, our findings reveal that APLNR modulates IFN-γ signaling in melanoma cells and suggests that APLNR may be a potential target to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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15
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Harini K, Jayashree S, Tiwari V, Vishwanath S, Sowdhamini R. Ligand Docking Methods to Recognize Allosteric Inhibitors for G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211037769. [PMID: 34733103 PMCID: PMC8558589 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211037769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins which play an important role in many cellular processes and are excellent drug targets. Despite the existence of several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved GPCR-targeting drugs, there is a continuing challenge of side effects owing to the nonspecific nature of drug binding. We have investigated the diversity of the ligand binding site for this class of proteins against their cognate ligands using computational docking, even if their structures are known already in the ligand-complexed form. The cognate ligand of some of these receptors dock at allosteric binding site with better score than the binding at the conservative site. Interestingly, amino acid residues at such allosteric binding site are not conserved across GPCR subfamilies. Such a computational approach can assist in the prediction of specific allosteric binders for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harini
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - S Jayashree
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.,Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vikas Tiwari
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Department of Biophysics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
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16
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Ashokan A, Harisankar HS, Kameswaran M, Aradhyam GK. Critical APJ receptor residues in extracellular domains that influence effector selectivity. FEBS J 2021; 288:6543-6562. [PMID: 34076959 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human APJ receptor/apelin receptor (APJR), activated by apelin peptide isoforms, regulates a wide range of physiological processes. The role of extracellular loop (ECL) domain residues of APJR in ligand binding and receptor activation has not been established yet. Based on multiple sequence alignment of APJ receptor from various organisms, we identified conserved residues in the extracellular domains. Alanine substitutions of specific residues were characterized to evaluate their ligand binding efficiency and Gq -, Gi -, and β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Mutation-dependent variation in ligand binding and signaling was observed. W197 A in ECL2 and L276 L277 W279 -AAA in ECL3 were deficient in Gi and β-arrestin signaling pathways with relatively preserved Gq -mediated signaling. T169 T170 -AA, Y182 A, and T190 A mutants in ECL2 showed impaired β-arrestin-dependent cell signaling while maintaining G protein- mediated signaling. Structural comparison with angiotensin II type I receptor revealed the importance of ECL2 and ECL3 residues in APJR ligand binding and signaling. Our results unequivocally confirm the specific role of these ECL residues in ligand binding and in orchestrating receptor conformations that are involved in preferential/biased signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Ashokan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Harikumar Sheela Harisankar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mythili Kameswaran
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Gopala Krishna Aradhyam
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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17
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Alhosaini K, Azhar A, Alonazi A, Al-Zoghaibi F. GPCRs: The most promiscuous druggable receptor of the mankind. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:539-551. [PMID: 34194261 PMCID: PMC8233523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All physiological events in living organisms originated as specific chemical/biochemical signals on the cell surface and transmitted into the cytoplasm. This signal is translated within milliseconds-hours to a specific and unique order required to maintain optimum performance and homeostasis of living organisms. Examples of daily biological functions include neuronal communication and neurotransmission in the process of learning and memory, secretion (hormones, sweat, and saliva), muscle contraction, cellular growth, differentiation and migration during wound healing, and immunity to fight infections. Among the different transducers for such life-dependent signals is the large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs constitute roughly 800 genes, corresponding to 2% of the human genome. While GPCRs control a plethora of pathophysiological disorders, only approximately one-third of GPCR families have been deorphanized and characterized. Recent drug data show that around 40% of the recommended drugs available in the market target mainly GPCRs. In this review, we presented how such system signals, either through G protein or via other players, independent of G protein, function within the biological system. We also discussed drugs in the market or clinical trials targeting mainly GPCRs in various diseases, including cancer.
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Key Words
- AC, Adenylyl Cyclase
- Arrestin
- CCR, Chemokine Receptor
- COX, Cyclooxygenase
- DAG, Diacylglycerol
- Drugs
- ERK, Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase
- G proteins
- GIP, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
- GLP1R, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- GPCR
- GRKs
- GRKs, G protein-coupled Receptor Kinases
- Heterodimerization
- IP3, Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
- MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
- NMDA, N-Methyl D-Aspartate
- Nbs, Nanobodies
- PAR-1, Protease Activated Receptor 1
- PIP2, Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKA, Protein Kinase A
- Signaling
- cAMP, cyclic AMP
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alhosaini
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Azhar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Asma Alonazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Al-Zoghaibi
- Molecular BioMedicine Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, MBC:03, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Unraveling the Molecular Nexus between GPCRs, ERS, and EMT. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6655417. [PMID: 33746610 PMCID: PMC7943314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that transduce an external stimulus into a variety of cellular responses. They play a critical role in various pathological conditions in humans, including cancer, by regulating a number of key processes involved in tumor formation and progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in promoting cancer cell invasion and tumor dissemination leading to metastasis, an often intractable state of the disease. Uncontrolled proliferation and persistent metabolism of cancer cells also induce oxidative stress, hypoxia, and depletion of growth factors and nutrients. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induce a cellular condition called ER stress (ERS) which is counteracted by activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Many GPCRs modulate ERS and UPR signaling via ERS sensors, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, to support cancer cell survival and inhibit cell death. By regulating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and Wnt/β-catenin, GPCRs also upregulate mesenchymal transcription factors including Snail, ZEB, and Twist superfamilies which regulate cell polarity, cytoskeleton remodeling, migration, and invasion. Likewise, ERS-induced UPR upregulates gene transcription and expression of proteins related to EMT enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Though GPCRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cancer biology, much less is known about their roles in regulating ERS and EMT. Here, we will discuss the interplay in GPCR-ERS linked to the EMT process of cancer cells, with a particular focus on oncogenes and molecular signaling pathways.
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19
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Gorvin CM. Calcium-sensing receptor signaling - How human disease informs biology. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2021; 16:10-28. [PMID: 34141952 PMCID: PMC7611003 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays a fundamental role in extracellular calcium homeostasis by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Although the CaSR was identified over 25 years ago, new mechanistic details of how the CaSR controls PTH secretion have recently been uncovered demonstrating heteromerization and phosphate binding affect CaSR-mediated suppression of PTH release. In addition, understanding of how the CaSR performs diverse functions in different cellular contexts is just beginning to be elucidated, with new evidence of tissue-specific regulation, and endo-somal signaling. Insights into CaSR activation mechanisms and signaling bias have arisen from studies of CaSR mutations, which cause disorders of calcium homeostasis. Functional assessment of these mutations demonstrated the importance of the homodimer interface and transmembrane domain in biased signaling and showed CaSR mutations can facilitate G-protein-independent signaling. Population genetics studies have allowed a greater understanding of the prevalence of calcemic disorders and revealed new pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Rouhimoghadam M, Lu AS, Salem AK, Filardo EJ. Therapeutic Perspectives on the Modulation of G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor, GPER, Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591217. [PMID: 33329395 PMCID: PMC7719807 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert their physiological and pathophysiological effects via cellular receptors, named ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Estrogen-regulated physiology is tightly controlled by factors that regulate estrogen bioavailability and receptor sensitivity, while disruption of these control mechanisms can result in loss of reproductive function, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, obesity, insulin resistance, endometriosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Restoration of estrogen physiology by modulating estrogen bioavailability or receptor activity is an effective approach for treating these pathological conditions. Therapeutic interventions that block estrogen action are employed effectively for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer as well as for precocious puberty and anovulatory infertility. Theoretically, treatments that block estrogen biosynthesis should prevent estrogen action at ERs and GPER, although drug resistance and ligand-independent receptor activation may still occur. In addition, blockade of estrogen biosynthesis does not prevent activation of estrogen receptors by naturally occurring or man-made exogenous estrogens. A more complicated scenario is provided by anti-estrogen drugs that antagonize ERs since these drugs function as GPER agonists. Based upon its association with metabolic dysregulation and advanced cancer, GPER represents a therapeutic target with promise for the treatment of several critical health concerns facing Western society. Selective ligands that specifically target GPER have been developed and may soon serve as pharmacological agents for treating human disease. Here, we review current forms of estrogen therapy and the implications that GPER holds for these therapies. We also discuss existing GPER targeted drugs, additional approaches towards developing GPER-targeted therapies and how these therapies may complement existing modalities of estrogen-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rouhimoghadam
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Anh S. Lu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward J. Filardo
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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21
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Schöneberg T, Liebscher I. Mutations in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:89-119. [PMID: 33219147 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 800 annotated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, making these membrane receptors members of the most abundant gene family in the human genome. Besides being involved in manifold physiologic functions and serving as important pharmacotherapeutic targets, mutations in 55 GPCR genes cause about 66 inherited monogenic diseases in humans. Alterations of nine GPCR genes are causatively involved in inherited digenic diseases. In addition to classic gain- and loss-of-function variants, other aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, contribute to the repertoire of GPCR dysfunctions. However, the spectrum of alterations and GPCR involvement is probably much larger because an additional 91 GPCR genes contain homozygous or hemizygous loss-of-function mutations in human individuals with currently unidentified phenotypes. This review highlights the complexity of genomic alteration of GPCR genes as well as their functional consequences and discusses derived therapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: With the advent of new transgenic and sequencing technologies, the number of monogenic diseases related to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mutants has significantly increased, and our understanding of the functional impact of certain kinds of mutations has substantially improved. Besides the classical gain- and loss-of-function alterations, additional aspects, such as biased signaling, trans-signaling, ectopic expression, allele variants of GPCRs, uniparental disomy, pseudogenes, gene fusion, and gene dosage, need to be elaborated in light of GPCR dysfunctions and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Characterization of cancer-related somatic mutations in the adenosine A2B receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Singh G, Inoue A, Gutkind JS, Russell RB, Raimondi F. PRECOG: PREdicting COupling probabilities of G-protein coupled receptors. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:W395-W401. [PMID: 31143927 PMCID: PMC6602504 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) control multiple physiological states by transducing a multitude of extracellular stimuli into the cell via coupling to intra-cellular heterotrimeric G-proteins. Deciphering which G-proteins couple to each of the hundreds of GPCRs present in a typical eukaryotic organism is therefore critical to understand signalling. Here, we present PRECOG (precog.russelllab.org): a web-server for predicting GPCR coupling, which allows users to: (i) predict coupling probabilities for GPCRs to individual G-proteins instead of subfamilies; (ii) visually inspect the protein sequence and structural features that are responsible for a particular coupling; (iii) suggest mutations to rationally design artificial GPCRs with new coupling properties based on predetermined coupling features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Singh
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Shu Y, Wang Y, Lv WQ, Peng DY, Li J, Zhang H, Jiang GJ, Yang BJ, Liu S, Zhang J, Chen YH, Tang S, Wan KX, Yuan JT, Guo W, Fu G, Qi XK, Liu ZD, Liu HY, Yang C, Zhang LH, Liu FJ, Yu J, Zhang PH, Qu B, Zhao H, He TC, Zou L. ARRB1-Promoted NOTCH1 Degradation Is Suppressed by OncomiR miR-223 in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Res 2020; 80:988-998. [PMID: 31822496 PMCID: PMC7056567 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of aggressive leukemia with inferior prognosis. Although activating mutations of NOTCH1 are observed in most T-ALL cases, these mutations alone are not sufficient to drive the full development of T-ALL. β-Arrestins (ARRB) are versatile and multifunctional adapter proteins that regulate diverse cellular functions, including promoting the development of cancer. However, the role of ARRBs in T-ALL has largely remained elusive. In this study, we showed that ARRB1 is expressed at low levels in assayed T-ALL clinical samples and cell lines. Exogenous ARRB1 expression inhibited T-ALL proliferation and improved the survival of T-ALL xenograft animals. ARRB1 facilitated NOTCH1 ubiquitination and degradation through interactions with NOTCH1 and DTX1. Mechanistically, the oncogenic miRNA (oncomiR) miR-223 targets the 3'-UTR of ARRB1 (BUTR) and inhibits its expression in T-ALL. Furthermore, overexpression of the ARRB1-derived miR-223 sponge suppressed T-ALL cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ARRB1 acts as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL by promoting NOTCH1 degradation, which is inhibited by elevated miR-223, suggesting that ARRB1 may serve as a valid drug target in the development of novel T-ALL therapeutics.Significance: These findings highlight a novel tumor suppressive function of the adaptor protein β-arrestin1 in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Lv
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan-Yi Peng
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Jie Jiang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi-Jie Yang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke-Xing Wan
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Tao Yuan
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo Fu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Kun Qi
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Dai Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ling-Huan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fang-Jie Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng-Hui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Departments of Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Lin Zou
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Center, Chongqing, China
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25
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Meijer AH. Chemokine Receptors and Phagocyte Biology in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32161595 PMCID: PMC7053378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes are highly motile immune cells that ingest and clear microbial invaders, harmful substances, and dying cells. Their function is critically dependent on the expression of chemokine receptors, a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Chemokine receptors coordinate the recruitment of phagocytes and other immune cells to sites of infection and damage, modulate inflammatory and wound healing responses, and direct cell differentiation, proliferation, and polarization. Besides, a structurally diverse group of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are unable to signal in G-protein-dependent fashion themselves but can shape chemokine gradients by fine-tuning the activity of conventional chemokine receptors. The optically transparent zebrafish embryos and larvae provide a powerful in vivo system to visualize phagocytes during development and study them as key elements of the immune response in real-time. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish model has furthered our understanding of the role of two main classes of chemokine receptors, the CC and CXC subtypes, in phagocyte biology. We address the roles of the receptors in the migratory properties of phagocytes in zebrafish models for cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. We illustrate how studies in zebrafish enable visualizing the contribution of chemokine receptors and ACKRs in shaping self-generated chemokine gradients of migrating cells. Taking the functional antagonism between two paralogs of the CXCR3 family as an example, we discuss how the duplication of chemokine receptor genes in zebrafish poses challenges, but also provides opportunities to study sub-functionalization or loss-of-function events. We emphasize how the zebrafish model has been instrumental to prove that the major determinant for the functional outcome of a chemokine receptor-ligand interaction is the cell-type expressing the receptor. Finally, we highlight relevant homologies and analogies between mammalian and zebrafish phagocyte function and discuss the potential of zebrafish models to further advance our understanding of chemokine receptors in innate immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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26
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Reinecke BA, Wang H, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in the Drug Discovery and Development of Dualsteric/ Bitopic Activators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2378-2392. [PMID: 31833462 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191009164609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of proteins targeted by drug design and discovery efforts. Of these efforts, the development of GPCR agonists is highly desirable, due to their therapeutic robust utility in treating diseases caused by deficient receptor signaling. One of the challenges in designing potent and selective GPCR agonists lies in the inability to achieve combined high binding affinity and subtype selectivity, due to the high homology between orthosteric sites among GPCR subtypes. To combat this difficulty, researchers have begun to explore the utility of targeting topographically distinct and less conserved binding sites, namely "allosteric" sites. Pursuing these sites offers the benefit of achieving high subtype selectivity, however, it also can result in a decreased binding affinity and potency as compared to orthosteric agonists. Therefore, bitopic ligands comprised of an orthosteric agonist and an allosteric modulator connected by a spacer and allowing binding with both the orthosteric and allosteric sites within one receptor, have been developed. It may combine the high subtype selectivity of an allosteric modulator with the high binding affinity of an orthosteric agonist and provides desired advantages over orthosteric agonists or allosteric modulators alone. Herein, we review the recent advances in the development of bitopic agonists/activators for various GPCR targets and their novel therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Reinecke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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27
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Targeting arrestin interactions with its partners for therapeutic purposes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 121:169-197. [PMID: 32312421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrates express four arrestin subtypes: two visual ones in photoreceptor cells and two non-visuals expressed ubiquitously. The latter two interact with hundreds of G protein-coupled receptors, certain receptors of other types, and numerous non-receptor partners. Arrestins have no enzymatic activity and work by interacting with other proteins, often assembling multi-protein signaling complexes. Arrestin binding to every partner affects cell signaling, including pathways regulating cell survival, proliferation, and death. Thus, targeting individual arrestin interactions has therapeutic potential. This requires precise identification of protein-protein interaction sites of both participants and the choice of the side of each interaction which would be most advantageous to target. The interfaces involved in each interaction can be disrupted by small molecule therapeutics, as well as by carefully selected peptides of the other partner that do not participate in the interactions that should not be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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28
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Sommer F, Torraca V, Kamel SM, Lombardi A, Meijer AH. Frontline Science: Antagonism between regular and atypical Cxcr3 receptors regulates macrophage migration during infection and injury in zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:185-203. [PMID: 31529512 PMCID: PMC7028096 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0119-006r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR3‐CXCL11 chemokine‐signaling axis plays an essential role in infection and inflammation by orchestrating leukocyte trafficking in human and animal models, including zebrafish. Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) play a fundamental regulatory function in signaling networks by shaping chemokine gradients through their ligand scavenging function, while being unable to signal in the classic G‐protein‐dependent manner. Two copies of the CXCR3 gene in zebrafish, cxcr3.2 and cxcr3.3, are expressed on macrophages and share a highly conserved ligand‐binding site. However, Cxcr3.3 has structural characteristics of ACKRs indicative of a ligand‐scavenging role. In contrast, we previously showed that Cxcr3.2 is an active CXCR3 receptor because it is required for macrophage motility and recruitment to sites of mycobacterial infection. In this study, we generated a cxcr3.3 CRISPR‐mutant to functionally dissect the antagonistic interplay among the cxcr3 paralogs in the immune response. We observed that cxcr3.3 mutants are more susceptible to mycobacterial infection, whereas cxcr3.2 mutants are more resistant. Furthermore, macrophages in the cxcr3.3 mutant are more motile, show higher activation status, and are recruited more efficiently to sites of infection or injury. Our results suggest that Cxcr3.3 is an ACKR that regulates the activity of Cxcr3.2 by scavenging common ligands and that silencing the scavenging function of Cxcr3.3 results in an exacerbated Cxcr3.2 signaling. In human, splice variants of CXCR3 have antagonistic functions and CXCR3 ligands also interact with ACKRs. Therefore, in zebrafish, an analogous regulatory mechanism appears to have evolved after the cxcr3 gene duplication event, through diversification of conventional and atypical receptor variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sommer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Lombardi
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Kim SS, Lee JA, Yeo MK. Reduction in Toxicity of Nano-Ag-Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone Using Hydra Proteins and Peptides during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091210. [PMID: 31462001 PMCID: PMC6780337 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydra magnipapillata cells reduce the toxicity of silver nanomaterials to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. In this study, we investigated whether Hydra protein (HP) and Hydra basal disc peptide (Hym176) materials reduce nano-Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone (N-Ag-PVP) toxicity during embryogenesis of the nanosensitive organism zebrafish. Protein (HP) was extracted from Hydra, and peptide (Hym176) was extracted from the hydra basal disc, which is attractive to nanomaterials and related to the immune system. The experimental conditions were exposure to N-Ag-PVP, HP, N-Ag-PVP+HP, Hym176, or N-Ag-PVP+Hym176 during embryo development. N-Ag-PVP+HP group showed lower toxicity than N-Ag-PVP group. In addition, in the N-Ag-PVP+HP group formed aggregated nanomaterials (≥200 nm size) through electrostatic bonding. In the gene expression profile, HP group differed in gene expression profile compared the other experimental groups and it was no genetic toxicity. HP showed a tendency to reduce side effects and abnormal gene expression produced by N-Ag-PVP with no evidence of inherent toxicity. Considering the potential nanotoxicity effects of released nanomaterials on the ecosystem, the reduction of nanotoxicity observed with HP natural materials should be regarded with great interest in terms of the overall health of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seok Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea
| | - Jin Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Yeo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do Seoul 17104, Korea.
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30
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Akhtar M, Jamal T, Jamal H, Din JU, Jamal M, Arif M, Arshad M, Jalil F. Identification of most damaging nsSNPs in human CCR6 gene: In silico analyses. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:459-471. [PMID: 31364806 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CCR6 (C-C chemokine receptor type 6) gene have been found to be the possible cause of many diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus nephritis and systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, identification of structurally and functionally important polymorphisms in CCR6 is important in order to study its potential malfunctioning and discovering therapeutic targets. Several bioinformatics tools were used to identify most damaging nsSNPs that might be vital for CCR6 structure and function. The in silico tools included PROVEAN, SIFT, SNP&GO and PolyPhen2 followed by I-Mutant MutPred and ConSurf. Phyre2 and I-TASSER were used for protein 3-D Modelling while gene-gene interaction was predicted by STRING and GeneMANIA. Our study suggested that three nsSNPs rs1376162684, rs751102128 and rs1185426631 are the most damaging in CCR6 gene while 7 missense SNPs rs1438637216, rs139697820, rs768420505, rs1282264186, rs1394647982, rs769360638 and rs1263402382 are found to revert into stop codons. Prediction of post-transcriptional modifications highlighted the significance of rs1376162684 because it effected potential phosphorylation site. Gene-gene interactions showed relation of CCR6 with other genes depicting its importance in several pathways and co-expressions. In future, studying diseases related to CCR6 should include investigation of these 10 nsSNPs. Being the first of its type, this study also proposes future perspectives that will help in precision medicines. For such purposes, CCR6 proteins from patients of autoimmune diseases should be explored. Animal models can also be of significance find out the effects of CCR6 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Akhtar
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tazkira Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jalal Ud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Maria Arshad
- Attaur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Jalil
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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31
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that play an essential role in a multitude of physiological processes as well as diseases, rendering them attractive drug targets. Crystal structures revealed the binding site of NRs to be buried in the core of the protein, with no obvious route for ligands to access this cavity. The process of ligand binding is known to be an often-neglected contributor to the efficacy of drug candidates and is thought to influence the selectivity and specificity of NRs. While experimental methods generally fail to highlight the dynamic processes of ligand access or egress on the atomistic scale, computational methods have provided fundamental insight into the pathways connecting the buried binding pocket to the surrounding environment. Methods based on molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo simulations have been applied to identify pathways and quantify their capability to transport ligands. Here, we systematically review findings of more than 20 years of research in the field, including the applied methodology and controversies. Further, we establish a unified nomenclature to describe the pathways with respect to their location relative to protein secondary structure elements and summarize findings relevant to drug design. Lastly, we discuss the effect of NR interaction partners such as coactivators and corepressors, as well as mutations on the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fischer
- Molecular Modeling, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Molecular Modeling, Pharmacenter of the University of Basel , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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32
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Critical role of the finger loop in arrestin binding to the receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213792. [PMID: 30875392 PMCID: PMC6420155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the interactions with four different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of arrestin-3 mutants with substitutions in the four loops, three of which contact the receptor in the structure of the arrestin-1-rhodopsin complex. Point mutations in the loop at the distal tip of the N-domain (Glu157Ala), in the C-loop (Phe255Ala), back loop (Lys313Ala), and one of the mutations in the finger loop (Gly65Pro) had mild variable effects on receptor binding. In contrast, the deletion of Gly65 at the beginning of the finger loop reduced the binding to all GPCRs tested, with the binding to dopamine D2 receptor being affected most dramatically. Thus, the presence of a glycine at the beginning of the finger loop appears to be critical for the arrestin-receptor interaction.
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33
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. GPCR Signaling Regulation: The Role of GRKs and Arrestins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:125. [PMID: 30837883 PMCID: PMC6389790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Every animal species expresses hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to a wide variety of external stimuli. GPCRs-driven signaling pathways are involved in pretty much every physiological function and in many pathologies. Therefore, GPCRs are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs. The signaling of most GPCRs via G proteins is terminated by the phosphorylation of active receptor by specific kinases (GPCR kinases, or GRKs) and subsequent binding of arrestin proteins, that selectively recognize active phosphorylated receptors. In addition, GRKs and arrestins play a role in multiple signaling pathways in the cell, both GPCR-initiated and receptor-independent. Here we focus on the mechanisms of GRK- and arrestin-mediated regulation of GPCR signaling, which includes homologous desensitization and redirection of signaling to additional pathways by bound arrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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34
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Kook S, Vishnivetskiy SA, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Cleavage of arrestin-3 by caspases attenuates cell death by precluding arrestin-dependent JNK activation. Cell Signal 2019; 54:161-169. [PMID: 30529266 PMCID: PMC6321783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The two non-visual subtypes, arrestin-2 and arrestin-3, are ubiquitously expressed and bind hundreds of G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, these arrestins also interact with dozens of non-receptor signaling proteins, including c-Src, ERK and JNK, that regulate cell death and survival. Arrestin-3 facilitates the activation of JNK family kinases, which are important players in the regulation of apoptosis. Here we show that arrestin-3 is specifically cleaved at Asp366, Asp405 and Asp406 by caspases during the apoptotic cell death. This results in the generation of one main cleavage product, arrestin-3-(1-366). The formation of this fragment occurs in a dose-dependent manner with the increase of fraction of apoptotic cells upon etoposide treatment. In contrast to a caspase-resistant mutant (D366/405/406E) the arrestin-3-(1-366) fragment reduces the apoptosis of etoposide-treated cells. We found that caspase cleavage did not affect the binding of the arrestin-3 to JNK3, but prevented facilitation of its activation, in contrast to the caspase-resistant mutant, which facilitated JNK activation similar to WT arrestin-3, likely due to decreased binding of the upstream kinases ASK1 and MKK4/7. The data suggest that caspase-generated arrestin-3-(1-366) prevents the signaling in the ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK1/2/3 cascade and protects cells, thereby suppressing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sergey A Vishnivetskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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35
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Coupling of Human Rhodopsin to a Yeast Signaling Pathway Enables Characterization of Mutations Associated with Retinal Disease. Genetics 2018; 211:597-615. [PMID: 30514708 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial sensors of extracellular signals in eukaryotes, with multiple GPCR mutations linked to human diseases. With the growing number of sequenced human genomes, determining the pathogenicity of a mutation is challenging, but can be aided by a direct measurement of GPCR-mediated signaling. This is particularly difficult for the visual pigment rhodopsin-a GPCR activated by light-for which hundreds of mutations have been linked to inherited degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. In this study, we successfully engineered, for the first time, activation by human rhodopsin of the yeast mating pathway, resulting in signaling via a fluorescent reporter. We combine this novel assay for rhodopsin light-dependent activation with studies of subcellular localization, and the upregulation of the unfolded protein response in response to misfolded rhodopsin protein. We use these assays to characterize a panel of rhodopsin mutations with known molecular phenotypes, finding that rhodopsin maintains a similar molecular phenotype in yeast, with some interesting differences. Furthermore, we compare our assays in yeast with clinical phenotypes from patients with novel disease-linked mutations. We demonstrate that our engineered yeast strain can be useful in rhodopsin mutant classification, and in helping to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenicity. This approach may also be applied to better understand the clinical relevance of other human GPCR mutations, furthering the use of yeast as a tool for investigating molecular mechanisms relevant to human disease.
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36
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Gorvin CM, Frost M, Malinauskas T, Cranston T, Boon H, Siebold C, Jones EY, Hannan FM, Thakker RV. Calcium-sensing receptor residues with loss- and gain-of-function mutations are located in regions of conformational change and cause signalling bias. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3720-3733. [PMID: 30052933 PMCID: PMC6196656 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a homodimeric G-protein-coupled receptor that signals via intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) mobilisation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) to regulate extracellular calcium (Ca2+e) homeostasis. The central importance of the CaSR in Ca2+e homeostasis has been demonstrated by the identification of loss- or gain-of-function CaSR mutations that lead to familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) or autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH), respectively. However, the mechanisms determining whether the CaSR signals via Ca2+i or ERK have not been established, and we hypothesised that some CaSR residues, which are the site of both loss- and gain-of-function mutations, may act as molecular switches to direct signalling through these pathways. An analysis of CaSR mutations identified in >300 hypercalcaemic and hypocalcaemic probands revealed five 'disease-switch' residues (Gln27, Asn178, Ser657, Ser820 and Thr828) that are affected by FHH and ADH mutations. Functional expression studies using HEK293 cells showed disease-switch residue mutations to commonly display signalling bias. For example, two FHH-associated mutations (p.Asn178Asp and p.Ser820Ala) impaired Ca2+i signalling without altering ERK phosphorylation. In contrast, an ADH-associated p.Ser657Cys mutation uncoupled signalling by leading to increased Ca2+i mobilization while decreasing ERK phosphorylation. Structural analysis of these five CaSR disease-switch residues together with four reported disease-switch residues revealed these residues to be located at conformationally active regions of the CaSR such as the extracellular dimer interface and transmembrane domain. Thus, our findings indicate that disease-switch residues are located at sites critical for CaSR activation and play a role in mediating signalling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Morten Frost
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Treena Cranston
- Oxford Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Hannah Boon
- Oxford Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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37
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Hamoud N, Tran V, Aimi T, Kakegawa W, Lahaie S, Thibault MP, Pelletier A, Wong GW, Kim IS, Kania A, Yuzaki M, Bouvier M, Côté JF. Spatiotemporal regulation of the GPCR activity of BAI3 by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 controls myoblast fusion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4470. [PMID: 30367035 PMCID: PMC6203814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is tightly regulated during development and regeneration of muscle fibers. BAI3 is a receptor that orchestrates myoblast fusion via Elmo/Dock1 signaling, but the mechanisms regulating its activity remain elusive. Here we report that mice lacking BAI3 display small muscle fibers and inefficient muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. We describe two proteins that repress or activate BAI3 in muscle progenitors. We find that the secreted C1q-like1-4 proteins repress fusion by specifically interacting with BAI3. Using a proteomic approach, we identify Stabilin-2 as a protein that interacts with BAI3 and stimulates its fusion promoting activity. We demonstrate that Stabilin-2 activates the GPCR activity of BAI3. The resulting activated heterotrimeric G-proteins contribute to the initial recruitment of Elmo proteins to the membrane, which are then stabilized on BAI3 through a direct interaction. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the activity of BAI3 is spatiotemporally regulated by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 during myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noumeira Hamoud
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Viviane Tran
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Sylvie Lahaie
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Thibault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ariane Pelletier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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38
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin mutations: Some cause diseases, others promise cure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:29-45. [PMID: 30711028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins play a key role in homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and regulate several other vital signaling pathways in cells. Considering the critical roles of these proteins in cellular signaling, surprisingly few disease-causing mutations in human arrestins were described. Most of these are loss-of-function mutations of visual arrestin-1 that cause excessive rhodopsin signaling and hence night blindness. Only one dominant arrestin-1 mutation was discovered so far. It reduces the thermal stability of the protein, which likely results in photoreceptor death via unfolded protein response. In case of the two nonvisual arrestins, only polymorphisms were described, some of which appear to be associated with neurological disorders and altered response to certain treatments. Structure-function studies revealed several ways of enhancing arrestins' ability to quench GPCR signaling. These enhanced arrestins have potential as tools for gene therapy of disorders associated with excessive signaling of mutant GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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39
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Gurevich VV, Chen Q, Gurevich EV. Arrestins: Introducing Signaling Bias Into Multifunctional Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 160:47-61. [PMID: 30470292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins were discovered as proteins that bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and block their interactions with G proteins, i.e., for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. Mammals express only four arrestin subtypes, two of which are largely restricted to the retina. Two nonvisual arrestins are ubiquitous and interact with hundreds of different GPCRs and dozens of other binding partners. Changes of just a few residues on the receptor-binding surface were shown to dramatically affect GPCR preference of inherently promiscuous nonvisual arrestins. Mutations on the cytosol-facing side of arrestins modulate their interactions with individual downstream signaling molecules. Thus, it appears feasible to construct arrestin mutants specifically linking particular GPCRs with signaling pathways of choice or mutants that sever the links between selected GPCRs and unwanted pathways. Signaling-biased "designer arrestins" have the potential to become valuable molecular tools for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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40
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Kim SY, Zhang F, Gong W, Chen K, Xia K, Liu F, Gross R, Wang JM, Linhardt RJ, Cotten ML. Copper regulates the interactions of antimicrobial piscidin peptides from fish mast cells with formyl peptide receptors and heparin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15381-15396. [PMID: 30158246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells in fish secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as piscidins, glycosaminoglycans such as heparin, and copper ions as first-line immune defenses. Recently, we established that Cu2+ coordination by piscidins 1 (P1) and 3 (P3) enhances their antibacterial activity against membranes and DNA. Interestingly, we noted that physicochemical similarities exist between both piscidins and other AMPs that interact with heparin and induce immune-cell chemotaxis through formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) involved in innate immunity. Thus, we postulated that P1 and P3 interact with heparin and FPRs but that these interactions distinctively depend on Cu2+ Here, we investigate the interactome potentiated by piscidins, heparin, FPR, and Cu2+ Utilizing FPR-transfected cells and neutrophils, we demonstrate that both piscidins exclusively use FPR1 and FPR2 to induce chemotaxis and that Cu2+ reduces their chemotaxis induction. P1 is more effective at activating FPR1 than P3 and other known AMP ligands. Furthermore, the expression of Fpr2 on the surface of neutrophils is down-regulated by both peptides. Copper conjugation of the peptides does not further increase down-regulation, suggesting that the conformational changes induced by the metal translate into reduced FPR efficacy without altering the binding affinity. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that piscidin-heparin interactions are Cu2+-dependent and reduced at the acidic pH of phagosomes. Although heparin decreases the antimicrobial activity of P3-Cu2+, it does not affect bacterial killing by P1-Cu2+ Copper's effects on modulating the micromolar-range interactions of both piscidins with FPR and heparin suggest that the interactome of these distinct immune agents plays an important role in innate immunity. The interactions between diverse host-defense molecules uncovered here may help inform the design of novel therapeutics to treat immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- From the Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180,
| | - Wanghua Gong
- the Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Keqiang Chen
- the Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Kai Xia
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Fei Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Richard Gross
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- the Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, and
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, .,Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Myriam L Cotten
- the Department of Applied Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
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41
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Samaranayake S, Song X, Vishnivetskiy SA, Chen J, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Enhanced Mutant Compensates for Defects in Rhodopsin Phosphorylation in the Presence of Endogenous Arrestin-1. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:203. [PMID: 29973866 PMCID: PMC6020793 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of different expression levels of arrestin-1-3A mutant with enhanced binding to light-activated rhodopsin that is independent of phosphorylation. To this end, transgenic mice that express mutant rhodopsin with zero, one, or two phosphorylation sites, instead of six in the WT mouse rhodopsin, and normal complement of WT arrestin-1, were bred with mice expressing enhanced phosphorylation-independent arrestin-1-3A mutant. The resulting lines were characterized by retinal histology (thickness of the outer nuclear layer, reflecting the number of rod photoreceptors, and the length of the outer segments, which reflects rod health), as well as single- and double-flash ERG to determine the functionality of rods and the rate of photoresponse recovery. The effect of co-expression of enhanced arrestin-1-3A mutant with WT arrestin-1 in these lines depended on its level: higher (240% of WT) expression reduced the thickness of ONL and the length of OS, whereas lower (50% of WT) expression was harmless in the retinas expressing rhodopsin with zero or one phosphorylation site, and improved photoreceptor morphology in animals expressing rhodopsin with two phosphorylation sites. Neither expression level increased the amplitude of the a- and b-wave of the photoresponse in any of the lines. However, high expression of enhanced arrestin-1-3A mutant facilitated photoresponse recovery 2-3-fold, whereas lower level was ineffective. Thus, in the presence of normal complement of WT arrestin-1 only supra-physiological expression of enhanced mutant is sufficient to compensate for the defects of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimal Samaranayake
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Xiufeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eugenia V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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42
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Fukami M, Suzuki E, Igarashi M, Miyado M, Ogata T. Gain-of-function mutations in G-protein-coupled receptor genes associated with human endocrine disorders. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:351-359. [PMID: 29029377 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human genome encodes more than 700 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), many of which are involved in hormone secretion. To date, more than 100 gain-of-function (activating) mutations in at least ten genes for GPCRs, in addition to several loss-of-function mutations, have been implicated in human endocrine disorders. Previously reported gain-of-function GPCR mutations comprise various missense substitutions, frameshift mutations, intragenic inframe deletions and copy-number gains. Such mutations appear in both germline and somatic tumour cells, and lead to various hormonal abnormalities reflecting excessive receptor activity. Phenotypic consequences of these mutations include distinctive endocrine syndromes, as well as relatively common hormonal abnormalities. Such mutations encode hyperfunctioning receptors with increased constitutive activity, broadened ligand specificity, increased ligand sensitivity and/or delayed receptor desensitization. Furthermore, recent studies proposed a paradoxical gain-of-function mechanism caused by inactive GPCR mutants. Molecular diagnosis of GPCR activating mutations serves to improve the clinical management of mutation-positive patients. This review aims to introduce new aspects regarding gain-of-function mutations in GPCR genes associated with endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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43
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Zhou HX, Pang X. Electrostatic Interactions in Protein Structure, Folding, Binding, and Condensation. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1691-1741. [PMID: 29319301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Charged and polar groups, through forming ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, and other less specific electrostatic interactions, impart important properties to proteins. Modulation of the charges on the amino acids, e.g., by pH and by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, have significant effects such as protein denaturation and switch-like response of signal transduction networks. This review aims to present a unifying theme among the various effects of protein charges and polar groups. Simple models will be used to illustrate basic ideas about electrostatic interactions in proteins, and these ideas in turn will be used to elucidate the roles of electrostatic interactions in protein structure, folding, binding, condensation, and related biological functions. In particular, we will examine how charged side chains are spatially distributed in various types of proteins and how electrostatic interactions affect thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins. Our hope is to capture both important historical developments and recent experimental and theoretical advances in quantifying electrostatic contributions of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xiaodong Pang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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44
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Molecular Mechanisms of GPCR Signaling: A Structural Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122519. [PMID: 29186792 PMCID: PMC5751122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that respond to a wide variety of stimuli, from light, odorants, hormones, and neurotransmitters to proteins and extracellular calcium. GPCRs represent the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by many clinically used drugs. Recent studies shed light on the conformational changes that accompany GPCR activation and the structural state of the receptor necessary for the interactions with the three classes of proteins that preferentially bind active GPCRs, G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. Importantly, structural and biophysical studies also revealed activation-related conformational changes in these three types of signal transducers. Here, we summarize what is already known and point out questions that still need to be answered. Clear understanding of the structural basis of signaling by GPCRs and their interaction partners would pave the way to designing signaling-biased proteins with scientific and therapeutic potential.
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45
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Cunningham MR, Aungraheeta R, Mundell SJ. Pathophysiological consequences of receptor mistraffic: Tales from the platelet P2Y 12 receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:74-81. [PMID: 28212842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes can disrupt receptor function in a wide variety of human genetic diseases, including platelet bleeding disorders. Platelets are critical for haemostasis with inappropriate platelet activation leading to the development of arterial thrombosis, which can result in heart attack and stroke whilst decreased platelet activity is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. GPCRs expressed on the surface of platelets play key roles in regulating platelet activity and therefore function. Receptors include purinergic receptors (P2Y1 and P2Y12), proteinase-activated receptor (PAR1 and PAR4) and thromboxane receptors (TPα), among others. Pharmacological blockade of these receptors forms a powerful therapeutic tool in the treatment and prevention of arterial thrombosis. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the identification of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion or deletions that have the potential to alter GPCR expression or function. A number of defects in platelet GPCRs that disrupt receptor function have now been characterized in patients with mild bleeding disorders. This review will focus on rare, function-disrupting variants of platelet GPCRs with particular emphasis upon mutations in the P2Y12 receptor gene that affect receptor traffic to modulate platelet function. Further this review will outline how the identification and characterization of function-disrupting GPCR mutations provides an essential link in translating our detailed understanding of receptor traffic and function in cell line studies into relevant human biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Cunningham
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Riyaad Aungraheeta
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stuart J Mundell
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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46
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Differential manipulation of arrestin-3 binding to basal and agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36:98-107. [PMID: 28461104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-visual arrestins interact with hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we show that by introducing mutations into elements that directly bind receptors, the specificity of arrestin-3 can be altered. Several mutations in the two parts of the central "crest" of the arrestin molecule, middle-loop and C-loop, enhanced or reduced arrestin-3 interactions with several GPCRs in receptor subtype and functional state-specific manner. For example, the Lys139Ile substitution in the middle-loop dramatically enhanced the binding to inactive M2 muscarinic receptor, so that agonist activation of the M2 did not further increase arrestin-3 binding. Thus, the Lys139Ile mutation made arrestin-3 essentially an activation-independent binding partner of M2, whereas its interactions with other receptors, including the β2-adrenergic receptor and the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, retained normal activation dependence. In contrast, the Ala248Val mutation enhanced agonist-induced arrestin-3 binding to the β2-adrenergic and D2 dopamine receptors, while reducing its interaction with the D1 dopamine receptor. These mutations represent the first example of altering arrestin specificity via enhancement of the arrestin-receptor interactions rather than selective reduction of the binding to certain subtypes.
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47
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Julian B, Gao K, Harwood BN, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. Mutation-Induced Functional Alterations of CCR6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:106-116. [PMID: 27789680 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cys-Cys chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is a well-established modulator of inflammation. Although several genetic associations have been identified between CCR6 polymorphisms and immune system disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease), the pharmacological effects of naturally occurring missense mutations in this receptor have yet to be characterized. In this study, we initially assessed G protein-mediated signaling and observed that wild-type (WT) CCR6 exhibited ligand-independent activity. In addition, we found that the five most frequent CCR6 missense variants (A89T, A150V, R155W, G345S, and A369V) exhibited decreased basal and/or ligand induced Gαi protein signaling. To complement the study of these loss-of-function variants, we engineered a set of constitutively active CCR6 receptors. Selected mutations enhanced basal G protein-mediated signaling up to 3-fold relative to the WT value. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay we investigated the ability of each naturally occurring and engineered CCR6 receptor mutant to recruit β-arrestin. In contrast to G protein-mediated signaling, β-arrestin mobilization was largely unperturbed by the naturally occurring loss-of-function CCR6 variants. Elevated recruitment of β-arrestin was observed in one of the engineered constitutively active mutants (T98P). Our results demonstrate that point mutations in CCR6 can result in either a gain or loss of receptor function. These observations underscore the need to explore how CCR6 natural variants may influence immune cell physiology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Julian
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., K.G., B.N.H, M.B., A.S.K.); and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., M.B., A.S.K.)
| | - Kevin Gao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., K.G., B.N.H, M.B., A.S.K.); and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., M.B., A.S.K.)
| | - Benjamin N Harwood
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., K.G., B.N.H, M.B., A.S.K.); and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., M.B., A.S.K.)
| | - Martin Beinborn
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., K.G., B.N.H, M.B., A.S.K.); and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., M.B., A.S.K.)
| | - Alan S Kopin
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., K.G., B.N.H, M.B., A.S.K.); and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (B.J., M.B., A.S.K.)
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48
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Analyzing the roles of multi-functional proteins in cells: The case of arrestins and GRKs. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 50:440-52. [PMID: 26453028 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1067185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins have multiple functions. Obviously, conventional methods of manipulating the level of the protein of interest in the cell, such as over-expression, knockout or knockdown, affect all of its functions simultaneously. The key advantage of these methods is that over-expression, knockout or knockdown does not require any knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the function(s) of the protein of interest. The disadvantage is that these approaches are inadequate to elucidate the role of an individual function of the protein in a particular cellular process. An alternative is the use of re-engineered proteins, in which a single function is eliminated or enhanced. The use of mono-functional elements of a multi-functional protein can also yield cleaner answers. This approach requires detailed knowledge of the structural basis of each function of the protein in question. Thus, a lot of preliminary structure-function work is necessary to make it possible. However, when this information is available, replacing the protein of interest with a mutant in which individual functions are modified can shed light on the biological role of those particular functions. Here, we illustrate this point using the example of protein kinases, most of which have additional non-enzymatic functions, as well as arrestins, known multi-functional signaling regulators in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- a Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Rosero RA, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. Protease-Activated Receptors and other G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: the Melanoma Connection. Front Genet 2016; 7:112. [PMID: 27379162 PMCID: PMC4908108 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast array of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological processes, including vision, coagulation, inflammation, autophagy, and cell proliferation. GPCRs also affect processes that augment cell proliferation and metastases in many cancers including melanoma. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet limited therapeutic modalities are available to patients with metastatic melanoma. Studies have found that both chemokine receptors and protease-activated receptors, both of which are GPCRs, are central to the metastatic melanoma phenotype and may serve as potential targets in novel therapies against melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA
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50
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Helix 3 acts as a conformational hinge in Class A GPCR activation: An analysis of interhelical interaction energies in crystal structures. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:545-553. [PMID: 26522273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A collection of crystal structures of rhodopsin, β2-adrenergic and adenosine A2A receptors in active, intermediate and inactive states were selected for structural and energetic analyses to identify the changes involved in the activation/deactivation of Class A GPCRs. A set of helix interactions exclusive to either inactive or active/intermediate states were identified. The analysis of these interactions distinguished some local conformational changes involved in receptor activation, in particular, a packing between the intracellular domains of transmembrane helices H3 and H7 and a separation between those of H2 and H6. Also, differential movements of the extracellular and intracellular domains of these helices are apparent. Moreover, a segment of residues in helix H3, including residues L/I3.40 to L3.43, is identified as a key component of the activation mechanism, acting as a conformational hinge between extracellular and intracellular regions. Remarkably, the influence on the activation process of some glutamic and aspartic acidic residues and, as a consequence, the influence of variations on local pH is highlighted. Structural hypotheses that arose from the analysis of rhodopsin, β2-adrenergic and adenosine A2A receptors were tested on the active and inactive M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor structures and further discussed in the context of the new mechanistic insights provided by the recently determined active and inactive crystal structures of the μ-opioid receptor. Overall, the structural and energetic analyses of the interhelical interactions present in this collection of Class A GPCRs suggests the existence of a common general activation mechanism featuring a chemical space useful for drug discovery exploration.
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