1
|
Ayub H, Ijaz U, Raza A, Zuberi A, Liaqat N, Ujan JA, Habib SS, Batool AI, Ullah M, Khan K, Khayyam K, Mohany M. Ecological patterns of phytoplankton across lake cross-section: insights into co-evolution of physicochemical conditions in Chashma Lake on Indus River. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:613. [PMID: 38871952 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of water influence planktonic diversity and distribution, which is essential in obtaining basic knowledge of aquatic biodiversity. Thus current study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of phytoplankton species and their association with water quality parameters of Chashma Lake, Pakistan. During the study period from 2018 to 2019, we measured 13 physicochemical parameters across three selected sampling sites (S1, S2, and S3) in Chashma Lake, revealing both spatial and temporal variability. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was higher in S3, while S1 exhibited higher alkalinity levels, carbon dioxide, phosphorus, and chloride levels. The study identified 77 phytoplankton species grouped into five taxonomic categories, with Cyanobacteria dominating (39.90%), followed by Chlorophyta (33.4%) and Bacillariophyta (24.88%). Euglenozoa and Ochrophyta were less abundant (1.3% and 0.41%, respectively). Spatial variations in phytoplankton distribution were noted, with Chlorophyta being more abundant at S2, Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria at S1, and Euglenozoa dominating at S3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed the influence of various physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton distribution. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights for the ecological assessment and monitoring of water bodies. It is recommended that continuous monitoring is required to capture long-term trends, further explore the specific environmental drivers impacting phytoplankton dynamics, and consider management strategies for maintaining water quality and biodiversity in Chashma Lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ayub
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Umar Ijaz
- College of Hydraulic and Environment Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Asif Raza
- Government Degree College Nasirabad, District- Qambar-Shahdadkot, Qambar, 77020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amina Zuberi
- Fisheries & Aquaculture Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Liaqat
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Javed Ahmed Ujan
- Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Syed Sikandar Habib
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Aima Iram Batool
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khayyam Khayyam
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marques F, Pereira F, Machado L, Martins JT, Pereira RN, Costa MM, Genisheva Z, Pereira H, Vicente AA, Teixeira JA, Geada P. Comparison of Different Pretreatment Processes Envisaging the Potential Use of Food Waste as Microalgae Substrate. Foods 2024; 13:1018. [PMID: 38611325 PMCID: PMC11011475 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant fraction of the food produced worldwide is currently lost or wasted throughout the supply chain, squandering natural and economic resources. Food waste valorization will be an important necessity in the coming years. This work investigates the ability of food waste to serve as a viable nutritional substrate for the heterotrophic growth of Chlorella vulgaris. The impact of different pretreatments on the elemental composition and microbial contamination of seven retail food waste mixtures was evaluated. Among the pretreatment methods applied to the food waste formulations, autoclaving was able to eliminate all microbial contamination and increase the availability of reducing sugars by 30%. Ohmic heating was also able to eliminate most of the contaminations in the food wastes in shorter time periods than autoclave. However, it has reduced the availability of reducing sugars, making it less preferable for microalgae heterotrophic cultivation. The direct utilization of food waste containing essential nutrients from fruits, vegetables, dairy and bakery products, and meat on the heterotrophic growth of microalgae allowed a biomass concentration of 2.2 × 108 cells·mL-1, being the culture able to consume more than 42% of the reducing sugars present in the substrate, thus demonstrating the economic and environmental potential of these wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Marques
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Francisco Pereira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Luís Machado
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Joana T. Martins
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N. Pereira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Monya M. Costa
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (H.P.)
| | | | - Hugo Pereira
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.C.); (H.P.)
| | - António A. Vicente
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Geada
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (F.M.); (F.P.); (L.M.); (J.T.M.); (R.N.P.); (J.A.T.); (P.G.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zerbini M, Solari PL, Orange F, Jeanson A, Leblanc C, Gomari M, Auwer CD, Beccia MR. Exploring uranium bioaccumulation in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum: insights from multi-scale spectroscopy and imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1021. [PMID: 38200072 PMCID: PMC10781969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Legacy radioactive waste can be defined as the radioactive waste produced during the infancy of the civil nuclear industry's development in the mid-20th Century, a time when, unfortunately, waste storage and treatment were not well planned. The marine environment is one of the environmental compartments worth studying in this regard because of legacy waste in specific locations of the seabed. Comprising nearly 70% of the earth's service, the oceans are the largest and indeed the final destination for contaminated fresh waters. For this reason, long-term studies of the accumulation biochemical mechanisms of metallic radionuclides in the marine ecosystem are required. In this context the brown algal compartment may be ecologically relevant because of forming large and dense algal beds in coastal areas and potential important biomass for contamination. This report presents the first step in the investigation of uranium (U, an element used in the nuclear cycle) bioaccumulation in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum using a multi-scale spectroscopic and imaging approach. Contamination of A. nodosum specimens in closed aquaria at 13 °C was performed with a defined quantity of U(VI) (10-5 M). The living algal uptake was quantified by ICP-MS and a localization study in the various algal compartments was carried out by combining electronic microscopy imaging (SEM), X-ray Absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and micro X-ray Florescence (μ-XRF). Data indicate that the brown alga is able to concentrate U(VI) by an active bioaccumulation mechanism, reaching an equilibrium state after 200 h of daily contamination. A comparison between living organisms and dry biomass confirms a stress-response process in the former, with an average bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 10 ± 2 for living specimens (90% lower compared to dry biomass, 142 ± 5). Also, these results open new perspectives for a potential use of A. nodosum dry biomass as uranium biosorbent. The different partial BAFs (bioaccumulation factors) range from 3 (for thallus) to 49 (for receptacles) leading to a compartmentalization of uranium within the seaweed. This reveals a higher accumulation capacity in the receptacles, the algal reproductive parts. SEM images highlight the different tissue distributions among the compartments with a superficial absorption in the thallus and lateral branches and several hotspots in the oospheres of the female individuals. A preliminary speciation XAS analysis identified a distinct U speciation in the gametes-containing receptacles as a pseudo-autunite phosphate phase. Similarly, XAS measurements on the lateral branches (XANES) were not conclusive with regards to the occurrence of an alginate-U complex in these tissues. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that alginate may play a role in the speciation of U in the algal thallus tissues is still under consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Zerbini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Francois Orange
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 8227, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Myriam Gomari
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Maria Rosa Beccia
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jwa E, Na OS, Jeung YC, Jeong N, Nam JY, Lee S. Recycling of nutrient medium to improve productivity in large-scale microalgal culture using a hybrid electrochemical water treatment system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120683. [PMID: 37801985 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Recycling and reusing of nutrient media in microalgal cultivation are important strategies to reduce water consumption and nutrient costs. However, these approaches have limitations, e.g., a decrease in biomass production, (because as reused media can inhibit biomass growth). To address these limitations, we applied a novel membrane filtration‒electrolysis‒ultraviolet hybrid water treatment method capable of laboratory-to-large-scale operation to increase biomass productivity and enable nutrient medium disinfection and recycling. In laboratory-scale experiments, electrolysis effectively remove the biological contaminants from the spent nutrient medium, resulting in a high on-site removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 80.3 ± 5 %) and disinfection (99.5 ± 0.2 %). Compared to the results for the recycling of nutrient medium without water treatment, electrolysis resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in biomass production, which was attributable to the removal of biological inhibitors from electrochemically produced oxidants (mainly OCl-). In scaled-up applications, the hybrid system improved the quality of the recycled nutrient medium, with 85 ± 2 % turbidity removal, 75 ± 3 % DOC removal, and 99.5 ± 2 % disinfection efficiency, which was beneficial for biomass growth by removing biological inhibitors. After applying the hybrid water treatment method, we achieved a Spirulina biomass production of 0.47 ± 0.03 g L-1, similar to that obtained using a fresh medium (0.53 ± 0.02 g L-1). The on-site disinfection process described herein is practical and offers a cost-saving and environmental friendly alternative for nutrient medium recycling and reusing water in mass and sustainable cultivation of microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Jwa
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63359, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh Soo Na
- B.ROOT.LAB Limited Company, 10 Sancheondandong-gil, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Cheul Jeung
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63359, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63359, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63359, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekyung Lee
- B.ROOT.LAB Limited Company, 10 Sancheondandong-gil, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salman JM, Majrashi N, Hassan FM, Al-Sabri A, Abdul-Adel Jabar E, Ameen F. Cultivation of blue green algae (Arthrospira platensis Gomont, 1892) in wastewater for biodiesel production. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 335:139107. [PMID: 37270039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of biodiesel has become an important issue in the effort to reduce gas emissions due to the climate change crisis; therefore, algae have widely used to produce biodiesel for energy sustainability. The present study represented an effort to assess the ability of the alga Arthrospira platensis to produce fatty acids involved in biofuel (diesel) by cultivation in Zarrouk media enriched with different municipal wastewater concentrations. Wastewater was used in different concentrations (5, 15, 25, 35 and 100% [control]). Five fatty acids from the alga were determined and included in the present study. These were inoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Impact of different cultivation conditions were studied in terms of observed changes in growth rate, doubling time, total carbohydrate, total protein, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycobiliproteins. Results showed an increase in the values of growth rate, total protein content, chlorophyll a, and levels of carotenoids at all treatments except for carbohydrate content, which decreased with an increasing concentration of wastewater. The high value of doubling time (11.605 days) was recorded at treatment 5%. Fatty acids yields were increased at treatment 5% and 15%. The highest concentrations of fatty acids were 3.108 mg/g for oleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid (28.401 mg/g), docosahexaenoic acid (41.707 mg/g), palmitic acid (1.305 mg/g), and linoleic acid (0.296 mg/g). Moreover, the range of phycocyanin (0.017-0.084 mg/l), allophycocyanin (0.023-0.095 mg/l), and phycobiliproteins (0.041-0.180 mg/l) were obtained in treatment with 15-100%, respectively. Cultivation with municipal wastewater reduced the values of nitrate, phosphate, and electrical conductivity as well as increased dissolved oxygen. Maximum electrical conductivity was recorded in untreated wastewater with algae, while the highest level of dissolved oxygen was noted at 35% concentration. The use of the household wastewater is more environmentally friendly as an alternative of the traditional cultivation techniques used for long-term for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Najwa Majrashi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fikrat M Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science for Woman, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Al-Sabri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
López-Pacheco IY, Ayala-Moreno VG, Mejia-Melara CA, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Cuellar-Bermudez SP, González-González RB, Coronado-Apodaca KG, Farfan-Cabrera LI, González-Meza GM, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Growth Behavior, Biomass Composition and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) Production Potential of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Chlorella vulgaris Cultures. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:450. [PMID: 37623731 PMCID: PMC10455958 DOI: 10.3390/md21080450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biomolecules by microalgae has a wide range of applications in the development of various materials and products, such as biodiesel, food supplements, and cosmetics. Microalgae biomass can be produced using waste and in a smaller space than other types of crops (e.g., soja, corn), which shows microalgae's great potential as a source of biomass. Among the produced biomolecules of greatest interest are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fatty acids. In this study, the production of these biomolecules was determined in two strains of microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris) when exposed to different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Results show a significant microalgal growth (3.69 g L-1) and carbohydrates (163 mg g-1) increase in C. reinhardtii under low nitrogen concentration. Also, higher lipids content was produced under low sulfur concentration (246 mg g-1). It was observed that sulfur variation could affect in a negative way proteins production in C. reinhardtii culture. In the case of C. vulgaris, a higher biomass production was obtained in the standard culture medium (1.37 g L-1), and under a low-phosphorus condition, C. vulgaris produced a higher lipids concentration (248 mg g-1). It was observed that a low concentration of nitrogen had a better effect on the accumulation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) (C16-C18) in both microalgae. These results lead us to visualize the effects that the variation in macronutrients can have on the growth of microalgae and their possible utility for the production of microalgae-based subproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Y. López-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Victoria Guadalupe Ayala-Moreno
- Francisco Morazán Department, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Km 30 Carretera de Tegucigalpa a Danlí, Valle del Yeguare, Municipio de San Antonio de Oriente, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (V.G.A.-M.); (C.A.M.-M.)
| | - Catherinne Arlette Mejia-Melara
- Francisco Morazán Department, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Km 30 Carretera de Tegucigalpa a Danlí, Valle del Yeguare, Municipio de San Antonio de Oriente, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (V.G.A.-M.); (C.A.M.-M.)
| | - José Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
| | - Sara P. Cuellar-Bermudez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Leonardo I. Farfan-Cabrera
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
| | - Georgia María González-Meza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (I.Y.L.-P.); (J.R.-R.); (S.P.C.-B.); (R.B.G.-G.); (K.G.C.-A.); (L.I.F.-C.); (G.M.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|