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Lei J, Fu J, Wang T, Guo Y, Gong M, Xia T, Shang S, Xu Y, Cheng L, Lin B. Molecular subtype identification and prognosis stratification by a immunogenic cell death-related gene expression signature in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:635-647. [PMID: 38407877 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2320187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study intended to develop a new immunogenic cell death (ICD)-related prognostic signature for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm was adopted to cluster tumor samples based on ICD gene expression to obtain ICD-related subtypes. Survival analysis and immune microenvironment analysis were conducted among different subtypes. Regression analysis was used to construct the model. Based on riskscore median, cancer patients were classified into high and low risk groups, and independent prognostic ability of the model was analyzed. The CIBERSORT algorithm was adopted to determine the immune infiltration level of both groups. RESULTS We analyzed the differential genes between cluster 4 and cluster 1-3 and obtained 12 genes with the best prognostic features finally (NLGN1, SLC30A3, C3orf20, ADAD2, ATOH1, ATP6V1B1, KCNQ2, MUCL3, RGCC, CLEC17A, COL6A5, and INSL4). In addition, patients with lower risk had higher levels of infiltration of most immune cells, lower Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) level and higher immunophenscore (IPS) level than those with higher risk. CONCLUSIONS This study constructed and validated the ICD feature signature predicting CRC prognosis and provide a reference criteria for guiding the prognosis and immunotherapy of CRC cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Lei
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Tianyang Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Mingmin Gong
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Song Shang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Zhejiang Luoxi Medical Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, P.R, China
| | - Binghu Lin
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, P.R, China
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2
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Lesovaya EA, Fetisov TI, Bokhyan BY, Maksimova VP, Kulikov EP, Belitsky GA, Kirsanov KI, Yakubovskaya MG. Genetic, Epigenetic and Transcriptome Alterations in Liposarcoma for Target Therapy Selection. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:271. [PMID: 38254762 PMCID: PMC10813500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Liposarcoma (LPS) is one of the most common adult soft-tissue sarcomas (STS), characterized by a high diversity of histopathological features as well as to a lesser extent by a spectrum of molecular abnormalities. Current targeted therapies for STS do not include a wide range of drugs and surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for localized disease in all subtypes, while many LPS patients initially present with or ultimately progress to advanced disease that is either unresectable, metastatic or both. The understanding of the molecular characteristics of liposarcoma subtypes is becoming an important option for the detection of new potential targets and development novel, biology-driven therapies for this disease. Innovative therapies have been introduced and they are currently part of preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we provide an analysis of the molecular genetics of liposarcoma followed by a discussion of the specific epigenetic changes in these malignancies. Then, we summarize the peculiarities of the key signaling cascades involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and possible novel therapeutic approaches based on a better understanding of subtype-specific disease biology. Although heterogeneity in liposarcoma genetics and phenotype as well as the associated development of resistance to therapy make difficult the introduction of novel therapeutic targets into the clinic, recently a number of targeted therapy drugs were proposed for LPS treatment. The most promising results were shown for CDK4/6 and MDM2 inhibitors as well as for the multi-kinase inhibitors anlotinib and sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
- Faculty of Oncology, I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, 9 Vysokovol’tnaya St., Ryazan 390026, Russia;
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Timur I. Fetisov
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Beniamin Yu. Bokhyan
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Varvara P. Maksimova
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Evgeny P. Kulikov
- Faculty of Oncology, I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, 9 Vysokovol’tnaya St., Ryazan 390026, Russia;
| | - Gennady A. Belitsky
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; (E.A.L.); (T.I.F.); (B.Y.B.); (V.P.M.); (K.I.K.)
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
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3
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Sun G, Zhao S, Fan Z, Wang Y, Liu H, Cao H, Sun G, Huang T, Cai H, Pan H, Rong D, Gao Y, Tang W. CHSY1 promotes CD8 + T cell exhaustion through activation of succinate metabolism pathway leading to colorectal cancer liver metastasis based on CRISPR/Cas9 screening. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:248. [PMID: 37749638 PMCID: PMC10519095 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common site of metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC) is the liver and liver metastases occur in more than 50% of patients during diagnosis or treatment. The occurrence of metastasis depends on a series of events known as the invasive-metastasis cascade. Currently, the underlying genes and pathways regulating metastasis initiation in the liver microenvironment are unknown. METHODS We performed systematic CRISPR/Cas9 screening using an in vivo mouse model of CRC liver metastasis to identify key regulators of CRC metastasis. We present the full results of this screen,which included a list of genes that promote or repress CRC liver colonization. By silencing these genes individually, we found that chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) may be involved in CRC metastasis. We verified the function of CHSY1 and its involvement in liver metastasis of CRC through in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULT The results of TCGA and CRISPR/Cas9 showed that CHSY1 was overexpressed in CRC primary and liver metastasis tissues and indicated a worse clinical prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that CHSY1 facilitated the liver metastasis of CRC and CHSY1 induced CD8+ T cell exhaustion and upregulated PD-L1 expression. The metabolomic analysis indicated that CHSY1 promoted CD8+ T cell exhaustion by activating the succinate metabolism pathway leading to liver metastasis of CRC. Artemisinin as a CHSY1 inhibitor reduced liver metastasis and enhanced the effect of anti-PD1 in CRC. PLGA-loaded Artemisinin and ICG probe reduced liver metastasis and increased the efficiency of anti-PD1 treatment in CRC. CONCLUSION CHSY1 could promote CD8+ T cell exhaustion through activation of the succinate metabolic and PI3K/AKT/HIF1A pathway, leading to CRC liver metastasis. The combination of CHSY1 knockdown and anti-PD1 contributes to synergistic resistance to CRC liver metastasis. Artemisinin significantly inhibits CHSY1 activity and in combination with anti-PD1 could synergistically treat CRC liver metastases. This study provides new targets and specific strategies for the treatment of CRC liver metastases, bringing new hope and benefits to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Sun
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongguo Fan
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengsong Cao
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Huang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital &The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University& Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Yu S, Dai W, Zhao S, Yang Y, Xu Y, Wang J, Deng Q, He J, Shi D. Function and mechanism of MCM8 in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:623. [PMID: 37710286 PMCID: PMC10503009 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a global health problem which has almost highest morbidity and mortality in all types of cancers. This study aimed to uncover the biological functions and underlying mechanism of MCM8 in the development and progression of CRC. The expression level of MCM8 was found to be upregulated in CRC tissues and significantly associated with tumor grade and patients' survival. Knocking down MCM8 expression in CRC cells could restrain cell growth and cell motility while promoting cell apoptosis in vitro, as well as inhibit tumor growth in xenograft mice model. Based on the RNA screening performing on CRC cells with or without MCM8 knockdown and the following IPA analysis, CHSY1 was identified as a potential target of MCM8 in CRC, whose expression was also found to be higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MCM8 may regulate the expression of CHSY1 through affecting its NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination, both of which synergistically execute tumor promotion effects on CRC. In conclusion, the outcomes of our study showed the first evidence that MCM8 act as a tumor promotor in CRC, and may be a promising therapeutic target of CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Weixing Dai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qun Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jinghu He
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Debing Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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5
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Takazawa A, Yoshimura Y, Okamoto M, Tanaka A, Kito M, Aoki K, Uehara T, Takahashi J, Kato H, Nakayama J. The usefulness of immunohistochemistry for phosphohistone H3 as a prognostic factor in myxoid liposarcoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4733. [PMID: 36959285 PMCID: PMC10036607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is a common subtype of liposarcoma. Although the prognosis is generally good, there are factors known to be associated with poor prognosis. Accurate indices are important to predict prognosis. We aimed to assess the usefulness of immunohistochemistry for phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) as a potential biomarker in comparison with Ki-67 antigen and other prognostic factors. Twenty-five patients with MLS were evaluated. Age, sex, depth of tumor, tumor size, surgical margin, oncological outcome, histological grade, presence of necrosis, proportion of round cell component (RC%), PHH3 index, and Ki-67 index were examined. Prognostic factors of the examination criteria were statistically analyzed, survival rate analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis. The number of PHH3-positive tumor cells and the PHH3 and Ki-67 indices demonstrated a statistical correlation with the prognosis of MLS in univariate analysis (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.01, respectively). PHH3 index and RC% were significant factors in multivariate analysis (P = 0.03, P = 0.02). The immunohistochemistry of PHH3 may be associated with prognosis and could serve as a valid criterion of histological grade in MLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, 1-27-21 Midorigaoka, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8610, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, 1-27-21 Midorigaoka, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8610, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Rehabilitation Center, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Munehisa Kito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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6
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GAGs can interact with a variety of binding partners and thereby influence cancer progression on multiple levels. GAGs can modulate growth factor and chemokine signaling, invasion and metastasis formation. Moreover, GAGs are able to change the physical property of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormalities in GAG abundance and structure (e.g., sulfation patterns and molecular weight) are found across various cancer types and show biomarker potential. Targeting GAGs, as well as the usage of GAGs and their mimetics, are promising approaches to interfere with cancer progression. In addition, GAGs can be used as drug and cytokine carriers to induce an anti-tumor response. In this review, we summarize the role of GAGs in cancer and the potential use of GAGs and GAG derivatives to target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Wieboldt
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, Department of Theragnostics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Liu L, Xu Q, Xiong Y, Deng H, Zhou J. LncRNA LINC01094 contributes to glioma progression by modulating miR-224-5p/CHSY1 axis. Hum Cell 2022; 35:214-225. [PMID: 34716872 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioma serves as the most common malignancy influencing modern people and is associated with severe morbidity and high mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as crucial regulators participate in multiple cancer progression. However, the role of lncRNA LINC01094 in the development of glioma remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of lncRNA LINC01094 on the glioma progression and the underlying mechanism. Significantly, we revealed that the expression levels of LINC01094 were elevated in the glioma patient tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The LINC01094 expression was enhanced in the glioma cell lines. The depletion of LINC01094 inhibited cell viability and colony formation in the glioma cells. Meanwhile, the migration and invasion of glioma cells were impaired by the depletion of LINC01094. Mechanically, we identified that LINC01094 was able to sponge the miR-224-5p in the glioma cells and miR-224-5p inhibitor could reverse the effect of LINC01094 on glioma progression. In addition, miR-224-5p targeted CHSY1 and LINC01094 up-regulated CHSY1 by targeting miR-224-5p in the glioma cells. LINC01094 promoted glioma progression by the positive regulation of CHSY1. Moreover, tumorigenicity analysis showed that LINC01094 enhanced tumor growth of glioma in vivo. Thus, we conclude that lncRNA LINC01094 promotes glioma progression by modulating miR-224-5p/CHSY1 axis. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which lncRNA LINC01094 contributes to the development of glioma, improving the understanding of lncRNA LINC01094 and glioma. LncRNA LINC01094, miR-224-5p, and CHSY1 may serve as potential targets for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luotong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huajiang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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9
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Liu J, Tian Z, Liu T, Wen D, Ma Z, Liu Y, Zhu J. CHSY1 is upregulated and acts as tumor promotor in gastric cancer through regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1861-1874. [PMID: 34412565 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1963553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors, with rapid progression and poor prognosis. The role of chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) in the development and progression of gastric cancer was explored and clarified in this study. The immunohistochemistry analysis of clinical tissue samples as well as data mining of public database showed that CHSY1 was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer and associated with more advanced tumor stage and poorer prognosis. In vitro loss-of-function experiments demonstrated the inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, as well as the promoted cell apoptosis by CHSY1 knockdown. Moreover, recovery of CHSY1 expression could attenuate the regulatory effects induced by CHSY1 knockdown. Correspondingly, gastric cancer cells with CHSY1 knockdown showed reduced tumorigenicity and slower tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, this study identified CHSY1 as a tumor promotor in gastric cancer, which may be utilized as a novel indicator of patients' prognosis and therapeutic target for developing more effective drug for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenwei Tian
- Intensive Care Unit, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianzhou Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dacheng Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanda Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaming Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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10
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Ahrens TD, Bang-Christensen SR, Jørgensen AM, Løppke C, Spliid CB, Sand NT, Clausen TM, Salanti A, Agerbæk MØ. The Role of Proteoglycans in Cancer Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:749. [PMID: 32984308 PMCID: PMC7479181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are accessible by liquid biopsies via an easy blood draw. They represent not only the primary tumor site, but also potential metastatic lesions, and could thus be an attractive supplement for cancer diagnostics. However, the analysis of rare CTCs in billions of normal blood cells is still technically challenging and novel specific CTC markers are needed. The formation of metastasis is a complex process supported by numerous molecular alterations, and thus novel CTC markers might be found by focusing on this process. One example of this is specific changes in the cancer cell glycocalyx, which is a network on the cell surface composed of carbohydrate structures. Proteoglycans are important glycocalyx components and consist of a protein core and covalently attached long glycosaminoglycan chains. A few CTC assays have already utilized proteoglycans for both enrichment and analysis of CTCs. Nonetheless, the biological function of proteoglycans on clinical CTCs has not been studied in detail so far. Therefore, the present review describes proteoglycan functions during the metastatic cascade to highlight their importance to CTCs. We also outline current approaches for CTC assays based on targeting proteoglycans by their protein cores or their glycosaminoglycan chains. Lastly, we briefly discuss important technical aspects, which should be considered for studying proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D Ahrens
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara R Bang-Christensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Løppke
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicolai T Sand
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Clausen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø Agerbæk
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 enhances proliferation of glioblastoma by modulating PDGFRA stability. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 32019907 PMCID: PMC7000683 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate synthases, a family of enzyme involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) polymerization, are dysregulated in various human malignancies, but their roles in glioma remain unclear. We performed database analysis and immunohistochemistry on human glioma tissue, to demonstrate that the expression of CHSY1 was frequently upregulated in glioma, and that it was associated with adverse clinicopathologic features, including high tumor grade and poor survival. Using a chondroitin sulfate-specific antibody, we showed that the expression of CHSY1 was significantly associated with CS formation in glioma tissue and cells. In addition, overexpression of CHSY1 in glioma cells enhanced cell viability and orthotopic tumor growth, whereas CHSY1 silencing suppressed malignant growth. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CHSY1 selectively regulates PDGFRA activation and PDGF-induced signaling in glioma cells by stabilizing PDGFRA protein levels. Inhibiting PDGFR activity with crenolanib decreased CHSY1-induced malignant characteristics of GL261 cells and prolonged survival in an orthotopic mouse model of glioma, which underlines the critical role of PDGFRA in mediating the effects of CHSY1. Taken together, these results provide information on CHSY1 expression and its role in glioma progression, and highlight novel insights into the significance of CHSY1 in PDGFRA signaling. Thus, our findings point to new molecular targets for glioma treatment.
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12
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Khan AR, Yang X, Du X, Yang H, Liu Y, Khan AQ, Zhai G. Chondroitin sulfate derived theranostic and therapeutic nanocarriers for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115837. [PMID: 32059890 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The standard chemotherapy is facing the challenges of lack of cancer selectivity and development of drug resistance. Currently, with the application of nanotechnology, the rationally designed nanocarriers of chondroitin sulfate (CS) have been fabricated and their unique features of low toxicity, biocompatibility, and active and passive targeting made them drug delivery vehicles of the choice for cancer therapy. The hydrophilic and anionic CS could be incorporated as a building block into- or decorated on the surface of nanoformulations. Micellar nanoparticles (NPs) self-assembled from amphiphilic CS-drug conjugates and CS-polymer conjugates, polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) and nanogels of CS have been widely implicated in cancer directed therapy. The surface modulation of organic, inorganic, lipid and metallic NPs with CS promotes the receptor-mediated internalization of NPs to the tumor cells. The potential contribution of CS and CS-proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the pathogenesis of various cancer types, and CS nanocarriers in immunotherapy, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer are summarized in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiyou Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Haotong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Yuanxiu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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13
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Subbarayan K, Seliger B. Tumor-dependent Effects of Proteoglycans and Various Glycosaminoglycan Synthesizing Enzymes and Sulfotransferases on Patients’ Outcome. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:210-221. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180706165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) biglycan (BGN) and decorin (DCN) linked with sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains exhibit oncogenic or tumor suppressive potentials depending on the cellular context and association with GAGs. </P><P> Objective: We hypothesized that structural alterations and expression levels of BGN, DCN and their associated chondroitin sulfate (CS) polymerizing enzymes, dermatan sulfate (DS) epimerases and various sulfatases might be correlated with the tumor (sub)type and patients’ survival. </P><P> Methods: We acquired breast cancer (BC) and glioma patients’ datasets from cBioPortal and R2 Genomics. Structural alterations and the expression pattern of CS polymerizing enzymes, DS epimerases and carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHST) were compared to that of BGN and DCN and correlated to their clinical relevance. </P><P> Results: In BC, no mutations, but amplifications (0.2 – 2.1 %) and deletions (0.05 – 0.4 %) were found in BGN, DCN and CS/DS enzymes. In contrast, missense and/or truncated mutations (0.1 – 0.5 %), but a reduced amplification rate (0 – 1.5 %) were found in glioma. When compared to BC, the structural abnormalities caused altered mRNA expression levels of BGN, DCN, GAG synthesizing enzymes and CHST. Mutations in SLPRs, CHSY1, CHST4 and CHSY3 were correlated with a poor prognosis in glioma, while lack of mutations and copy number variations in the SLRPs, CHSY3, CHST15 and DSE displayed an increased survival in BC. </P><P> Conclusion: A distinct association of BGN and DCN with CHST, CS polymerizing enzymes and DS epimerases was found in BC and glioma. Thus, a unique pattern of structural alterations and expression, which has clinical relevance, was found for PGs and GAG synthesizing enzymes and CHST in BC and glioma, which might help to identify high-risk patients and to develop personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
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14
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Pudełko A, Wisowski G, Olczyk K, Koźma EM. The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-6-sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:1815-1837. [PMID: 30637950 PMCID: PMC6850286 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable structural heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) generates biological information that can be unique to each of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and changes in their composition are translated into alterations in the binding profiles of these molecules. CS/DS can bind to various cytokines and growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillar glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix, thereby influencing both cell behavior and the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning CS/DS metabolism in the human cancer stroma. The remodeling of the GAG profile in the tumor niche is manifested as a substantial increase in the CS content and a gradual decrease in the proportion between DS and CS. Furthermore, the composition of CS and DS is also affected, which results in a substantial increase in the 6‐O‐sulfated and/or unsulfated disaccharide content, which is concomitant with a decrease in the 4‐O‐sulfation level. Here, we discuss the possible impact of alterations in the CS/DS sulfation pattern on the binding capacity and specificity of these GAGs. Moreover, we propose potential consequences of the stromal accumulation of chondroitin‐6‐sulfate for the progression and metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wisowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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15
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Zeng L, Qian J, Luo X, Zhou A, Zhang Z, Fang Q. CHSY1 promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in colorectal cancer through regulation of the NFκB and/or caspase-3/7 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6140-6146. [PMID: 30344756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a commonly observed malignant cancer. However, the limited therapies for colorectal cancer do not bring much benefit for patients. Chondroitin synthase-1 (CHSY1) is an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of several cancer types; however, there is limited information regarding the role of CHSY1 in colorectal cancer. In the present study, CHSY1 was demonstrated to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and in cell lines, and the CHSY1 expression level was associated with the 5-year survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer. Following CHSY1 knockdown, the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells was significantly decreased. The number of RKO cells decreased by 50% following CHSY1 knockdown compared with that in the control after culture for 5 days. However, the apoptosis rate of RKO cells increased to 14.15% after CHSY1 knockdown. In addition, the activity of caspase-3/7 was also enhanced. Furthermore, the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was reduced, whereas the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and truncated caspase-3/7 were increased following CHSY1 knockdown. Additionally, the phosphorylation level of IκB and the expression of nuclear factor (NF)κB also decreased. In contrast, forced expression of CHSY1 increased the level of Bcl-2, NFκB, and phosphorylated IκB, whereas the level of bax and truncated caspase-3/7 decreased. Therefore, the data of the present study suggest that CHSY1 promoted cell proliferation by regulating NFκB signaling and suppressed cell apoptosis by regulating/caspase-3/7 signaling in colorectal cancer. The present study also suggests that CHSY1 may be a potential target for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinrong Qian
- Department of Health Care of Cadre, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Aiqun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Quangang Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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16
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Li X, Kurita H, Xiao T, Iijima K, Kurashina K, Nakayama J. Potential involvement of chondroitin sulfate A in the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:439-445. [PMID: 28499501 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is classified as a benign odontogenic tumor characterized by locally invasive behavior and high risk of recurrence. Here, we evaluate a potential role for glycosaminoglycan, a structural component of cell membranes and extracellular matrix, in ameloblstoma pathogenesis. We subjected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 34 cases of ameloblastoma, 10 of odontogenic keratocyst, and 17 of dentigerous cyst to immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies recognizing chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A), heparan sulfate (HS), and keratan sulfate (KS). Expression levels of CS-A in epithelial component and stroma of ameloblastoma were significantly higher than those in odontogenic keratocyst and dentigerous cyst. Moreover, CS-A in ameloblastoma was more strongly expressed in stellate reticulum-like cells than in amelobast-like cells with statistical significance. On the other hand, expression levels of HS and KS in epithelial component and stroma of ameloblastoma were lower compared with CS-A. These results overall reveal that among these odontogenic lesions, CS-A is preferentially expessed in ameloblastoma, suggesting potential pathogenetic role probably in cytodifferention of tumor cells to stellate reticulum-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Li
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tiepeng Xiao
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Kyou Iijima
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurashina
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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