1
|
Walker LJ, Wallace RL, Smith JJ, Graham T, Saputra T, Symes S, Stylianopoulos A, Polkinghorne BG, Kirk MD, Glass K. Prevalence of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in Retail Chicken, Beef, Lamb, and Pork Products in Three Australian States. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2126-2134. [PMID: 31729918 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Campylobacter species in a variety of fresh and frozen meat and offal products collected from retail outlets in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (Qld), and Victoria (Vic). A total of 1,490 chicken, beef, lamb, and pork samples were collected from Australian supermarkets and butcher shops over a 2-year sampling period (October 2016 to October 2018). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 90% of chicken meat and 73% of chicken offal products (giblet and liver), with significantly lower prevalence in lamb (38%), pork (31%), and beef (14%) offal (kidney and liver). Although retail chicken meat was frequently contaminated with Campylobacter, the level of contamination was generally low. Where quantitative analysis was conducted, 98% of chicken meat samples, on average, had <10,000 CFU Campylobacter per carcass, with 10% <21 CFU per carcass. Campylobacter coli was the most frequently recovered species in chicken meat collected in NSW (53%) and Vic (56%) and in chicken offal collected in NSW (77%), Qld (59%), and Vic (58%). In beef, lamb, and pork offal, C. jejuni was generally the most common species (50 to 86%), with the exception of pork offal collected in NSW, where C. coli was more prevalent (69%). Campylobacter prevalence was significantly higher in fresh lamb (46%) and pork (31%) offal than in frozen offal (17 and 11%, respectively). For chicken, beef, and pork offal, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly higher on delicatessen products compared with prepackaged products. This study demonstrated that meat and offal products are frequently contaminated with Campylobacter. However, the prevalence is markedly different in different meats, and the level of chicken meat portion contamination is generally low. By identifying the types of meat and offal products types that pose the greatest risk of Campylobacter infection to consumers, targeted control strategies can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liz J Walker
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-7604 [R.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1310 [K.G.])
| | - Rhiannon L Wallace
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-7604 [R.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1310 [K.G.])
| | - James J Smith
- Queensland Health, Food Safety Standards and Regulation, Health Protection Branch, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Trudy Graham
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Themy Saputra
- New South Wales Food Authority, Sydney, New South Wales 2127, Australia
| | - Sally Symes
- Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin G Polkinghorne
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-7604 [R.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1310 [K.G.])
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-7604 [R.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1310 [K.G.])
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-7604 [R.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-1310 [K.G.])
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Firlieyanti AS, Connerton PL, Connerton IF. Campylobacters and their bacteriophages from chicken liver: The prospect for phage biocontrol. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:121-127. [PMID: 27565524 PMCID: PMC5064024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods containing chicken liver has been associated with Campylobacter enteritis. Campylobacters can contaminate the surface of livers post-mortem but can also arise through systemic infection of colonising bacteria in live birds. The use of bacteriophage to reduce levels of Campylobacter entering the food chain is a promising intervention approach but most phages have been isolated from chicken excreta. This study examined the incidence and contamination levels of Campylobacter and their bacteriophage in UK retail chicken liver. Using enrichment procedures, 87% of 109 chicken livers were surface contaminated with Campylobacter and 83% contaminated within internal tissues. Direct plating on selective agar allowed enumeration of viable bacteria from 43% of liver samples with counts ranging from 1.8->3.8log10CFU/cm2 for surface samples, and 3.0->3.8log10CFU/g for internal tissue samples. Three C. jejuni isolates recovered from internal liver tissues were assessed for their ability to colonise the intestines and extra-intestinal organs of broiler chickens following oral infection. All isolates efficiently colonised the chicken intestines but were variable in their abilities to colonise extra-intestinal organs. One isolate, CLB104, could be recovered by enrichment from the livers and kidneys of three of seven chickens. Campylobacter isolates remained viable within fresh livers stored at 4°C over 72h and frozen livers stored at -20°C over 7days in atmospheric oxygen, and therefore constitute a risk to human health. Only three Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages were isolated, and these exhibited a limited host range against the Camplylobacter chicken liver isolates. All were identified as group III virulent bacteriophage based on their genome size of 140kb. The application of broad host range group II virulent phages (8log10PFU/g) to liver homogenates containing C. jejuni strains of diverse origin at 4°C resulted in modest but significant reductions in the viable counts ranging from 0.2 to 0.7log10CFU/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antung S Firlieyanti
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
| | - Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Whole-Genome Sequences of Eight Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Wild Birds. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00315-15. [PMID: 25908133 PMCID: PMC4408334 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00315-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present here the draft genome sequences of 8 Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from wild birds. The strains were initially isolated from swabs taken from resident wild birds in the Tokachi area of Japan. The genome sizes range from 1.65 to 1.77 Mbp.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lazou T, Dovas C, Houf K, Soultos N, Iossifidou E. Diversity ofCampylobacterin Retail Meat and Liver of Lambs and Goat Kids. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:320-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Soultos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Iossifidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lazou T, Houf K, Soultos N, Dovas C, Iossifidou E. Campylobacter in small ruminants at slaughter: prevalence, pulsotypes and antibiotic resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 173:54-61. [PMID: 24412959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to address the prevalence, pulsotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species present in sheep and goat carcasses at slaughter. In total, 851 samples were collected (343 meat surfaces, 282 ileum contents, 226 liver surfaces) and 835 Campylobacter isolates were detected in 274 out of 343 carcasses (116 kids, 110 lambs, 63 goats and 54 sheep). The contamination rates per carcass category were 78.4% for kids, 94.5% for lambs, 63.5% for goats, and 72.2% for sheep. On average, 30% of the intestinal content samples and more than 70% of carcass and liver surfaces yielded the presence of campylobacters. Multiplex-PCR and RFLP analysis identified Campylobacter coli as the most prevalent species (76.2%) followed by Campylobacter jejuni (21.4%), albeit 2.4% of selected colonies yielded the concurrent presence of both these species. Macrorestriction profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied in order to characterise a subset of isolates. SmaI-PFGE successfully clustered 222 isolates in 82 SmaI-PFGE types indicating high heterogeneity among the campylobacter isolates (67 types among 174C. coli isolates and 15 types among 48C. jejuni isolates). No carcass-type (lamb, kid, sheep, and goat) specific PFGE clusters were recognised since there was a general overlapping of PFGE patterns regarding ovine and caprine isolates. Multiple pulsotypes were simultaneously present on single carcasses in the majority of tested animals. PFGE provided data regarding the potential routes of meat and liver contamination such as spillage of faecal material and cross-contamination during slaughter. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter isolates (n=240), determined by disk diffusion method, revealed resistance to tetracycline (47.9%) followed by streptomycin (22.9%) and ciprofloxacin along with nalidixic acid (18.3%). Isolates exhibited low resistance to erythromycin (2.5%) and were susceptible to gentamicin. The findings of the present study confirm the contamination of sheep and goats at slaughter with thermophilic campylobacters and underline their potential input in the epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos Soultos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Iossifidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pike BL, Guerry P, Poly F. Global Distribution of Campylobacter jejuni Penner Serotypes: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67375. [PMID: 23826280 PMCID: PMC3694973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Penner serotyping has been the principal method for differentiating Campylobacter isolates since its inception. Campylobacter capsule polysaccharide (CPS), the principal serodeterminant on which Penner serotyping is based, is presently of interest as a vaccine component. To determine the required valency of an effective CPS-based vaccine, a comprehensive understanding of CPS distribution is needed. Because of the association between Penner serotype and CPS, we conducted a systematic review to estimate the frequency and distribution of Penner serotypes associated with cases of Campylobacteriosis. In total, more than 21,000 sporadic cases of C. jejuni cases were identified for inclusion. While regional variation exists, distribution estimates indicate that eight serotypes accounted for more than half of all sporadic diarrheal cases globally and three serotypes (HS4 complex, HS2, and HS1/44) were dominant inter-regionally as well as globally. Furthermore, a total of 17 different serotypes reached a representation of 2% or greater in at least one of the five regions sampled. While this review is an important first step in defining CPS distribution, these results make it clear that significant gaps remain in our knowledge. Eliminating these gaps will be critical to future vaccine development efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Pike
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ling ZQ, Lv P, Lu XX, Yu JL, Han J, Ying LS, Zhu X, Zhu WY, Fang XH, Wang S, Wu YC. Circulating Methylated XAF1 DNA Indicates Poor Prognosis for Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67195. [PMID: 23826230 PMCID: PMC3695092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylated DNA in fluids may be a suitable biomarker for cancer patients. XAF1 has been shown to be frequently down-regulated in human gastric cancer (GC). Here, we investigated if XAF1 methylation in GC could be a useful biomarker. METHODS Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect XAF1 mRNA expression; immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to examine XAF1 protein expression in GC tissues (n = 202) and their corresponding para-cancerous histological normal tissues (PCHNTs). Real-time methylation specific-PCR was used to investigate XAF1 promoter methylation in the same panel of GC tissues, their PCHNTs and sera. RESULTS We confirmed frequent XAF1 down-regulation in both mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues as compared to normal controls and PCHNTs. XAF1 hypermethylation was evidenced in 83.2% (168/202) of GC tissues and 27.2% (55/202) of PCHNTs, while no methylation was detected in the 88 normal controls. The methylation level in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in PCHNTs (p<0.05). The hypermethylation of XAF1 significantly correlated with the down-regulation of XAF1 in GC tissues in both mRNA and protein levels (p<0.001 each). Moreover, we detected high frequency of XAF1 methylation (69.8%, 141 out of 202) in the sera DNAs from the same patients, while the sera DNAs from 88 non-tumor controls were negative for XAF1 methylation. The XAF1 methylation in both GC tissues and in the sera could be a good biomarker for diagnosis of GC (AUC = 0.85 for tissue and AUC = 0.91 for sera) and significantly correlated with poorer prognosis (p<0.001). In addition, after-surgery negative-to-positive transition of XAF1 methylation in sera strongly associated with tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS 1) Dysfunction of XAF1 is frequent and is regulated through XAF1 promoter hypermethylation; 2) Detection of circulating methylated XAF1 DNAs in the serum may be a useful biomarker in diagnosis, evaluating patient's outcome (prognosis and recurrence) for GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Lu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Liu Yu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Han
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Sha Ying
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang-Yu Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-Hua Fang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Endoscopy, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Chen Wu
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The risk of transfer of foodborne bacterial hazards in Turkey through the consumption of meat; risk ranking of muscle foods with the potential to transfer Campylobacter spp. Food Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-012-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Guerry P, Poly F, Riddle M, Maue AC, Chen YH, Monteiro MA. Campylobacter polysaccharide capsules: virulence and vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:7. [PMID: 22919599 PMCID: PMC3417588 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni remains a major cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is associated with numerous sequelae, including Guillain Barré Syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. C. jejuni is unusual for an intestinal pathogen in its ability to coat its surface with a polysaccharide capsule (CPS). These capsular polysaccharides vary in sugar composition and linkage, especially those involving heptoses of unusual configuration and O-methyl phosphoramidate linkages. This structural diversity is consistent with CPS being the major serodeterminant of the Penner scheme, of which there are 47 C. jejuni serotypes. Both CPS expression and expression of modifications are subject to phase variation by slip strand mismatch repair. Although capsules are virulence factors for other pathogens, the role of CPS in C. jejuni disease has not been well defined beyond descriptive studies demonstrating a role in serum resistance and for diarrhea in a ferret model of disease. However, perhaps the most compelling evidence for a role in pathogenesis are data that CPS conjugate vaccines protect against diarrheal disease in non-human primates. A CPS conjugate vaccine approach against this pathogen is intriguing, but several questions need to be addressed, including the valency of CPS types required for an effective vaccine. There have been numerous studies of prevalence of CPS serotypes in the developed world, but few studies from developing countries where the disease incidence is higher. The complexity and cost of Penner serotyping has limited its usefulness, and a recently developed multiplex PCR method for determination of capsule type offers the potential of a more rapid and affordable method. Comparative studies have shown a strong correlation of the two methods and studies are beginning to ascertain CPS-type distribution worldwide, as well as examination of correlation of severity of illness with specific CPS types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Source attribution, prevalence and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. from retail liver. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:234-6. [PMID: 22133565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter prevalence from retail liver (chicken, cattle, pig and sheep) was found to be 81%, 69%, 79% and 78% respectively. Molecular source attribution demonstrated that strains from chicken liver were most similar to those found commonly in humans. This provides further evidence of liver being a probable source of human infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Survival of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. in sheep feces on pastures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1797-803. [PMID: 21239546 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01329-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of enteric bacteria in 10 freshly collected sheep fecal samples on pastures was measured in each of four seasons. Ten freshly collected feces were placed on pasture, and concentrations of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. were monitored until exhaustion of the fecal samples. In all four seasons, there was an increase in enterococcal concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 11 and 28 days after deposition. E. coli concentrations increased in three out of four seasons by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 8 and 14 days after deposition. The apparent growth of E. coli and enterococci was strongly influenced by the initial water content of the feces and the moisture gained during periods of rehydration following rainfalls. Conversely, the results suggested that dehydration promoted inactivation. Campylobacter spp. did not grow and were rapidly inactivated at a rate that tended to be faster at higher temperatures. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a selection of Campylobacter spp. suggested that these survival data are applicable to a range of Campylobacter spp., including the most frequently isolated PFGE genotype from sheep in New Zealand, and to genotypes previously observed to cause disease in humans. The results of this study are currently being incorporated into a fecal microbe reservoir model that is designed to assist water managers' abilities to estimate microbial loads on pastures grazed by sheep, including the influence of factors such as rainfall and temperature.
Collapse
|
12
|
Assigning the source of human campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: a comparative genetic and epidemiological approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1311-9. [PMID: 19778636 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrated surveillance of infectious multi-source diseases using a combination of epidemiology, ecology, genetics and evolution can provide a valuable risk-based approach for the control of important human pathogens. This includes a better understanding of transmission routes and the impact of human activities on the emergence of zoonoses. Until recently New Zealand had extraordinarily high and increasing rates of notified human campylobacteriosis, and our limited understanding of the source of these infections was hindering efforts to control this disease. Genetic and epidemiological modeling of a 3-year dataset comprising multilocus sequence typed isolates from human clinical cases, coupled with concurrent data on food and environmental sources, enabled us to estimate the relative importance of different sources of human disease. Our studies provided evidence that poultry was the leading cause of human campylobacteriosis in New Zealand, causing an estimated 58-76% of cases with widely varying contributions by individual poultry suppliers. These findings influenced national policy and, after the implementation of poultry industry-specific interventions, a dramatic decline in human notified cases was observed in 2008. The comparative-modeling and molecular sentinel surveillance approach proposed in this study provides new opportunities for the management of zoonotic diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from wild-bird fecal material in children's playgrounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:779-83. [PMID: 19047378 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01979-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries relatively high notification rates of campylobacteriosis are observed in children under 5 years of age. Few studies have considered the role that environmental exposure plays in the epidemiology of these cases. Wild birds inhabit parks and playgrounds and are recognized carriers of Campylobacter, and young children are at greater risk of ingesting infective material due to their frequent hand-mouth contact. We investigated wild-bird fecal contamination in playgrounds in parks in a New Zealand city. A total of 192 samples of fresh and dried fecal material were cultured to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni isolates were also characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and the profiles obtained were compared with those of human isolates. C. jejuni was isolated from 12.5% of the samples. MLST identified members of clonal complexes ST-45, ST-682, and ST-177; all of these complexes have been recovered from wild birds in Europe. PFGE of ST-45 isolates resulted in profiles indistinguishable from those of isolated obtained from human cases in New Zealand. Members of the ST-177 and ST-682 complexes have been found in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom, and these birds were common in playgrounds investigated in New Zealand in this study. We suggest that feces from wild birds in playgrounds could contribute to the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in preschool children. Further, the C. jejuni isolates obtained in this study belonged to clonal complexes associated with wild-bird populations in the northern hemisphere and could have been introduced into New Zealand in imported wild garden birds in the 19th century.
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsumoto N, Taniwaki T, Kinuta M, Murase T. Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and coliform bacilli from bile and liver obtained from slaughter cattle in Western Japan. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1228-31. [PMID: 18592750 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 290 bile samples from 143 Japanese Brown, 97 Japanese Black, and 50 Holstein cattle, and a total of 148 liver samples from 81 Japanese Brown, 49 Japanese Black, and 18 Holstein cattle were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni by direct plating. The bile samples were also subjected to enumeration of coliform bacilli. Sixty-eight (23%) bile samples and 2 (1.4%) liver samples were positive for C. jejuni. A significantly higher isolation rate was observed from bile samples from Holstein (50%) than from Japanese Black (22%) and Japanese Brown (15%) cattle. C. jejuni was isolated from 52 of 232 bile samples that contained < 30 CFU/ml (under the detection threshold) of coliform bacilli. The presence of C. jejuni from bile was observed throughout the year. Fifty-four of the 68 bile isolates were serologically typed into eight groups. Serotypes O:4 complex (28 isolates) and O:2 (11 isolates), which were commonly isolated from human patients in Japan, accounted for 57% of the isolates. These observations suggest that bile can be a cause of contamination with C. jejuni even though it contains only a low number of coliforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Matsumoto
- Division of Health Science, The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, 2-4-1, Marunouchi, Kochi 780-0850, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garrett N, Devane ML, Hudson JA, Nicol C, Ball A, Klena JD, Scholes P, Baker MG, Gilpin BJ, Savill MG. Statistical comparison of Campylobacter jejuni subtypes from human cases and environmental sources. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:2113-21. [PMID: 18045395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse Campylobacter jejuni typing data to define statistically which potential reservoirs and transmission sources contain isolates that are most similar to one another and to isolates from human infections. METHODS AND RESULTS Serotyping and SmaI macrorestriction profiling data for C. jejuni isolates from human campylobacteriosis cases, chicken carcass rinses, duck, sheep, dairy and beef cattle faeces, river water, and sheep, beef and pork offal obtained from a defined rural area of New Zealand were compared using the Czekanowski proportional similarity index. Subtypes of isolates from ruminant animals, whether derived from their faeces or offals, were generally similar to one another. The spectrum of isolate subtypes from human cases was more similar to that from ruminant faeces than the other matrices considered. Isolate subtypes from chicken rinses, pork offal, water and duck faeces were not highly similar to those from other matrices. CONCLUSIONS Results from a combination of phenotypic and genotypic approaches suggest that, for this rural population, exposures associated with a rural lifestyle may be significant sources of human campylobacteriosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The Czekanowski index was applied to subtyping data and supported the greater importance of contact with livestock in campylobacteriosis cases associated with a rural setting, in comparison with urban studies that have identified poultry-related factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Garrett
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Graham C, Whyte R, Gilpin B, Cornelius A, Hudson JA, Morrison D, Graham H, Nicol C. Outbreak of campylobacteriosis following pre-cooked sausage consumption. Aust N Z J Public Health 2007; 29:507-10. [PMID: 16366058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2005.tb00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A small outbreak of campylobacteriosis involving three cases was investigated in terms of Campylobacter types present in the suspect food (pre-cooked sausages) and clinical samples from the cases. METHOD Foods and faecal samples from people involved in the incident, which occurred in Christchurch, New Zealand, were tested for the presence of Campylobacter and identification of the species made. Isolates were typed by Penner serotyping and macrorestriction analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Investigations were conducted as to whether the contamination was on the surface or the interior of the sausages. RESULTS All isolates from food and faecal samples were identified as C. jejuni and were indistinguishable from one another by the typing methods employed. Only the surfaces of the sausages were contaminated. Three other isolates of an indistinguishable subtype were isolated from campylobacteriosis cases in Christchurch occurring over approximately the same period. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Given the rarity of the subtype isolated from the three family members and the three other cases, it is possible that the outbreak was larger than the initial investigation revealed. It is likely that the sausages were contaminated after they had been cooked by the retailer and were not reheated prior to consumption. This report illustrates the role of cross-contamination in an outbreak with an unusual food vehicle for campylobacteriosis. Physical separation of cooked and raw product is necessary to prevent recurrences of outbreaks similar to the one described here.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghafir Y, China B, Dierick K, De Zutter L, Daube G. A seven-year survey of Campylobacter contamination in meat at different production stages in Belgium. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:111-20. [PMID: 17321622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Campylobacter was assessed in different samples of poultry, pork and beef meat and carcasses from slaughterhouses, production plants and retail level. An introductory study from 1997 to 1999, had the purpose of establishing the optimum dilution to detect changes in prevalence and allowed a semi-quantitative estimation of poultry and pork contamination. Following this, between 2000 and 2003, 4254 samples were taken in order to study the trends. The poultry matrixes represented the greatest number and the most highly contaminated samples, with 30.9% (in 0.01 g) positive samples, 18.7% (in 1 g), 46.9% (in 25 g) and 19.6% (in 0.01 g) for broiler carcasses, broiler fillets, prepared chicken and layer carcasses, respectively. Broiler carcasses and fillets sampled at retail level were significantly less contaminated than samples from production plants. Pork, beef and veal samples were rarely contaminated and, where contamination existed, it was at a low prevalence (maximum 5.0%). The high and unvarying prevalence of Campylobacter in poultry necessitates the implementation of intervention measures at the primary production level, in addition to methods of minimizing cross-contamination at the processing level. A survey plan in line with the present study could be used in the future to monitor the effects of the planned measures and performance objectives and to follow the evolution of Campylobacter contamination at all stages of the food chain, in accordance with European legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ghafir
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory in Food Microbiology for the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, University of Liege, Department of Food Sciences, Microbiology, Bat. B43b, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
AIM To enumerate Campylobacter spp. on the external surface and internal portions of chicken livers, and to assess the cooking required to inactivate naturally present cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Of 30 livers tested all yielded Campylobacter spp. on their surfaces and 90% were found to contain the organism in internal tissue. Four (13%) livers contained >10(4) MPN campylobacters, and an additional seven (23%) contained >10(3) MPN campylobacters per liver. The internal temperature of pan-fried livers under the conditions used reached a maximum of 70-80 degrees C, and maintaining this temperature for 2-3 min was necessary to inactivate naturally occurring Campylobacter spp. All isolates identified were either C. jejuni or C. coli. CONCLUSIONS Chicken livers represent a potential source of human campylobacteriosis as they contained >10(4) MPN per liver in 13% of the samples tested. Pan-frying can produce an acceptable product that is safe to eat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THIS STUDY: The data provided can be used in exposure assessments of Campylobacter in poultry products in terms of both quantitative data and assessing pan-frying and its ability to destroy campylobacters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Whyte
- Food Safety Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stafford RJ, Schluter P, Kirk M, Wilson A, Unicomb L, Ashbolt R, Gregory J. A multi-centre prospective case-control study of campylobacter infection in persons aged 5 years and older in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:978-88. [PMID: 17134530 PMCID: PMC2870644 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 277,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in Australia each year, most of which are thought to be sporadically acquired. To explore causes for these infections, we conducted a multi-centre case-control study of patients and community controls across five Australian States during 2001-2002. A total of 881 campylobacter cases and 833 controls aged 5 years were recruited into the study. Crude logistic analyses were conducted within various food and non-food exposure groups. A final most parsimonious multivariable logistic regression model was developed and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived together with adjusted population attributable risks (PAR). Consumption of undercooked chicken (aOR 4.7, 95% CI 2.6-8.4) and offal (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.0), ownership of domestic chickens aged<6 months (aOR 12.4, 95% CI 2.6-59.3) and domestic dogs aged<6 months (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) were found to be independent risk factors for illness in the final model. The PAR proportions indicate that eating chicken meat, either cooked or undercooked may account for approximately 30% of campylobacter cases that occur each year in Australia. These results justify the continued need for education of consumers and foodhandlers about the risks associated with the handling of raw chicken and the potential for cross-contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Stafford
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Unit, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zorman T, Heyndrickx M, Uzunović-Kamberović S, Smole Mozina S. Genotyping of Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni from retail chicken meat and humans with campylobacteriosis in Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 110:24-33. [PMID: 16712997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne enteric infection. Consuming and/or handling poultry meat is the most consistent risk factor, linked to the high prevalence of campylobacters in retail poultry meat. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the genetic diversity and/or possible specificity of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolates according to species (C. coli, C. jejuni), isolation source (retail chicken meat and human clinical samples) and geographic origin (Goriska in Slovenia and Zenica-Doboj Canton in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)). With the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI macrorestriction we distinguished 80 PFGE types among 118 strains and CfoI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified flagellin gene (fla-RFLP) gave 12 fla-RFLP types. Beside the higher discriminatory power and strain typeability, PFGE discriminated the C. jejuni and C. coli groups of isolates. A high proportion of C. coli strains was isolated, especially from poultry samples. Identical or very similar PFGE types among the isolates from animal, food and human samples indicate the transmission of C. jejuni and C. coli from the chickens on the farm to the retail chicken meat, as well as possible cross-contamination of retail meat and transmission to humans. However, the identity of the isolates from non-related samples but with identical PFGE and fla-RFLP types should be confirmed with additional typing. Reliable tracing of the source of Campylobacter strains by molecular typing of the chicken meat isolates is therefore very difficult. The reasons include contamination of meat samples with multiple strains, possible cross-contamination and extreme heterogeneity of the isolates (mainly for C. jejuni) on one side and a limited power of the genotyping methods used to distinguish non-related strains on the other side (mainly for C. coli).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zorman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|