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Ahammad I, Bushra Lamisa A, Sharmin S, Bhattacharjee A, Mahmud Chowdhury Z, Ahamed T, Uzzal Hossain M, Chandra Das K, Salimullah M, Ara Keya C. Subtractive genomics study for the identification of therapeutic targets against Cronobacter sakazakii: A threat to infants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30332. [PMID: 38707387 PMCID: PMC11066692 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with severe infection in neonates such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), neonatal meningitis, and bacteremia. This pathogen can survive in a relatively dry environment, especially in powdered infant formula (PIF). Unfortunately, conventional drugs that were once effective against C. sakazakii are gradually losing their efficacy due to rising antibiotic resistance. In this study, a subtractive genomic approach was followed in order to identify potential therapeutic targets in the pathogen. The whole proteome of the pathogen was filtered through a step-by-step process, which involved removing paralogous proteins, human homologs, sequences that are less essential for survival, proteins with shared metabolic pathways, and proteins that are located in cells other than the cytoplasmic membrane. As a result, nine novel drug targets were identified. Further, the analysis also unveiled that the FDA-approved drug Terbinafine can be repurposed against the Glutathione/l-cysteine transport system ATP-binding/permease protein CydC of C. sakazakii. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics studies of Terbinafine and CydC suggested that this drug can be used to treat C. sakazakii infection in neonates. However, for clinical purposes further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Anika Bushra Lamisa
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Sharmin
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Ahamed
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Gao X, Han J, Zhu L, Nychas GJE, Mao Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Dong P. The Effect of the PhoP/PhoQ System on the Regulation of Multi-Stress Adaptation Induced by Acid Stress in Salmonella Typhimurium. Foods 2024; 13:1533. [PMID: 38790833 PMCID: PMC11121531 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acidic stress in beef cattle slaughtering abattoirs can induce the acid adaptation response of in-plant contaminated Salmonella. This may further lead to multiple resistance responses threatening public health. Therefore, the acid, heat, osmotic and antibiotic resistances of Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) were evaluated after a 90 min adaption in a pH = 5.4 "mild acid" Luria-Bertani medium. Differences in such resistances were also determined between the ∆phoP mutant and wild-type Salmonella strains to confirm the contribution of the PhoP/PhoQ system. The transcriptomic differences between the acid-adapted and ∆phoP strain were compared to explore the role of the PhoP/Q two-component system in regulating multi-stress resistance. Acid adaptation was found to increase the viability of Salmonella to lethal acid, heat and hyperosmotic treatments. In particular, acid adaptation significantly increased the resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Polymyxin B, and such resistance can last for 21 days when the adapted strain was stored in meat extract medium at 4 °C. Transcriptomics analysis revealed 178 up-regulated and 274 down-regulated genes in the ∆phoP strain. The Salmonella infection, cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, quorum sensing and two-component system pathways were down-regulated, while the bacterial tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways were up-regulated. Transcriptomics and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that the deletion of the phoP gene resulted in the down-regulation of the expression of genes related to lipid A modification and efflux pumps. These changes in the gene expression result in the change in net negative charge and the mobility of the cell membrane, resulting in enhanced CAMP resistance. The confirmation of multiple stress resistance under acid adaptation and the transcriptomic study in the current study may provide valuable information for the control of multiple stress resistance and meat safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jina Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Poultry Breeding Engineering Technology Center of Shandong Province, Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250023, China;
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Yanwei Mao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yunge Liu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xueqing Jiang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (X.G.); (L.Z.); (G.-J.E.N.); (Y.M.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (X.J.); (Y.Z.)
- International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Taian 271018, China
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Yi L, Xu R, Yuan X, Ren Z, Song H, Lai H, Sun Z, Deng H, Yang B, Yu D. Heat stress enhances the occurrence of erythromycin resistance of Enterococcus isolates in mice feces. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103786. [PMID: 38428103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress is a common environmental factor in livestock breeding that has been shown to impact the development of antibiotic resistance within the gut microbiota of both human and animals. However, studies investigating the effect of temperature on antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus isolates remain limited. In this study, specific pathogen free (SPF) mice were divided into a control group maintained at normal temperature and an experimental group subjected to daily 1-h heat stress at 38 °C, respectively. Gene expression analysis was conducted to evaluate the activation of heat shock responsive genes in the liver of mice. Additionally, the antibiotic-resistant profile and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in fecal samples from mice were analyzed. The results showed an upregulation of heat-inducible proteins HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 following heat stress exposure, indicating successful induction of cellular stress within the mice. Furthermore, heat stress resulted in an increase in the proportion of erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates, escalating from 0 % to 0.23 % over a 30-day duration of heat stress. The resistance of Enterococcus isolates to erythromycin also had a 128-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) within the heated-stressed group compared to the control group. Additionally, a 2∼8-fold rise in chloramphenicol MIC was observed among these erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates. The acquisition of ermB genes was predominantly responsible for mediating the erythromycin resistance in these Enterococcus isolates. Moreover, the abundance of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin (MLS) resistant-related genes in the fecal samples from the heat-stressed group exhibited a significant elevation compared to the control group, primarily driven by changes in bacterial community composition, especially Enterococcaceae and Planococcaceae, and the transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), particularly insertion elements. Collectively, these results highlight the role of environmental heat stress in promoting antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus isolates and partly explain the increasing prevalence of erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates observed among animals in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxian Yi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaowu Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zining Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huihui Song
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huamin Lai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Daojin Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Chauhan R, Tall BD, Gopinath G, Azmi W, Goel G. Environmental risk factors associated with the survival, persistence, and thermal tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii during the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12224-12239. [PMID: 35838158 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2099809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen of concern for foods having low water activity such as powdered infant formula (PIF). Its survival under desiccated stress can be attributed to its ability to adapt effectively to many different environmental stresses. Due to the high risk to neonates and its sporadic outbreaks in PIF, C. sakazakii received great attention among the scientific community, food industry and health care providers. There are many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect C. sakazakii survival in low-moisture foods. Moreover, short- or long-term pre-exposure to sub-lethal physiological stresses which are commonly encountered in food processing environments are reported to affect the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii. Additionally, acclimation to these stresses may render C. sakazakii resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. This article reviews the factors and the strategies responsible for the survival and persistence of C. sakazakii in PIF. Particularly, studies focused on the influence of various factors on thermal resistance, antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential and stress-associated gene expression are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Gopal Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Wamik Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahindra, India
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Wu S, Ji J, Carole NVD, Yang J, Yang Y, Sun J, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Sun X. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals the mechanism of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium after acidic stress. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104328. [PMID: 37567621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant Salmonella is widely distributed in the meat production chain, endangering food safety and public health. Acidification of meat products during processing can induce acid stress, which may alter antibiotic resistance. Our study investigated the effects of acid stress on the antibiotic resistance and metabolic profile of Salmonella Typhimurium, and explored the underlying mechanisms using metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. We found that acid-stressed 14028s was more sensitive to small molecule hydrophobic antibiotics (SMHA) while more resistant to meropenem (MERO). Metabolomic analysis revealed that enhanced sensitivity to SMHA was correlated with increased purine metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the downregulation of chemotaxis-related genes, which are also associated with SMHA sensitivity. We also found a significant downregulation of the ompF gene, which encodes a major outer membrane protein OmpF of Salmonella. The decreased expression of OmpF porin hindered the influx of MERO, leading to enhanced resistance of the bacteria to the drug. Our findings contribute to greatly improve the understanding of the relationship between Salmonella metabolism, gene expression, and changes in drug resistance after acid stress, while providing a structural framework for exploring the relationship between bacterial stress responses and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Nanfack V D Carole
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Mousavi ZE, Hunt K, Koolman L, Butler F, Fanning S. Cronobacter Species in the Built Food Production Environment: A Review on Persistence, Pathogenicity, Regulation and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1379. [PMID: 37374881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The powdered formula market is large and growing, with sales and manufacturing increasing by 120% between 2012 and 2021. With this growing market, there must come an increasing emphasis on maintaining a high standard of hygiene to ensure a safe product. In particular, Cronobacter species pose a risk to public health through their potential to cause severe illness in susceptible infants who consume contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Assessment of this risk is dependent on determining prevalence in PIF-producing factories, which can be challenging to measure with the heterogeneity observed in the design of built process facilities. There is also a potential risk of bacterial growth occurring during rehydration, given the observed persistence of Cronobacter in desiccated conditions. In addition, novel detection methods are emerging to effectively track and monitor Cronobacter species across the food chain. This review will explore the different vehicles that lead to Cronobacter species' environmental persistence in the food production environment, as well as their pathogenicity, detection methods and the regulatory framework surrounding PIF manufacturing that ensures a safe product for the global consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 6719418314, Iran
| | - Kevin Hunt
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonard Koolman
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Li H, Fu S, Song D, Qin X, Zhang W, Man C, Yang X, Jiang Y. Identification, Typing and Drug Resistance of Cronobacter spp. in Powdered Infant Formula and Processing Environment. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051084. [PMID: 36900599 PMCID: PMC10000698 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. is a food-borne pathogenic microorganism that can cause serious diseases such as meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing colitis in infants and young children. Powdered infant formula (PIF) is one of the main contamination routes, in which the processing environment is an important source of pollution. In this investigation, 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment were identified and typed by 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technology. A total of 35 sequence types were obtained, and three new sequence types were isolated for the first time. The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, showing that all isolates were resistant to erythromycin but sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 68.57% of the total, among which Cronobacter strains with the strongest drug resistance reached 13 multiple drug resistance. Combined with transcriptomics, 77 differentially expressed genes related to drug resistance were identified. The metabolic pathways were deeply excavated, and under the stimulation of antibiotic conditions, Cronobacter strains can activate the multidrug efflux system by regulating the expression of chemotaxis-related genes, thus, secreting more drug efflux proteins to enhance drug resistance. The study of drug resistance of Cronobacter and its mechanism has important public health significance for the rational selection of existing antibacterial drugs, the development of new antibacterial drugs to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance, and the control and treatment of infections caused by Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shiqian Fu
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Danliangmin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-55191820
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Kausrud K, Skjerdal T, Johannessen GS, Ilag HK, Norström M. The Heat Is On: Modeling the Persistence of ESBL-Producing E. coli in Blue Mussels under Meal Preparation. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010014. [PMID: 36613230 PMCID: PMC9818077 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways for exposure and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria are major public health issues. Filter-feeding shellfish concentrate bacteria from the environment and thus can also harbor extended-spectrum β-lactamase—producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) as an example of a resistant pathogen of concern. Is the short steaming procedure that blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) undergo before consumption enough for food safety in regard to such resistant pathogens? In this study, we performed experiments to assess the survival of ESBL E. coli in blue mussel. Consequently, a predictive model for the dose of ESBL E. coli that consumers would be exposed to, after preparing blue mussels or similar through the common practice of brief steaming until opening of the shells, was performed. The output of the model is the expected number of colony forming units per gram (cfu/g) of ESBL E. coli in a meal as a function of the duration and the temperature of steaming and the initial contamination. In these experiments, the heat tolerance of the ESBL-producing E. coli strain was indistinguishable from that of non-ESBL E. coli, and the heat treatments often practiced are likely to be insufficient to avoid exposure to viable ESBL E. coli. Steaming time (>3.5−4.0 min) is a better indicator than shell openness to avoid exposure to these ESBL or indicator E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taran Skjerdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Hanna K. Ilag
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Jaradat ZW, Al-Mousa WA, Elbetieha AM, Ababneh QO, Al-Nabulsi AA, Jang H, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Gopinath GR, Tall BD. Virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogenetic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates of food origins from Jordan. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2528-2546. [PMID: 35858752 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS to characterize a collection of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates collected from various origins in Jordan. METHODS AND RESULTS the isolates were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing, DNA microarray, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), O-serotyping, virulence gene identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The identities and phylogenetic relatedness revealed that C. sakazakii sequence type 4 (ST4) and Csak O:1 serotype was the most prevalent STs and serovars among these C. sakazakii strains. PCR screening of putative virulence genes showed that the siderophore-interacting protein gene (sip) and iron acquisition gene clusters (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA) were the most detected genes with noticeable variability in the type 6 secretion system (T6SS) and filamentous hemagglutinin/adhesion (FHA) gene loci. The antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics used despite harboring a class C β-lactamase resistance gene. CONCLUSIONS the results described in this report provide additional insights about the considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity within C. sakazakii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY the information reported in this study might be of great value in understanding the origins of C. sakazakii isolates, in addition to their diversity and variability, which might be helpful in preventing future outbreaks of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem A Al-Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Qutaiba O Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hyein Jang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Isha R Patel
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Ben D Tall
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
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10
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Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081093. [PMID: 35454680 PMCID: PMC9029396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter sakazakii is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of C. sakazakii strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. METHODS Culture-based methods, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the C. sakazakii isolates. RESULTS We isolated 25 C. sakazakii strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Novel microbial surveillance systems for detecting multi-drug-resistant C. sakazakii are required to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods.
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11
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Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101209. [PMID: 34680790 PMCID: PMC8532907 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork meat is in high demand worldwide and this is expected to increase. Pork is often raised in intensive conditions, which is conducive to the spread of infectious diseases. Vaccines, antibiotics, and other biosafety measures help mitigate the impact of infectious diseases. However, bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics are more and more frequently found in pig farms, animals, and the environment. It is now recognized that a holistic perspective is needed to sustainably fight antibiotic resistance, and that an integrated One Health approach is essential. With this in mind, this review tackles antibiotic resistance throughout the pork raising process, including their microbiome; many factors of their environment (agricultural workers, farms, rivers, etc.); and an overview of the impact of antibiotic resistance on pork meat, which is the end product available to consumers. Antibiotic resistance, while a natural process, is a public health concern. If we react, and act, collectively, it is expected to be, at least partially, reversible with judicious antibiotic usage and the development of innovative strategies and tools to foster animal health.
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12
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Giacometti F, Shirzad-Aski H, Ferreira S. Antimicrobials and Food-Related Stresses as Selective Factors for Antibiotic Resistance along the Farm to Fork Continuum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:671. [PMID: 34199740 PMCID: PMC8230312 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem and there has been growing concern associated with its widespread along the animal-human-environment interface. The farm-to-fork continuum was highlighted as a possible reservoir of AMR, and a hotspot for the emergence and spread of AMR. However, the extent of the role of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and other food-related stresses as selective factors is still in need of clarification. This review addresses the use of non-antibiotic stressors, such as antimicrobials, food-processing treatments, or even novel approaches to ensure food safety, as potential drivers for resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. The co-selection and cross-adaptation events are covered, which may induce a decreased susceptibility of foodborne bacteria to antibiotics. Although the available studies address the complexity involved in these phenomena, further studies are needed to help better understand the real risk of using food-chain-related stressors, and possibly to allow the establishment of early warnings of potential resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49178-67439, Iran;
| | - Susana Ferreira
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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13
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Kim JY, Song H, Kim D, Lee SY. Physiological changes and stress responses of heat shock treated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Wu S, Yang Y, Wang T, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ji J, Sun X. Effects of acid, alkaline, cold, and heat environmental stresses on the antibiotic resistance of the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110359. [PMID: 34053552 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. ser. Typhimurium) has become a critical safety hazard in food. Sublethal environmental stresses can influence resistance in Salmonella during food processing. This study simulated environmental stresses in food processing. The antibiotic resistance of three strains of S. ser. Typhimurium (the ATCC 14028 strain and two wild-type isolates from chicken and pork product processing) was evaluated under different pH levels (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 8.0, and 9.0). Also, dynamic changes in resistance with treatment duration under cold (4 °C, -20 °C) and heat (55 °C) treatment were studied. The results showed that acid and alkaline stresses reduced the resistance of S. ser. Typhimurium to eight antibiotics; meanwhile, the resistance of meropenem (MERO) increased. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MERO was increased 16- to 64-fold. With acid or alkaline stress, the extracellular ATP content increased, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result clearly revealed the appearance of wrinkles and holes on the outer membrane of Salmonella. These observations imply changes in membrane permeability, which may decrease the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella. Cold or heat stress increased the resistance of S. ser. Typhimurium to tetracycline, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, and ampicillin; the MIC increased 2- to 4-fold. The antibiotic resistance only changed when cold and heat stresses occurred over a certain period of time and remained unchanged when the stress persisted. This study reports on the ability of S. ser. Typhimurium to develop antibiotic resistance after environmental stresses. It can provide valuable information for meat processing to improve interventions and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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15
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Chauhan R, Azmi W, Bansal S, Goel G. Multivariate analysis of adaptive response to ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid after physiological stresses in Cronobacter sakazakii. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:3069-3080. [PMID: 34048109 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid against unstressed and stressed (cold stressed, starved and desiccated) Cronobacter sakazakii in laboratory media (37°C) and reconstituted powdered infant formulation (PIF) with mild heat treatment (50°C). METHODS AND RESULTS Five phenolics, namely, quercetin, rutin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, were tested for antimicrobial activities against five strains of C. sakazakii either unstressed or stressed. Strain specific higher resistance to ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid was observed after stress adaptation in laboratory media. The effect of cross protection was validated using reconstituted PIF as delivery vehicle of selected compounds. Both p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid showed inhibition of C. sakazakii in a dose and time dependent manner as revealed by their viable cell counts. Principal component analysis revealed that the desiccated cells were more sensitive to phenolics in reconstituted PIF. CONCLUSIONS Only ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid showed marked antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration in the range of 2·5-5 mg ml-1 for unstressed C. sakazakii cells in tryptone soy broth. The maximum inhibition was achieved with 20 mg ml-1 of both the tested polyphenols in reconstituted PIF. Cold stress and starvation stress did not impart any protection nor increased the susceptibility of C. sakazakii, whereas desiccation resulted in increased susceptibility to phenolic compounds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained in this study helps in understanding the effect of environmental stresses during processing on susceptibility of C. sakazakii to natural antimicrobial agents. Future transcriptomic studies and functional genetic studies are warranted to understand the strain specific stress responses for the development of better control methods possibly by using these natural antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - W Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - S Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India
| | - G Goel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India.,Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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16
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Sheikh SW, Ali A, Ahsan A, Shakoor S, Shang F, Xue T. Insights into Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Acid-Adapted Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050522. [PMID: 34063307 PMCID: PMC8147483 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens presents a global challenge for treating and preventing disease spread through zoonotic transmission. The water and foodborne Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are capable of causing intestinal and systemic diseases. The root cause of the emergence of these strains is their metabolic adaptation to environmental stressors, especially acidic pH. Acid treatment is desired to kill pathogens, but the protective mechanisms employed by EHECs cross-protect against antimicrobial peptides and thus facilitate opportunities for survival and pathogenesis. In this review, we have discussed the correlation between acid tolerance and antibiotic resistance, highlighting the identification of novel targets for potential production of antimicrobial therapeutics. We have also summarized the molecular mechanisms used by acid-adapted EHECs, such as the two-component response systems mediating structural modifications, competitive inhibition, and efflux activation that facilitate cross-protection against antimicrobial compounds. Moving beyond the descriptive studies, this review highlights low pH stress as an emerging player in the development of cross-protection against antimicrobial agents. We have also described potential gene targets for innovative therapeutic approaches to overcome the risk of multidrug-resistant diseases in healthcare and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Waheed Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Ahmad Ali
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Asma Ahsan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Sidra Shakoor
- Station de Neucfchateau, CIRAD, 97130 Sainte-Marie, Capesterre Belle Eau, Guadeloupe, France;
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (T.X.); Tel.: +86-551-657-87380 (F.S.); +86-551-657-80690 (T.X.)
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (T.X.); Tel.: +86-551-657-87380 (F.S.); +86-551-657-80690 (T.X.)
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17
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Wu RA, Yuk HG, Liu D, Ding T. Recent advances in understanding the effect of acid-adaptation on the cross-protection to food-related stress of common foodborne pathogens. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7336-7353. [PMID: 33905268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1913570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acid stress is one of the most common stresses that foodborne pathogens encounter. It could occur naturally in foods as a by-product of anaerobic respiration (fermentation), or with the addition of acids. However, foodborne pathogens have managed to survive to acid conditions and consequently develop cross-protection to subsequent stresses, challenging the efficacy of hurdle technologies. Here, we cover the studies describing the cross-protection response following acid-adaptation, and the possible molecular mechanisms for cross-protection. The current and future prospective of this research topic with the knowledge gaps in the literature are also discussed. Exposure to acid conditions (pH 3.5 - 5.5) could induce cross-protection for foodborne pathogens against subsequent stress or multiple stresses such as heat, cold, osmosis, antibiotic, disinfectant, and non-thermal technology. So far, the known molecular mechanisms that might be involved in cross-protection include sigma factors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, protection or repair of molecules, and alteration of cell membrane. Cross-protection could pose a serious threat to food safety, as many hurdle technologies are believed to be effective in controlling foodborne pathogens. Thus, the exact mechanisms underlying cross-protection in a diversity of bacterial species, stress conditions, and food matrixes should be further studied to reduce potential food safety risks. HighlightsFoodborne pathogens have managed to survive to acid stress, which may provide protection to subsequent stresses, known as cross-protection.Acid-stress may induce cross-protection to many stresses such as heat, cold, osmotic, antibiotic, disinfectant, and non-thermal technology stress.At the molecular level, foodborne pathogens use different cross-protection mechanisms, which may correlate with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Sun J, Ren Y, Ji J, Guo Y, Sun X. A novel concentration gradient microfluidic chip for high-throughput antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1127-1136. [PMID: 33420534 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a serious threat to food safety and public health globally. Therefore, the development of a sensitive, quick, and simple method for antibiotic susceptibility testing is an urgent and crucial need. A novel concentration gradient microfluidic chip was designed in this work to generate antibiotic concentration gradient, culture bacteria, and produce fluorescence emission. An in-house-assembled fluorescence detection platform was constructed, and experiments were conducted to verify the linearity of the generated concentration gradient, explore the appropriate incubation time and flow rate for the microfluidic chip, and study the effect of long-term acid-based food processing on antibiotic susceptibility testing. Experimental results show that the concentration gradient generated by the microfluidic chip exhibited good linearity, stability, and controllability. The appropriate flow rate and incubation time for the microfluidic chip were 2 μL/min and 5 h, respectively. The use of this microfluidic chip for testing antibiotic resistance of Salmonella to ofloxacin and ampicillin generated results that were completely consistent with test results obtained using the gold-standard method. Furthermore, Salmonella showed greater sensitivity to antibiotics under strong acid conditions, confirming the potential influence of acid-based food processing on antibiotic susceptibility testing of real samples. The designed microfluidic chip provides a high-throughput, sensitive, and rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing method that combines the microfluidic chip and the fluorescence detection platform. The application of this method would facilitate determination of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains for clinicians and researchers, and enable monitoring of changes in bacterial resistance during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Maerani M, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nurjanah S. Expression of stress regulator and virulence genes of Cronobacter sakazakii strain Yrt2a as a response to acid stress. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1273-1279. [PMID: 32802566 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the effect of acid stress on the expression of stress regulator (grxB and rpoS) and virulence (ompA, hfq, and cpa) genes of Cronobacter sakazakii Yrt2a. The results showed that C. sakazakii Yrt2a experienced decrease in number during acid stress and was no longer culturable 90 min post exposure to pH 3.0. During acid stress, the expression of grxB, rpoS, ompA, cpa and hfq was upregulated by 2.15; 2.19; 1.55; 1.1 and 1.41 log, respectively. However, all genes expression was downregulated when the bacteria entered the unculturable state. The expression of gene grxB, rpoS, ompA, cpa decreased to 1.04; 0.37; 0.84 and 1.71 log, respectively; while hfq gene expression reached a level lower than that of control. This research implies a supposition that during acid stress, C. sakazakii was capable of maintaining its culturability and pathogenicity until they are no longer culturable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maerani Maerani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 220 16002, West Java 16680 Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dewanti-Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 220 16002, West Java 16680 Indonesia.,Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680 Indonesia
| | - Siti Nurjanah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 220 16002, West Java 16680 Indonesia.,Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680 Indonesia
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20
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Kang I, Seo K. Variation of antibiotic resistance in
Salmonella
Enteritidis,
Escherichia coli
O157
:
H7
, and
Listeria monocytogenes
after exposure to acid, salt, and cold stress. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il‐Byeong Kang
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kun‐Ho Seo
- KU Center for One Health, College of Veterinary MedicineKonkuk University Seoul Republic of Korea
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21
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Xing Y, Wu S, Men Y. Exposure to Environmental Levels of Pesticides Stimulates and Diversifies Evolution in Escherichia coli toward Higher Antibiotic Resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8770-8778. [PMID: 32551597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the most challenging issues in public health. Antibiotics have been increasingly used not only for humans and animals but also for crop protection as pesticides. Thus, antibiotics often coexist with pesticides in some environments. To investigate the effects of the co-occurring, nonantibiotic pesticides on the development of antibiotic resistance, we conducted long-term exposure experiments using an Escherichia coli K-12 model strain. The results reveal that (1) the exposure to pesticides (in mg/L) alone led to the emergence of mutants with significantly higher resistance to streptomycin; (2) the exposure to pesticides (in μg/L) together with a subinhibitory level (in high μg/L) of ampicillin synergistically stimulated the selection of ampicillin resistance and the cross-resistance to other antibiotics (i.e., ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline). Distinct and diversified genetic mutations emerged in the resistant mutants selected from the coexposure to both pesticides and ampicillin. The genetic mutations likely caused a holistic transcriptional regulation (e.g., biofilm formation, oxidative stress defense) when grown under antibiotic stress and led to increased antibiotic resistance. Together, these findings provide important fundamental insights into the development of antibiotic resistance and the resistance mechanisms under environmentally relevant conditions where antibiotics and nonantibiotic micropollutants coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California United States
| | - Shuaiqi Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California United States
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22
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The antibiotics resistance mechanism and pathogenicity of cold stressed Staphylococcus aureus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Woode BK, Daliri F, Daliri EBM. Correlation Between food Processing-Associated Stress Tolerance and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.13103/jfhs.2020.35.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Chauhan R, Bansal S, Azmi W, Goel G. Increased thermal tolerance in
Cronobacter sakazakii
strains in reconstituted milk powder due to cross protection by physiological stresses. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of BiotechnologyHimachal Pradesh University Shimla India
| | - Saurabh Bansal
- Department of Biotechnology and BioinformaticsJaypee University of Information Technology Solan India
| | - Wamik Azmi
- Department of BiotechnologyHimachal Pradesh University Shimla India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Biotechnology and BioinformaticsJaypee University of Information Technology Solan India
- Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Life SciencesCentral University of Haryana Mahendergarh India
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25
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Mohamed FA, Shaker GH, Askoura MM. Oxidative Stress Influences Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility to Antibiotics and Reduces Its Pathogenesis in Host. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:479-490. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Interplay of antibiotic resistance and food-associated stress tolerance in foodborne pathogens. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Guo D, Wang S, Li J, Bai F, Yang Y, Xu Y, Liang S, Xia X, Wang X, Shi C. The antimicrobial activity of coenzyme Q 0 against planktonic and biofilm forms of Cronobacter sakazakii. Food Microbiol 2019; 86:103337. [PMID: 31703870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) has demonstrated antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities. Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen associated with high mortality in neonates. In this study, the antimicrobial activity and possible antimicrobial mechanism of CoQ0 against C. sakazakii were investigated. Moreover, the inactivation effect of CoQ0 on C. sakazakii in biofilms was also evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CoQ0 against C. sakazakii strains ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 mg/mL. Treatment caused cell membrane dysfunction, as evidenced by cell membrane hyperpolarization, decreased intracellular ATP concentration and cell membrane integrity, and changes in cellular morphology. CoQ0 combined with mild heat treatment (45, 50, or 55 °C) decreased the number of viable non-desiccated and desiccated C. sakazakii cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner in reconstituted infant milk. Furthermore, CoQ0 showed effective inactivation activity against C. sakazakii in biofilms on stainless steel, reducing the number of viable cells and damaging the structure of the biofilm. These findings suggest that CoQ0 has a strong inactivate effect on C. sakazakii and could be used in food production environments to effectively control C. sakazakii and reduce the number of illnesses associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangting Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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28
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Odeyemi OA, Abdullah Sani N. Antibiotic resistance, putative virulence factors and curli fimbrination among Cronobacter species. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103665. [PMID: 31404630 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and putative virulence factors among Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered infant formula and other sources. The following 9 cultures (CR1-9) were collected from our culture collection: C. sakazakii and 3 Cronobacter species: C. sakazakii ATCC® 29544™, C. muytjensii ATCC® 51329™, C. turicensis E866 were used in this study. Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility and the following virulence factors (protease, DNase, haemolysin, gelatinase, motility and biofilm formation) using phenotypic methods. All the bacteria were able to form biofilm on agar at 37 °C and were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, fosfomycin and sulphamethoxazole. It was observed from this study that tested strains formed weak and strong biofilm with violet dry and rough (rdar), brown dry and rough (bdar), red mucoid and smooth (rmas) colony morphotypes on Congo red agar. Rdar expresses curli and fimbriae, while bdar expresses curli. Both biofilm colony morphotypes are commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella species. This study also reveals a new colony morphotypes in Cronobacter species. Conclusively, there was correlation between putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among the tested bacteria. Further study on virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is hereby encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Odeyemi
- Aquaculture Microbiology Laboratory, Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; Food Safety, Security and Quality Research Group, Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah Sani
- Food Safety, Security and Quality Research Group, Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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29
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Underestimated Risks of Infantile Infectious Disease from the Caregiver's Typical Handling Practices of Infant Formula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9799. [PMID: 31278304 PMCID: PMC6611816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact on infant caregiver as a reservoir of pathogens has not been exploited with perspective to powdered infant formula (PIF). Here we reveal novel route of pathogen transfer through hand-spoon-PIF unexpectedly occurred by even typical practices of caregivers, handling of PIF and storage of feeding-spoon in PIF container. Hand-spoon-PIF contamination route was simulated to analyze the transfer and subsequent survival of pathogens. Major pathogens associated with infantile fatal diseases (Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus) were readily transmitted to PIF from skin (3−6 log CFU/hand) via spoons following long-term survival of transferred pathogens (3 weeks; use-by date of PIF) as the excessive level of infectious dose, highlighting direct onset of diseases. Low bacterial load on skin (ca. 1 log CFU/hand) could prevent cross-contamination of PIF, however, at least 72 h survival of transferred pathogen on spoons demonstrated the probability on re-contamination of PIF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the cross-contamination of utensils in contact with powdered-foods. Bacterial load on hands is the key determinant of pathogen transfer and the extent of risk are species-dependent. These evidential results redefine risk of caregivers’ practices and facilitate incorporation of cross-contamination into risk-assessment as underestimated route of infection.
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30
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DE Sales CV, DE Melo ANF, Niedzwiedzka KM, DE Souza EL, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Changes of Antibiotic Resistance Phenotype in Outbreak-Linked Salmonella enterica Strains after Exposure to Human Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions in Chicken Meat. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1844-1850. [PMID: 30325224 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen outbreak-linked Salmonella enterica strains in chicken meat were evaluated under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions for their resistance and susceptibility to 11 antibiotics from seven antibiotic classes. The MIC of each antibiotic was determined by microdilution in broth before and after the exposure of each strain to a continuous system simulating the conditions in the human mouth, esophagus-stomach, duodenum, and ileum. Strains were inoculated onto chicken breast (9 g; inoculated at 5 log CFU/g) prior to exposure. Data were interpreted according Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. After the in vitro digestion, 12 Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (CIP) changed to CIP resistant. The ceftriaxone (CTX)-intermediate Salmonella Newport strain changed to CTX resistant. The ampicillin (AMP)-susceptible Salmonella Heidelberg strain changed to AMP resistant, and the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT)-susceptible strains of Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, Agona, Newport, Albany, and Corvallis changed to SXT resistant. The Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Albany, and Salmonella Corvallis strains had the highest frequency of changes in antibiotic susceptibility with new resistant phenotypes to AMP and CIP, CTX and SXT, CIP and SXT, and CIP and SXT, respectively. Conditions imposed by a simulated gastrointestinal environment changed the susceptibility of S. enterica strains to clinically relevant antibiotics and should be considered in the selection of therapies for human salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Veríssimo DE Sales
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Center for Technology (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-0479 [M.M.])
| | - Adma Nadja Ferreira DE Melo
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Center for Technology (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-0479 [M.M.])
| | | | - Evandro Leite DE Souza
- 3 Department of Nutrition Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- 4 Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Marciane Magnani
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Center for Technology (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-0479 [M.M.])
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31
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Jameelah M, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nurjanah S. Expression of rpoS, ompA and hfq genes of Cronobacter sakazakii strain Yrt2a during stress and viable but nonculturable state. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:915-920. [PMID: 30263819 PMCID: PMC6049694 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula has been etiologically linked to meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants. This study aimed to determine whether C. sakazakii Yrt2a strain experiencing desiccation stress could enter viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state as well as to examine the expression of genes associated with stress and virulence during the above states. Stress and VBNC conditions were determined based on viability and culturability assays. Expression of genes related to stress (rpoS) and virulence (hfq and ompA) was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that C. sakazakii Yrt2a entered VBNC 24 days post exposure to 2 h of desiccation treatment. The expression of rpoS, hfq and ompA genes was up-regulated during stress conditions, suggesting that Cronobacter successfully managed stress to maintain its culturability while maintaining its virulence. The expression of the target genes decreased at VBNC state but remained higher than that of a normal state. These findings reinforce the assumption that C. sakazakii undergoing VBNC state maintains its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jameelah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dewanti-Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Puspa Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Siti Nurjanah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Puspa Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
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32
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Horne S, Schroeder M, Murphy J, Prüβ B. Acetoacetate and ethyl acetoacetate as novel inhibitors of bacterial biofilm. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:329-339. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Horne
- Department of Microbiological Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
| | - M. Schroeder
- Department of Microbiological Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
| | - J. Murphy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
| | - B.M. Prüβ
- Department of Microbiological Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA
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33
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Estilo EEC, Gabriel AA. Previous stress exposures influence subsequent UV-C resistance of Salmonella enterica in coconut liquid endosperm. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Fei P, Jiang Y, Jiang Y, Yuan X, Yang T, Chen J, Wang Z, Kang H, Forsythe SJ. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula Collected from Chinese Retail Markets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2026. [PMID: 29089940 PMCID: PMC5651101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in neonates and infants through contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Therefore, the aim of this study was a large-scale study on determine the prevalence, molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of C. sakazakii isolates from PIF purchased from Chinese retail markets. Two thousand and twenty PIF samples were collected from different institutions. Fifty-six C. sakazakii strains were isolated, and identified using fusA sequencing analysis, giving a contamination rate of 2.8%. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was more discriminatory than other genotyping methods. The C. sakazakii isolates were divided into 14 sequence types (STs) by MLST, compared with only seven clusters by ompA and rpoB sequence analysis, and four C. sakazakii serotypes by PCR-based O-antigen serotyping. C. sakazakii ST4 (19/56, 33.9%), ST1 (12/56, 21.4%), and ST64 (11/56, 16.1%) were the dominant sequence types isolated. C. sakazakii serotype O2 (34/56, 60.7%) was the primary serotype, along with ompA6 and rpoB1 as the main allele profiles, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all C. sakazakii isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The majority of C. sakazakii strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and gentamicin (87.5 and 92.9%, respectively). In contrast, 55.4% C. sakazakii strains were resistant to cephalothin. In conclusion, this large-scale study revealed the prevalence and characteristics of C. sakazakii from PIF in Chinese retail markets, demonstrating a potential risk for neonates and infants, and provide a guided to effective control the contamination of C. sakazakii in production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- Changbai Mountains Food and Drug Inspection Testing Center, Baishan, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Market Supervision and Management, MuLing Food Inspection Testing Center, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Yuan
- Anda Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Anda, China
| | - Tongxiang Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huaibin Kang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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35
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Casado Muñoz MDC, Benomar N, Lavilla Lerma L, Knapp CW, Gálvez A, Abriouel H. Biocide tolerance, phenotypic and molecular response of lactic acid bacteria isolated from naturally-fermented Aloreña table to different physico-chemical stresses. Food Microbiol 2016; 60:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Mahmoud KZ, Ayyash MM, Olaimat AN, Shaker RR, Holley RA. Modeling the combined effect of NaCl and pH againstCronobacterspp. using response surface methodology. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas A. Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Tareq M. Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Kamel Z. Mahmoud
- Department of Animal Production; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Mutamed M. Ayyash
- Department of Food Science; United Arab Emirates University; Al-Ain 15551 UAE
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics; Hashemite University; Zarqa JO
| | - Reyad R. Shaker
- Department of Clinical Nutrition; University of Sharjah; P.O.BOX 27272 Sharjah AE 27272
| | - Richard A. Holley
- Department of Food Science; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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37
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Isolation and characterization of Cronobacter spp. from indigenous infant flours sold in public health care centres within Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Gabriel AA, Estilo EEC, Isnit NCC, Membrebe BNQ. Suboptimal growth conditions induce heterologous ultraviolet-C adaptation in Salmonella enterica in orange juice. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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39
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Van Meervenne E, Van Coillie E, Van Weyenberg S, Boon N, Herman L, Devlieghere F. Low Temperature and Modified Atmosphere: Hurdles for Antibiotic Resistance Transfer? J Food Prot 2015; 78:2191-9. [PMID: 26613914 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food is an important dissemination route for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Factors used during food production and preservation may contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, but research on this subject is scarce. In this study, the effect of temperature (7 to 37°C) and modified atmosphere packaging (air, 50% CO2-50% N2, and 100% N2) on antibiotic resistance transfer from Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei to Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated. Filter mating was performed on nonselective agar plates with high-density inocula. A more realistic setup was created by performing modified atmosphere experiments on cooked ham using high-density and low-density inocula. Plasmid transfer was observed between 10 and 37°C, with plasmid transfer also observed at 7°C during a prolonged incubation period. When high-density inocula were used, transconjugants were detected, both on agar plates and cooked ham, under the three atmospheres (air, 50% CO2-50% N2, and 100% N2) at 7°C. This yielded a median transfer ratio (number of transconjugants/number of recipients) with an order of magnitude of 10(-4) to 10(-6). With low-density inocula, transfer was only detected under the 100% N2 atmosphere after 10-day incubation at 7°C, yielding a transfer ratio of 10(-5). Under this condition, the highest bacterial density was obtained. The results indicate that low temperature and modified atmosphere packaging, two important hurdles in the food industry, do not necessarily prevent plasmid transfer from Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei to Listeria monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Meervenne
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Van Weyenberg
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Lieve Herman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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40
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Tamigniau A, Vanhaecke J, Saegeman V. Cronobacter sakazakii bacteremia in a heart transplant patient with polycystic kidney disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:921-5. [PMID: 26436411 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Cronobacter sakazakii are mainly described among neonates and infants, with contaminated powdered infant formulas most often incriminated as the cause. We describe here a case of C. sakazakii bacteremia secondary to a suspected cyst infection in a heart-and-kidney transplant patient with polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tamigniau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Vanhaecke
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Saegeman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Abriouel H, Casado Muñoz MDC, Lavilla Lerma L, Pérez Montoro B, Bockelmann W, Pichner R, Kabisch J, Cho GS, Franz CMAP, Gálvez A, Benomar N. New insights in antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus species from fermented foods. Food Res Int 2015; 78:465-481. [PMID: 28433315 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Casado Muñoz
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Leyre Lavilla Lerma
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez Montoro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Wilhelm Bockelmann
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rohtraud Pichner
- Hochschule Fulda, University of Applied Sciences, Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Leipziger Straße 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Nabil Benomar
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071-Jaén, Spain
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42
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Effects of osmotic pressure, acid, or cold stresses on antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, Awad AA, Olaimat AN, Shaker RR, Holley RA. Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility ofListeria monocytogenesisolated from raw and processed meat products in Amman, Jordan. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.982191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stability and growth characteristics of GFPuv-labeled Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Jaradat ZW, Al Mousa W, Elbetieha A, Al Nabulsi A, Tall BD. Cronobacter spp.--opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1023-1037. [PMID: 24878566 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.073742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98% of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the best-characterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-α and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem Al Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas Al Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ben D Tall
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Virulence Assessment, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Sub-inhibitory concentrations of trans-cinnamaldehyde attenuate virulence in Cronobacter sakazakii in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8639-55. [PMID: 24837831 PMCID: PMC4057751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen, which causes a life-threatening form of meningitis, necrotizing colitis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and children. Epidemiological studies implicate dried infant formula as the principal source of C. sakazakii. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SIC) of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), an ingredient in cinnamon, for reducing C. sakazakii virulence in vitro using cell culture, microscopy and gene expression assays. TC significantly (p ≤ 0.05) suppressed C. sakazakii adhesion to and invasion of human and rat intestinal epithelial cells, and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, TC inhibited C. sakazakii survival and replication in human macrophages. We also observed that TC reduced the ability of C. sakazakii to cause cell death in rat intestinal cells, by inhibiting nitric oxide production. Results from gene expression studies revealed that TC significantly downregulated the virulence genes critical for motility, host tissue adhesion and invasion, macrophage survival, and LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) synthesis in C. sakazakii. The efficacy of TC in attenuating these major virulence factors in C. sakazakii underscores its potential use in the prevention and/or control of infection caused by this pathogen.
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Impact of trehalose transporter knockdown on Anopheles gambiae stress adaptation and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17504-9. [PMID: 24101462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316709110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is a major vector mosquito for Plasmodium falciparum, the deadly pathogen causing most human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Synthesized in the fat body, trehalose is the predominant sugar in mosquito hemolymph. It not only provides energy but also protects the mosquito against desiccation and heat stresses. Trehalose enters the mosquito hemolymph by the trehalose transporter AgTreT1. In adult female A. gambiae, AgTreT1 is predominantly expressed in the fat body. We found that AgTreT1 expression is induced by environmental stresses such as low humidity or elevated temperature. AgTreT1 RNA silencing reduces the hemolymph trehalose concentration by 40%, and the mosquitoes succumb sooner after exposure to desiccation or heat. After an infectious blood meal, AgTreT1 RNA silencing reduces the number of P. falciparum oocysts in the mosquito midgut by over 70% compared with mock-injected mosquitoes. These data reveal important roles for AgTreT1 in stress adaptation and malaria pathogen development in a major vector mosquito. Thus, AgTreT1 may be a potential target for malaria vector control.
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Yan Q, Power KA, Cooney S, Fox E, Gopinath GR, Grim CJ, Tall BD, McCusker MP, Fanning S. Complete genome sequence and phenotype microarray analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii SP291: a persistent isolate cultured from a powdered infant formula production facility. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:256. [PMID: 24032028 PMCID: PMC3759002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of human infection linked to the powdered infant formula (PIF) food chain and associated with the bacterium Cronobacter, are of concern to public health. These bacteria are regarded as opportunistic pathogens linked to life-threatening infections predominantly in neonates, with an under developed immune system. Monitoring the microbiological ecology of PIF production sites is an important step in attempting to limit the risk of contamination in the finished food product. Cronobacter species, like other microorganisms can adapt to the production environment. These organisms are known for their desiccation tolerance, a phenotype that can aid their survival in the production site and PIF itself. In evaluating the genome data currently available for Cronobacter species, no sequence information has been published describing a Cronobacter sakazakii isolate found to persist in a PIF production facility. Here we report on the complete genome sequence of one such isolate, Cronobacter sakazakii SP291 along with its phenotypic characteristics. The genome of C. sakazakii SP291 consists of a 4.3-Mb chromosome (56.9% GC) and three plasmids, denoted as pSP291-1, [118.1-kb (57.2% GC)], pSP291-2, [52.1-kb (49.2% GC)], and pSP291-3, [4.4-kb (54.0% GC)]. When C. sakazakii SP291 was compared to the reference C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894, which is also of PIF origin, the annotated genome data identified two interesting functional categories, comprising of genes related to the bacterial stress response and resistance to antimicrobial and toxic compounds. Using a phenotypic microarray (PM), we provided a full metabolic profile comparing C. sakazakii SP291 and the previously sequenced C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. These data extend our understanding of the genome of this important neonatal pathogen and provides further insights into the genotypes associated with features that can contribute to its persistence in the PIF environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research, Reference and Training on Cronobacter, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:2643-69. [PMID: 23812024 PMCID: PMC3734448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10072643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant zoonotic pathogens present on food constitute a direct risk to public health. Antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal or pathogenic strains form an indirect risk to public health, as they increase the gene pool from which pathogenic bacteria can pick up resistance traits. Food can be contaminated with antimicrobial resistant bacteria and/or antimicrobial resistance genes in several ways. A first way is the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on food selected by the use of antibiotics during agricultural production. A second route is the possible presence of resistance genes in bacteria that are intentionally added during the processing of food (starter cultures, probiotics, bioconserving microorganisms and bacteriophages). A last way is through cross-contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria during food processing. Raw food products can be consumed without having undergone prior processing or preservation and therefore hold a substantial risk for transfer of antimicrobial resistance to humans, as the eventually present resistant bacteria are not killed. As a consequence, transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between bacteria after ingestion by humans may occur. Under minimal processing or preservation treatment conditions, sublethally damaged or stressed cells can be maintained in the food, inducing antimicrobial resistance build-up and enhancing the risk of resistance transfer. Food processes that kill bacteria in food products, decrease the risk of transmission of antimicrobial resistance.
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Poole K. Bacterial stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2069-89. [PMID: 22618862 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria encounter a myriad of stresses in their natural environments, including, for pathogens, their hosts. These stresses elicit a variety of specific and highly regulated adaptive responses that not only protect bacteria from the offending stress, but also manifest changes in the cell that impact innate antimicrobial susceptibility. Thus exposure to nutrient starvation/limitation (nutrient stress), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (oxidative/nitrosative stress), membrane damage (envelope stress), elevated temperature (heat stress) and ribosome disruption (ribosomal stress) all impact bacterial susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobials through their initiation of stress responses that positively impact recruitment of resistance determinants or promote physiological changes that compromise antimicrobial activity. As de facto determinants of antimicrobial, even multidrug, resistance, stress responses may be worthy of consideration as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Poole
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.
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