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Kofahi HM, Badran BR, Nimer RM, Atoom AM, Al Hersh SM. Exploring the Effects of Vitamin D and Vitamin A Levels on the Response to COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1509. [PMID: 37766185 PMCID: PMC10535137 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed in history. The factors affecting the response to COVID-19 vaccines are not clear. Herein, the effects of vitamin D and vitamin A (retinol) levels on the response to the BNT162b2 vaccine were explored. A total of 124 vaccine recipients were recruited from the general population attending vaccination centers in Irbid, Jordan. Blood samples were collected immediately before receiving the first vaccine dose (D0) and three weeks later (D21). Baseline (D0) levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], retinol, and SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibodies were measured with ELISA. The response to the BNT162b2 vaccine was tested by measuring the levels and avidity of SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibodies on D21. The participants were divided into two groups, unexposed and exposed, based on the D0 SARS-CoV-2 antibody results. No significant correlation was found between the levels of 25(OH)D or retinol and the levels, avidity, or fold increase of antibodies in both groups. Similarly, no significant difference in antibody response was found between 25(OH)D status groups, retinol status groups, or combined status groups. These findings show that the baseline vitamin D or vitamin A levels have no effect on the short-term response to a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M. Kofahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (B.R.B.); (R.M.N.); (S.M.A.H.)
| | - Baha’ R. Badran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (B.R.B.); (R.M.N.); (S.M.A.H.)
| | - Refat M. Nimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (B.R.B.); (R.M.N.); (S.M.A.H.)
| | - Ali M. Atoom
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Shefa’ M. Al Hersh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (B.R.B.); (R.M.N.); (S.M.A.H.)
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Roslan M, Mohd Nisfu FR, Arzmi MH, Abdul Wahab R, Zainuddin N. Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Vaccines in Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:8-24. [PMID: 37655145 PMCID: PMC10467589 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit memory immunity acquired during natural infection. However, a decline in immunity after infection renders these individuals vulnerable to re-infection, in addition to a higher risk of infection with new variants. This systematic review examined related studies to elucidate the antibody response in these infected individuals after messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccination. Hence, the focus of this review was to ascertain differences in the concentration of binding and neutralising antibodies of previously infected individuals in comparison to those of infection-naïve individuals after administration of two doses of mRNA vaccination through available case-control and cohort studies. Positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test or detectable anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies at the baseline in included studies showed categorisation of infected and uninfected individuals. This review utilised three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane with the following keywords: (COVID-19 OR 'Coronavirus Disease 2019' OR SARS-CoV-2) AND Immun* AND (Pfizer OR BioNTech OR BNT162b2 OR Comirnaty OR Moderna OR mRNA-1273) from January 2019 to July 2021. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) 2020 guidelines and assessment based on the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT), we included 13 related qualified papers of observational studies discerning the binding and neutralising antibody concentrations of infected and uninfected individuals after administration of mRNA vaccines, such as the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine. The mRNA vaccines induced robust binding and neutralising antibody responses in both groups. However, infected individuals showed induction of higher antibody responses in a shorter time compared to uninfected individuals. Hence, a single dose of mRNA vaccination for infected individuals may be sufficient to reach the same level of antibody concentration as that observed in uninfected individuals after receiving two doses of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madihah Roslan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farah Ratulfazira Mohd Nisfu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norafiza Zainuddin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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Itamochi M, Yazawa S, Inasaki N, Saga Y, Yamazaki E, Shimada T, Tamura K, Maenishi E, Isobe J, Nakamura M, Takaoka M, Sasajima H, Kawashiri C, Tani H, Oishi K. Neutralization of Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5 by a booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in a Japanese nursing home cohort. Vaccine 2023; 41:2234-2242. [PMID: 36858871 PMCID: PMC9968608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The sustained epidemic of Omicron subvariants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide concern, and older adults are at high risk. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) in nursing home residents and staff between May 2021 and December 2022. A total of 335 SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, including 141 residents (median age: 88 years) and 194 staff (median age: 44 years) participated. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) protein IgG and neutralizing titer (NT) against the Wuhan strain, Alpha and Delta variants, and Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 subvariants were measured in serum samples drawn from participants after the second and third doses of mRNA vaccine using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus. Breakthrough infection (BTI) was confirmed by a notification of COVID-19 or a positive anti-N IgG result in serum after mRNA vaccination. Fifty-one participants experienced SARS-CoV-2 BTI during the study period. The RBD IgG and NTs against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 were markedly increased in SARS CoV-2 naïve participants 2 months after the third dose of mRNA vaccine, compared to those 5 months after the second dose, and declined 5 months after the third dose. The decline in RBD IgG and NT against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 in SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants after the second and the third dose was particularly marked in those aged ≥ 80 years. BTIs during the BA.5 epidemic period, which occurred between 2 and 5 months after the third dose, induced a robust NT against BA.5 even five months after the booster dose vaccination. Further studies are required to assess the sustainability of NTs elicited by Omicron-containing bivalent mRNA booster vaccine in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Emi Maenishi
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Junko Isobe
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Misuzu Takaoka
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasajima
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Chikako Kawashiri
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu, Toyama 939-0363, Japan.
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Perkmann T, Mucher P, Ösze D, Müller A, Perkmann-Nagele N, Koller T, Radakovics A, Flieder I, Repl M, Marculescu R, Wolzt M, Wagner OF, Binder CJ, Haslacher H. Comparison of five Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays across three doses of BNT162b2 reveals insufficient standardization of SARS-CoV-2 serology. J Clin Virol 2023; 158:105345. [PMID: 36462465 PMCID: PMC9694346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the comparability of WHO standard referenced commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests over three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and up to 14 months. METHODS 114 subjects (without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunosuppressive medication) vaccinated with three doses of BNT162b2 were included in this study. Antibody levels were quantified 3 weeks after the first dose, 5-6 weeks and 7 months after the second dose, and 4-5 weeks and 4 months after the third dose using the Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 S, the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant, the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, the GenScript cPASS sVNT and the TECO sVNT assays. RESULTS For each time point analyzed, systematic differences are evident between the results in BAU/mL of the three antibody binding assays. The assay ratios change in a time-dependent manner even beyond administering the third dose (Roche measuring 9 and 3 times higher than Abbott and DiaSorin, respectively). However, changes decrease in magnitude with increasing time intervals from the first dose. IgG-based assays show better agreement across them than with Roche (overall correlations: Abbott x DiaSorin: ρ = 0.94 vs. Abbott x Roche: ρ=0.89, p < 0.0001; DiaSorin x Roche: ρ = 0.87, p < 0.0001), but results are not interchangeable. The sVNTs suggest an underestimation of antibody levels by Roche and slight overestimation by both IgG assays after the first vaccine dose. CONCLUSIONS Standardization of SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding assays still needs to be improved to allow reliable use of variable assay systems for longitudinal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darlene Ösze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; FH Campus Wien University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Müller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Koller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Flieder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Ebrahim F, Tabal S, Lamami Y, Alhudiri IM, El Meshri SE, Al Dwigen S, Arfa R, Alboeshi A, Alemam HA, Abuhtna F, Altrhouni R, Milad MB, Elgriw NA, Ruaua MA, Abusrewil Z, Harroush W, Jallul M, Ali FS, Eltaib F, Elzagheid A. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies Post-COVID-19 or Post-Vaccination in Libyan Population: Comparison of Four Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122002. [PMID: 36560411 PMCID: PMC9785033 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of strength and durability of SARS-COV-2 antibody response is important to understand the waning dynamics of immune response to both vaccines and infection. The study aimed to evaluate the level of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their persistence in recovered, naïve, and vaccinated individuals. We investigated anti-spike RBD IgG antibody responses in 10,000 individuals, both following infection with SARS-CoV-2 and immunization with SARS-COV-2 AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, and Sinovac. The mean levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies were higher in vaccinated participants with prior COVID-19 than in individuals without prior COVID-19. Overall, antibody titers in recovered vaccinee and naïve vaccinee persisted beyond 20 weeks. Vaccination with adenoviral-vector vaccines (AstraZeneca and Sputnik V) generates higher antibody titers than with killed virus vaccine (Sinopharm and Sinovac). Approximately two-thirds of asymptomatic unvaccinated individuals had developed virus-specific antibodies. A single dose of vaccine is likely to provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with apparent prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, than in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. In addition, the high number of seropositivity among asymptomatic unvaccinated individuals showed that the number of infections are probably highly underestimated. Those vaccinated with inactivated vaccine may require more frequent boosters than those vaccinated with adenoviral vaccine. These findings are important for formulating public health vaccination strategies during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Ebrahim
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
- Correspondence:
| | - Salah Tabal
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Yosra Lamami
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Inas M. Alhudiri
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | | | - Samira Al Dwigen
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Ramadan Arfa
- Information Technology Department, Tripoli University, Tripoli P.O. Box 13275, Libya
| | - Asma Alboeshi
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Hafsa A. Alemam
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Fauzia Abuhtna
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | | | - Mohamed B. Milad
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Nada A. Elgriw
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Mahmoud A. Ruaua
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | | | - Warda Harroush
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Mwada Jallul
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Fouziyah S. Ali
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Farag Eltaib
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli P.O. Box 30313, Libya
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Parisi SG, Mengoli C, Basso M, Vicenti I, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Fiaschi L, Giammarino F, Iannetta M, Malagnino V, Zago D, Dragoni F, Zazzi M. Long-Term Longitudinal Analysis of Neutralizing Antibody Response to Three Vaccine Doses in a Real-Life Setting of Previously SARS-CoV-2 Infected Healthcare Workers: A Model for Predicting Response to Further Vaccine Doses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081237. [PMID: 36016125 PMCID: PMC9416151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the time course of neutralizing antibody (NtAb) response, as measured by authentic virus neutralization, in healthcare workers (HCWs) with a mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection diagnosed at the onset of the pandemic, with no reinfection throughout and after a three-dose schedule of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with an overall follow-up of almost two years since infection. Forty-eight HCWs (median age 47 years, all immunocompetent) were evaluated: 29 (60.4%) were asymptomatic. NtAb serum was titrated at eight subsequent time points: T1 and T2 were after natural infection, T3 on the day of the first vaccine dose, T4 on the day of the second dose, T5, T6, and T7 were between the second and third dose, and T8 followed the third dose by a median of 34 days. NtAb titers at all postvaccination time points (T4 to T8) were significantly higher than all those at prevaccination time points (T1 to T3). The highest NtAb increase was following the first vaccine dose while subsequent doses did not further boost NtAb titers. However, the third vaccine dose appeared to revive waning immunity. NtAb levels were positively correlated at most time points suggesting an important role for immunogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Giuseppe Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-04-9827-23441
| | - Carlo Mengoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (D.Z.)
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (D.Z.)
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (V.M.)
| | - Daniela Zago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (C.M.); (M.B.); (F.G.); (D.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (L.F.); (F.G.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
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Jacobsen H, Sitaras I, Jurgensmeyer M, Mulders MN, Goldblatt D, Feikin DR, Bar-Zeev N, Higdon MM, Knoll MD. Assessing the Reliability of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Studies That Use Post-Vaccination Sera. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060850. [PMID: 35746460 PMCID: PMC9227377 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is crucial for determining future vaccination strategies and other public health strategies. When clinical effectiveness data are unavailable, a common method of assessing vaccine performance is to utilize neutralization assays using post-vaccination sera. Neutralization studies are typically performed across a wide array of settings, populations and vaccination strategies, and using different methodologies. For any comparison and meta-analysis to be meaningful, the design and methodology of the studies used must at minimum address aspects that confer a certain degree of reliability and comparability. We identified and characterized three important categories in which studies differ (cohort details, assay details and data reporting details) and that can affect the overall reliability and/or usefulness of neutralization assay results. We define reliability as a measure of methodological accuracy, proper study setting concerning subjects, samples and viruses, and reporting quality. Each category comprises a set of several relevant key parameters. To each parameter, we assigned a possible impact (ranging from low to high) on overall study reliability depending on its potential to influence the results. We then developed a reliability assessment tool that assesses the aggregate reliability of a study across all parameters. The reliability assessment tool provides explicit selection criteria for inclusion of comparable studies in meta-analyses of neutralization activity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in post-vaccination sera and can also both guide the design of future neutralization studies and serve as a checklist for including important details on key parameters in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Marley Jurgensmeyer
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Daniel R. Feikin
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Melissa M. Higdon
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
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8
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Vicenti I, Basso M, Dragoni F, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Fiaschi L, Parisi SG, Zazzi M. Comparable Post-Vaccination Decay of Neutralizing Antibody Response to Wild-Type and Delta SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Healthcare Workers Recovered from Mild or Asymptomatic Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040580. [PMID: 35455329 PMCID: PMC9025891 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We described the long-term decay of neutralizing antibody (NtAb) to the wild-type and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant after three antigen stimulations (mild or asymptomatic natural infection followed by two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after a median of 296 days) in immunocompetent healthcare workers (HCWs). Live virus microneutralization against the B.1 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants was performed in VERO E6 cell cultures. The median NtAb titers for B.1 and Delta were comparable and highly correlated at both 20 and 200 days after the second vaccine dose in the 23 HCWs enrolled (median age, 46 years). A small group of naturally infected unvaccinated HCWs had comparable NtAb titers for the two strains after a median follow-up of 522 days from infection diagnosis. The NtAb response to the Delta VoC appears to follow the same long-term dynamics as the wild-type response regardless of the vaccinal boost; data collected after three antigen stimulations (natural infection followed by two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine) may be helpful for tailoring the continuous monitoring of vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (F.D.); (L.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (F.D.); (L.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (F.D.); (L.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Saverio G. Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-04-9827-2344
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (F.D.); (L.F.); (M.Z.)
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9
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Vicenti I, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Boccuto A, Zago D, Basso M, Dragoni F, Parisi SG, Zazzi M. The second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine does not boost SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response in previously infected subjects. Infection 2022; 50:541-543. [PMID: 34342854 PMCID: PMC8329626 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Zago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Saverio Giuseppe Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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10
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Dragoni F, Schiaroli E, Micheli V, Fiaschi L, Lai A, Zehender G, Rossetti B, Gismondo MR, Francisci D, Zazzi M, Vicenti I. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta sub-lineage AY.4.2 variant on neutralization by sera of patients treated with different licensed monoclonal antibodies. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1037-1039. [PMID: 35304279 PMCID: PMC8923034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossetti
- Infectious Disease Department, USL SUDEST, Toscana, Misericordia Hospital, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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11
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Humoral and Cellular Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Naïve and -Recovered Korean Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020332. [PMID: 35214791 PMCID: PMC8878120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of a global COVID-19 vaccine shortage, an efficient vaccination strategy is required. Therefore, the immunogenicity of single or double COVID-19 vaccination doses (ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273) of SARS-CoV-2-recovered individuals was compared to that of unvaccinated individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection at least one year post-convalescence. Moreover, the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals vaccinated with a complete schedule of Ad26.CoV2.S, ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOX1/BNT162b2 vaccines was evaluated. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG antibody (S1-IgG), pseudotyped virus-neutralizing antibody titer (pVNT50), and IFN-γ ELISpot counts were measured. Humoral immune responses were significantly higher in vaccinated than in unvaccinated recovered individuals, with a 43-fold increase in the mean pVNT50 values. However, there was no significant difference in the pVNT50 and IFN-γ ELISpot values between the single- and double-dose regimens. In SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals, antibody responses varied according to the vaccine type: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 induced similar levels of S1-IgG to those observed in vaccinated, convalescent individuals; in contrast, pVNT50 was much lower in SARS-CoV-2-naïve vaccinees than in vaccinated recovered individuals. Therefore, a single dose of ChAdOX1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273 vaccines would be a good alternative for recovered individuals instead of a double-dose regimen.
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12
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Narowski TM, Raphel K, Adams LE, Huang J, Vielot NA, Jadi R, de Silva AM, Baric RS, Lafleur JE, Premkumar L. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine induces robust specific and cross-reactive IgG and unequal neutralizing antibodies in naive and previously infected people. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110336. [PMID: 35090596 PMCID: PMC8769879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding vaccine-mediated protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to overcoming the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We investigate mRNA-vaccine-induced antibody responses against the reference strain, seven variants, and seasonal coronaviruses in 168 healthy individuals at three time points: before vaccination, after the first dose, and after the second dose. Following complete vaccination, both naive and previously infected individuals developed comparably robust SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies and variable levels of cross-reactive antibodies to seasonal coronaviruses. However, the strength and frequency of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in naive individuals were lower than in previously infected individuals. After the first vaccine dose, one-third of previously infected individuals lacked neutralizing antibodies; this was improved to one-fifth after the second dose. In all individuals, neutralizing antibody responses against the Alpha and Delta variants were weaker than against the reference strain. Our findings support future tailored vaccination strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as mRNA-vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies are highly variable among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Narowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin Raphel
- Department Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lily E Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny Huang
- Department Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nadja A Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ramesh Jadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John E Lafleur
- Department Emergency Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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13
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Đaković Rode O, Bodulić K, Zember S, Cetinić Balent N, Novokmet A, Čulo M, Rašić Ž, Mikulić R, Markotić A. Decline of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Levels 6 Months after Complete BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers to Levels Observed Following the First Vaccine Dose. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020153. [PMID: 35214612 PMCID: PMC8876023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on post-vaccination antibody dynamics has become pivotal in estimating COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. We studied anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD IgG levels in 587 healthcare workers (2038 sera) who completed BNT162b2 vaccination. Average antibody titer 3 weeks after the first dose in COVID-19-naïve participants (median 873.5 AU/mL) was 18-fold higher than the test threshold, with a significant increase 1 month (median 9927.2 AU/mL) and an exponential decrease 3 (median 2976.7 AU/mL) and 6 (median 966.0 AU/mL) months after complete vaccination. Participants with a history of COVID-19 prior to vaccination showed significantly higher antibody levels, particularly after the first dose (median 14,280.2 AU/mL), with a slight decline 1 month (median 12,700.0 AU/mL) and an exponential decline in antibody titers 3 (median 4831.0 AU/mL) and 6 (median 1465.2 AU/mL) months after vaccination. Antibody levels of COVID-19-naïve subjects after the first dose were moderately correlated with age (r = −0.4). Multivariate analysis showed a strong independent correlation between IgG levels 6 months after vaccination and both IgG titers after the first dose and 1 month after vaccination (R2 = 0.709). Regardless of pre-vaccination COVID-19 history, IgG levels 6 months after vaccination were comparable to antibody levels reached by COVID-19-naïve participants after the first vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktavija Đaković Rode
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, Division for Virology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.C.B.); (R.M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-914-012-553
| | - Kristian Bodulić
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Sanja Zember
- Health Care Quality Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.); (Ž.R.)
| | - Nataša Cetinić Balent
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, Division for Virology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Anđa Novokmet
- Department for Adult Intensive Care and Neuroinfections, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Čulo
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, Division for Bacteriology, Hospital Infections and Sterilization, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željka Rašić
- Health Care Quality Unit, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Z.); (Ž.R.)
| | - Radojka Mikulić
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, Division for Virology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Alemka Markotić
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.B.); (A.M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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14
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Tarkowski M, de Jager W, Schiuma M, Covizzi A, Lai A, Gabrieli A, Corbellino M, Bergna A, Ventura CD, Galli M, Riva A, Antinori S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Isotypes, and Neutralization Activity Against Viral Variants, According to BNT162b2-Vaccination and Infection History. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793191. [PMID: 34975897 PMCID: PMC8718396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific antibody production and plasma neutralizing capacity against B.1 wild-type-like strain, and Gamma/P.1 and Delta/B.1.617.2 variants-of-concern, in subjects with different Covid-19 disease and vaccination histories. Methods Adult subjects were: 1) Unvaccinated/hospitalized for Covid-19; 2) Covid-19-recovered followed by one BNT162b2 vaccine dose; and 3) Covid-19-naïve/2-dose BNT162b2 vaccinated. Multiplex Luminex® immunoassays measured IgG, IgA, and IgM plasma levels against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), spike-1 (S), and nucleocapsid proteins. Neutralizing activity was determined in Vero E6 cytopathic assays. Results Maximum anti-RBD IgG levels were similar in Covid-19‑recovered individuals 8‒10 days after single-dose vaccination and in Covid-19-naïve subjects 7 days after 2nd vaccine dosing; both groups had ≈2‑fold higher anti-RBD IgG levels than Unvaccinated/Covid-19 subjects tracked through 2 weeks post-symptom onset. Anti-S IgG expression patterns were similar to RBD within each group, but with lower signal strengths. Viral antigen-specific IgA and IgM levels were more variable than IgG patterns. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulins were not detected in Covid-19-naïve subjects. Neutralizing activity against the B.1 strain, and Gamma/P.1 and Delta/B.1.617.2 variants, was highest in Covid‑19-recovered/single-dose vaccinated subjects; although neutralization against the Delta variant in this group was only 26% compared to B.1 neutralization, absolute anti-Delta titers suggested maintained protection. Neutralizing titers against the Gamma and Delta variants were 33‒77% and 26‒67%, respectively, versus neutralization against the B.1 strain (100%) in the three groups. Conclusion These findings support SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine usefulness regardless of Covid-19 history, and confirm remarkable protection provided by a single vaccine dose in people who have recovered from Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Schiuma
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Covizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Gabrieli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Aziende Socio Sanitarie Territoriali (ASST) Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bergna
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Della Ventura
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Lippi G. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA Response in Baseline Seronegative and Seropositive Recipients of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:e829. [PMID: 34412098 PMCID: PMC8562910 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Sevice of Laboratory Medicine Pederzoli Hspital Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry University of Verona Verona, Italy
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16
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Vicenti I, Basso M, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Boccuto A, Zago D, Modolo E, Dragoni F, Parisi SG, Zazzi M. Faster decay of neutralizing antibodies in never infected than previously infected healthcare workers three months after the second BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:40-44. [PMID: 34481967 PMCID: PMC8410637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the longitudinal evolution of neutralizing antibody titres (NtAb) in three different cohorts of healthcare workers (HCWs), including vaccinated HCWs with and without a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and previously infected unvaccinated HCWs. COVID-19 was mild or asymptomatic in those experiencing infection. METHODS NtAb was tested before BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (V0), 20±2 days after the first dose (V1_20), 20±3 days (V2_20) and 90±2 days (V2_90) after the second dose in vaccinated HCWs and after about 2 months (N_60), 10 months (N_300) and 13 months (N_390) from natural infection in unvaccinated HCWs. NtAb were measured by authentic virus neutralization with a SARS-CoV-2 B.1 isolate circulating in Italy at HCW enrolment. RESULTS Sixty-two HCWs were enrolled. NtAb were comparable in infected HCWs with no or mild disease at all the study points. NtAb of uninfected HCWs were significantly lower with respect to those of previously infected HCWs at V1_20, V2_20 and V2_90. The median NtAb fold decrease from V2_20 to V2_90 was higher in the uninfected HCWs with respect to those with mild infection (6.26 vs 2.58, p=0.03) and to asymptomatic HCWs (6.26 vs 3.67, p=0.022). The median Nabt at N_390 was significantly lower than at N_60 (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS In uninfected HCWs completing the two-dose vaccine schedule, a third mRNA vaccine dose is a reasonable option to counteract the substantial NtAb decline occurring at a significantly higher rate compared with previously infected, vaccinated HCWs. Although low, Nabt were still at a detectable level after 13 months in two-thirds of previously infected and unvaccinated HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Zago
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Vicenti I, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Boccuto A, Zago D, Basso M, Dragoni F, Parisi SG, Zazzi M. BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Elicits High Titers of Neutralizing Antibodies to Both B.1 and P.1 Variants in Previously Infected and Uninfected Subjects. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:896. [PMID: 34575045 PMCID: PMC8470771 DOI: 10.3390/life11090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate neutralizing antibody titers (NtAbT) to the P.1 and B.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants in a cohort of healthy health care workers (HCW), including 20 previously infected individuals tested at baseline (BLinf, after a median of 298 days from diagnosis) and 21 days after receiving one vaccine dose (D1inf) and 15 uninfected subjects tested 21 days after the second-dose vaccination (D2uninf). All the subjects received BNT162b2 vaccination. D1inf NtAbT increased significantly with respect to BLinf against both B.1 and P.1 variants, with a fold-change significantly higher for P.1. D1inf NtAbT were significantly higher than D2uninf NtAbT, against B.1 and P.1. NtAbT against the two strains were highly correlated. P.1 NtAbT were significantly higher than B.1 NtAbT. This difference was significant for post-vaccination sera in infected and uninfected subjects. A single-dose BNT162b2 vaccination substantially boosted the NtAb response to both variants in the previously infected subjects. NtAb titers to B.1 and P.1 lineages were highly correlated, suggesting substantial cross-neutralization. Higher titers to the P.1 than to the B.1 strain were driven by the post-vaccination titers, highlighting that cross-neutralization can be enhanced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (A.B.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.G.); (D.Z.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (A.B.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Daniela Zago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.G.); (D.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.G.); (D.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (A.B.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Saverio Giuseppe Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy; (F.G.); (D.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 16, 53100 Siena, Italy; (I.V.); (A.B.); (F.D.); (M.Z.)
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18
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Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in previously infected health care workers. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103556. [PMID: 34454402 PMCID: PMC8387027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Havervall S, Marking U, Greilert-Norin N, Ng H, Gordon M, Salomonsson AC, Hellström C, Pin E, Blom K, Mangsbo S, Phillipson M, Klingström J, Hober S, Nilsson P, Åberg M, Thålin C. Antibody responses after a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103523. [PMID: 34391088 PMCID: PMC8357428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports demonstrate robust serological responses to a single dose of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Data on immune responses following a single-dose adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection are however limited, and current guidelines recommend a two-dose regimen regardless of preexisting immunity. METHODS We compared RBD-specific IgG and RBD-ACE2 blocking antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and variants of concern following two doses of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthcare workers (n=65) and a single dose of the adenovector vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in 82 healthcare workers more than (n=45) and less than (n=37) 11 months post mild SARS-CoV-2 infection at time of vaccination. FINDINGS The post-vaccine levels of RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild type and variants of concern including Delta lineage 1.617.2 were similar or higher in participants receiving a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine post SARS-CoV-2 infection (both more than and less than 11 months post infection) compared to SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. INTERPRETATION Our data support that a single dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine that is administered up to at least 11 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection serves as an effective immune booster. This provides a possible rationale for a single-dose vaccine regimen. FUNDING A full list of funding bodies that contributed to this study can be found in the Acknowledgements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Marking
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Greilert-Norin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henry Ng
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Hellström
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Blom
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Åberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry. Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Decreased neutralization of the Eta SARS-CoV-2 variant by sera of previously infected and uninfected vaccinated individuals. J Infect 2021; 84:94-118. [PMID: 34371077 PMCID: PMC8349389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Vicenti I, Gatti F, Scaggiante R, Boccuto A, Modolo E, Zago D, Basso M, Dragoni F, Bartolini N, Zazzi M, Parisi SG. Time Course of Neutralizing Antibody in Health Care Workers With Mild or Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab312. [PMID: 34295945 PMCID: PMC8291533 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the time course of neutralizing antibody (NtAb) titer in a cohort of health care workers with mild or asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. NtAb levels decreased over time; however, serum neutralizing activity remained detectable after a median of 7 months from SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Zago
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Basso
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Niccolo’ Bartolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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22
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BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Elicits High Avidity and Neutralizing Antibodies in Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060672. [PMID: 34207300 PMCID: PMC8234791 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BNT162b2 vaccine, containing lipid nanoparticles-formulated mRNA encoding the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, has been employed to immunize health care workers in Italy, administered in two doses 21 days apart. In this study, we characterized the antibody response induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine in a group of health care workers, tested at baseline, after the first dose and after the booster. Thirty-nine subjects without previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 were vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine. IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) were tested by ELISA. Neutralizing antibodies were evaluated testing the inhibition of RBD binding to ACE2. Antibody avidity was measured by urea avidity ELISA. IgM anti-RBD are produced after the first dose of vaccine and persist after the booster. IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies are detected in high amounts in all the subjects after the first dose and further increase after the booster. A few subjects, already after the first dose, produce antibodies inhibiting RBD interaction with ACE2. After the booster, high levels of inhibitory antibodies are detected in all the subjects. Affinity maturation takes place with boosting and IgG anti-RBD avidity increases with the number of immunizations. A less pronounced increase is observed with IgA. These data indicate that the BNT162b2 vaccine can induce high levels of protective antibodies of high avidity in vaccinated subjects; both IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies are produced. Further studies are needed to evaluate antibody persistence over time.
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