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Chaugule V, Wong CY, Inthavong K, Fletcher DF, Young PM, Soria J, Traini D. Combining experimental and computational techniques to understand and improve dry powder inhalers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:59-73. [PMID: 34989629 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2026922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) continue to be developed to deliver an expanding range of drugs to treat an ever-increasing range of medical conditions; with each drug and device combination needing a specifically designed inhaler. Fast regulatory approval is essential to be first to market, ensuring commercial profitability. AREAS COVERED : In vitro deposition, particle image velocimetry, and computational modelling using the physiological geometry and representative anatomy can be combined to give complementary information to determine the suitability of a proposed inhaler design and to optimise its formulation performance. In combination they allow the entire range of questions to be addressed cost-effectively and rapidly. EXPERT OPINION : Experimental techniques and computational methods are improving rapidly, but each needs a skilled user to maximize results obtained from these techniques. Multidisciplinary teams are therefore key to making optimal use of these methods and such qualified teams can provide enormous benefits to pharmaceutical companies to improve device efficacy and thus time to market. There is already a move to integrate the benefits of Industry 4.0 into inhaler design and usage, a trend that will accelerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chaugule
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - C Y Wong
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - K Inthavong
- Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - D F Fletcher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.,Department of Marketing, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - J Soria
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - D Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.,Macquarie Medical School, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Dos Reis LG, Chaugule V, Fletcher DF, Young PM, Traini D, Soria J. In-vitro and particle image velocimetry studies of dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:119966. [PMID: 33161040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation drug delivery has seen a swift rise in the use of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) to treat chronic respiratory conditions. However, universal adoption of DPIs has been restrained due to their low efficiencies and significant drug losses in the mouth-throat region. Aerosol efficiency of DPIs is closely related to the fluid-dynamics characteristics of the inhalation flow generated from the devices, which in turn are influenced by the device design. In-vitro and particle image velocimetry (PIV) have been used in this study to assess the aerosol performance of a model carrier formulation delivered by DPI devices and to investigate their flow characteristics. Four DPI device models, with modification to their tangential inlets and addition of a grid, have been explored. Similar aerosol performances were observed for all four device models, with FPF larger than 50%, indicating desirable lung deposition. A high swirling and recirculating jet-flow emerging from the mouthpiece of the DPI models without the grid was observed, which contributed to particle deposition in the throat. DPI models where the grid was present showed a straightened outflow without undesired lateral spreading, that reduced particle deposition in the throat and mass retention in the device. These findings demonstrate that PIV measurements strengthen in-vitro evaluation and can be jointly used to develop high-performance DPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gomes Dos Reis
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vishal Chaugule
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David F Fletcher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Julio Soria
- Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia.
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Pasquali I, Merusi C, Brambilla G, Long E, Hargrave G, Versteeg H. Optical diagnostics study of air flow and powder fluidisation in Nexthaler ® —Part I: Studies with lactose placebo formulation. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:780-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hariharan P, Freed M, Myers MR. Use of computational fluid dynamics in the design of dynamic contrast enhanced imaging phantoms. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:6369-91. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/18/6369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shrimpton JS, Danby M. Effect of poly-dispersity on the stability of agglomerates subjected to simple fluid strain fields. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wong W, Fletcher DF, Traini D, Chan H, Crapper J, Young PM. Particle Aerosolisation and Break‐up in Dry Powder Inhalers: Evaluation and Modelling of the Influence of Grid Structures for Agglomerated Systems. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4710-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wong W, Fletcher DF, Traini D, Chan HK, Crapper J, Young PM. Particle Aerosolisation and Break-Up in Dry Powder Inhalers: Evaluation and Modelling of Impaction Effects for Agglomerated Systems. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2744-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wong W, Fletcher DF, Traini D, Chan HK, Crapper J, Young PM. Particle Aerosolisation and Break-up in Dry Powder Inhalers 1: Evaluation and Modelling of Venturi Effects for Agglomerated Systems. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Experimental observations of dry powder inhaler dose fluidisation. Int J Pharm 2008; 358:238-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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YU M, LIN J, XIONG H. Quadrature Method of Moments for Nanoparticle Coagulation and Diffusion in the Planar Impinging Jet Flow. Chin J Chem Eng 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ally J, Amirfazli A, Roa W. Factors Affecting Magnetic Retention of Particles in the Upper Airways: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:491-509. [PMID: 17196078 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2006.19.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of experiments using an in vitro model and an ex vivo animal model (Rana catesbeiana) to study magnetic particle retention in the conducting airways, specifically the trachea and bronchi. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the significant factors for retention of magnetic particles deposited from an aerosol at the airway surface using a magnetic field. The results indicate that the apparent viscosity of the mucus layer at low shear rates is the most significant obstacle to particle retention. The results also show that particle size and aggregation play major roles in particle retention. The mucus transport rate, unlike the effect of fluid velocity in intravenous applications, did not appear to be a determining factor for particle retention. It was also found that a suitably designed magnetic system, aside from having a high intensity, needs to exert a strong radial field to promote particle aggregation. The findings suggest that one possible approach to magnetic particle retention could be delivery of a mucolytic agent along with the drug particles. This study provides the fundamentals needed for development of a targeted magnetic drug delivery system for inhaled therapeutic aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bunker MJ, Davies MC, Chen X, James MB, Roberts CJ. Single particle friction on blister packaging materials used in dry powder inhalers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:405-13. [PMID: 16978847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the adhesion and sliding friction behaviour of single lactose particles attached directly to AFM cantilevers has been studied. Measurements were made on the two sides of a blister packaging material used in dry powder inhalers (DPI). Although no significant differences in adhesion were observed, clear differences in particle friction were evident, where one side offers consistently greater friction across the range of loads studied here. The packaging samples were characterised by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and found to have different surface chemistries. The observed difference in friction behaviour is discussed in the context of the differences seen in surface chemistry, topography and hardness. It is reasoned that in this case hardness has the largest influence, and on one sample soft surface layers are displaced by the particle. A clear relationship between friction and load was only observed with one of the three particles tested; this was attributed to multiple asperities being brought into contact, illustrating the important role of nanoscale contact geometry in determining friction behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bunker
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Bunker MJ, Roberts CJ, Davies MC, James MB. A nanoscale study of particle friction in a pharmaceutical system. Int J Pharm 2006; 325:163-71. [PMID: 16875789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of single particle interactions in dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations using atomic force microscopy (AFM) have recently grown in popularity. Currently, these experiments are all based on measuring particle adhesion forces. We broaden this approach by presenting a novel AFM friction study of single particles in a pharmaceutical system, to examine forces acting parallel to a surface. The sliding friction signal of lactose particles attached to AFM cantilevers was recorded in lateral force (LF) mode over 5 microm x 5 microm areas on five different surfaces chosen to represent both relevant inter-particle and particle-surface interactions. A ranking of friction forces was obtained as follows: glass approximately equal to zanamivir >zanamivir-magnesium stearate (99.5%/0.5%, w/w) blend approximately equal to magnesium stearate approximately equal to PTFE. The addition of magnesium stearate to the zanamivir surface dominated and significantly reduced the friction (Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0.001). AFM images of the contacting asperities of the lactose particles show changes in contact morphology due to two processes. Firstly the asperity wears flat due to abrasion and secondly small magnesium stearate particles transfer onto the asperity. It is proposed that in combination with AFM particle adhesion measurements, this method could be used to screen new formulations and the effectiveness of tertiary components in modifying carrier-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bunker
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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de Boer AH, Hagedoorn P, Gjaltema D, Goede J, Frijlink HW. Air classifier technology (ACT) in dry powder inhalation. Int J Pharm 2006; 310:72-80. [PMID: 16442248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the design of a multifarious classifier family for different applications is described. The main design and development steps are presented as well as some special techniques that have been applied to achieve preset objectives. It is shown by increasing the number of air supply channels to the classifier chamber (from 2 to 8), that the fine particle losses from adhesion onto the classifier walls can be reduced from 75% to less than 5% of the real dose for soft (spherical) agglomerates. By applying a bypass flow that is arranged as a co-axial sheath of clean air around the aerosol cloud from the classifier, the airflow resistance of the classifier can be controlled over a relatively wide range of values (0.023-0.041 kPa(0.5) min l(-1)). This, without affecting the fine particle dose or increasing the fine particle losses in the inhaler. Moreover, the sheath flow can be modelled to reduce the depositions in the induction port to the cascade impactor or in the patient's mouth, which are the result of back flows in these regions. The principle of powder induced pressure drop reduction across a classifier enables assessment of the amount of powder in the classifier at any moment during inhalation, from which classifier loading (from the dose system) and discharge rates can be derived. This principle has been applied to study the residence time of a dose in the classifier as function of the carrier size fraction and the flow rate. It has been found that this residence time can be controlled in order to obtain an optimal balance between the generated fine particle fraction and the inhalation manoeuvre of the patient. A residence time between 0.5 and 2 s at 60 l/min is considered favourable, as this yields a high fine particle dose (depending on the type of formulation used) and leaves sufficient inhaled volume for particle transport into the deep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H de Boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Coates MS, Fletcher DF, Chan HK, Raper JA. The Role of Capsule on the Performance of a Dry Powder Inhaler Using Computational and Experimental Analyses. Pharm Res 2005; 22:923-32. [PMID: 15948036 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-4587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the fundamental effects of the spinning capsule on the overall performance of a dry powder inhaler (Aerolizer). METHODS The capsule motion was visualized using high-speed photography. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to determine the flowfield generated in the device with and without the presence of different sized capsules at 60 l min(-1). The inhaler dispersion performance was measured with mannitol powder using a multistage liquid impinger at the same flowrate. RESULTS The capsule size (3, 4, and 5) was found to make no significant difference to the device flowfield, the particle-device impaction frequency, or the dispersion performance of the inhaler. Reducing the capsule size reduced only the capsule retention by 4%. In contrast, without the presence of the spinning capsule, turbulence levels were increased by 65%, FPF(Em) (wt% particles < or =6.8 microm in the aerosol referenced against the amount of powder emitted from the device) increased from 59% to 65%, while particle-mouthpiece impaction decreased by 2.5 times. When the powder was dispersed from within compared to from outside the spinning capsule containing four 0.6 mm holes at each end, the FPF(Em) was increased significantly from 59% to 76%, and the throat retention was dropped from 14% to 6%. CONCLUSIONS The presence, but not the size, of a capsule has significant effects on the inhaler performance. The results suggested that impaction between the particles and the spinning capsule does not play a major role in powder dispersion. However, the capsule can provide additional strong mechanisms of deagglomeration dependent on the size of the capsule hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Coates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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