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Dai X, Liang R, Dai M, Li X, Zhao W. Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1. [PMID: 38795302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important public health challenge with a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. Smoking is a significant modifiable risk factor for AD progression, and its specific mechanism is often interpreted from a toxicological perspective. However, microbial infections also contribute to AD, with oral microbiota playing a crucial role in its progression. Notably, smoking alters the ecological structure and pathogenicity of the oral microbiota. Currently, there is no systematic review or summary of the relationship between these three factors; thus, understanding this association can help in the development of new treatments. This review summarizes the connections between smoking, AD, and oral microbiota from existing research. It also explores how smoking affects the occurrence and development of AD through oral microbiota, and examines treatments for oral microbiota that delay the progression of AD. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the potential of the oral microbiota to act as a biomarker for AD. Finally, it considers the feasibility of probiotics and oral antibacterial therapy to expand treatment methods for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhu Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manqiong Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Mohammed LI, Razali R, Zakaria ZZ, Benslimane FM, Cyprian F, Al-Asmakh M. Smoking induced salivary microbiome dysbiosis and is correlated with lipid biomarkers. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:608. [PMID: 38796419 PMCID: PMC11127352 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral microbiome plays an essential role in maintaining oral homeostasis and health; smoking significantly affects it, leading to microbial dysbiosis. The study aims to investigate changes in the oral microbiome composition of smokers in the Qatari population and establish a correlation with lipid biomarkers. METHODS The oral microbiota was profiled from saliva samples of 200 smokers and 100 non-smokers in the Qatari population, and 16s rRNA V3-V4 region were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered using QIIME and the statistical analysis was performed by R. RESULTS Non-smokers exhibited a more diverse microbiome, with significant alpha and beta diversity differences between the non-smoker and smoker groups. Smokers had a higher abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Patescibacteria, and Proteobacteria at the phylum level and of Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, TM7x, and Porphyromonas at the genus level. In contrast, non-smokers had more Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, and Patescibacteria at the phylum level, and Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Porphromonas, and Neisseria at the genus level. Notably, Streptococcus was significantly positively correlated with LDL and negatively correlated with HDL. Additionally, Streptococcus salivarius, within the genus Streptococcus, was substantially more abundant in smokers. CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant influence of smoking on the composition of the oral microbiome by enriching anaerobic microbes and depleting aerobic microbes. Moreover, the observed correlation between Streptococcus abundance and the lipid biomarkers suggests a potential link between smokers-induced salivary microbiome dysbiosis and lipid metabolism. Understanding the impact of smoking on altering the oral microbiome composition and its correlation with chemistry tests is essential for developing targeted interventions and strategies to improve oral health and reduce the risk of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla I Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Rozaimi Razali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- The KINDI Center for Computing Research, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zain Zaki Zakaria
- Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU-Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Farhan Cyprian
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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Ferrazzo KL, Ortigara GB, Bonzanini LIL. Harmful effects of electronic cigarette on oral soft tissues mediated by dysbiosis: State of the art. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2719-2721. [PMID: 37660360 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
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Charde P, Ali K, Hamdan N. Effects of e-cigarette smoking on periodontal health: A scoping review. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002311. [PMID: 38507403 PMCID: PMC10954179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of electronic cigarettes (ECs), also known as vaping, has gained remarkable popularity globally during the last decade especially among young people. Current evidence suggests that vaping may be associated with health risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether vaping increases the risk for initiation and progression of periodontal disease; and to appraise the clinical changes seen in patients using e-cigarettes, and how these changes impact the management of periodontal disease. STUDY SELECTION, DATA AND SOURCES A comprehensive electronic search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus and Embase databases using the following search terms: Electronic Cigarettes OR vaping OR electronic nicotine delivery systems OR e-cigarettes AND Periodontitis. The search was limited to studies published from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2022. RESULTS A total of 23 clinical studies focusing on the effect of e-cigarette smoking on the periodontal clinical parameters, levels of inflammatory mediators, alteration in periodontal microflora, and response to periodontal treatment were found to be eligible for inclusion in the review. Vaping may be associated with greater clinical attachment loss (CAL) compared to non-smokers. Moreover, ECs are also associated with unfavorable effects on periodontal microbial counts, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Vaping may play a role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease by altering the host response resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines and periodontal microflora. Clinical studies show deleterious effects of vaping on periodontal health as well as less favourable response to periodontal treatment is observed in e-cigarette users compared to non-smokers. However, compared to cigarette smoking, the effects of vaping are less remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Charde
- Qatar University, QU Health, College of Dental Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Ali
- Qatar University, QU Health, College of Dental Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Hamdan
- Qatar University, QU Health, College of Dental Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Tao X, Zhang J, Meng Q, Chu J, Zhao R, Liu Y, Dong Y, Xu H, Tian T, Cui J, Zhang L, Chu M. The potential health effects associated with electronic-cigarette. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118056. [PMID: 38157958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A good old gateway theory that electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely recognized as safer tobacco substitutes. In actuality, demographics also show that vaping cannibalizes smoking, the best explanation of the data is the "common liability". However, the utilization of e-cigarette products remains a controversial topic at present. Currently, there has been a widespread and substantial growth in e-cigarette use worldwide owing to their endless new flavors and customizable characteristics. Furthermore, e-cigarette has grown widespread among smokers as well as non-smokers, including adolescents and young adults. And some studies have shown that e-cigarette users are at greater risk to start using combustible cigarettes while e-cigarettes use was also observed the potential benefits to people who want to quit smoking or not. Although it is true that e-cigarettes generally contain fewer toxic substances than combustible cigarettes, this does not mean that the chemical composition in e-cigarettes aerosols poses absolutely no risks. While concerns about toxic substances in e-cigarettes and their widespread use in the population are reasonable, it is also crucial to consider that e-cigarettes have been associated with the potential for promoting smoking cessation and the clinically relevant improvements in users with smoking-related pathologies. Meanwhile, there is still short of understanding of the health impacts associated with e-cigarette use. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the health impacts of e-cigarette exposure on oral, nasal, pulmonary, cardiovascular systems and brain. We aspire for this review to change people's previous perceptions of e-cigarettes and provide them with a more balanced perspective. Additionally, we suggest appropriate adjustments on regulation and policy for e-cigarette to gain greater public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianyao Meng
- Department of Global Health and Population, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Junfeng Chu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangdu People's Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Jiangdu People's Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiwen Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Minjie Chu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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Browning BD, Kirkland AE, Green R, Engevik M, Alekseyenko AV, Leggio L, Tomko RL, Squeglia LM. The adolescent and young adult microbiome and its association with substance use: a scoping review. Alcohol Alcohol 2024; 59:agad055. [PMID: 37665023 PMCID: PMC10979412 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The microbiome is a critical factor in health throughout human development. The aims of this scoping review are to (i) elucidate the differences between the youth (post-natal day 21-65 for rodents, 2-7 years for non-human primates, and 10-25 years for humans) microbiome with other life stages and (ii) identify youth-specific microbial changes associated with substance use. METHODS Peer-reviewed studies published up to May 2023 were identified in PubMed and SCOPUS and included gut and oral microbiome studies from rodents, non-human primates, and humans (N = 1733). Twenty-six articles were determined eligible based on inclusion criteria (aim 1: n = 19, aim 2: n = 7). RESULTS The adolescent and young adult oral and gut microbiomes are distinct compared to other life stages, within both non-human and human models. While there is limited research in this area, the microbiome appears to be vulnerable to substance use exposure earlier in life, including substances commonly initiated and escalated during adolescence and young adulthood (i.e. alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco). CONCLUSIONS Studies across the lifespan indicate that adolescence and young adulthood are distinct periods of development, where the microbiome is sensitive to exposures, including substance use. There is a need for more studies focused on the adolescent and young adult microbiome and substance use, as well as focused on the oral microbiome during this developmental period. Understanding the gut and oral microbiome during adolescence and young adulthood may provide insight into the pathophysiology of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney D Browning
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Anna E Kirkland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Rejoyce Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Melinda Engevik
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston SC, 29425, United States
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel L Tomko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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Mohajeri A, Lipsky MS, Hegde R, Chiang J, Hung M. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use and Periodontal Health-Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:25. [PMID: 38200931 PMCID: PMC10779217 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) are rapidly increasing in the U.S., however, information about their long-term risks and benefits remains limited. This study examined the relationship between ENDS use and periodontal health among U.S. adults. (2) Methods: Data came from 33,822 adults who participated in the 2016-2018 wave of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Inclusion criteria were adults without a history of cigarette smoking or diabetes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between ENDS use and a history of periodontal disease, with multivariable logistic regression adjusting for factors associated with poor oral health. (3) Results: Of the study participants, 2321 were never ENDS users, 38 were regular ENDS users, and 512 were non-regular ENDS users. Compared to never ENDS users, regular ENDS users had higher odds of poor periodontal health including bone loss around teeth. Regular ENDS use was also independently associated with higher odds of poor oral health compared to non-regular ENDS users. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests an association between ENDS use and increased risk of periodontal health issues in the United States. These findings align with previous research linking ENDS use to poor oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohajeri
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (M.S.L.); (R.H.); (J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin S. Lipsky
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (M.S.L.); (R.H.); (J.C.); (M.H.)
- Institute on Aging, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Rachana Hegde
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (M.S.L.); (R.H.); (J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Jody Chiang
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (M.S.L.); (R.H.); (J.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Man Hung
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; (M.S.L.); (R.H.); (J.C.); (M.H.)
- George E. Wahlen Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
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8
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Auschwitz E, Almeda J, Andl CD. Mechanisms of E-Cigarette Vape-Induced Epithelial Cell Damage. Cells 2023; 12:2552. [PMID: 37947630 PMCID: PMC10650279 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has been reported to affect cell viability, induce DNA damage, and modulate an inflammatory response resulting in negative health consequences. Most studies focus on oral and lung disease associated with e-cigarette use. However, tissue damage can be found in the cardio-vascular system and even the bladder. While the levels of carcinogenic compounds found in e-cigarette aerosols are lower than those in conventional cigarette smoke, the toxicants generated by the heat of the vaping device may include probable human carcinogens. Furthermore, nicotine, although not a carcinogen, can be metabolized to nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are known carcinogens and have been shown to be present in the saliva of e-cig users, demonstrating the health risk of e-cigarette vaping. E-cig vape can induce DNA adducts, promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage and NF-kB-driven inflammation. Together, these processes increase the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This creates a microenvironment thought to play a key role in tumorigenesis, although it is too early to know the long-term effects of vaping. This review considers different aspects of e-cigarette-induced cellular changes, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, DNA repair, inflammation, and the possible tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia D. Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Xu A, Duan K, Yang W, Feng G, Wu Z, Jiang X, Li M, Liu P, Chen J. The toxic effects of electronic cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal systems in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12366. [PMID: 37524767 PMCID: PMC10390502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) has been suggested to be less harmful than cigarette smoking, but the research on the full extent of their harm reduction potential is still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of EC aerosol and cigarette smoke (CS) on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal functions in mice after prolonged exposure. Forty-eight C57BL/6J male mice were randomly grouped and then exposed to fresh air (control), mung bean-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC1L, 6 mg/kg; EC1H, 12 mg/kg), watermelon-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC2L, 6 mg/kg; EC2H, 12 mg/kg), and finally a cigarette smoke (CS, 6 mg/kg), respectively. After 10 weeks of exposure, the heart rate increased for both the EC and CS groups, and the effect of CS on blood oxygen saturation was significantly higher than that of the EC group (P < 0.01). Proteomic analysis of the heart tissue showed that the overlapped differential expression protein from the EC and CS exposures was Crip2. For the gastrointestinal system, oral mucosa was significantly damaged in CS group. Compare with CS, EC had significantly fewer negative effects on most of the indictors which focused on in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Congdon ST, Guaglione JA, Ricketts OMA, Murphy KV, Anderson MG, Trowbridge DA, Al-Abduladheem Y, Phillips AM, Beausoleil AM, Stanley AJ, Becker TJ, Silver AC. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with a college-aged cohort: life-style factors that contribute to nasal carriage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1195758. [PMID: 37441241 PMCID: PMC10333693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1195758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen that can frequently be found at various body locations, such as the upper respiratory tract, nostrils, skin, and perineum. S. aureus is responsible for causing a variety of conditions, which range from minor skin infections and food poisoning to life-threatening sepsis and endocarditis. Furthermore, S. aureus has developed resistance to numerous antimicrobial agents, which has made treatment of S. aureus infections difficult. In the present study, we examined lifestyle factors that could increase the likelihood of S. aureus carriage, the overall prevalence of S. aureus, as well as assessed the antibiotic resistance profiles of the S. aureus isolates among a population of college students. Five hundred nasal samples were collected and analyzed via selective growth media, coagulase and protein A testing, as well as polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. One hundred four out of the 500 samples collected (21%) were identified as containing S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (74%), azithromycin (34%), cefoxitin (5%), ciprofloxacin (5%), tetracycline (4%), and trimethoprim (1%), but sensitive to gentamicin and rifampin. Lastly, we identified several lifestyle factors (i.e., pet exposure, time spent at the university recreational facility, musical instrument usage, and tobacco usage) positively correlated with S. aureus nasal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Congdon
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - John A. Guaglione
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | - Kyle V. Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Megan G. Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Darby A. Trowbridge
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | | | | | - Alexus J. Stanley
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Timothy J. Becker
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Adam C. Silver
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Moyers SA, Hartwell M, Chiaf A, Greiner B, Oliver JA, Croff JM. Associations of Combustible Cigarette, Electronic Cigarette, and Dual Use With COVID Infection and Severity in the U.S.: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the 2021 National Health Information Survey. Tob Use Insights 2023; 16:1179173X231179675. [PMID: 37324057 PMCID: PMC10262671 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x231179675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the potential respiratory health risks, the association of COVID infection and the use of combustible cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and concurrent dual use is a priority for public health. Many published reports have not accounted for known covarying factors. This study sought to calculate adjusted odds ratios for self-reported COVID infection and disease severity as a function of smoking and ENDS use, while accounting for factors known to influence COVID infection and disease severity (i.e., age, sex, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status and educational attainment, rural or urban environment, self-reported diabetes, COPD, coronary heart disease, and obesity status). Data from the 2021 U.S. National Health Interview Survey, a cross-sectional questionnaire design, were used to calculate both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for self-reported COVID infection and severity of symptoms. Results indicate that combustible cigarette use is associated with a lower likelihood of self-reported COVID infection relative to non-use of tobacco products (AOR = .64; 95% CI [.55, .74]), whereas ENDS use is associated with a higher likelihood of self-reported COVID infection (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI [1.04, 1.63]). There was no significant difference in COVID infection among dual users (ENDS and combustible use) when compared with non-users. Adjusting for covarying factors did not substantially change the results. There were no significant differences in COVID disease severity between those of varying smoking status. Future research should examine the relationship between smoking status and COVID infection and disease severity utilizing longitudinal study designs and non-self-report measures of smoking status (e.g., the biomarker cotinine), COVID infection (e.g., positive tests), and disease severity (e.g., hospitalizations, ventilator assistance, mortality, and ongoing symptoms of long COVID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susette A Moyers
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Office of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ashleigh Chiaf
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin Greiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Julie M Croff
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
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13
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Yang I, Rodriguez J, Young Wright C, Hu YJ. Oral microbiome of electronic cigarette users: A cross-sectional exploration. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1875-1884. [PMID: 35285123 PMCID: PMC10909585 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes have increased in popularity globally. Vaping may be associated with oral symptoms and pathologies including dental and periodontal damage, both of which have an underlying microbial etiology. The primary aim of this pilot study, therefore, was to compare the oral microbiome of vapers and non-vapers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This secondary data analysis had a cross-sectional comparative descriptive design and included data for 36 adults. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were extracted and amplified from soft tissue oral swab specimens and taxonomically classified using the Human Oral Microbiome Database. RESULTS Data for 18 vapers and 18 non-vapers were included in this study. Almost 56% of the vapers also smoked conventional cigarettes. Beta diversity differences were identified between vapers and non-vapers. Vapers had a significantly higher relative abundance of an unclassified species of Veillonella compared with non-vapers. Dual users had higher alpha diversity compared with exclusive vapers. Beta diversity was also associated with dual use. Multiple OTUs were identified to be associated with dual use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Vapers exhibit an altered oral microbiome. Dual use of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes is associated with the presence of several known pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yang
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeannie Rodriguez
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christa Young Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of Underwriters Laboratories, Marietta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Park B, Koh H, Patatanian M, Reyes-Caballero H, Zhao N, Meinert J, Holbrook JT, Leinbach LI, Biswal S. The mediating roles of the oral microbiome in saliva and subgingival sites between e-cigarette smoking and gingival inflammation. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 36732713 PMCID: PMC9893987 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been widely used by young individuals in the U.S. while being considered less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, ECs have increasingly been regarded as a health risk, producing detrimental chemicals that may cause, combined with poor oral hygiene, substantial inflammation in gingival and subgingival sites. In this paper, we first report that EC smoking significantly increases the odds of gingival inflammation. Then, through mediation analysis, we seek to identify and explain the mechanism that underlies the relationship between EC smoking and gingival inflammation via the oral microbiome. METHODS We collected saliva and subgingival samples from 75 EC users and 75 non-users between 18 and 34 years in age and profiled their microbial compositions via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We conducted raw sequence data processing, denoising and taxonomic annotations using QIIME2 based on the expanded human oral microbiome database (eHOMD). We then created functional annotations (i.e., KEGG pathways) using PICRUSt2. RESULTS We found significant increases in α-diversity for EC users and disparities in β-diversity between EC users and non-users. We also found significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 36 microbial taxa in the saliva site and 71 microbial taxa in the subgingival site. Finally, we found that 1 microbial taxon in the saliva site and 18 microbial taxa in the subgingival site significantly mediated the effects of EC smoking on gingival inflammation. The mediators on the genus level, for example, include Actinomyces, Rothia, Neisseria, and Enterococcus in the subgingival site. In addition, we report significant disparities between EC users and non-users in the relative abundance of 71 KEGG pathways in the subgingival site. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that continued EC use can further increase microbial dysbiosis that may lead to periodontal disease. Our findings also suggest that continued surveillance for the effect of ECs on the oral microbiome and its transmission to oral diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongsoo Park
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hyunwook Koh
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, The State University of New York, Korea, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Michael Patatanian
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hermes Reyes-Caballero
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jill Meinert
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Janet T Holbrook
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leah I Leinbach
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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16
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Doğan B, Ayar B, Pirim D. Investigation of putative roles of smoking-associated salivary microbiome alterations on carcinogenesis by integrative in silico analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 102:107805. [PMID: 36587566 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that cigarette smoking alters the salivary microbiome composition and affects the risk of various complex diseases including cancer. However, the potential role of the smoking-associated microbiome in cancer development remains unexplained. Here, the putative roles of smoking-related microbiome alterations in carcinogenesis were investigated by in silico analysis and suggested evidence can be further explored by experimental methodologies. The Disbiome database was used to extract smoking-associated microbial taxa in saliva and taxon set enrichment analysis (TSEA) was conducted to identify the gene sets associated with extracted microbial taxa. We further analyzed the expression profiles of identified genes by using RNA-sequencing data from TCGA and GTEx projects. Associations of the genes with smoking-related phenotypes in cancer datasets were analyzed to prioritize genes for their interplay between smoking-related microbiome and carcinogenesis. Thirty-eight microbial taxa associated with smoking were included in the TSEA and this revealed sixteen genes that were significantly associated with smoking-associated microbial taxa. All genes were found to be differentially expressed in at least one cancer dataset, yet the ELF3 and CTSH were the most common differentially expressed genes giving significant results for several cancer types. Moreover, C2CD3, CTSH, DSC3, ELF3, RHOT2, and WSB2 showed statistically significant associations with smoking-related phenotypes in cancer datasets. This study provides in silico evidence for the potential roles of the salivary microbiome on carcinogenesis. The results shed light on the importance of smoking cessation strategies for cancer management and interventions to stratify smokers for their risk of smoking-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkcan Doğan
- Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Translational Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berna Ayar
- Bursa Uludag University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Istinye University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Molecular Oncology, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Pirim
- Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Health Science, Department of Translational Medicine, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludag University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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17
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Morrison AG, Sarkar S, Umar S, Lee STM, Thomas SM. The Contribution of the Human Oral Microbiome to Oral Disease: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:318. [PMID: 36838283 PMCID: PMC9962706 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is an emerging field that has been a topic of discussion since the development of next generation sequencing and the implementation of the human microbiome project. This article reviews the current literature surrounding the oral microbiome, briefly highlighting most recent methods of microbiome characterization including cutting edge omics, databases for the microbiome, and areas with current gaps in knowledge. This article also describes reports on microorganisms contained in the oral microbiome which include viruses, archaea, fungi, and bacteria, and provides an in-depth analysis of their significant roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, we detail key bacteria involved in oral disease, including oral cancer, and the current research surrounding their role in stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, the role of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal disease, the creation of a network of interactions between microorganisms, the influence of the planktonic microbiome and cospecies biofilms, and the implications of antibiotic resistance. This paper provides a comprehensive literature analysis while also identifying gaps in knowledge to enable future studies to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Gregory Morrison
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soumyadev Sarkar
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sonny T. M. Lee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- 1717 Claflin Road, 136 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4031 Wahl Hall East, MS 3040, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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18
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Shah C, Holtfreter B, Hughes FJ, Nibali L. Retrospective exploratory study of smoking status and e-cigarette use with response to non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2023; 94:41-54. [PMID: 35781714 PMCID: PMC10087441 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare periodontal treatment responses in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, non-smokers, former and current smokers. METHODS In this retrospective clinical study, 220 patients with periodontitis were seen for baseline periodontal charting, professional-mechanical-plaque-removal (PMPR) and re-evaluation by postgraduate students. Sixty of these patients were former smokers, twenty were former smokers now using e-cigarettes, twenty current smokers, while all others (n = 120) were non-smokers. Effects of smoking status and treatment duration on clinical outcomes were analyzed by linear models using generalized least squares adjusted for known confounders. The primary outcome was "need for surgery" defined as number of sextants with ≥2 non-adjacent sites of probing depths (PD) ≥5 mm. RESULTS Compared with non-smokers, e-cigarette users had a less favorable treatment response after PMPR. This included statistically significant increased "need for surgery", as well as increased number of sextants with PD ≥5 mm, number of sites with PD >5 mm and mean PD. There were no statistically significant differences between e-cigarette users and current smokers. Former smokers responded statistically significantly better than e-cigarette users for the primary outcome as well as for the number of sextants and sites with PD ≥5 mm and mean PD. CONCLUSIONS Overall, e-cigarette users had a statistically significantly less favorable response to PMPR than non-smokers; their response was not statistically significantly different to those of current smokers. This, however, needs to be validated with further research in prospective clinical and observational studies in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Shah
- Periodontology UnitCentre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of DentistryOral & Craniofacial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Department of Restorative DentistryPeriodontologyEndodontologyand Preventive and Pediatric DentistryUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Francis J. Hughes
- Periodontology UnitCentre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of DentistryOral & Craniofacial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology UnitCentre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of DentistryOral & Craniofacial SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Galvin S, Moran GP, Healy CM. Influence of site and smoking on malignant transformation in the oral cavity: Is the microbiome the missing link? FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1166037. [PMID: 37035251 PMCID: PMC10076759 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1166037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tongue and floor of the mouth are high-risk sites for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), while smoking is its most significant risk factor. Recently, questions have been raised as to the role of the oral microbiome in OSCC because of a wealth of evidence demonstrating that the microbiome of OSCC differs from that of healthy mucosa. However, oral site and smoking also have a significant impact on oral microbial communities, and to date, the role these factors play in influencing the dysbiotic microbial communities of OSCC and precursor lesions has not been considered. This review aims to examine the influence of site and smoking on the oral microbiome and, in turn, whether these microbiome changes could be involved in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Galvin
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: Sheila Galvin
| | - Gary P. Moran
- Division of Oral Biosciences, School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire M. Healy
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Sheehan GT, Twardus SW, Cagan A, Ananthakrishnan AN. E-cigarette Use and Disease Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Case-Control Study. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:208-213. [PMID: 35579793 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional cigarette use adversely impacts disease outcomes in Crohn's disease (CD). There has been a worldwide increase in the use of e-cigarettes over the past decade. The impact of use of nicotine containing e-cigarettes on disease outcomes in CD or ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been well defined. METHODS This was a retrospective case-control study of patients with CD or UC who were current users of nicotine containing e-cigarettes (cases). Each case was matched to two non-vaping controls. Our primary study outcome was a composite of new biologic initiation, switch of existing biologic therapy, or IBD-related hospitalization or surgery over 2 years. Multivariable models adjusting for relevant covariates were construction. RESULTS The study consisted of 127 patients with IBD who were current e-cigarette users compared to 251 controls. Current e-cigarette users were younger than non-users and were more likely to have had an IBD-related surgery previously. On multivariable analysis among those with CD, current e-cigarette use was not associated with higher risk of study outcome (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.36-1.87). No difference was observed separately among those who were current or former smokers. Similarly, in those with UC, current e-cigarette use was not associated with the primary outcome (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.33-3.39). CONCLUSION Current e-cigarette use was not associated with worse outcomes among patients with IBD. However, larger studies particularly of patients de novo initiating vaping are needed to draw robust conclusions. Patients should be discouraged from initiating vaping recognizing overall adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Sheehan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shaina W Twardus
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Andrew Cagan
- Research Information Science and Computing, Mass General Brigham, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, 9th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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21
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Soo J, Easwaran M, Erickson‐DiRenzo E. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review for Otolaryngology Providers. OTO Open 2023; 7:e25. [PMID: 36998560 PMCID: PMC10046796 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use and effects of electronic (e)-cigarettes (e-cigs) are particularly relevant for otolaryngology providers as tobacco plays a major role in benign and malignant diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. This review aims to (1) summarize the recent policies regarding e-cigs and important patterns of use and (2) serve as a comprehensive resource for clinical providers on the known biologic and clinical effects of e-cigs on the upper aerodigestive tract. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE. Review Methods We conducted a narrative review on (1) general information on e-cig use and informative findings in the lower respiratory system and a comprehensive review on (2) the effects of e-cigs on cell and animal models and the clinical implications of these products on human health as is relevant to otolaryngology. Conclusions Although e-cigs are likely less harmful than conventional cigarettes, preliminary research on e-cigs suggest several deleterious effects including in the upper aerodigestive tract. Due to this, there has been increased interest in restricting e-cig usage, particularly among the adolescent population, and caution in recommending e-cigs to current smokers. Implications for Practice Chronic e-cig use is likely to have clinical implications. It is critical for otolaryngology providers to be aware of the rapidly changing regulations and use patterns regarding e-cigs and how e-cigs influence human health, particularly with regards to the upper aerodigestive tract, to accurately council patients regarding potential risks and benefits of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson‐DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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22
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Maki KA, Ganesan SM, Meeks B, Farmer N, Kazmi N, Barb JJ, Joseph PV, Wallen GR. The role of the oral microbiome in smoking-related cardiovascular risk: a review of the literature exploring mechanisms and pathways. J Transl Med 2022; 20:584. [PMID: 36503487 PMCID: PMC9743777 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Oral health is associated with smoking and cardiovascular outcomes, but there are gaps in knowledge of many mechanisms connecting smoking to cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the aim of this review is to synthesize literature on smoking and the oral microbiome, and smoking and cardiovascular risk/disease, respectively. A secondary aim is to identify common associations between the oral microbiome and cardiovascular risk/disease to smoking, respectively, to identify potential shared oral microbiome-associated mechanisms. We identified several oral bacteria across varying studies that were associated with smoking. Atopobium, Gemella, Megasphaera, Mycoplasma, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Rothia, Treponema, and Veillonella were increased, while Bergeyella, Haemophilus, Lautropia, and Neisseria were decreased in the oral microbiome of smokers versus non-smokers. Several bacteria that were increased in the oral microbiome of smokers were also positively associated with cardiovascular outcomes including Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Treponema, and Veillonella. We review possible mechanisms that may link the oral microbiome to smoking and cardiovascular risk including inflammation, modulation of amino acids and lipids, and nitric oxide modulation. Our hope is this review will inform future research targeting the microbiome and smoking-related cardiovascular disease so possible microbial targets for cardiovascular risk reduction can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Maki
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Sukirth M. Ganesan
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, 801 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Brianna Meeks
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland, School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Nicole Farmer
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Narjis Kazmi
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Jennifer J. Barb
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.280738.60000 0001 0035 9863National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gwenyth R. Wallen
- grid.410305.30000 0001 2194 5650Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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23
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Dalton KR, Louis LM, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Rule AM, Pool W, Randolph K, Thomas S, Davis MF, Quirós-Alcalá L. Microbiome alterations from volatile organic compounds (VOC) exposures among workers in salons primarily serving women of color. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114125. [PMID: 35987373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salon workers, especially those serving an ethnically and racially diverse clientele (i.e., Black/Latina), may experience disparately high levels of workplace exposures to respiratory irritants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Salon workers are also reported to have a greater risk of developing respiratory conditions compared to the general population. Emerging evidence suggests that occupational chemical exposures may alter the human microbiome and that these alterations may be an important mechanism by which workplace VOC exposures adversely impact respiratory health. This preliminary research investigated the potential effects of 28 VOC urinary biomarkers on the 16S rRNA nasal microbiome in 40 workers from salons primarily serving women of color (Black and Dominican salons) compared to office workers. Our exploratory analysis revealed significant differences in microbial composition by worker group; namely dissimilar levels of Staphylococcus species (S. epidermidis and S. aureus, specifically) in salon workers compared to office workers, and higher alpha diversity levels in workers in Dominican salons compared to workers in Black salons. Within-sample alpha diversity levels tended to be decreased with higher VOC urinary biomarker concentrations, significantly for carbon disulfide, acrolein, acrylonitrile, crotonaldehyde, and vinyl chloride biomarkers. Our research highlights that occupational exposures, particularly to chemicals like VOCs, can impact the respiratory microbiome in the vulnerable salon worker group. Further understanding of the potential effects of chemical mixtures on microbial composition may provide key insights to respiratory health and other adverse health outcomes, as well as direct prevention efforts in this largely historically understudied occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Dalton
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydia M Louis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Thomas
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA; Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Wasfi RA, Bang F, de Groh M, Champagne A, Han A, Lang JJ, McFaull SR, Melvin A, Pipe AL, Saxena S, Thompson W, Warner E, Prince SA. Chronic health effects associated with electronic cigarette use: A systematic review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:959622. [PMID: 36276349 PMCID: PMC9584749 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.959622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the last decade, e-cigarette use has been on the rise but with growing health concerns. The objective of this systematic review was to update findings for chronic health outcomes associated with e-cigarette use from the 2018 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) report. Methods Three bibliographic databases were searched to identify studies comparing the chronic health effects of e-cigarette users (ECU) to non-smokers (NS), smokers, and/or dual users indexed between 31 August 2017 and 29 January 2021. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full texts. Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second one. Outcomes were synthesized in a narrative manner using counts and based on statistical significance and direction of the association stratified by study design and exposure type. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence was assessed. The protocol was prospectively registered on Open Science Framework https://osf.io/u9btp. Results A total of 180 articles were eligible. This review focused on 93 studies for the 11 most frequently reported outcomes and from which 59 reported on daily e-cigarette use. The certainty of evidence for all outcomes was very low because of study design (84% cross-sectional) and exposure type (27% reported on exclusive ECU, i.e., never smoked traditional cigarettes). Overall, the summary of results for nearly all outcomes, including inflammation, immune response, periodontal and peri-implant clinical parameters, lung function, respiratory symptoms, and cardiovascular disease, suggested either non-significant or mixed results when daily ECU was compared to NS. This was also observed when comparing exclusive ECU to NS. The only notable exception was related to oral health where most (11/14) studies reported significantly higher inflammation among daily ECU vs. NS. Compared to the smokers, the exclusive-ECUs had no statistically significant differences in inflammation orperiodontal clinical parameters but had mixed findings for peri-implant clinical parameters. Conclusions This review provides an update to the 2018 NASEM report on chronic health effects of e-cigarette use. While the number of studies has grown, the certainty of evidence remains very low largely because of cross-sectional designs and lack of reporting on exclusive e-cigarette exposure. There remains a need for higher quality intervention and prospective studies to assess causality, with a focus on exclusive e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A. Wasfi
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Rania A. Wasfi
| | - Felix Bang
- Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Programs Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andre Champagne
- Behaviours, Environments and Lifespan Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotions and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arum Han
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Justin J. Lang
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R. McFaull
- Behaviours, Environments and Lifespan Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotions and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandria Melvin
- Centre for Indigenous Statistics and Partnerships, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Lawrence Pipe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Division of Cardiac Prevention & Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shika Saxena
- Behaviours, Environments and Lifespan Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotions and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Thompson
- Behaviours, Environments and Lifespan Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotions and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Warner
- Vaccine Safety, Vaccine Surveillance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Prince
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Stephanie A. Prince
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25
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Song Y, Li X, Li C, Xu S, Liu Y, Wu X. What Are the Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Lung Function Compared to Non-Electronic Cigarettes? A Systematic Analysis. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604989. [PMID: 36250151 PMCID: PMC9561085 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The effects of e-cigarettes on lung function were compared between the e-cigarette and the non-e-cigarette group, as well as self-changes after inhaling e-cigarettes. Method: From March 1st, 2022, relevant literature was selected from four databases through a predefined retrieval strategy. Strict literature screening and quality evaluation were conducted. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our results showed that CO (SMD: −1.48, 95%: −2.82–0.15) and FeNO (SMD: −0.66, 95%: −1.32, −0.01) were significantly decreased after e-cigarette usage. Only asthmatic smokers showed a statistically significant increase in flow resistance after inhaling e-cigarettes. Conversely, the decrease of FEV1/FVC% in the non-e-cigarette groups exceeded that in the e-cigarette group (SMD:1.18, 95%: 0.11–2.26). The degree of O2 saturation decrease was also less than that for the cigarette groups (SMD:0.32, 95%: 0.04–0.59), especially when compared to the conventional cigarette group (SMD:0.56, 95%: 0.04–1.08). Conclusion: The current findings indicate that short-term e-cigarette inhalation has a similar (but not significant) effect on lung function, as compared with non-e-cigarettes. More clinical studies are needed to explore the safety of inhaling e-cigarettes, especially in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Song
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoxiu Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Department of library of China Medical University, Library of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Dalian University, Dalian, China
- Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Wu, ; Yong Liu,
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Wu, ; Yong Liu,
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26
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Alade O, Folayan MO, Adeniyi A, Adeyemo YI, Oyapero A, Olatosi OO, Nzomiwu C, Popoola BO, Eigbobo J, Oziegbe E, Oyedele T, El Tantawi M, Sabbagh HJ. Differences in Oral Lesions Associated with Tobacco Smoking, E-Cigarette Use and COVID-19 Infection among Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710509. [PMID: 36078225 PMCID: PMC9517769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is associated with oral lesions which may be exacerbated by tobacco smoking or e-cigarette use. This study assessed the oral lesions associated with the use of e-cigarettes, tobacco smoking, and COVID-19 among adolescents and young people in Nigeria. A national survey recruited 11-23-year-old participants from the 36 States of Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Data were collected using Survey Monkey®. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. Statistical significance was set at p-value less than 0.05. There were 2870 participants, of which 386 (13.4%) were tobacco smokers, 167 (5.8%) e-cigarette users, and 401 (14.0%) were both e-cigarette and tobacco users; and 344 (12.0%) had ever tested positive to COVID-19. Adolescents and young people who smoked tobacco had more than twice the odds of reporting gingival inflammation, oral ulcers, dry mouth, and changes in taste than those who did not smoke. Those who used e-cigarettes had 1.5 times higher odds of reporting oral lesions. Respondents who had COVID-19 infection had higher odds of reporting gingival inflammation and lower odds of reporting dry mouth than those who did not have COVID-19 infection. These findings were significant, and may help clinicians to screen for tobacco use and COVID-19 among adolescents and young people in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola Alade
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria
| | | | - Abiola Adeniyi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Afolabi Oyapero
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja 100271, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Olamide Olatosi
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Chioma Nzomiwu
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Nigeria
| | | | - Joycelyn Eigbobo
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt 500004, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Oziegbe
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria
| | - Titus Oyedele
- Dental Unit, Department of Surgery, Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo 121103, Nigeria
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21527, Egypt
| | - Heba Jafar Sabbagh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Alizadehgharib S, Lehrkinder A, Alshabeeb A, Östberg A, Lingström P. The effect of a non‐tobacco‐based nicotine pouch on mucosal lesions caused by Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus). Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12885. [PMID: 35853092 PMCID: PMC9540014 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosal lesions are commonly found in Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus) users where the pouch is placed. These lesions are reversible, that is, clinical and histological tissue changes return to normal following cessation. However, the exact mechanisms behind these changes are unknown. The main aim of this study was to investigate how snus‐like non‐tobacco‐based nicotine pouches affect the oral mucosa and the severity of pre‐existing lesions. Sixty regular users of Swedish smokeless tobacco were encouraged to substitute their snus with non‐tobacco‐based nicotine pouch products during a 6‐week period. Meanwhile, oral mucosal lesions were assessed using a four‐degree scale. Over time, a reduction of pre‐existing mucosal lesions was observed between baseline and the final visit. In a second part, the effect of exposure to regular snus on the production of 48 different cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was compared in vitro with that resulting from exposure to the non‐tobacco‐based nicotine products. Results showed significantly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in cells exposed to regular snus compared to untreated or cells exposed to the non‐tobacco‐based nicotine products. This may be related to the improved clinical appearance of the oral mucosa in the participants that used the non‐tobacco‐based nicotine test pouches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alizadehgharib
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Odontology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Lehrkinder
- Department of Cariology Institute of Odontology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ali Alshabeeb
- Department of Cariology Institute of Odontology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna‐Karin Östberg
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Odontology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology Institute of Odontology Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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28
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Ying KL, Brasky TM, Freudenheim JL, McElroy JP, Nickerson QA, Song MA, Weng DY, Wewers MD, Whiteman NB, Mathé EA, Shields PG. Saliva and Lung Microbiome Associations with Electronic Cigarette Use and Smoking. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:435-446. [PMID: 35667088 PMCID: PMC9256774 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has increasingly been linked to cancer. Little is known about the lung and oral cavity microbiomes in smokers, and even less for electronic cigarette (EC) users, compared with never-smokers. In a cross-sectional study (n = 28) of smokers, EC users, and never-smokers, bronchoalveolar lavage and saliva samples underwent metatranscriptome profiling to examine associations with lung and oral microbiomes. Pairwise comparisons assessed differentially abundant bacteria species. Total bacterial load was similar between groups, with no differences in bacterial diversity across lung microbiomes. In lungs, 44 bacteria species differed significantly (FDR < 0.1) between smokers/never-smokers, with most decreased in smokers. Twelve species differed between smokers/EC users, all decreased in smokers of which Neisseria sp. KEM232 and Curvibacter sp. AEP1-3 were observed. Among the top five decreased species in both comparisons, Neisseria elongata, Neisseria sicca, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae were observed. In the oral microbiome, 152 species were differentially abundant for smokers/never-smokers, and 17 between smokers/electronic cigarette users, but only 21 species were differentially abundant in both the lung and oral cavity. EC use is not associated with changes in the lung microbiome compared with never-smokers, indicating EC toxicity does not affect microbiota. Statistically different bacteria in smokers compared with EC users and never-smokers were almost all decreased, potentially due to toxic effects of cigarette smoke. The low numbers of overlapping oral and lung microbes suggest that the oral microbiome is not a surrogate for analyzing smoking-related effects in the lung. PREVENTION RELEVANCE The microbiome affects cancer and other disease risk. The effects of e-cig usage on the lung microbiome are essentially unknown. Given the importance of lung microbiome dysbiosis populated by oral species which have been observed to drive lung cancer progression, it is important to study effects of e-cig use on microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Ying
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH,Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Theodore M. Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Jo L. Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Joseph P. McElroy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Quentin A. Nickerson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Daniel Y. Weng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Noah B. Whiteman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Ewy A. Mathé
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Peter G. Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
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29
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Pesce P, Menini M, Ugo G, Bagnasco F, Dioguardi M, Troiano G. Evaluation of periodontal indices among non-smokers, tobacco, and e-cigarette smokers: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:4701-4714. [PMID: 35556173 PMCID: PMC9276554 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The detrimental effect of tobacco smoking on periodontal health is well known, while the effect of electronic cigarette on periodontal parameters has been less investigated. The aim of the present systematic review was to compare periodontal indices in three categories of patients: traditional cigarette smokers (TS), e-cigarette smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was conducted for studies published until December 2021 on MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI Web of Science, and Scopus. A hand search was additionally conducted. Clinical observational and cross-sectional trials investigating periodontal indices among tobacco smokers (TS), electronic cigarette smokers (ES) and non-smokers (NS) were included and selected by 2 independent reviewers. Data on probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were collected. The risk of bias was evaluated according to the NIH quality assessment tool and a network meta-analysis (NMA) was undertaken. RESULTS Five relevant studies, from 707 identified, were included. Overall, 512 patients were included, of them 170 were NS, 176 were TS, and 166 were ES. A significant difference in the comparison among TS vs NS: effect size (ES) = 3.297 (95%CI: [2.142-4.454], p = 0.001) and TS and ES ES = 2.507 (95%CI: [1.351-3.663], p = 0.001) was identified for PD. A significant difference in the comparison among TS and NS, ES = 21.34 (95%CI: [13.41-29.27], p = 0.001) and between TS and ES ES = 15.67 (95%CI: [7.73-23.62], p = 0.001) was identified for PI. The analysis of BOP values shows a significant difference in the comparison among ES and NS: ES = - 16.22 (95%CI: [- 22.85 to - 9.59], p < 0.001) and between TS and NS: ES = - 14.47 (95%CI: [- 21.103 to - 7.848], p < 0.001). Based on the SUCRA ranking, NS showed the most favorable outcome for PD and PI, followed by ES. Tobacco smokers were clearly in the last position. Dealing with BoP ES showed the most favorable outcome, followed by TS. NS were in the last position. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal parameters were similar among NS and ES, while TS presented the worst indices. BoP was reduced both in ES and in TS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of the present review suggest a reduced effect on periodontal tissue of e-cig smoking compared to traditional cigarettes, despite recent studies proved that e-cig smoking increases oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, change in pulmonary cellular behavior, and stimulates DNA injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pesce
- Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Menini
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ugo
- Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagnasco
- Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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30
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Mechanistic Effects of E-Liquids on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Flavoring Agents. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050085. [PMID: 35621538 PMCID: PMC9139693 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaping has become a global health concern. As research continues, more studies are beginning to question the relative safety of E-liquid flavoring additives. The oral cavity is the first site of exposure to E-liquid aerosol, making it critical for investigation. Because of the importance of commensal bacterial biofilms for oral health, we sought to explore the effects of E-liquids ± flavors on the formation and growth of single- and multi-species biofilms and to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. Methods: Quantitative and confocal biofilm analysis, death curves, and colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated with flavorless and flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry, blueberry) E-liquids using four strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis). Results: All flavoring agents show a dose-dependent inhibition in the growth of single-species and multi-species biofilms. Furthermore, CFUs, death curves, and light microscopy show that flavoring agents have a bactericidal mode of inhibition on the growth of these oral streptococci. Conclusions: These results show that flavored, rather than unflavored, E-liquids are more detrimental to biofilm formation and growth of oral commensal bacteria. Consequently, E-liquid flavorings agents could pose risks to the oral microenvironment, and by extension, to systemic health.
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31
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Catala-Valentin A, Bernard JN, Caldwell M, Maxson J, Moore SD, Andl CD. E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposure Favors the Growth and Colonization of Oral Streptococcus mutans Compared to Commensal Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0242121. [PMID: 35377225 PMCID: PMC9045065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02421-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) have drastically increased in popularity during the last decade, especially among teenagers. While recent studies have started to explore the effect of e-cigs in the oral cavity, little is known about their effects on the oral microbiota and how they could affect oral health and potentially lead to disease, including periodontitis and head and neck cancers. To explore the impact of e-cigs on oral bacteria, we selected members of the genus Streptococcus, which are abundant in the oral cavity. We exposed the commensals Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii and the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus mutans, best known for causing dental caries, to e-liquids and e-cig aerosols with and without nicotine and with and without menthol flavoring and measured changes in growth patterns and biofilm formation. Our results demonstrate that e-cig aerosols hindered the growth of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii, while they did not affect the growth of S. mutans. We also show that e-cig aerosols significantly increased biofilm formation by S. mutans but did not affect the biofilm formation of the two commensals. We found that S. mutans exhibits higher hydrophobicity and coaggregation abilities along with higher attachment to OKF6 cells than S. sanguinis and S. gordonii. Therefore, our data suggest that e-cig aerosols have the potential to dysregulate oral bacterial homeostasis by suppressing the growth of commensals while enhancing the biofilm formation of the opportunistic pathogen S. mutans. This study highlights the importance of understanding the consequences of e-cig aerosol exposure on selected commensals and pathogenic species. Future studies modeling more complex communities will provide more insight into how e-cig aerosols and vaping affect the oral microbiota. IMPORTANCE Our study shows that e-cigarette aerosol exposure of selected bacteria known to be residents of the oral cavity hinders the growth of two streptococcal commensals while enhancing biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, and attachment for the pathogen S. mutans. These results indicate that e-cigarette vaping could open a niche for opportunistic bacteria such as S. mutans to colonize the oral cavity and affect oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Catala-Valentin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua N. Bernard
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew Caldwell
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Maxson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sean D. Moore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia D. Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Developmental Effects of Electronic Cigarette Use. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3337-3346. [PMID: 35578965 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes have gained widespread acceptance among adolescents and young adults. As a result of this popularity, there are concerns regarding the potential harm of primary, secondhand and thirdhand electronic cigarette exposures on fetal and postnatal development. In vitro studies have shown that constituents in electronic cigarette liquids, including nicotine, flavorings, and carrier agents can alter cellular processes and growth. Additionally, aerosolized electronic cigarette emissions have been shown to disrupt organ development and immune responses in preclinical studies. In clinical studies, an association between electronic cigarette use and frequent respiratory symptoms, greater asthma severity and impaired mucociliary clearance has been demonstrated with adolescent and young adult users of electronic cigarettes having twice the frequency of cough, mucus production, or bronchitis compared to nonusers. Along with the popularity of electronic cigarette use, secondhand electronic cigarette exposure has increased substantially; with almost one-fourth of middle and high school children reporting exposure to secondhand vapors. The health consequences of secondhand electronic cigarette exposure on children and other vulnerable populations are poorly understood but detectable levels of cotinine have been measured in nonusers. Pregnant women and their offspring are another vulnerable group at increased risk for health consequences from electronic cigarette exposure. Nicotine crosses the placenta and can disrupt brain and lung development in preclinical studies. This article will focus on the physiological and health effects associated with primary or secondhand exposure to electronic cigarettes. It is expected that with ongoing availability of electronic cigarettes as well as the accumulation of additional follow-up time for long-term outcomes, the risks associated with exposure will become better clarified. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3337-3346, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Collaco
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon A McGrath-Morrow
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang X, Mi Q, Yang J, Guan Y, Zeng W, Xiang H, Liu X, Yang W, Yang G, Li X, Cui Y, Gao Q. Effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoking on the human saliva microbial community. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:991-1000. [PMID: 35229279 PMCID: PMC9151971 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated the oral microbial community profile characteristics affected by conventional cigarettes smoking, but few studies focus on oral microbiome in response to electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes). This study aimed to investigate the effect of E-cigarettes on the oral microbiome and to describe the difference of oral community profiles between E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers. 16S rRNA V4 gene sequencing was performed to investigate the oral microbial profiles of 5 E-cigarette smokers, 14 tobacco smokers, 8 quitting tobacco smokers, and 6 nonsmokers. The Chao1, ACE, and Shannon diversity indexes increased significantly in saliva samples collected from E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers compared to the non-smokers, and no significant difference was found in alpha diversity between E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers. The main phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria and major genera Neisseria, Streptococcus, Prevotellaceae, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas dominated in the smoking groups, while Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria became the dominant phyla along with the genera Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Porphyromonas in the nonsmokers. The differences in the phylum Actinobacteria and genus Corynebacterium contributed to various functional differences between smokers and nonsmokers. The difference on oral microbial and composition between E-cigarettes and common tobacco were associated with increased Prevotellaceae and decreased Neisseria. Additionally, smoking cessation could lead to re-establishment of the oral microbiome to that of nonsmokers. Our data demonstrate that E-cigarette smoking had different effects on the structure and composition of the oral microbial community compared to tobacco smoking. However, the short- and long-term impact of E-cigarette smoking on microbiome composition and function needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China ,School of Pharmaceutical Science &Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, No. 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650504 China
| | - Qili Mi
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Ji Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Ying Guan
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Wanli Zeng
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Xin Liu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Yinshan Cui
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qian Gao
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106, China.
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E-Cigarette Aerosols Promote Oral S. aureus Colonization by Delaying an Immune Response and Bacterial Clearing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050773. [PMID: 35269394 PMCID: PMC8909134 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette (e-cig) vapor has been shown to play a pathological role in oral health and alter the oral microbiota, providing growth advantages for opportunistic pathogens. Enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus, a commensal resident in the oral cavity, correlates with the progression of periodontal disease, suggesting a role as an opportunistic pathogen. Environmental conditions, such as cigarette smoke, are known to increase S. aureus virulence, yet the role of S. aureus in periodontitis and oral preneoplasia is unknown. We exposed oral epithelial cells to e-cig aerosols and showed a dose-dependent cell viability reduction, regardless of nicotine content, in a possible attempt to repair DNA damage, as measured by pH2AX. S. aureus attachment to oral epithelial cells and bacterial biofilm formation were enhanced upon e-cig exposure, indicating an increased capacity for oral colonization. Mechanistically, e-cig aerosol exposure resulted in an immunosuppression, as determined by a reduction in IL8, IL6, and IL1β secretion by oral epithelial cells during co-culture with S. aureus. Consistent with this, e-cig vape reduced the oral epithelial cell clearance of S. aureus. Furthermore, we observed an increased expression of the inflammatory regulator COX2. This work suggests that e-cigs promote S. aureus colonization and modulate the oral inflammatory response, possibly promoting oral periodontitis and preneoplasia.
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Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, Lin Z, Thakor N, Vardhan M, Flaminio Z, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Vasconcelos R, Akapo A, Queiroz E, Bederoff M, Janal MN, Guo Y, Aguallo D, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome. mBio 2022; 13:e0007522. [PMID: 35189698 PMCID: PMC8903898 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have become prevalent as an alternative to conventional cigarette smoking, particularly in youth. E-cig aerosols contain unique chemicals which alter the oral microbiome and promote dysbiosis in ways we are just beginning to investigate. We conducted a 6-month longitudinal study involving 84 subjects who were either e-cig users, conventional smokers, or nonsmokers. Periodontal condition, cytokine levels, and subgingival microbial community composition were assessed, with periodontal, clinical, and cytokine measures reflecting cohort habit and positively correlating with pathogenic taxa (e.g., Treponema, Saccharibacteria, and Porphyromonas). α-Diversity increased similarly across cohorts longitudinally, yet each cohort maintained a unique microbiome. The e-cig microbiome shared many characteristics with the microbiome of conventional smokers and some with nonsmokers, yet it maintained a unique subgingival microbial community enriched in Fusobacterium and Bacteroidales (G-2). Our data suggest that e-cig use promotes a unique periodontal microbiome, existing as a stable heterogeneous state between those of conventional smokers and nonsmokers and presenting unique oral health challenges. IMPORTANCE Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is gaining in popularity and is often perceived as a healthier alternative to conventional smoking. Yet there is little evidence of the effects of long-term use of e-cigs on oral health. Conventional cigarette smoking is a prominent risk factor for the development of periodontitis, an oral disease affecting nearly half of adults over 30 years of age in the United States. Periodontitis is initiated through a disturbance in the microbial biofilm communities inhabiting the unique space between teeth and gingival tissues. This disturbance instigates host inflammatory and immune responses and, if left untreated, leads to tooth and bone loss and systemic diseases. We found that the e-cig user's periodontal microbiome is unique, eliciting unique host responses. Yet some similarities to the microbiomes of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers exist, with strikingly more in common with that of cigarette smokers, suggesting that there is a unique periodontal risk associated with e-cig use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Applied Bioinformatics Labs, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nirali Thakor
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mridula Vardhan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zia Flaminio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Rebeca Vasconcelos
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adenike Akapo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erica Queiroz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Bederoff
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deanna Aguallo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia M. Corby
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
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Antinozzi M, Giffi M, Sini N, Gallè F, Valeriani F, De Vito C, Liguori G, Romano Spica V, Cattaruzza MS. Cigarette Smoking and Human Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020510. [PMID: 35203720 PMCID: PMC8962244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a crucial regulator of human health and disease because of its interactions with the immune system. Tobacco smoke also influences the human ecosystem with implications for disease development. This systematic review aims to analyze the available evidence, until June 2021, on the relationship between traditional and/or electronic cigarette smoking and intestinal microbiota in healthy human adults. Of the 2645 articles published in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, 13 were included in the review. Despite differences in design, quality, and participants’ characteristics, most of the studies reported a reduction in bacterial species diversity, and decreased variability indices in smokers’ fecal samples. At the phylum or genus level, the results are very mixed on bacterial abundance both in smokers and non-smokers with two exceptions. Prevotella spp. appears significantly increased in smokers and former smokers but not in electronic cigarette users, while Proteobacteria showed a progressive increase in Desulfovibrio with the number of pack-years of cigarette (p = 0.001) and an increase in Alphaproteobacteria (p = 0.04) in current versus never smokers. This attempt to systematically characterize the effects of tobacco smoking on the composition of gut microbiota gives new perspectives on future research in smoking cessation and on a new possible use of probiotics to contrast smoke-related dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Antinozzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.); (N.S.); (C.D.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Monica Giffi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.); (N.S.); (C.D.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Nicolò Sini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.); (N.S.); (C.D.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.G.); (F.V.)
| | - Corrado De Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.); (N.S.); (C.D.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Sofia Cattaruzza
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.); (N.S.); (C.D.V.); (M.S.C.)
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37
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The Effects of e-Cigarette Aerosol on Oral Cavity Cells and Tissues: A Narrative Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020074. [PMID: 35202260 PMCID: PMC8878056 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of research has comprehensively documented the harmful effects of traditional cigarette smoking and nicotine on human health. The lower rate of exposure to harmful chemicals and toxic substances offered by alternative electronic smoking devices (e-cigarettes, vaping, etc.) has made these methods of smoking popular, especially among adolescents and young adults, and they are regarded frequently as safer than regular cigarettes. During vaporization of these so-called e-liquids, toxins, carcinogens and various other chemical substances may be released and inhaled by the user. Data on the potential human health effect attendant on exposure to e-vapor are based mainly on animal and in vitro studies. The oral tissues are the first locus of direct interaction with the components of the inhaled vapor. However, the short-term as well as long-term effects of the exposure are not known. The aim of the review is to briefly present data on the effects of the chemical components and toxins of e-cigarette vapor on oral cavity cells and tissues of oral health.
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Xu F, Pushalkar S, Lin Z, Thomas SC, Persaud JK, Sierra MA, Vardhan M, Vasconcelos R, Akapo A, Guo Y, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. Electronic cigarette use enriches periodontal pathogens. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:63-76. [PMID: 34997976 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking, especially its long-term impact on oral health, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a longitudinal clinical study with two study visits, 6 months apart, to investigate the effect of e-cigarette use on the bacterial community structure in the saliva of 101 periodontitis patients. Our data demonstrated that e-cigarette use altered the oral microbiome in periodontitis patients, enriching members of the Filifactor, Treponema, and Fusobacterium taxa. For patients at the same periodontal disease stage, cigarette smokers and e-cigarette smokers shared more similarities in their oral bacterial composition. E-cigarette smoking may have a similar potential as cigarette smoking at altering the bacterial composition of saliva over time, leading to an increase in the relative abundance of periodontal disease-associated pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The correlation analysis showed that certain genera, such as Dialister, Selenomonas, and Leptotrichia in the e-cigarette smoking group, were positively correlated with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α. E-cigarette use was also associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, which contribute to oral microbiome dysbiosis and advanced disease state. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott C Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julia Kishanie Persaud
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria A Sierra
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mridula Vardhan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebeca Vasconcelos
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adenike Akapo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patricia M Corby
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Angela R Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
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Anisman H, Kusnecov AW. Adopting healthy behaviors: Toward prevention and cures. Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91904-3.00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Zanetti F, Zivkovic Semren T, Battey JND, Guy PA, Ivanov NV, van der Plas A, Hoeng J. A Literature Review and Framework Proposal for Halitosis Assessment in Cigarette Smokers and Alternative Nicotine-Delivery Products Users. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:777442. [PMID: 35048075 PMCID: PMC8757736 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.777442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is a health condition which counts cigarette smoking (CS) among its major risk factors. Cigarette smoke can cause an imbalance in the oral bacterial community, leading to several oral diseases and conditions, including intraoral halitosis. Although the best approach to decrease smoking-related health risks is quitting smoking, this is not feasible for many smokers. Switching to potentially reduced-risk products, like electronic vapor products (EVP) or heated tobacco products (HTP), may help improve the conditions associated with CS. To date, there have been few systematic studies on the effects of CS on halitosis and none have assessed the effects of EVP and HTP use. Self-assessment studies have shown large limitations owing to the lack of reliability in the participants' judgment. This has compelled the scientific community to develop a strategy for meaningful assessment of these new products in comparison with cigarettes. Here, we compiled a review of the existing literature on CS and halitosis and propose a 3-layer approach that combines the use of the most advanced breath analysis techniques and multi-omics analysis to define the interactions between oral bacterial species and their role in halitosis both in vitro and in vivo. Such an approach will allow us to compare the effects of different nicotine-delivery products on oral bacteria and quantify their impact on halitosis. Defining the impact of alternative nicotine-delivery products on intraoral halitosis and its associated bacteria will help the scientific community advance a step further toward understanding the safety of these products and their potentiall risks for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Mohammed HO, Ahmed Alaa El-Din E, Farag AI. Impact of e-cigarettes on colonic mucosa and the role of recovery: involvement of oxidative and inflammatory pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64561-64571. [PMID: 34312757 PMCID: PMC8313116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) (EC) are often advertised as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. Its widespread use has led to increased interest in its adverse health effects, thanks to few restrictions and a lack of regulatory guidelines. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol inhalation in rat colon model and conduct a follow-up after cessation of exposure. The experiment included 30 male adult Albino rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group I (control), non-exposed animals; group II (exposed), was exposed to electronic cigarette liquid vapor for four consecutive weeks; and group III (recovery), was followed up for another 4 weeks after exposure to an e-cigarette as exposed group and for the same duration. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitric oxide (NO) increased significantly in colonic tissue, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. On histological examination, colonic mucosa showed distortion and loss of its epithelial lining with heavy inflammatory cell infiltration. Also, there was a significant decrease in periodic acid-Schiff-positive goblet cells and area percent of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) expression significantly increased in colonic mucosa. After 4 weeks of EC cessation, the colonic mucosal histological structure showed recovery with downregulated TNFα immunoexpression and restored oxidant/antioxidant balance. In conclusion, the usage of electronic cigarettes resulted in marked pathological alterations in the colonic mucosa, which could be attributed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses. In contrast, the cessation of exposure led to recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba O. Mohammed
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmed Alaa El-Din
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Azza I. Farag
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Vora MV, Holliday RS. Oral and periodontal implications of tobacco and nicotine products. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:241-253. [PMID: 34463989 PMCID: PMC8444622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use contributes to more mortality and morbidity globally than any other behavioral risk factor. Adverse effects do not spare the oral cavity, with many oral diseases more common, and treatments less successful, in the tobacco-using patient. Many of the oral health effects of cigarette smoking are well established, but other forms of tobacco, including cigars and smokeless tobacco, merit dental professionals' attention. Recently, an expanding variety of new or emerging tobacco and/or nicotine products has been brought to market, most prominently electronic cigarettes, but also including heated tobacco and other noncombustible nicotine products. The use of cannabis (marijuana) is increasing and also has risks for oral health and dental treatment. For the practicing periodontist, and all dental professionals, providing sound patient recommendations requires knowledge of the general and oral health implications associated with this wide range of tobacco and nicotine products and cannabis. This review provides an overview of selected tobacco and nicotine products with an emphasis on their implications for periodontal disease risk and clinical management. Also presented are strategies for tobacco use counselling and cessation support that dental professionals can implement in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Chaffee
- Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Couch
- Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manali V. Vora
- Division of Periodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard S. Holliday
- NIHR Clinical Lecturer in Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Gordon T, Karey E, Rebuli ME, Escobar Y, Jaspers I, Chi Chen L. E-Cigarette Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:301-322. [PMID: 34555289 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping has surpassed conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults in the United States and beyond. This review describes the experimental and clinical evidence of e-cigarette toxicity and deleterious health effects. Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths. However, the evolving e-cigarette landscape continues to impede timely toxicological studies and hinder progress made toward our understanding of the long-term health consequence of e-cigarettes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yael Escobar
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
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Xu F, Aboseria E, Janal MN, Pushalkar S, Bederoff MV, Vasconcelos R, Sapru S, Paul B, Queiroz E, Makwana S, Solarewicz J, Guo Y, Aguallo D, Gomez C, Shelly D, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. Comparative Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol on Periodontium of Periodontitis Patients. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:729144. [PMID: 35048050 PMCID: PMC8757783 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.729144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tobacco use is one of the main causes of periodontitis. E-cigarette are gaining in popularity, and studies are needed to better understand the impact of e-cigarettes on oral health. Objective: To perform a longitudinal study to evaluate the adverse effects of e-cigarettes on periodontal health. Methods: Naïve E-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and non-smokers were recruited using newspaper and social media. Age, gender, and ethnicity, were recorded. Participants were scheduled for two visits 6 months apart. At each visit, we collected data on the frequency and magnitude of e-cigarette and cigarette use, and alcohol consumption. Carbon monoxide (CO) levels, cotinine levels, salivary flow rate, periodontal probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were also determined at both baseline and follow-up visits and compared between groups with two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Periodontal diagnosis and other categorical variables were compared between groups with the chi-square statistic and logistic regression. Results: We screened 159 subjects and recruited 119 subjects. One-hundred-one subjects (31 cigarette smokers, 32 e-cigarette smokers, and 38 non-smokers) completed every assessment in both visits. The retention and compliance rate of subjects was 84.9%. The use of social media and craigslist was significant in recruiting e-cigarette subjects. Ethnicity and race differed between groups, as did average age in the male subjects. Carbon monoxide and salivary cotinine levels were highest among cigarette smokers. Bleeding on probing and average PDs similarly increased over time in all three groups, but CAL uniquely increased in e-cigarette smokers. Rates of severe periodontal disease were higher in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users than non-smokers, but interpretation is confounded by the older age of the cigarette smokers. Conclusion: Among the recruited participants, CAL after 6 months was significantly worse only in the e-cigarette smokers. This study design and protocol will assist in future larger studies on e-cigarette and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eman Aboseria
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria V. Bederoff
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebeca Vasconcelos
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sakshi Sapru
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bidisha Paul
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erica Queiroz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shreya Makwana
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julia Solarewicz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deanna Aguallo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Gomez
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donna Shelly
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yindalon Aphinyanaphongs
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patricia M. Corby
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
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45
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AL-Qaysi WW, Abdulla FH. Analytical methods for the identification of micro/nano metals in e-cigarette emission samples: a review. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2021; 75:6169-6180. [PMID: 34421189 PMCID: PMC8370834 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this review, numerous analytical methods to quantify the heavy and trace elements emitted from electronic cigarettes, cigarettes liquid and atomizer. The selection of a method was dependent upon the purpose, e.g., quantification or identification of elements only. The introductory part of this review focuses on describing the importance of setting up an electronic cigarettes- associated safety profile. The review dealt with studies that assessed elements in sizes ranging from nano to micro. The formation of different degradation chemical substances as well as impurity trends can be indicated through chemical investigation of metals in electronic cigarettes. Some studies have been covered that show the uses and benefits of. It is noticeable from all the collected sources that the minerals emitted from the smoke of e- cigs do not constitute any significant damage, as the percentage is very small, with the exception of minerals that may be emitted from the components of the device after heating it if the components of the e- cig are of poor specifications, except in the case of long-term accumulation. For this reason, an electronic cigarette can help smokers to quit smoking tobacco and replace it with electronic cigarettes smoke with distinctive flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Waleed AL-Qaysi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya campus, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Fatma H. Abdulla
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya campus, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
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46
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Cao Y, Wu D, Ma Y, Ma X, Wang S, Li F, Li M, Zhang T. Toxicity of electronic cigarettes: A general review of the origins, health hazards, and toxicity mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145475. [PMID: 33770885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette) are an alternative for traditional cigarette smokers to quit smoking. Based on the current understanding, electronic cigarettes have rapidly become popular among existing smokers and former non-smokers. However, increasing research at different levels reveals that e-cigarettes are unsafe. This review provides an overview of the toxicology of e-cigarettes based on existing in vivo and in vitro studies and compares their toxicity with that of traditional cigarettes. Moreover, we describe the associated toxicity components in e-cigarettes, as well as the potential mechanism by which e-cigarettes exert toxic effects. As is known to all, the nicotine in traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes has certain toxicity. Besides, a few studies have shown that propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin mixture and flavoring agents in e-cigarettes also are the key components causing adverse effects in animals or cells. There is insufficient scientific evidence on the toxicity of e-cigarettes due to the lack of standardized research methods, prompting the need to conduct a comprehensive toxicity assessment of e-cigarette toxicity to elucidate the safety issues of e-cigarettes. Eventually, a basis for decision-making on whether people use e-cigarettes will be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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47
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, O'Brien K, Montierth D, Xiao N, Ojcius DM. Effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on oral and systemic health. Biomed J 2021; 44:252-259. [PMID: 33039378 PMCID: PMC8358192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ of the body and is the leading cause of death in the United States and in the world. Decades of research have associated conventional cigarette smoke with several diseases and death. Heavily marketed, electronic nicotine delivery systems such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are available in a variety of flavors and high nicotine concentrations. In 2019, a severe lung disease outbreak linked to e-cigarette use led to several deaths, which was called electronic-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Even though the trend of e-cigarette use among teens continues to increase, information on the effects of e-cigarette smoke on oral and overall health are still scarce. This review discusses the possible health effects due to unregulated e-cigarette use, as well as the health effects of second-hand smoke and third-hand smoke on non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harmony Matshik Dakafay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji O'Brien
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dallin Montierth
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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48
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Chopyk J, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, Moshensky A, Fuentes AL, Bonde SS, Chuki D, Pride DT, Crotty Alexander LE. Compositional Differences in the Oral Microbiome of E-cigarette Users. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:599664. [PMID: 34135868 PMCID: PMC8200533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.599664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic (e)-cigarettes have been advocated as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the impact of e-cigarette aerosol deposition on the human oral microbiome, a key component in human health and disease. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap through a comparative analysis of the microbial community profiles from e-cigarette users and healthy controls [non-smokers/non-vapers (NSNV)]. Moreover, we sought to determine whether e-cigarette aerosol exposure from vaping induces persistent changes in the oral microbiome. To accomplish this, salivary and buccal mucosa samples were collected from e-cigarette users and NSNV controls, with additional oral samples collected from e-cigarette users after 2 weeks of decreased use. Total DNA was extracted from all samples and subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Our analysis revealed several prominent differences associated with vaping, specific to the sample type (i.e., saliva and buccal). In the saliva, e-cigarette users had a significantly higher alpha diversity, observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD) compared to NSNV controls, which declined with decreased vaping. The buccal mucosa swab samples were marked by a significant shift in beta diversity between e-cigarette users and NSNV controls. There were also significant differences in the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa, with a significant increase in Veillonella and Haemophilus in e-cigarette users. In addition, nasal swabs demonstrated a trend toward higher colonization rates with Staphylococcus aureus in e-cigarette users relative to controls (19 vs. 7.1%; p = n.s.). Overall, these data reveal several notable differences in the oral bacterial community composition and diversity in e-cigarette users as compared to NSNV controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chopyk
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christine M. Bojanowski
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John Shin
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alex Moshensky
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ana Lucia Fuentes
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Saniya S. Bonde
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dagni Chuki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David T. Pride
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura E. Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
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49
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Kamer AR, Pushalkar S, Gulivindala D, Butler T, Li Y, Annam KRC, Glodzik L, Ballman KV, Corby PM, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Saxena D, de Leon MJ. Periodontal dysbiosis associates with reduced CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal elderly. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12172. [PMID: 33869725 PMCID: PMC8040436 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is a chronic, inflammatory bacterial dysbiosis that is associated with both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome. METHODS A total of 48 elderly cognitively normal subjects were evaluated for differences in subgingival periodontal bacteria (assayed by 16S rRNA sequencing) between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker groups of amyloid and neurofibrillary pathology. A dysbiotic index (DI) was defined at the genus level as the abundance ratio of known periodontal bacteria to healthy bacteria. Analysis of variance/analysis of covariance (ANOVA/ANCOVA), linear discriminant effect-size analyses (LEfSe) were used to determine the bacterial genera and species differences between the CSF biomarker groups. RESULTS At genera and species levels, higher subgingival periodontal dysbiosis was associated with reduced CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42 (P = 0.02 and 0.01) but not with P-tau. DISCUSSION We show a selective relationship between periodontal disease bacterial dysbiosis and CSF biomarkers of amyloidosis, but not for tau. Further modeling is needed to establish the direct link between oral bacteria and Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant DentistryCollege of DentistryNew York UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular PathobiologyCollege of DentistryNew York UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Deepthi Gulivindala
- Department of Periodontology and Implant DentistryCollege of DentistryNew York UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Tracy Butler
- Department of RadiologyWeill Medical CenterBrain Health Imaging Institute Cornell UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of RadiologyWeill Medical CenterBrain Health Imaging Institute Cornell UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Lidia Glodzik
- Department of RadiologyWeill Medical CenterBrain Health Imaging Institute Cornell UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Karla V. Ballman
- Division of BiostatisticsDepartment of Population Health SciencesWeill Medical CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUSA
| | - Patricia M. Corby
- Department of Oral MedicineSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular PathobiologyCollege of DentistryNew York UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Mony J. de Leon
- Department of RadiologyWeill Medical CenterBrain Health Imaging Institute Cornell UniversityNew YorkUSA
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50
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Chattopadhyay S, Malayil L, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. A roadmap from unknowns to knowns: Advancing our understanding of the microbiomes of commercially available tobacco products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2633-2645. [PMID: 33704513 PMCID: PMC7948171 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is still the leading cause of preventable diseases and death in the USA and throughout the globe. Under Section 904(a)(3) of the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, tobacco manufacturing companies need to report on quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in all tobacco products. While the extensive HPHC list of 2012 includes 93 chemicals, which are categorized as carcinogenic, respiratory, cardiovascular, or reproductive toxicants or addictive compounds, it fails to include microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that have been shown to contribute to adverse health outcomes among tobacco users. Nevertheless, over the last 50 years, researchers have studied microorganisms in a variety of tobacco products using both culture-based and culture-independent techniques. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of this body of research, detailing the bacterial and fungal microbiomes residing in commercial tobacco products. Overall, studies have characterized over 89 unique bacterial genera and 19 fungal genera in cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, hookah, and smokeless tobacco. The most predominant bacterial genera are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. Fungal genera identified have included Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Streptomyces, and Candida, to name a few. While some of the identified microorganisms are known human pathogens, others are potential opportunistic pathogens. Given the vast array of microorganisms that are present across diverse types of tobacco products, future research should be focused on the viability of these microorganisms, as well as their ability to transfer to the user's respiratory tract, potentially contributing to adverse health outcomes. KEY POINTS: • Commercial tobacco products harbor diverse bacterial and fungal communities. • Some of these microorganisms are known or opportunistic human pathogens. • Research on their viability and transmission to users' respiratory tracts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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