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Armandi A, Bespaljko H, Mang A, Huber Y, Michel M, Labenz C, Galle PR, Neerukonda M, Bugianesi E, Schuppan D, Schattenberg JM. Short-term reduction of dietary gluten improves metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: A randomised, controlled proof-of-concept study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:1212-1222. [PMID: 38462919 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) relies on lifestyle intervention. Prior studies have shown that nutritional wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) activate toll-like receptor 4 on intestinal myeloid cells to enhance intestinal and extra-intestinal inflammation, including the promotion of murine MASLD, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis. AIMS We aimed to assess the impact of ATI (gluten)-free diet in liver as well as metabolic parameters of biopsy-proven MASLD patients. METHODS We performed a 6-week, proof-of-concept 1:1 randomised controlled trial of an ATI-free diet. The controls followed a balanced diet recommended by the German Nutrition Society. We assessed changes in controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), body mass index (BMI) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Patient-reported outcomes were assessed by the CLDQ-NASH questionnaire. Forty-five patients were consecutively enrolled (21 in the intervention arm and 24 in the control arm). RESULTS Three patients from each arm discontinued the study. In the ATI-free diet group, a significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.018), CAP (p = 0.018) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.042) was observed at 6 weeks. The mean difference in CAP between the two arms at week 6 was 30.5 dB/m (p = 0.039), with a delta significantly higher in the ATI-free diet group (p = 0.043). Only an ATI-free diet could achieve a significant improvement in CLDQ-NASH domains (p value for total scoring: 0.013). CONCLUSIONS A short-term ATI-free diet leads to significant improvements in liver and metabolic parameters, as well as patient-reported outcomes with good tolerability. A larger follow-up study is justified to corroborate these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT04066400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Armandi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helena Bespaljko
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Mang
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvonne Huber
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maurice Michel
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Labenz
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- University Medical Center, Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- University Medical Center, Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Mulè S, Ferrari S, Rosso G, Brovero A, Botta M, Congiusta A, Galla R, Molinari C, Uberti F. The Combined Antioxidant Effects of N-Acetylcysteine, Vitamin D3, and Glutathione from the Intestinal-Neuronal In Vitro Model. Foods 2024; 13:774. [PMID: 38472887 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress has been consistently linked to age-related diseases, conditions, and degenerative syndromes. Specifically, the brain is the organ that significantly contributes to declining quality of life in ageing. Since the body cannot completely counteract the detrimental effects of oxidative stress, nutraceuticals' antioxidant properties have received significant attention in recent years. This study assesses the potential health benefits of a novel combination of glutathione, vitamin D3, and N-acetylcysteine. To examine the combination's absorption and biodistribution and confirm that it has no harmful effects, the bioavailability of the mixture was first evaluated in a 3D model that mimicked the intestinal barrier. Further analyses on the blood-brain barrier was conducted to determine the antioxidant effects of the combination in the nervous system. The results show that the combination reaches the target and successfully crosses the blood-brain and intestinal barriers, demonstrating enhanced advantages on the neurological system, such as a reduction (about 10.5%) in inflammation and enhancement in cell myelination (about 20.4%) and brain tropism (about 18.1%) compared to the control. The results support the cooperative effect of N-acetylcysteine, vitamin D3, and glutathione to achieve multiple health benefits, outlining the possibility of an alternative nutraceutical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mulè
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrari
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rosso
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Arianna Brovero
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Botta
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Alessia Congiusta
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Rebecca Galla
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Noivita S.r.l.s., Spin Off of University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Molinari
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Francesca Uberti
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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Zevallos VF, Yogev N, Hauptmann J, Nikolaev A, Pickert G, Heib V, Fittler N, Steven S, Luessi F, Neerukonda M, Janoschka C, Tobinski AM, Klotz L, Waisman A, Schuppan D. Dietary wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors exacerbate CNS inflammation in experimental multiple sclerosis. Gut 2023; 73:92-104. [PMID: 37595983 PMCID: PMC10715558 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wheat has become a main staple globally. We studied the effect of defined pro-inflammatory dietary proteins, wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI), activating intestinal myeloid cells via toll-like receptor 4, in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice on standardised dietary regimes with defined content of gluten/ATI. Mice received a gluten and ATI-free diet with defined carbohydrate and protein (casein/zein) content, supplemented with: (a) 25% of gluten and 0.75% ATI; (b) 25% gluten and 0.19% ATI or (c) 1.5% purified ATI. The effect of dietary ATI on clinical EAE severity, on intestinal, mesenteric lymph node, splenic and central nervous system (CNS) subsets of myeloid cells and lymphocytes was analysed. Activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with MS and healthy controls was compared. RESULTS Dietary ATI dose-dependently caused significantly higher EAE clinical scores compared with mice on other dietary regimes, including on gluten alone. This was mediated by increased numbers and activation of pro-inflammatory intestinal, lymph node, splenic and CNS myeloid cells and of CNS-infiltrating encephalitogenic T-lymphocytes. Expectedly, ATI activated peripheral blood monocytes from both patients with MS and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Dietary wheat ATI activate murine and human myeloid cells. The amount of ATI present in an average human wheat-based diet caused mild intestinal inflammation, which was propagated to extraintestinal sites, leading to exacerbation of CNS inflammation and worsening of clinical symptoms in EAE. These results support the importance of the gut-brain axis in inflammatory CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor F Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Applied and Health Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Koln, Germany
| | - Judith Hauptmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexei Nikolaev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valeska Heib
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicola Fittler
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ann-Marie Tobinski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Caminero A. Wheat proteins as triggers of central nervous system inflammation. Gut 2023; 73:5-6. [PMID: 37751934 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lu Y, Ji H, Chen Y, Li Z, Timira V. A systematic review on the recent advances of wheat allergen detection by mass spectrometry: future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12324-12340. [PMID: 35852160 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the three major staple foods in the world. Although wheat is highly nutritional, it has a variety of allergenic components that are potentially fatal to humans and pose a significant hazard to the growth and consumption of wheat. Wheat allergy is a serious health problem, which is becoming more and more prevalent all over the world. To address and prevent related health risks, it is crucial to establish precise and sensitive detection and analytical methods as well as an understanding of the structure and sensitization mechanism of wheat allergens. Among various analytical tools, mass spectrometry (MS) is known to have high specificity and sensitivity. It is a promising non immune method to evaluate and quantify wheat allergens. In this article, the current research on the detection of wheat allergens based on mass spectrometry is reviewed. This review provides guidance for the further research on wheat allergen detection using mass spectrometry, and speeds up the development of wheat allergen research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Vaileth Timira
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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D’Amico V, Gänzle M, Call L, Zwirzitz B, Grausgruber H, D’Amico S, Brouns F. Does sourdough bread provide clinically relevant health benefits? Front Nutr 2023; 10:1230043. [PMID: 37545587 PMCID: PMC10399781 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1230043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, scientific interest in and consumer attention to sourdough fermentation in bread making has increased. On the one hand, this technology may favorably impact product quality, including flavor and shelf-life of bakery products; on the other hand, some cereal components, especially in wheat and rye, which are known to cause adverse reactions in a small subset of the population, can be partially modified or degraded. The latter potentially reduces their harmful effects, but depends strongly on the composition of sourdough microbiota, processing conditions and the resulting acidification. Tolerability, nutritional composition, potential health effects and consumer acceptance of sourdough bread are often suggested to be superior compared to yeast-leavened bread. However, the advantages of sourdough fermentation claimed in many publications rely mostly on data from chemical and in vitro analyzes, which raises questions about the actual impact on human nutrition. This review focuses on grain components, which may cause adverse effects in humans and the effect of sourdough microbiota on their structure, quantity and biological properties. Furthermore, presumed benefits of secondary metabolites and reduction of contaminants are discussed. The benefits claimed deriving from in vitro and in vivo experiments will be evaluated across a broader spectrum in terms of clinically relevant effects on human health. Accordingly, this critical review aims to contribute to a better understanding of the extent to which sourdough bread may result in measurable health benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera D’Amico
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Call
- Department of Crop Sciences, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefano D’Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES–Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Engel S, Klotz L, Wirth T, Fleck AK, Pickert G, Eschborn M, Kreuzburg S, Curella V, Bittner S, Zipp F, Schuppan D, Luessi F. Attenuation of immune activation in patients with multiple sclerosis on a wheat-reduced diet: a pilot crossover trial. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231170928. [PMID: 37384112 PMCID: PMC10293514 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231170928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Western lifestyle has been associated with an increase in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In mice, dietary wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) activate intestinal myeloid cells and augment T cell-mediated systemic inflammation. Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether a wheat- and thus ATI-reduced diet might exert beneficial effects in RRMS patients with modest disease activity. Methods In this 6-month, crossover, open-label, bicentric proof-of-concept trial, 16 RRMS patients with stable disease course were randomized to either 3 months of a standard wheat-containing diet with consecutive switch to a > 90% wheat-reduced diet, or vice versa. Results The primary endpoint was negative, as the frequency of circulating pro-inflammatory T cells did not decrease during the ATI-reduced diet. We did, however, observe decreased frequencies of CD14+ CD16++ monocytes and a concomitant increase in CD14++ CD16- monocytes during the wheat-reduced diet interval. This was accompanied by an improvement in pain-related quality of life in health-related quality of life assessed (SF-36). Conclusion Our results suggest that the wheat- and thus ATI-reduced diet was associated with changes in monocyte subsets and improved pain-related quality of life in RRMS patients. Thus, a wheat (ATI)-reduced diet might be a complementary approach accompanying immunotherapy for some patients. Registration German Clinical Trial Register (No. DRKS00027967).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinah Engel
- Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Samia Kreuzburg
- Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina Curella
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Wenger M, Grosse-Kathoefer S, Kraiem A, Pelamatti E, Nunes N, Pointner L, Aglas L. When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204025. [PMID: 37426425 PMCID: PMC10325731 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors of the human immune system are specialized pathogen detectors able to link innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands include among others bacteria-, mycoplasma- or virus-derived compounds such as lipids, lipo- and glycoproteins and nucleic acids. Not only are genetic variations in TLR-related genes associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, their expression also differs between allergic and non-allergic individuals. Due to a complex interplay of genes, environmental factors, and allergen sources the interpretation of TLRs involved in immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases remains challenging. Therefore, it is imperative to dissect the role of TLRs in allergies. In this review, we discuss i) the expression of TLRs in organs and cell types involved in the allergic immune response, ii) their involvement in modulating allergy-associated or -protective immune responses, and iii) how differential activation of TLRs by environmental factors, such as microbial, viral or air pollutant exposure, results in allergy development. However, we focus on iv) allergen sources interacting with TLRs, and v) how targeting TLRs could be employed in novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the contributions of TLRs to allergy development allow the identification of knowledge gaps, provide guidance for ongoing research efforts, and built the foundation for future exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design.
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Lin Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Hayat U, Liu C, Huang X, Lin H, Wang JY. 4D printed tri-segment nerve conduit using zein gel as the ink for repair of rat sciatic nerve large defect. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213473. [PMID: 37245344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Zein has enormous potential for application in biomedical field due to biodegradation and biocompatibility, we have recently prepared zein gel as a possible 3D printing ink. Our previous studies found that the pore structure in zein material can reduce early inflammation, promote the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, and accelerate nerve regeneration. To further explore the role of zein in nerve repair, we used 4D printing technique to create nerve conduits with zein protein gel, and designed 2 types of tri-segment conduits with different degradation rates. Structural parts printed in support baths with higher water content show faster degradation rates than those printed in support baths with lower water content. The conduits that degraded quickly at both ends and slowly in the middle (CB75-CB40-CB75) and the conduits that degraded slowly at both ends and quickly in the middle (CB40-CB75-CB40) were 4D printed, respectively. Animal experiments suggest that the CB75-CB40-CB75 conduit is better for nerve repair, which may be because its degradation pattern can match to the pattern of nerve regeneration better. Our new strategy through 4D printing indicated that fine modulation in conduit degradation can affect efficacy of nerve repair significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofa Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Huangjiahuayuan Road, Shanghai 201803, China
| | - Jinwen Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yubei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Uzma Hayat
- Jiaxing Yaojiao Medical Device Co. Ltd., 321 Jiachuang Road, Jiaxing 314032, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Haodong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiading Branch of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 800 Huangjiahuayuan Road, Shanghai 201803, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Jin-Ye Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Jiaxing Yaojiao Medical Device Co. Ltd., 321 Jiachuang Road, Jiaxing 314032, China.
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Kopp EB, Agaronyan K, Licona-Limón I, Nish SA, Medzhitov R. Modes of type 2 immune response initiation. Immunity 2023; 56:687-694. [PMID: 37044059 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity defends against macro-parasites and can cause allergic diseases. Our understanding of the mechanisms governing the initiation of type 2 immunity is limited, whereas we know more about type 1 immune responses. Type 2 immunity can be triggered by a wide array of inducers that do not share common features and via diverse pathways and mechanisms. To address the complexity of the type 2 initiation pathways, we suggest a framework that conceptualizes different modes of induction of type 2 immunity. We discuss categories of type 2 inducers and their immunogenicity, types of tissue perturbations that are caused by these inducers, sensing strategies for the initiation of Th2 immune responses, and categorization of the signals that are produced in response to type 2 challenges. We describe tissue-specific examples of functional disruption that could lead to type 2 inflammation and propose that different sensing strategies that operate at the tissue level converge on the initiation of type 2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kopp
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ileana Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Afzal M, Sielaff M, Distler U, Schuppan D, Tenzer S, Longin CFH. Reference proteomes of five wheat species as starting point for future design of cultivars with lower allergenic potential. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:9. [PMID: 36966156 PMCID: PMC10039927 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is an important staple food and its processing quality is largely driven by proteins. However, there is a sizable number of people with inflammatory reactions to wheat proteins, namely celiac disease, wheat allergy and the syndrome of non-celiac wheat sensitivity. Thus, proteome profiles should be of high importance for stakeholders along the wheat supply chain. We applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics to establish the flour reference proteome for five wheat species, ancient to modern, each based on 10 cultivars grown in three diverse environments. We identified at least 2540 proteins in each species and a cluster analyses clearly separated the species based on their proteome profiles. Even more, >50% of proteins significantly differed between species - many of them implicated in products' quality, grain-starch synthesis, plant stress regulation and proven or potential allergic reactions in humans. Notably, the expression of several important wheat proteins was found to be mainly driven by genetics vs. environmental factors, which enables selection and refinement of improved cultivars for the wheat supply chain as long as rapid test methods will be developed. Especially einkorn expressed 5.4 and 7.2-fold lower quantities of potential allergens and immunogenic amylase trypsin inhibitors, respectively, than common wheat, whereas potential allergen content was intermediate in tetraploid wheat species. This urgently warrants well-targeted clinical studies, where the developed reference proteomes will help to design representative test diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Malte Sielaff
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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12
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Caminero A, Guzman M, Libertucci J, Lomax AE. The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2181922. [PMID: 36843008 PMCID: PMC9980614 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2181922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that degrade peptide bonds and have been implicated in several common gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Although luminal proteolytic activity is important for maintenance of homeostasis and health, the current review describes recent advances in our understanding of how overactivity of luminal proteases contributes to the pathophysiology of celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and GI infections. Luminal proteases, many of which are produced by the microbiota, can modulate the immunogenicity of dietary antigens, reduce mucosal barrier function and activate pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive host signaling. Increased proteolytic activity has been ascribed to both increases in protease production and decreases in inhibitors of luminal proteases. With the identification of strains of bacteria that are important sources of proteases and their inhibitors, the stage is set to develop drug or microbial therapies to restore protease balance and alleviate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mabel Guzman
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josie Libertucci
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan E. Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,CONTACT Alan E. Lomax Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
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13
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Shah A, Kang S, Talley NJ, Do A, Walker MM, Shanahan ER, Koloski NA, Jones MP, Keely S, Morrison M, Holtmann GJ. The duodenal mucosa associated microbiome, visceral sensory function, immune activation and psychological comorbidities in functional gastrointestinal disorders with and without self-reported non-celiac wheat sensitivity. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2132078. [PMID: 36303431 PMCID: PMC9621048 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2132078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequently, patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) report intolerance of wheat products. We compared gastrointestinal symptoms, sensory function, psychiatric comorbidities, gut-homing immune cells, and duodenal mucosa-associated microbiome (d-MAM) in FGID patients and controls with and without self-reported wheat sensitivity (SR-NCWS). We recruited 40 FGID patients and 20 controls referred by GPs for treatment. Gastrointestinal/extraintestinal symptoms, visceral sensory function, psychological comorbidities, and SR-NCWS were assessed in a standardized approach. Peripheral gut homing T-cells (CD4+α4+β7+CCR9+/CD8+α4+β7+CCR9+) were quantified, and the d-MAM was assessed by DNA sequencing for 46 subjects. Factors of bacterial genera were extracted utilizing factor analysis with varimax rotation and factors univariately associated with FGID or SR-NCWS included in a subsequent multivariate analysis of variance to identify statistically independent discriminators. Anxiety scores (p < .05) and increased symptom responses to a nutrient challenge (p < .05) were univariately associated with FGID. Gut homing T-cells were increased in FGID patients with SR-NCWS compared to other groups (p all <0.05). MANOVA revealed that anxiety (p = .03), visceral sensory function (p = 0.007), and a d-MAM factor comprise members of the Alloprevotella, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Leptotrichia, and Veillonella lineages were significantly (p = .001) associated with FGID, while gut homing CD4+α4+ β7+CCR9+ T-cells were associated (p = .002) with SR-NCWS. Compared to controls, patients with and without SR-NCWS show that there are shifts in the amplicon sequence variants within specific bacterial genera between the FGID subgroups (particularly Prevotella and Streptococcus) as well as distinct bacterial taxa discriminatory for the two different FGID subtypes. Compared to controls, both FGID patients with and without SR-NCWS have an increased symptom response to a standardized nutrient challenge and increased anxiety scores. The FGID patients with SR-NCWS - as compared to FGID without SR-NCWS (and controls without SR-NCWS) - have increased gut homing T-cells. The d-MAM profiles suggest species and strain-based variations between the two FGID subtypes and in comparison to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Translational Research Institute Queensland, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seungha Kang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Anh Do
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marjorie M Walker
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Erin R Shanahan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Translational Research Institute Queensland, Australia
| | - Natasha A Koloski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Translational Research Institute Queensland, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Michael P Jones
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia,CONTACT Mark Morrison
| | - Gerald J Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,Translational Research Institute Queensland, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Gerald J Holtmann Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology & University of Queensland 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Juhász A, Nye-Wood MG, Tanner GJ, Colgrave ML. Digestibility of wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors using a caricain digestive supplement. Front Nutr 2022; 9:977206. [PMID: 36034932 PMCID: PMC9399795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.977206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a major source of nutrition, though in susceptible people it can elicit inappropriate immune responses. Wheat allergy and non-celiac wheat sensitivity are caused by various wheat proteins, including alpha-amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs). These proteins, like the gluten proteins which can cause celiac disease, are incompletely digested in the stomach such that immunogenic epitopes reach the lower digestive system where they elicit the undesirable immune response. The only completely effective treatment for these immune reactions is to eliminate the food trigger from the diet, though inadvertent or accidental consumption can still cause debilitating symptoms in susceptible people. One approach used is to prevent the causal proteins from provoking an immune reaction by enhancing their digestion using digestive protease supplements that act in the stomach or intestine, cleaving them to prevent or quench the harmful immune response. In this study, a digestive supplement enriched in caricain, an enzyme naturally present in papaya latex originally designed to act against gluten proteins was assessed for its ability to digest wheat ATIs. The digestion efficiency was quantitatively measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, including examination of the cleavage sites and the peptide products. The peptide products were measured across a digestion time course under conditions that mimic gastric digestion in vivo, involving the use of pepsin uniquely or in combination with the supplement to test for additive effects. The detection of diverse cleavage sites in the caricain supplement-treated samples suggests the presence of several proteolytic enzymes that act synergistically. Caricain showed rapid action in vitro against known immunogenic ATIs, indicating its utility for digestion of wheat ATIs in the upper digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéla Juhász
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Gregory J Tanner
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132679. [PMID: 35807860 PMCID: PMC9268201 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenetically characterized by the absence of celiac disease and wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a clinical entity triggered by the consumption of gluten-containing foods that relieved by a gluten-free diet. Since it is very difficult to maintain a complete gluten-free diet, there is a high interest in discovering alternative strategies aimed at reducing gluten concentration or mitigating its toxic effects. Plant-based dietary models are usually rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, recognized to prevent, delay, or even reverse chronic diseases, including intestinal disorders. However, research on the role of polyphenols in mitigating the toxicity of gluten-containing foods is currently limited. We address the metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols, both as free and bound macromolecule-linked forms, with particular reference to the gastrointestinal compartment, where the concentration of polyphenols can reach high levels. We analyze the potential targets of polyphenols including the gluten peptide bioavailability, the dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier, intestinal immune response, oxidative stress and inflammation, and dysbiosis. Overall, this review provides an updated overview of the effects of polyphenols as possible dietary strategies to counteract the toxic effects of gluten, potentially resulting in the improved quality of life of patients with gluten-related disorders.
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16
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Bellinghausen I, Khatri R, Saloga J. Current Strategies to Modulate Regulatory T Cell Activity in Allergic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912529. [PMID: 35720406 PMCID: PMC9205643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, atopic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy, increased strongly worldwide, reaching up to 50% in industrialized countries. These diseases are characterized by a dominating type 2 immune response and reduced numbers of allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. Conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy is able to tip the balance towards immunoregulation. However, in mouse models of allergy adaptive transfer of Treg cells did not always lead to convincing beneficial results, partially because of limited stability of their regulatory phenotype activity. Besides genetic predisposition, it has become evident that environmental factors like a westernized lifestyle linked to modern sanitized living, the early use of antibiotics, and the consumption of unhealthy foods leads to epithelial barrier defects and dysbiotic microbiota, thereby preventing immune tolerance and favoring the development of allergic diseases. Epigenetic modification of Treg cells has been described as one important mechanism in this context. In this review, we summarize how environmental factors affect the number and function of Treg cells in allergic inflammation and how this knowledge can be exploited in future allergy prevention strategies as well as novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rahul Khatri
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors Aggravate Intestinal Inflammation Associated with Celiac Disease Mediated by Gliadin in BALB/c Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111559. [PMID: 35681310 PMCID: PMC9180791 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disorder caused by the ingestion of gluten in people who carry the susceptible gene. In current celiac disease research, wheat gluten is often the main target of attention, neglecting the role played by non-gluten proteins. This study aimed to describe the effects of wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI, non-gluten proteins) and gliadin in BALB/c mice while exploring the further role of relevant adjuvants (cholera toxin, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid and dextran sulfate sodium) intervention. An ex vivo splenocyte and intestinal tissue were collected for analysis of the inflammatory profile. The consumption of gliadin and ATI caused intestinal inflammation in mice. Moreover, the histopathology staining of four intestinal sections (duodenum, jejunum, terminal ileum, and middle colon) indicated that adjuvants, especially polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid, enhanced the villi damage and crypt hyperplasia in co-stimulation with ATI and gliadin murine model. Immunohistochemical results showed that tissue transglutaminase and IL-15 expression were significantly increased in the jejunal tissue of mice treated with ATI and gliadin. Similarly, the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-13) and Th1/Th2 balance also showed that the inflammation response was significantly increased after co-stimulation with ATI and gliadin. This study provided new evidence for the role of wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
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18
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Felber J, Bläker H, Fischbach W, Koletzko S, Laaß M, Lachmann N, Lorenz P, Lynen P, Reese I, Scherf K, Schuppan D, Schumann M, Aust D, Baas S, Beisel S, de Laffolie J, Duba E, Holtmeier W, Lange L, Loddenkemper C, Moog G, Rath T, Roeb E, Rubin D, Stein J, Török H, Zopf Y. Aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie Zöliakie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:790-856. [PMID: 35545109 DOI: 10.1055/a-1741-5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Felber
- Medizinische Klinik II - Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Hämatologie und Onkologie, RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | | | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, LMU-Klinikum München, München, Deutschland.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Polen
| | - Martin Laaß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Nils Lachmann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Pia Lorenz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Petra Lynen
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Imke Reese
- Ernährungsberatung und -therapie Allergologie, München, Deutschland
| | - Katharina Scherf
- Institute of Applied Biosciences Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Deutschland
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institut für Translationale Immunologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Schumann
- Medizinische Klinik I für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
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19
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Yu J, Lin Y, Wang G, Song J, Hayat U, Liu C, Raza A, Huang X, Lin H, Wang JY. Zein-induced immune response and modulation by size, pore structure and drug-loading: Application for sciatic nerve regeneration. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:289-301. [PMID: 34843952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Zein is a biodegradable material with great potential in biomedical applications. However, as a plant-derived protein material, body's immune response is the key factor to determine its clinical performance. Herein, for the first time, the zein-induced immune response is evaluated systemically and locally, comparing with typical materials including alginate (ALG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) and polystyrene (PS). Zein triggers an early inflammatory response consistent with the non-degradable PS, but this response decreases to the same level of the biosafe ALG and PLGA with zein degradation. Changing sphere sizes, pore structure and encapsulating dexamethasone can effectively modulate the zein-induced immune response, especially the pore structure which also inhibits neutrophil recruitment and promotes macrophages polarizing towards M2 phenotype. Thus, porous zein conduits with high and low porosity are further fabricated for the 15 mm sciatic nerve defect repair in rats. The conduits with high porosity induce more M2 macrophages to accelerate nerve regeneration with shorter degradation period and better nerve repair efficacy. These findings suggest that the pore structure in zein materials can alleviate the zein-induced early inflammation and promote M2 macrophage polarization to accelerate nerve regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zein is a biodegradable material with great potential in biomedical applications. However, as a plant protein, its possible immune response in vivo is always the key issue. Until now, the systemic study on the immune responses of zein in vivo is still very limited, especially as an implant. Herein, for the first time, the zein-induced immune response was evaluated systemically and locally, comparing with typical biomaterials including alginate, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and polystyrene. Changing sphere sizes, pore structure and encapsulating dexamethasone could effectively modulate the zein-induced immune response, especially the pore structure which also inhibited neutrophil recruitment and promoted macrophages polarizing towards M2 phenotype. Furthermore, the pore structure in zein nerve conduits was proved to alleviate the early inflammation and promote M2 macrophage polarization to accelerate nerve regeneration.
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20
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Brackett NF, Pomés A, Chapman MD. New Frontiers: Precise Editing of Allergen Genes Using CRISPR. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:821107. [PMID: 35386981 PMCID: PMC8974684 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.821107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology offers the unique potential for unequivocally deleting allergen genes at the source. Compared to prior gene editing approaches, CRISPR boasts substantial improvements in editing efficiency, throughput, and precision. CRISPR has demonstrated success in several clinical applications such as sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, and preliminary knockout studies of allergenic proteins using CRISPR editing show promise. Given the advantages of CRISPR, as well as specific DNA targets in the allergen genes, CRISPR gene editing is a viable approach for tackling allergy, which may lead to significant disease improvement. This review will highlight recent applications of CRISPR editing of allergens, particularly cat allergen Fel d 1, and will discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach compared to existing treatment options.
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21
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Layer P, Andresen V, Allescher H, Bischoff SC, Claßen M, Elsenbruch S, Freitag M, Frieling T, Gebhard M, Goebel-Stengel M, Häuser W, Holtmann G, Keller J, Kreis ME, Kruis W, Langhorst J, Jansen PL, Madisch A, Mönnikes H, Müller-Lissner S, Niesler B, Pehl C, Pohl D, Raithel M, Röhrig-Herzog G, Schemann M, Schmiedel S, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Storr M, Preiß JC, Andus T, Buderus S, Ehlert U, Engel M, Enninger A, Fischbach W, Gillessen A, Gschossmann J, Gundling F, Haag S, Helwig U, Hollerbach S, Karaus M, Katschinski M, Krammer H, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Matthes H, Menge D, Miehlke S, Posovszky MC, Schaefert R, Schmidt-Choudhury A, Schwandner O, Schweinlin A, Seidl H, Stengel A, Tesarz J, van der Voort I, Voderholzer W, von Boyen G, von Schönfeld J, Wedel T. Update S3-Leitlinie Reizdarmsyndrom: Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Gemeinsame Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM) – Juni 2021 – AWMF-Registriernummer: 021/016. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:1323-1415. [PMID: 34891206 DOI: 10.1055/a-1591-4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Layer
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - V Andresen
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - H Allescher
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Gastroent., Hepatologie u. Stoffwechsel, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Deutschland
| | - S C Bischoff
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - M Claßen
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum Links der Weser, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - S Elsenbruch
- Klinik für Neurologie, Translational Pain Research Unit, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland.,Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - M Freitag
- Abteilung Allgemeinmedizin Department für Versorgungsforschung, Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland
| | - T Frieling
- Medizinische Klinik II, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Deutschland
| | - M Gebhard
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Pathologie-Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Goebel-Stengel
- Innere Medizin II, Helios Klinik Rottweil, Rottweil, und Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomat. Medizin u. Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - W Häuser
- Innere Medizin I mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Klinikum Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Deutschland
| | - G Holtmann
- Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australien
| | - J Keller
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M E Kreis
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - J Langhorst
- Klinik für Integrative Medizin und Naturheilkunde, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Klinikum am Bruderwald, Bamberg, Deutschland
| | - P Lynen Jansen
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Madisch
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, interventionelle Endoskopie und Diabetologie, Klinikum Siloah, Klinikum Region Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - H Mönnikes
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - B Niesler
- Abteilung Molekulare Humangenetik Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - C Pehl
- Medizinische Klinik, Krankenhaus Vilsbiburg, Vilsbiburg, Deutschland
| | - D Pohl
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - M Raithel
- Medizinische Klinik II m.S. Gastroenterologie und Onkologie, Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | | | - M Schemann
- Lehrstuhl für Humanbiologie, TU München, Deutschland
| | - S Schmiedel
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Deutschland
| | - J Schwille-Kiuntke
- Abteilung für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.,Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Versorgungsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - M Storr
- Zentrum für Endoskopie, Gesundheitszentrum Starnberger See, Starnberg, Deutschland
| | - J C Preiß
- Klinik für Innere Medizin - Gastroenterologie, Diabetologie und Hepatologie, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Deutschland
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Won S, Curtis J, Gänzle M. LC-MS/MS quantitation of α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor CM3 and glutathione during wheat sourdough breadmaking. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:120-129. [PMID: 34724302 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to quantify α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor (ATI) CM3 and glutathione (GSH) during wheat sourdough breadmaking. METHODS AND RESULTS Breads were made with two wheat cultivars and fermented with Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis, F. sanfranciscensis ΔgshR or Latilactobacillus sakei; chemically acidified and straight doughs served as controls. Samples were analysed after mixing, after proofing and after baking. GSH and CM3 were quantified by multi-reaction-monitoring-based methods on an LC-QTRAP mass spectrometer. Undigested ATI extracts were further examined by SDS-PAGE. CONCLUSIONS GSH abundance was similar after mixing and after proofing but increased after baking (p < 0.001), regardless of fermentation. In breads baked with cv. Brennan, the samples fermented with lactobacilli had higher GSH abundance (p < 0.001) than in the controls. CM3 relative abundance remained similar after mixing and after proofing but decreased after baking (p < 0.001) across all treatments. This trend was supported by the SDS-PAGE analysis in which ATI band intensities decreased after baking (p < 0.001) in all experimental conditions. The overall effect of baking exerted a greater effect on the abundances of GSH and CM3 than fermentation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report to quantify ATI over the course of breadmaking by LC-MS/MS in sourdough and straight dough processes.
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23
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El Hassouni K, Sielaff M, Curella V, Neerukonda M, Leiser W, Würschum T, Schuppan D, Tenzer S, Longin CFH. Genetic architecture underlying the expression of eight α-amylase trypsin inhibitors. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3427-3441. [PMID: 34245321 PMCID: PMC8440294 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Wheat cultivars largely differ in the content and composition of ATI proteins, but heritability was quite low for six out of eight ATIs. The genetic architecture of ATI proteins is built up of few major and numerous small effect QTL. Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are important allergens in baker's asthma and suspected triggers of non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) inducing intestinal and extra-intestinal inflammation. As studies on the expression and genetic architecture of ATI proteins in wheat are lacking, we evaluated 149 European old and modern bread wheat cultivars grown at three different field locations for their content of eight ATI proteins. Large differences in the content and composition of ATIs in the different cultivars were identified ranging from 3.76 pmol for ATI CM2 to 80.4 pmol for ATI 0.19, with up to 2.5-fold variation in CM-type and up to sixfold variation in mono/dimeric ATIs. Generally, heritability estimates were low except for ATI 0.28 and ATI CM2. ATI protein content showed a low correlation with quality traits commonly analyzed in wheat breeding. Similarly, no trends were found regarding ATI content in wheat cultivars originating from numerous countries and decades of breeding history. Genome-wide association mapping revealed a complex genetic architecture built of many small, few medium and two major quantitative trait loci (QTL). The major QTL were located on chromosomes 3B for ATI 0.19-like and 6B for ATI 0.28, explaining 70.6 and 68.7% of the genotypic variance, respectively. Within close physical proximity to the medium and major QTL, we identified eight potential candidate genes on the wheat reference genome encoding structurally related lipid transfer proteins. Consequently, selection and breeding of wheat cultivars with low ATI protein amounts appear difficult requiring other strategies to reduce ATI content in wheat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula El Hassouni
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Malte Sielaff
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina Curella
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Willmar Leiser
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Würschum
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Escobar-Correas S, Broadbent JA, Andraszek A, Stockwell S, Howitt CA, Juhász A, Colgrave ML. Perennial Ryegrass Contains Gluten-Like Proteins That Could Contaminate Cereal Crops. Front Nutr 2021; 8:708122. [PMID: 34395501 PMCID: PMC8355629 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.708122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To ensure safe consumption of gluten-free products, there is a need to understand all sources of unintentional contamination with gluten in the food chain. In this study, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), a common weed infesting cereal crop, is analysed as a potential source of gluten-like peptide contamination. Materials and Methods: Ten ryegrass cultivars were analysed using shotgun proteomics for the presence of proteins from the prolamin superfamily. A relative quantitative assay was developed to detect ryegrass gluten-like peptides in comparison with those found in 10 common wheat cultivars. Results: A total of 19 protein accessions were found across 10 cultivars of ryegrass for the protein families of PF00234-Tryp_alpha_amyl, PF13016-Gliadin, and PF03157-Glutenin_HMW. Protein and peptide homology searches revealed that gliadin-like peptides were similar to avenin and gamma-gliadin peptides. A total of 20 peptides, characteristic of prolamin superfamily proteins, were selected for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Only two of the monitored peptides were detected with high abundance in wheat, and all others were detected in ryegrass. Glutenin and alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor peptides were reported for the first time in ryegrass and were noted to be conserved across the Poaceae family. Conclusion: A suite of gluten-like peptides were identified using proteomics that showed consistent abundance across ryegrass cultivars but were not detected in wheat cultivars. These peptides will be useful for differentiating wheat gluten contamination from ryegrass gluten contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Escobar-Correas
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Angéla Juhász
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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25
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Geisslitz S, Shewry P, Brouns F, America AHP, Caio GPI, Daly M, D'Amico S, De Giorgio R, Gilissen L, Grausgruber H, Huang X, Jonkers D, Keszthelyi D, Larré C, Masci S, Mills C, Møller MS, Sorrells ME, Svensson B, Zevallos VF, Weegels PL. Wheat ATIs: Characteristics and Role in Human Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:667370. [PMID: 34124122 PMCID: PMC8192694 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.667370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) comprise about 2–4% of the total wheat grain proteins and may contribute to natural defense against pests and pathogens. However, they are currently among the most widely studied wheat components because of their proposed role in adverse reactions to wheat consumption in humans. ATIs have long been known to contribute to IgE-mediated allergy (notably Bakers' asthma), but interest has increased since 2012 when they were shown to be able to trigger the innate immune system, with attention focused on their role in coeliac disease which affects about 1% of the population and, more recently, in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity which may affect up to 10% of the population. This has led to studies of their structure, inhibitory properties, genetics, control of expression, behavior during processing, effects on human adverse reactions to wheat and, most recently, strategies to modify their expression in the plant using gene editing. We therefore present an integrated account of this range of research, identifying inconsistencies, and gaps in our knowledge and identifying future research needs. Note This paper is the outcome of an invited international ATI expert meeting held in Amsterdam, February 3-5 2020
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Geisslitz
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H P America
- BU Bioscience, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Pietro Ismaele Caio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matthew Daly
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luud Gilissen
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, Impasse Thérèse Bertrand-Fontaine, Nantes, France
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark E Sorrells
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Victor F Zevallos
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Department of Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Louis Weegels
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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26
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Ose R, Weigmann B, Schuppan D, Waisman A, Saloga J, Bellinghausen I. Depletion of CD56 +CD3 + invariant natural killer T cells prevents allergen-induced inflammation in humanized mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1081-1087.e2. [PMID: 34019913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD56-expressing natural killer (NK) cells as well as invariant NK T (iNKT) cells have been shown to either promote or inhibit allergic immune responses. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of these cells in a recently developed humanized mouse model of allergen-induced IgE-dependent gut and lung inflammation. METHODS Nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency γ-chain knockout mice were injected intraperitoneally with human PBMCs or CD56-depleted (CD56neg) PBMCs from highly sensitized donors with birch or grass pollen allergy together with the respective allergen or with NaCl as a control. Three weeks later, the mice were challenged with the allergen rectally and gut inflammation was monitored by video miniendoscopy and by histology. Furthermore, airway inflammation was measured after an additional intranasal allergen challenge. RESULTS Allergen-specific human IgE in mouse sera, detectable only after coinjection of the respective allergen, was reduced in mice being injected with CD56neg PBMCs compared with in mice receiving nondepleted PBMCs. Consequently, allergen-induced IgE-dependent colitis, airway hyperreactivity, and mucus-producing goblet cells were significantly inhibited in these mice. Interestingly, reconstitution of CD56neg PBMCs with nondepleted CD56+ cells and with CD56+CD3+ iNKT cells restored gut as well as lung inflammation, whereas addition of CD3-depleted CD56+ cells did not. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that allergen-specific gut and lung inflammation in PBMC-engrafted humanized mice is promoted by CD56+CD3+ iNKT cells, which opens new possibilities of therapeutic intervention in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ose
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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27
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Fleck AK, Hucke S, Teipel F, Eschborn M, Janoschka C, Liebmann M, Wami H, Korn L, Pickert G, Hartwig M, Wirth T, Herold M, Koch K, Falk-Paulsen M, Dobrindt U, Kovac S, Gross CC, Rosenstiel P, Trautmann M, Wiendl H, Schuppan D, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid links reduced intestinal inflammation to amelioration of CNS autoimmunity. Brain 2021; 144:1152-1166. [PMID: 33899089 PMCID: PMC8105041 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A close interaction between gut immune responses and distant organ-specific autoimmunity including the CNS in multiple sclerosis has been established in recent years. This so-called gut–CNS axis can be shaped by dietary factors, either directly or via indirect modulation of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Here, we report that dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid, a mixture of linoleic acid isomers, ameliorates CNS autoimmunity in a spontaneous mouse model of multiple sclerosis, accompanied by an attenuation of intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation as well as an increase in intestinal myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. Protective effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid were not abrogated upon microbiota eradication, indicating that the microbiome is dispensable for these conjugated linoleic acid-mediated effects. Instead, we observed a range of direct anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on murine myeloid cells including an enhanced IL10 production and the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation. Finally, in a human pilot study in patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 15, under first-line disease-modifying treatment), dietary conjugated linoleic acid-supplementation for 6 months significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory profiles as well as functional signatures of circulating myeloid cells. Together, our results identify conjugated linoleic acid as a potent modulator of the gut–CNS axis by targeting myeloid cells in the intestine, which in turn control encephalitogenic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Flavio Teipel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Janoschka
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisanne Korn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marvin Hartwig
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcel Trautmann
- Division of Translational Pathology, Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Autoimmunity Features in Patients With Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1015-1023. [PMID: 33009065 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is characterized by intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations consequent to wheat ingestion in subjects without celiac disease and wheat allergy. Few studies investigated the relationship between NCWS and autoimmunity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of autoimmune diseases (ADs) and autoantibodies in patients with NCWS. METHODS Ninety-one patients (13 men and 78 women; mean age of 40.9 years) with NCWS, recruited in a single center, were included. Seventy-six healthy blood donors (HBD) and 55 patients with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) unrelated to NCWS served as controls. Autoantibodies levels were measured. Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes were determined, and duodenal histology performed in all patients carrying the DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes. Participants completed a questionnaire, and their medical records were reviewed to identify those with ADs. RESULTS Twenty-three patients with NCWS (25.3%) presented with ADs; autoimmune thyroiditis (16 patients, 17.6%) was the most frequent. The frequency of ADs was higher in patients with NCWS than in HBD (P = 0.002) and in patients with IBS (P = 0.05). In the NCWS group, antinuclear antibodies tested positive in 71.4% vs HBD 19.7%, and vs patients with IBS 21.8% (P < 0.0001 for both). The frequency of extractable nuclear antigen antibody (ENA) positivity was significantly higher in patients with NCWS (21.9%) than in HBD (0%) and patients with IBS (3.6%) (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Among the patients with NCWS, 9.9% tested positive for antithyroglobulin, 16.5% for antithyroid peroxidase, and 14.3% for antiparietal cell antibodies; frequencies were not statistically different from controls. The presence of ADs was related to older age at NCWS diagnosis, female sex, duodenal lymphocytosis, and eosinophil infiltration. DISCUSSION One in 4 patients with NCWS suffered from AD, and serum antinuclear antibodies were positive in a very high percentage of cases. These data led us to consider NCWS to be associated to ADs.
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29
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Afzal M, Sielaff M, Curella V, Neerukonda M, El Hassouni K, Schuppan D, Tenzer S, Longin CFH. Characterization of 150 Wheat Cultivars by LC-MS-Based Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Unravels Possibilities to Design Wheat Better for Baking Quality and Human Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:424. [PMID: 33668233 PMCID: PMC7996164 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) contributes to 20% of the human protein supply, delivers essential amino acids and is of fundamental importance for bread and pasta quality. Wheat proteins are also involved in adverse human reactions like celiac disease (CD), wheat allergy (WA) and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics of aqueous flour extracts, we determined 756 proteins across 150 wheat cultivars grown in three environments. However, only 303 proteins were stably expressed across all environments in at least one cultivar and only 89 proteins thereof across all 150 cultivars. This underlines the large influence of environmental conditions on the expression of many proteins. Wheat cultivars varied largely in their protein profile, shown by high coefficients of variation across different cultivars. Heritability (h2) ranged from 0-1, with 114 proteins having h² > 0.6, including important proteins for baking quality and human health. The expression of these 114 proteins should be amenable to targeted manipulation across the wheat supply chain by varietal choice and breeding for designing healthier wheat with better quality. Further technical development is urgently required to assign functions to identifiable proteins labeled yet uncharacterized in databases and speeding up detection methods to routinely use proteomics in wheat supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (K.E.H.)
| | - Malte Sielaff
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Valentina Curella
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.C.); (M.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.C.); (M.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Khaoula El Hassouni
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (K.E.H.)
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.C.); (M.N.); (D.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.S.); (S.T.)
| | - C. Friedrich H. Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (M.A.); (K.E.H.)
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Sielaff M, Curella V, Neerukonda M, Afzal M, El Hassouni K, Distler U, Schuppan D, Longin CFH, Tenzer S. Hybrid QconCAT-Based Targeted Absolute and Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Label-Free Quantification Enables In-Depth Proteomic Characterization of Wheat Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor Extracts. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1544-1557. [PMID: 33507751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wheat amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) have gained significant relevance as inducers of intestinal and extra-intestinal inflammation. In this study, we present a novel hybrid data-independent acquisition (DIA) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach, combining QconCAT technology with short microflow LC gradients and DIA and apply the method toward the quantitative proteome analysis of ATI extracts. The presented method is fast, robust, and reproducible and provides precise QconCAT-based absolute quantification of major ATI proteins while simultaneously quantifying the proteome by label-free quantification (LFQ). We analyzed extracts of 60 varieties of common wheat grown in replication and evaluated the reproducibility and precision of the workflow for the quantification of ATIs. Applying the method to analyze different wheat species (i.e., common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer, and einkorn) and comparing the results to published data, we validated inter-laboratory and cross-methodology reproducibility of ATI quantification, which is essential in the context of large-scale breeding projects. Additionally, we applied our workflow to assess environmental effects on ATI expression, analyzing ATI content and proteome of same varieties grown at different locations. Finally, we explored the potential of combining QconCAT-based absolute quantification with DIA-based LFQ proteome analysis for the generation of new hypotheses or assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sielaff
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina Curella
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manjusha Neerukonda
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Khaoula El Hassouni
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Thiel AL, Ragab M, Wagner AE, Divanovic S, Derer S, Sina C. Purification and Functional Characterization of the Chloroform/Methanol-Soluble Protein 3 (CM3) From Triticum aestivum in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Nutr 2021; 7:607937. [PMID: 33425975 PMCID: PMC7785803 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.607937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) has been proposed to be an independent disease entity that is characterized by intestinal (e.g., abdominal pain, flatulence) and extra-intestinal symptoms (e.g., headache, fatigue), which are propagated following the ingestion of wheat products. Increased activity of amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) in modern wheat is suggested to be major trigger of NCWS, while underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Here, we aimed to generate and functionally characterize the most abundant ATI in modern wheat, chloroform/methanol-soluble protein 3 (CM3), in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that CM3 displays α-glucosidase but not α-amylase or trypsin inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, fruit flies fed a sucrose-containing diet together with CM3 displayed significant overgrowth of intestinal bacteria in a sucrose-dependent manner while the consumption of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors was sufficient to limit bacterial quantities in the intestine. Notably, both CM3 and acarbose-treated flies showed a reduced lifespan. However, this effect was absent in amylase inhibitor (AI) treated flies. Together, given α-glucosidase is a crucial requirement for disaccharide digestion, we suggest that inhibition of α-glucosidase by CM3 enhances disaccharide load in the distal gastrointestinal tract, thereby promoting intestinal bacteria overgrowth. However, it remains speculative if this here described former unknown function of CM3 might contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms observed in NCWS patients which are very similar to symptoms of patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Thiel
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Molecular Gastroenterology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mohab Ragab
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Molecular Gastroenterology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Nutrition and Immune System, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Molecular Gastroenterology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine and 1st Department of Medicine, Section of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Koumbi L, Giouleme O, Vassilopoulou E. Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and Irritable Bowel Disease: Looking for the Culprits. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa176. [PMID: 33442571 PMCID: PMC7788486 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 y, a gluten-free diet has been classified among the most popular fad diets mainly due to the ambiguous notion that gluten avoidance promotes health. Gluten intolerance has been implicated in non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 2 disorders with overlapping symptoms and increasing trend. Together with gluten, other wheat components; fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharide, and polyols (FODMAPs); and amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), are implicated in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Gut microflora alterations in IBS and NCGS have been described, while microbiota manipulations have been shown to be promising in some IBS cases. This literature review summarizes our current knowledge on the impact of wheat ingredients (gluten, FODMAPs, and ATIs) in IBS and NCGS. In both disorders, FODMAPs and ATIs trigger gut dysbiosis, suggesting that gluten may not be the culprit, and microbiota manipulations can be applied in diagnostic and intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonica Koumbi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University (IHU), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Giouleme
- Medical School, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University (IHU), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review is prompted by recent studies indicating that adaptive immunity could be sufficient to explain rapid onset symptoms as well as many chronic effects of gluten in celiac disease. RECENT FINDINGS Gluten re-exposure in treated celiac disease drives a coordinated systemic cytokine release response implicating T-cell activation within 2 h. Instead of direct effects of gluten on innate immunity, long lasting memory CD4+ T cells activated within 2 h of ingesting gluten or injecting purified gluten peptides now appear to be responsible for acute digestive symptoms. In addition, memory B cells and plasma cells specific for gluten and transglutaminase 2, rather than innate immune cells, are the preferred antigen-presenting cells for gluten in the gut. A variety of innate immune stimuli such as transient infections and local intestinal microbiome, not necessarily gluten itself, may contribute to disease initiation and transition to overt intestinal mucosal injury. Gluten-specific adaptive immunity in the gut and blood are now shown to be closely linked, and systemic cytokine release after gluten provides an additional explanation for extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. SUMMARY Clinical studies utilizing cytokines as new biomarkers for gluten immunity promise to improve understanding of clinical effects of gluten, accelerate therapeutics development, and augment diagnosis.
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Huang X, Gänzle M, Loponen J, Schuppan D. Reply to Comment on Sourdough Fermentation Degrades Wheat Alpha-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor (ATI) and Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Activity. Foods 2020, 9, 943. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101405. [PMID: 33022956 PMCID: PMC7599801 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, PL 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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Camerlengo F, Frittelli A, Sparks C, Doherty A, Martignago D, Larré C, Lupi R, Sestili F, Masci S. CRISPR-Cas9 Multiplex Editing of the α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor Genes to Reduce Allergen Proteins in Durum Wheat. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Sourdough Fermentation Degrades Wheat Alpha-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitor (ATI) and Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Activity. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070943. [PMID: 32708800 PMCID: PMC7404469 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of gluten-containing foods can cause wheat-related disorders in up to 15% of wheat consuming populations. Besides the role of gluten, α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) have recently been identified as inducers of an innate immune response via toll-like receptor 4 in celiac disease and non-celiac wheat sensitivity. ATI are involved in plant self-defense against insects and possibly in grain development. Notably, they are largely resistant to gastrointestinal proteases and heat, and their inflammatory activity affects not only the intestine, but also peripheral organs. The aim of this study was to understand the changes of ATI throughout the sourdough and yeast-fermented bread-making processes. ATI tetramers were isolated, fluorescein-labelled, and added to a mini-dough bread-making system. When the pH decreased below 4.0 in sourdough fermentation, the ATI tetramers were degraded due to the activation of aspartic proteases, whilst in yeast fermentation, ATI tetramers remained intact. The amylase inhibitory activity after sourdough fermentation decreased significantly, while the concentration of free thiol groups increased. The glutathione reductase activity of Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis did not contribute to the reduction of ATI tetramers. Compared to the unfermented wheat, sourdough fermentation was able to decrease the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in quantitative ATI extracts added to the human monocytic cell line THP-1. The current data suggest that sourdough fermentation can degrade ATI structure and bioactivity, and point to strategies to improve product development for wheat sensitivity patients.
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Pickert G, Wirtz S, Matzner J, Ashfaq-Khan M, Heck R, Rosigkeit S, Thies D, Surabattula R, Ehmann D, Wehkamp J, Aslam M, He G, Weigert A, Foerster F, Klotz L, Frick JS, Becker C, Bockamp E, Schuppan D. Wheat Consumption Aggravates Colitis in Mice via Amylase Trypsin Inhibitor-mediated Dysbiosis. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:257-272.e17. [PMID: 32251667 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wheat has become the world's major staple and its consumption correlates with prevalence of noncommunicable disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), a component of wheat, activate the intestine's innate immune response via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). We investigated the effects of wheat and ATIs on severity of colitis and fecal microbiota in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type and Tlr4-/- mice were fed wheat- or ATI-containing diets or a wheat-free (control) diet and then given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis; we also studied Il10-/- mice, which develop spontaneous colitis. Changes in fecal bacteria were assessed by taxa-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S ribosomal RNA metagenomic sequencing. Feces were collected from mice on wheat-containing, ATI-containing, control diets and transplanted to intestines of mice with and without colitis on control or on ATI-containing diets. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Bacteria with reported immunomodulatory effects were incubated with ATIs and analyzed in radial diffusion assays. RESULTS The wheat- or ATI-containing diets equally increased inflammation in intestinal tissues of C57BL/6 mice with colitis, compared with mice on control diets. The ATI-containing diet promoted expansion of taxa associated with development of colitis comparable to the wheat-containing diet. ATIs inhibited proliferation of specific human commensal bacteria in radial diffusion assays. Transplantation of microbiota from feces of mice fed the wheat- or ATI-containing diets to intestines of mice on control diets increased the severity of colitis in these mice. The ATI-containing diet did not increase the severity of colitis in Tlr4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of wheat or wheat ATIs increases intestinal inflammation in mice with colitis, via TLR4, and alters their fecal microbiota. Wheat-based, ATI-containing diets therefore activate TLR4 signaling and promote intestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Matzner
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq-Khan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosario Heck
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rosigkeit
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Dorothe Thies
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Rambabu Surabattula
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Ehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Misbah Aslam
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Guiwei He
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia-Stefanie Frick
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernesto Bockamp
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, Univ. Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Soresi M, Fayer F, Di Liberto D, Monguzzi E, Lo Pizzo M, La Blasca F, Geraci G, Pecoraro A, Dieli F, Schuppan D. Wheat Consumption Leads to Immune Activation and Symptom Worsening in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1127. [PMID: 32316660 PMCID: PMC7230718 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a clinical association between self-reported non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Objectives: A) To determine whether a 2-week double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) cross-over wheat vs. rice challenge exacerbates the clinical manifestations of FMF; B) to evaluate innate immune responses in NCWS/FMF patients challenged with wheat vs. rice. The study was conducted at the Department of Internal Medicine of the University Hospital of Palermo and the Hospital of Sciacca, Italy. Six female volunteers with FMF/NCWS (mean age 36 ± 6 years) were enrolled, 12 age-matched non-FMF, NCWS females, and 8 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. We evaluated: 1. clinical symptoms by the FMF-specific AIDAI (Auto-Inflammatory Diseases Activity Index) score; 2. serum soluble CD14 (sCD14), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SSA); 3. circulating CD14+ monocytes expressing interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The AIDAI score significantly increased in FMF patients during DBPC with wheat, but not with rice (19 ± 6.3 vs. 7 ± 1.6; p = 0.028). sCD14 values did not differ in FMF patients before and after the challenge, but were higher in FMF patients than in healthy controls (median values 11357 vs. 8710 pg/ml; p = 0.002). The percentage of circulating CD14+/IL-1β+ and of CD14+/TNF-α+ monocytes increased significantly after DBPC with wheat vs. baseline or rice challenge. Self-reported NCWS can hide an FMF diagnosis. Wheat ingestion exacerbated clinical and immunological features of FMF. Future studies performed on consecutive FMF patients recruited in centers for auto-inflammatory diseases will determine the real frequency and relevance of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carroccio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90124 Palermo, Italy; (P.M.); (M.S.); (F.F.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Pasquale Mansueto
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90124 Palermo, Italy; (P.M.); (M.S.); (F.F.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90124 Palermo, Italy; (P.M.); (M.S.); (F.F.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Francesca Fayer
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90124 Palermo, Italy; (P.M.); (M.S.); (F.F.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.L.); (M.L.P.); (F.D.)
| | - Erika Monguzzi
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Marianna Lo Pizzo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.L.); (M.L.P.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesco La Blasca
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90124 Palermo, Italy; (P.M.); (M.S.); (F.F.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Girolamo Geraci
- Surgery Department, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alice Pecoraro
- Hematology Unit for Rare Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic, Villa Sofia-Cervello, 90146 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.L.); (M.L.P.); (F.D.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Sharma N, Bhatia S, Chunduri V, Kaur S, Sharma S, Kapoor P, Kumari A, Garg M. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Other Gluten Related Disorders in Wheat and Strategies for Mitigating Them. Front Nutr 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32118025 PMCID: PMC7020197 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a major cereal crop providing energy and nutrients to the billions of people around the world. Gluten is a structural protein in wheat, that is necessary for its dough making properties, but it is responsible for imparting certain intolerances among some individuals, which are part of this review. Most important among these intolerances is celiac disease, that is gluten triggered T-cell mediated autoimmune enteropathy and results in villous atrophy, inflammation and damage to intestinal lining in genetically liable individuals containing human leukocyte antigen DQ2/DQ8 molecules on antigen presenting cells. Celiac disease occurs due to presence of celiac disease eliciting epitopes in gluten, particularly highly immunogenic alpha-gliadins. Another gluten related disorder is non-celiac gluten-sensitivity in which innate immune-response occurs in patients along with gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms, that disappear upon removal of gluten from the diet. In wheat allergy, either IgE or non-IgE mediated immune response occurs in individuals after inhalation or ingestion of wheat. Following a life-long gluten-free diet by celiac disease and non-celiac gluten-sensitivity patients is very challenging as none of wheat cultivar or related species stands safe for consumption. Hence, different molecular biology, genetic engineering, breeding, microbial, enzymatic, and chemical strategies have been worked upon to reduce the celiac disease epitopes and the gluten content in wheat. Currently, only 8.4% of total population is affected by wheat-related issues, while rest of population remains safe and should not remove wheat from the diet, based on false media coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Simran Bhatia
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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40
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Ashfaq-Khan M, Aslam M, Qureshi MA, Senkowski MS, Yen-Weng S, Strand S, Kim YO, Pickert G, Schattenberg JM, Schuppan D. Dietary wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors promote features of murine non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17463. [PMID: 31767938 PMCID: PMC6877510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a common dietary protein component, wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI), stimulate intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells via toll like receptor 4. Activation of these intestinal myeloid cells elicits an inflammatory signal that is propagated to mesenteric lymph nodes, and that can facilitate extraintestinal inflammation. Mice were fed a well-defined high fat diet, with (HFD/ATI) or without (HFD) nutritionally irrelevant amounts of ATI. Mice on HFD/ATI developed only mild signs of intestinal inflammation and myeloid cell activation but displayed significantly higher serum triglycerides and transaminases compared to mice on HFD alone. Moreover, they showed increased visceral and liver fat, and a higher insulin resistance. ATI feeding promoted liver and adipose tissue inflammation, with M1-type macrophage polarization and infiltration, and enhanced liver fibrogenesis. Gluten, the major protein component of wheat, did not induce these pathologies. Therefore, wheat ATI ingestion in minute quantities comparable to human daily wheat consumption exacerbated features of the metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, despite its irrelevant caloric value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq-Khan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Misbah Aslam
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muhammad Asif Qureshi
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcel Sascha Senkowski
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shih Yen-Weng
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Sievers S, Rohrbach A, Beyer K. Wheat-induced food allergy in childhood: ancient grains seem no way out. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2693-2707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gluten and FODMAPS-Sense of a Restriction/When Is Restriction Necessary? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081957. [PMID: 31434299 PMCID: PMC6723650 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten-free diet (GFD) is enjoying increasingly popularity, although gluten-free products are considerably more expensive. GFD is absolutely necessary for patients with celiac disease, as in this case even minor amounts of gluten can lead to the destruction of the intestinal mucosa. In addition, GFD is currently the best therapy to improve clinical symptoms of patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), although the diet may not be as strict as that for patients with celiac disease. Beside gluten, other wheat components such as oligosaccharides and amylase trypsin inhibitors are discussed as triggers of NCGS in this review. An overlap between gastrointestinal symptoms in NCGS and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is described. Patients with NCGS attribute their symptoms to the consumption of gluten, while patients with IBS rarely describe gluten as a trigger. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that the introduction of a low FODMAP (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with IBS and this diet is suggested as the first choice of therapy in IBS. However, a low FODMAP diet also eliminates prebiotica and may negatively influence the gut microbiota. For this reason, the diet should be liberalized after symptom improvement. There is no evidence that a GFD is healthier than the standard diet. In contrast, GFD often is accompanied by nutritional deficiencies, mainly minerals and vitamins. Therefore, GFD and low FODMAP diets are not recommended for healthy subjects. Since wheat contains fructans belonging to FODMAPs), a GFD is not only gluten-free but also has less FODMAPs. Thus, symptom improvement cannot be correctly correlated with the reduction of either one or the other.
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Brouns F, van Rooy G, Shewry P, Rustgi S, Jonkers D. Adverse Reactions to Wheat or Wheat Components. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1437-1452. [PMID: 33336916 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important staple food globally, providing a significant contribution to daily energy, fiber, and micronutrient intake. Observational evidence for health impacts of consuming more whole grains, among which wheat is a major contributor, points to significant risk reduction for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer. However, specific wheat components may also elicit adverse physical reactions in susceptible individuals such as celiac disease (CD) and wheat allergy (WA). Recently, broad coverage in the popular and social media has suggested that wheat consumption leads to a wide range of adverse health effects. This has motivated many consumers to avoid or reduce their consumption of foods that contain wheat/gluten, despite the absence of diagnosed CD or WA, raising questions about underlying mechanisms and possible nocebo effects. However, recent studies did show that some individuals may suffer from adverse reactions in absence of CD and WA. This condition is called non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). In addition to gluten, wheat and derived products contain many other components which may trigger symptoms, including inhibitors of α-amylase and trypsin (ATIs), lectins, and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs). Furthermore, the way in which foods are being processed, such as the use of yeast or sourdough fermentation, fermentation time and baking conditions, may also affect the presence and bioactivity of these components. The present review systematically describes the characteristics of wheat-related intolerances, including their etiology, prevalence, the components responsible, diagnosis, and strategies to reduce adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Brouns
- Dept. of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht Univ., Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gonny van Rooy
- Div. of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht Univ. Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson Univ., Florence, SC, 29505, U.S.A.,Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA, U.S.A
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Div. of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht Univ. Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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44
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Fritscher-Ravens A, Pflaum T, Mösinger M, Ruchay Z, Röcken C, Milla PJ, Das M, Böttner M, Wedel T, Schuppan D. Many Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome Have Atypical Food Allergies Not Associated With Immunoglobulin E. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:109-118.e5. [PMID: 31100380 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a technique that permits real-time detection and quantification of changes in intestinal tissues and cells, including increases in intraepithelial lymphocytes and fluid extravasation through epithelial leaks. Using CLE analysis of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we found that more than half have responses to specific food components. Exclusion of the defined food led to long-term symptom relief. We used the results of CLE to detect reactions to food in a larger patient population and analyzed duodenal biopsy samples and fluid from patients to investigate mechanisms of these reactions. METHODS In a prospective study, 155 patients with IBS received 4 challenges with each of 4 common food components via the endoscope, followed by CLE, at a tertiary medical center. Classical food allergies were excluded by negative results from immunoglobulin E serology analysis and skin tests for common food antigens. Duodenal biopsy samples and fluid were collected 2 weeks before and immediately after CLE and were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblots. Results from patients who had a response to food during CLE (CLE+) were compared with results from patients who did not have a reaction during CLE (CLE-) or healthy individuals (controls). RESULTS Of the 108 patients who completed the study, 76 were CLE+ (70%), and 46 of these (61%) reacted to wheat. CLE+ patients had a 4-fold increase in prevalence of atopic disorders compared with controls (P = .001). Numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes were significantly higher in duodenal biopsy samples from CLE+ vs CLE- patients or controls (P = .001). Expression of claudin-2 increased from crypt to villus tip (P < .001) and was up-regulated in CLE+ patients compared with CLE- patients or controls (P = .023). Levels of occludin were lower in duodenal biopsy samples from CLE+ patients vs controls (P = .022) and were lowest in villus tips (P < .001). Levels of messenger RNAs encoding inflammatory cytokines were unchanged in duodenal tissues after CLE challenge, but eosinophil degranulation increased, and levels of eosinophilic cationic protein were higher in duodenal fluid from CLE+ patients than controls (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS In a CLE analysis of patients with IBS, we found that more than 50% of patients could have nonclassical food allergy, with immediate disruption of the intestinal barrier upon exposure to food antigens. Duodenal tissues from patients with responses to food components during CLE had immediate increases in expression of claudin-2 and decreases in occludin. CLE+ patients also had increased eosinophil degranulation, indicating an atypical food allergy characterized by eosinophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fritscher-Ravens
- Unit Experimental Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Theresa Pflaum
- Unit Experimental Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marie Mösinger
- Unit Experimental Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zino Ruchay
- Unit Experimental Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter J Milla
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melda Das
- Unit Experimental Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Böttner
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Caminero A, McCarville JL, Zevallos VF, Pigrau M, Yu XB, Jury J, Galipeau HJ, Clarizio AV, Casqueiro J, Murray JA, Collins SM, Alaedini A, Bercik P, Schuppan D, Verdu EF. Lactobacilli Degrade Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors to Reduce Intestinal Dysfunction Induced by Immunogenic Wheat Proteins. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2266-2280. [PMID: 30802444 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wheat-related disorders, a spectrum of conditions induced by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals, have been increasing in prevalence. Patients with celiac disease have gluten-specific immune responses, but the contribution of non-gluten proteins to symptoms in patients with celiac disease or other wheat-related disorders is controversial. METHODS C57BL/6 (control), Myd88-/-, Ticam1-/-, and Il15-/- mice were placed on diets that lacked wheat or gluten, with or without wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), for 1 week. Small intestine tissues were collected and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were measured; we also investigated gut permeability and intestinal transit. Control mice fed ATIs for 1 week were gavaged daily with Lactobacillus strains that had high or low ATI-degrading capacity. Nonobese diabetic/DQ8 mice were sensitized to gluten and fed an ATI diet, a gluten-containing diet or a diet with ATIs and gluten for 2 weeks. Mice were also treated with Lactobacillus strains that had high or low ATI-degrading capacity. Intestinal tissues were collected and IELs, gene expression, gut permeability and intestinal microbiota profiles were measured. RESULTS In intestinal tissues from control mice, ATIs induced an innate immune response by activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling to MD2 and CD14, and caused barrier dysfunction in the absence of mucosal damage. Administration of ATIs to gluten-sensitized mice expressing HLA-DQ8 increased intestinal inflammation in response to gluten in the diet. We found ATIs to be degraded by Lactobacillus, which reduced the inflammatory effects of ATIs. CONCLUSIONS ATIs mediate wheat-induced intestinal dysfunction in wild-type mice and exacerbate inflammation to gluten in susceptible mice. Microbiome-modulating strategies, such as administration of bacteria with ATI-degrading capacity, may be effective in patients with wheat-sensitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor F Zevallos
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuechen B Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra V Clarizio
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen M Collins
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Neumann J, Ziegler K, Gelléri M, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Liu F, Bellinghausen I, Schuppan D, Birk U, Pöschl U, Cremer C, Lucas K. Nanoscale distribution of TLR4 on primary human macrophages stimulated with LPS and ATI. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9769-9779. [PMID: 31066732 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in the recognition of invading pathogens. Upon activation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TLR4 is recruited into specific membrane domains and dimerizes. In addition to LPS, TLR4 can be stimulated by wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATI). ATI are proteins associated with gluten containing grains, whose ingestion promotes intestinal and extraintestinal inflammation. However, the effect of ATI vs. LPS on the membrane distribution of TLR4 at the nanoscale has not been analyzed. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPS and ATI stimulation on the membrane distribution of TLR4 in primary human macrophages using single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We found that in unstimulated macrophages the majority of TLR4 molecules are located in clusters, but with donor-dependent variations from ∼51% to ∼75%. Depending on pre-clustering, we found pronounced variations in the fraction of clustered molecules and density of clusters on the membrane upon LPS and ATI stimulation. Although clustering differed greatly among the human donors, we found an almost constant cluster diameter of ∼44 nm for all donors, independent of treatment. Together, our results show donor-dependent but comparable effects between ATI and LPS stimulation on the membrane distribution of TLR4. This may indicate a general mechanism of TLR4 activation in primary human macrophages. Furthermore, our methodology visualizes TLR4 receptor clustering and underlines its functional role as a signaling platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Scherf KA. Immunoreactive cereal proteins in wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS) and celiac disease. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Ziegler K, Neumann J, Liu F, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Cremer C, Saloga J, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Pöschl U, Schuppan D, Bellinghausen I, Lucas K. Nitration of Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors Increases Their Innate and Adaptive Immunostimulatory Potential in vitro. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3174. [PMID: 30740114 PMCID: PMC6357940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) can be found in all gluten containing cereals and are, therefore, ingredient of basic foods like bread or pasta. In the gut ATI can mediate innate immunity via activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on immune cells residing in the lamina propria, promoting intestinal, as well as extra-intestinal, inflammation. Inflammatory conditions can induce formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and, thereby, endogenous protein nitration in the body. Moreover, air pollutants like ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can cause exogenous protein nitration in the environment. Both reaction pathways may lead to the nitration of ATI. To investigate if and how nitration modulates the immunostimulatory properties of ATI, they were chemically modified by three different methods simulating endogenous and exogenous protein nitration and tested in vitro. Here we show that ATI nitration was achieved by all three methods and lead to increased immune reactions. We found that ATI nitrated by tetranitromethane (TNM) or ONOO- lead to a significantly enhanced TLR4 activation. Furthermore, in human primary immune cells, TNM nitrated ATI induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared to unmodified ATI. Our findings implicate a causative chain between nitration, enhanced TLR4 stimulation, and adaptive immune responses, providing major implications for public health, as nitrated ATI may strongly promote inhalative wheat allergies (baker's asthma), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), other allergies, and autoimmune diseases. This underlines the importance of future work analyzing the relationship between endo- and exogenous protein nitration, and the rise in incidence of ATI-related and other food hypersensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Cremer
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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49
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Tundo S, Lupi R, Lafond M, Giardina T, Larré C, Denery-Papini S, Morisset M, Kalunke R, Sestili F, Masci S. Wheat ATI CM3, CM16 and 0.28 Allergens Produced in Pichia Pastoris Display a Different Eliciting Potential in Food Allergy to Wheat ‡. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E101. [PMID: 30453594 PMCID: PMC6313882 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although wheat is a staple food for most of the human population, some of its components trigger adverse reactions. Among wheat components, the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) are important triggers of several allergies and activators of innate immunity. ATI are a group of exogenous protease inhibitors and include several polypeptides. The three ATI polypeptides named CM3, CM16 and 0.28 are considered major allergens, and might also play a role in other common wheat-related pathologies, such as Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity and even Celiac Disease. On this basis, we pointed to obtain high amounts of them in purity and to evaluate their allergenicity potential. We thus isolated the mRNA corresponding to the three ATI genes CM3, CM16 and 0.28 from 28 days post-anthesis wheat kernels and the corresponding cDNAs were used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The three purified proteins were tested in degranulation assay against human sera of patients with food allergy to wheat. A large range of degranulation values was observed for each protein according to the sera tested. All of the three purified proteins CM3, CM16 and 0.28 were active as allergens because they were able to induce basophils degranulation on wheat allergic patients' sera, with the highest values of β-hexosaminidase release observed for CM3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
- Present address: Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Roberta Lupi
- UR 1268 BIA (Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies) INRA, 44300 Nantes, France.
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Thierry Giardina
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Colette Larré
- UR 1268 BIA (Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies) INRA, 44300 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Martine Morisset
- Service d'Allergologie - CHU ANGERS, 4 rue Larrey 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Raviraj Kalunke
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
- Present address: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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50
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Dietary Effects on Microbiota-New Trends with Gluten-Free or Paleo Diet. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040092. [PMID: 30340395 PMCID: PMC6313618 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-balanced diet is the basis for a healthy life. Both the western diet and special diets can have a relevant impact on the microbiome and promote the development of various diseases. There has been an increase in food-related disorders in recent years, largely associated with dramatic changes in food consumption trends and main nutrients. A major response to food intolerances has been the adoption of new dietary trends involving the reduction or exclusion of specific food ingredients. Especially gluten-containing, but also gluten-free cereals are in the cross-fire. Supporters of the gluten-free diet argue that gluten triggers inflammation and related diseases, while followers of the Paleo diet drastically impeach all cereals as dangerous for human health. To date, no controlled studies support or reject a positive health effect of a gluten-free or cereal-free diet. Future large-scale studies need to evaluate the effect of gluten-containing and gluten-free cereals and the various diets on human health, inflammatory parameters, clinical symptoms, and the gut microbiota (including the bacteria, fungi, and viruses). Dietary-associated changes in compositional and functional microbiota traits should be correlated with the health status for the future development of dietary recommendations and potential clinical interventions.
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