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Aikin KJ, Sullivan HW, Caporaso A, Hoverman V, Yan T, Williams D, Crafts J. Attention to risk information in direct-to-consumer prescription drug print ads: An eye-tracking study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2023; 32:312-320. [PMID: 35864719 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FDA regulations state print ads for prescription drugs must provide a true statement of information "in brief summary" describing "side effects, contraindications and effectiveness." To fulfill these requirements, these ads typically display risk information both as important safety information (ISI) on the "main" ad page with the product claims and on a separate "brief summary" page. The ISI can be lengthy and may repeat brief summary content. METHODS The authors tested two versions of the ISI (short versus long) and the presence or absence of a brief summary in direct-to-consumer prescription drug print ads for two medical conditions: overactive bladder (N = 181) and rheumatoid arthritis (N = 179). Attention was measured with eye-tracking and self-report methods. Risk retention and perceptions were self-reported. RESULTS Participants spent more time viewing ads with a long ISI or a brief summary and in some instances, recalled more risks. The combination of a long ISI and a brief summary did not increase or decrease attention to or retention of risk information. CONCLUSION A long ISI and a brief summary may perform similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Aikin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Prescription Drug Promotion, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen W Sullivan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Prescription Drug Promotion, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Ting Yan
- Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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2
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Rossheim ME, Peterson MS, Livingston MD, Dunlap P, Trangenstein PJ, Tran K, Emechebe OC, McDonald KK, Treffers RD, Jernigan DH, Thombs DL. Eye-tracking to examine differences in alcohol product appeal by sex among young people. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:734-744. [PMID: 36206530 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2129062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Advertising of traditional alcopops contains elements that appeal to youth, especially females. Supersized alcopops are marketed differently than traditional alcopops and contain up to 5.5 standard alcoholic drinks. Young females are more likely to underestimate the alcohol content of supersized alcopops, putting them at higher risk of overconsumption. Similar to supersized alcopops, beer is packaged in large cans and in the same areas of store shelves.Objective: This study examined among young people whether supersized alcopops versus beer products disproportionately appealed to females.Methods: Eleven adolescents (13-17 years old) and 72 college students (21-26 years old) were recruited during 2019-2020. Participants viewed 19 photos of convenience store display cases containing both supersized alcopop and beer products. While viewing each image, participants were instructed to click on the beverage that looked the "coolest" (i.e. most appealing). Eye-tracking hardware and software measured the amount of time participants visually fixated on each product. Participants completed a survey to record demographic characteristics.Results: Compared to males (n=25), females (n=58) fixated on supersized alcopops for 6.8 seconds longer (95%CI 0.3,13.3). Females also had 3.7 times the odds of selecting a supersized alcopop as the product they found most appealing compared to males (95%CI 1.68,8.01), adjusting for amount of time visually fixating on supersized alcopops, which was also a significant predictor.Conclusions: Young females' strong preference for supersized alcopops is concerning given they disproportionately underestimate their potency, relative to males, and are more likely to obtain dangerously high BAC levels from consuming one or two supersized alcopops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Rossheim
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - M Doug Livingston
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Phenesse Dunlap
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Tran
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ogechi C Emechebe
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kayla K McDonald
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ryan D Treffers
- National Capital Region Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis L Thombs
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Li W, Liu P, Li Z, Meng J. Capsaicin-induced pain increases neural responses to low-calorie non-spicy food cues: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2022; 174:108408. [PMID: 35973635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, the main spicy ingredient in chili, can activate pain receptors on the human tongue and skin. Although some studies have determined that pain influenced preference for high-calorie foods, little is known whether pain can modulate the individuals' preference for spicy foods and its neural mechanisms. After 30 participants underwent painful (topical capsaicin cream) and control (hand cream) treatments, an event-related potential (ERP) study was conducted to investigate the modulation of capsaicin-induced pain on food preference with food images. Results showed that both P3 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes during the painful treatment were significantly larger than those during the control treatment for low-calorie non-spicy food cues. However, for the other three categories of food cues, there were no significant differences between the two treatments. The present study suggests that capsaicin-induced pain increases individuals' neural processing of low-calorie non-spicy food cues, which provides empirical evidence on the relationship between pain and neural responses to food cues to help optimize dietary interventions for patients experiencing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Research Center for Brain and Cognitive Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Wallisch A, Little LM, Bruce AS, Salley B. Oral Sensory Sensitivity Influences Attentional Bias to Food Logo Images in Children: A Preliminary Investigation. Front Psychol 2022; 13:895516. [PMID: 35814143 PMCID: PMC9257076 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children's sensory processing patterns are linked with their eating habits; children with increased sensory sensitivity are often picky eaters. Research suggests that children's eating habits are also partially influenced by attention to food and beverage advertising. However, the extent to which sensory processing influences children's attention to food cues remains unknown. Therefore, we examined the attentional bias patterns to food vs. non-food logos among children 4-12 years with and without increased oral sensory sensitivity. Design Children were categorized into high (n = 8) vs. typical (n = 36) oral sensory sensitivity by the Sensory Profile-2. We used eye-tracking to examine orientation and attentional bias to food vs. non-food logos among children with high vs. typical oral sensory sensitivity. We used a mixed model regression to test the influence of oral sensory sensitivity to attentional biases to food vs. non-food logos among children. Results Results showed that children with high oral sensory sensitivity showed attentional biases toward non-food logos; specifically, children with high oral sensory sensitivity oriented more quickly to non-food logos as compared to food logos (p < 0.05), as well as spent more time looking at non-food logos as compared to food logos (p < 0.05). Findings were in the opposite direction for children with typical oral sensory sensitivity. Conclusion Sensory sensitivity may be an individual characteristic that serves as a protective mechanism against susceptibility to food and beverage advertising in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wallisch
- Juniper Gardens Children’s Project, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Lauren M. Little
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amanda S. Bruce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Center for Children’s Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Brenda Salley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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A Comparative Eye Tracking Study of Usability—Towards Sustainable Web Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Websites are one of the most frequently used communication environments, and creating sustainable web designs should be an objective for all companies. Ensuring high usability is proving to be one of the main contributors to sustainable web design, reducing usage time, eliminating frustration and increasing satisfaction and retention. The present paper studies the usability of different website landing pages, seeking to identify the elements, structures and designs that increase usability. The study analyzed the behavior of 22 participants during their interaction with five different landing pages while they performed three tasks on the webpage and freely viewed each page for one minute. The stimuli were represented by five different banking websites, each of them presenting the task content in a different mode (text, image, symbol, graph, etc.).; the data obtained from the eye tracker (fixations location, order and duration, saccades, revisits of the same element, etc.), together with the data from the applied survey lead to interesting conclusions: the top, center and right sides of the webpage attract the most attention; the use of pictures depicting persons increase visibility; the scanpaths follow a vertical and horizontal direction; numerical data should be presented through graphs or tables. Even if a user's past experience influences their experience on a website, we show that the design of the webpage itself has a greater influence on webpage usability.
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Castronuovo L, Guarnieri L, Tiscornia MV, Allemandi L. Food marketing and gender among children and adolescents: a scoping review. Nutr J 2021; 20:52. [PMID: 34099000 PMCID: PMC8186097 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pervasive marketing of unhealthy foods is a contributing factor to the growth of the global epidemic of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. Sex and gender differences come into play in the design of and responses to these marketing strategies, contributing to the perpetuation of stereotyped behavior and generating disparities in food choices and health. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature regarding gender differences in food marketing design and perception among children and adolescents to facilitate evidence-based policy dialogues to address gender-based health disparities in NCD prevention. METHODS Scoping review of articles published in scientific journals in English and Spanish, from 2003 to 2018, that addressed the influence of food marketing among children and adolescents including a gender perspective. The methodological quality of each article was assessed following criteria specific to each study design. RESULTS From a total of 37 articles (39 studies) included in the review, 17 were experimental and 22 had descriptive, cross-sectional designs. Twenty-one studies were found to have low methodological quality, while 10 and 8 were of medium and high quality, respectively. A total of 23 studies among children and adolescents found gender-based differences. Differences were found in the following dimensions: food marketing on intake; responses to specific marketing; perceptions and attitudes towards food marketing and marketing regulation initiatives; exposure to food advertising and gendered marketing content. The evidence was not conclusive in any of the dimensions. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that food marketing has a similar impact on the consumption of unhealthy foods on boys and girls, but boys were found to be exposed to food advertising more intensively and their preferences to be more affected by this exposure, coinciding with a male-dominant advertising content. Limitations of these studies include taking gender as an unproblematic construct equivalent to biological sex and the lack of studies focused on developing countries. As gender is a cross-sectional dimension that interacts with other factors driving health disparities, an integrated gender perspective is needed to develop effective, evidence-based policies to control food marketing and tackle the childhood overweight and obesity pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Castronuovo
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina, Arévalo 2364 1° A, 1425 Caba, Argentina
| | - Leila Guarnieri
- Fundación Interamericana del Corazón Argentina, Arévalo 2364 1° A, 1425 Caba, Argentina
| | | | - Lorena Allemandi
- PanAmerican Health Organization (consultant), Calle 43 n 1095, 6360 General Pico, La Pampa Argentina
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Eye Tracking to Evaluate the Usability of an Online Pneumoconiosis Education Booklet in a Sample of South Asian Construction Workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 38:638-645. [DOI: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Campos D, Escudero-Marín M, Snitman CM, Torres-Espínola FJ, Azaryah H, Catena A, Campoy C. The Nutritional Profile of Food Advertising for School-Aged Children via Television: A Longitudinal Approach. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7110230. [PMID: 33212760 PMCID: PMC7698276 DOI: 10.3390/children7110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity continues to increase. Screen time, one of the most documented reasons for the obesogenic environment, enhances childhood obesity, since advertisements for unhealthy food products are still broadcast on channels for children. This is presently one of the main challenges for the government in Spain, since the current laws and obligations are not updated. This study aims to analyze food advertising aimed at children on Spanish television in 2013 and 2018 on children's and general channels to test the effect of laws and obligations over time. In total, we viewed 512 h of the most viewed channels, two children's and two general channels, during the week and on weekends during specific periods of 2013 and 2018. Food advertising was categorized as core, non-core, and other food advertisement (CFA, NCFA, and OFA, respectively) according to the nutritional profile. A total of 2935 adverts were analyzed, 1263 in 2013 and 1672 in 2018. A higher proportion of NCFAs were broadcast on children's channels than in prior years, rising from 52.2% to 69.8% (p < 0.001). Nowadays, the risk of watching NCFAs on children's channels compared to general channels turns out to be higher (Odds ratio > 2.5; p < 0.001), due to exposure to adverts for high-sugar and high-fat foods such as cakes, muffins, cookies, and fried and frozen meals rich in fat. In conclusion, the trends of nutritional profiles in food advertising on television are worsening over time, since the prevalence of NCFAs was higher in 2018 than in 2013. Currently, CFAs are not mainly broadcast on children's channels, confirming high-risk exposure to non-core food advertising by watching them. Thus, food advertising laws and obligations should be adapted to increase compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Campos
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.E.-M.); (F.J.T.-E.); (H.A.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (C.C.); Tel.: +34-678-725-790 (D.C.); +34-607-631-601 (C.C.)
| | - Mireia Escudero-Marín
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.E.-M.); (F.J.T.-E.); (H.A.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Camila M. Snitman
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Torres-Espínola
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.E.-M.); (F.J.T.-E.); (H.A.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Hatim Azaryah
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.E.-M.); (F.J.T.-E.); (H.A.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.E.-M.); (F.J.T.-E.); (H.A.)
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada’s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (C.C.); Tel.: +34-678-725-790 (D.C.); +34-607-631-601 (C.C.)
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Contreras-Manzano A, Jáuregui A, Nieto C, Hall MG, Vargas-Meza J, Thrasher JF, Illescas-Zárate D, Barquera S, Hammond D. The impact of a cartoon character on adults perceptions of Children's breakfast cereals: a randomized experiment. Nutr J 2020; 19:43. [PMID: 32418538 PMCID: PMC7232833 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartoon characters on processed food packaging increase the perception of product preference among children, but their effect among adults has rarely been examined. We evaluated the effect of a cartoon character on breakfast cereals on beliefs about buying them for children, as well as whether demographic characteristics modified this effect. METHODS An experimental study was conducted with adults from online consumer panels in Mexico (n = 3755). Participants were randomly assigned to a "cartoon" condition (n = 1789), in which they viewed a breakfast cereal box with a Minion character on the front of the package, or the "control" condition (n = 1966), in which the same cereal box was displayed with no character on the package. Participants were asked: "Is this a good cereal to buy children?" with the response options "Yes", "No", or "Don't know". Multinomial adjusted logistic models regressed responses to this question (Yes = 0, No = 1, 2 = Don't know) on experimental condition. Differences in the effect of the cartoon character across demographic characteristics were tested by introducing multiplicative interaction terms. RESULTS The adjusted model showed that participants in the "cartoon character" condition were 1.67 (1.45-1.94) times more likely to consider the cereal as being "Not good to buy for children" than those in the control condition (p < 0.001). This effect was smaller among parents (RRR = 1.39, 1.13-1.72) compared to those without children (RRR = 2.01, 1.63-2.47). No differences were observed in the proportion of participants answering "Don't know" across experimental groups. CONCLUSION Among this sample of Mexican adults, a cereal with a cartoon character on the packaging was more often perceived as "not good to buy for children" compared to a cereal without it. This effect was smaller among parents, potentially due to children influences of parental decisions during food purchasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Contreras-Manzano
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Jáuregui
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Nieto
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marissa G Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jorge Vargas-Meza
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - James F Thrasher
- Population Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Daniel Illescas-Zárate
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Simón Barquera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad 655 Col, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - David Hammond
- School of Demography, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, 9 Fellows Road Acton ACT, Canberra, 260, Australia
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Murphy G, Corcoran C, Tatlow-Golden M, Boyland E, Rooney B. See, Like, Share, Remember: Adolescents' Responses to Unhealthy-, Healthy- and Non-Food Advertising in Social Media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072181. [PMID: 32218252 PMCID: PMC7177346 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Media-saturated digital environments seek to influence social media users’ behaviour, including through marketing. The World Health Organization has identified food marketing, including advertising for unhealthy items, as detrimental to health, and in many countries, regulation restricts such marketing and advertising to younger children. Yet regulation rarely addresses adolescents and few studies have examined their responses to social media advertising. In two studies, we examined adolescents’ attention, memory and social responses to advertising posts, including interactions between product types and source of posts. We hypothesized adolescents would respond more positively to unhealthy food advertising compared to healthy food or non-food advertising, and more positively to ads shared by peers or celebrities than to ads shared by a brand. Outcomes measured were (1a) social responses (likelihood to ‘share’, attitude to peer); (1b) brand memory (recall, recognition) and (2) attention (eye-tracking fixation duration and count). Participants were 151 adolescent social media users (Study 1: n = 72; 13–14 years; M = 13.56 years, SD = 0.5; Study 2: n = 79, 13–17 years, M = 15.37 years, SD = 1.351). They viewed 36 fictitious Facebook profile feeds created to show age-typical content. In a 3 × 3 factorial design, each contained an advertising post that varied by content (healthy/unhealthy/non-food) and source (peer/celebrity/company). Generalised linear mixed models showed that advertisements for unhealthy food evoked significantly more positive responses, compared to non-food and healthy food, on 5 of 6 measures: adolescents were more likely to wish to ‘share’ unhealthy posts; rated peers more positively when they had unhealthy posts in their feeds; recalled and recognised a greater number of unhealthy food brands; and viewed unhealthy advertising posts for longer. Interactions with sources (peers, celebrities and companies) were more complex but also favoured unhealthy food advertising. Implications are that regulation of unhealthy food advertising should address adolescents and digital media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne Murphy
- Media and Entertainment Lab, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Corcoran
- Media and Entertainment Lab, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mimi Tatlow-Golden
- Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1908-652684
| | - Emma Boyland
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Brendan Rooney
- Media and Entertainment Lab, School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland
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Qutteina Y, De Backer C, Smits T. Media food marketing and eating outcomes among pre-adolescents and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1708-1719. [PMID: 31468652 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The media marketing's effect on child and adult eating has been extensively researched, yet, little is known about its effect on adolescents. The aim of this review is to synthesize available research on the relation between media food marketing and eating-related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors among pre-adolescents (8-11) and adolescents (12-19). We systematically screened and retrieved 9324 articles, of which 28 were included in the review-analysis and 19 in the meta-analysis. Robust variance estimation with random effect weights indicated a positive small standard effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) of media food marketing on all unhealthy eating outcomes, and a subgroup analysis revealed a small effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) on unhealthy eating behaviors specifically. Another subgroup analysis among adolescents revealed an effect of marketing (d = 0.22, P < .05) on unhealthy eating outcomes. This review demonstrates the significance of media marketing on eating in pre-adolescents and adolescents, and highlights limitations in the food marketing and adolescent eating literature specific to eating outcomes and marketing media studied and research designs utilized. We call for properly designed food marketing research exploring digital media's effect on eating attitudes and cognitions, especially among older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Qutteina
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Backer
- Department of Communication Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Smits
- Institute for Media Studies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Who Buys Products with Nutrition and Health Claims? A Purchase Simulation with Eye Tracking on the Influence of Consumers' Nutrition Knowledge and Health Motivation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092199. [PMID: 31547369 PMCID: PMC6769812 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and health claims are seen as a way of promoting healthy aspects of food. However, the results of previous studies have been contradictory regarding the effect of these claims on purchase. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of how the consumer characteristics ‘nutrition knowledge’ and ‘health motivation’ influence the purchase of products with nutrition and health claims and what role gaze behavior plays. We included gaze behavior in our analysis, as visual attention on the claims is a precondition to its influence on the purchase decision. In a close-to-realistic shopping situation, consumers could choose from three-dimensional orange juice packages labeled with nutrition, health, and taste claims. In total, the sample consisted of 156 consumers. The data were analyzed with a structural equation model (SEM), linking the purchase decision for products with claims to gaze data recorded with a mobile eye tracker and consumer and product-related variables collected via the questionnaire. Results showed that the variables in the SEM explained 31% (8%) of the variance observed in the purchase of products with a nutrition (health) claim. The longer a consumer looked at a specific claim, the more likely the consumer would purchase the respective product. The lower the price and the higher the perceived healthiness and tastiness of the product further heightened its likelihood of being purchased. Interestingly, consumers with higher nutrition knowledge and/or higher health motivation looked longer at the nutrition and health claims; however, these consumer characteristics did not show an effect on the purchase decision. Implications for policy makers and marketers are given.
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von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 6:CD012292. [PMID: 31194900 PMCID: PMC6564085 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012292.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of excess amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental caries. Environmental interventions, i.e. interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices, have been advocated as a means to reduce the consumption of SSB. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of environmental interventions (excluding taxation) on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened milk, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, and on any reported unintended consequences or adverse outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched 11 general, specialist and regional databases from inception to 24 January 2018. We also searched trial registers, reference lists and citations, scanned websites of relevant organisations, and contacted study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies on interventions implemented at an environmental level, reporting effects on direct or indirect measures of SSB intake, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, or any reported adverse outcome. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) and interrupted-time-series (ITS) studies, implemented in real-world settings with a combined length of intervention and follow-up of at least 12 weeks and at least 20 individuals in each of the intervention and control groups. We excluded studies in which participants were administered SSB as part of clinical trials, and multicomponent interventions which did not report SSB-specific outcome data. We excluded studies on the taxation of SSB, as these are the subject of a separate Cochrane Review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included studies. We classified interventions according to the NOURISHING framework, and synthesised results narratively and conducted meta-analyses for two outcomes relating to two intervention types. We assessed our confidence in the certainty of effect estimates with the GRADE framework as very low, low, moderate or high, and presented 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We identified 14,488 unique records, and assessed 1030 in full text for eligibility. We found 58 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, including 22 RCTs, 3 NRCTs, 14 CBA studies, and 19 ITS studies, with a total of 1,180,096 participants. The median length of follow-up was 10 months. The studies included children, teenagers and adults, and were implemented in a variety of settings, including schools, retailing and food service establishments. We judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain, and most studies used non-randomised designs. The studies examine a broad range of interventions, and we present results for these separately.Labelling interventions (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that traffic-light labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs, and low-certainty evidence that nutritional rating score labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs. For menu-board calorie labelling reported effects on SSB sales varied.Nutrition standards in public institutions (16 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that reduced availability of SSBs in schools is associated with decreased SSB consumption. We found very low-certainty evidence that improved availability of drinking water in schools and school fruit programmes are associated with decreased SSB consumption. Reported associations between improved availability of drinking water in schools and student body weight varied.Economic tools (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that price increases on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. For price discounts on low-calorie beverages reported effects on SSB sales varied.Whole food supply interventions (3 studies): Reported associations between voluntary industry initiatives to improve the whole food supply and SSB sales varied.Retail and food service interventions (7 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that healthier default beverages in children's menus in chain restaurants are associated with decreasing SSB sales, and moderate-certainty evidence that in-store promotion of healthier beverages in supermarkets is associated with decreasing SSB sales. We found very low-certainty evidence that urban planning restrictions on new fast-food restaurants and restrictions on the number of stores selling SSBs in remote communities are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between promotion of healthier beverages in vending machines and SSB intake or sales varied.Intersectoral approaches (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that government food benefit programmes with restrictions on purchasing SSBs are associated with decreased SSB intake. For unrestricted food benefit programmes reported effects varied. We found moderate-certainty evidence that multicomponent community campaigns focused on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between trade and investment liberalisation and SSB sales varied.Home-based interventions (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that improved availability of low-calorie beverages in the home environment is associated with decreased SSB intake, and high-certainty evidence that it is associated with decreased body weight among adolescents with overweight or obesity and a high baseline consumption of SSBs.Adverse outcomes reported by studies, which may occur in some circumstances, included negative effects on revenue, compensatory SSB consumption outside school when the availability of SSBs in schools is reduced, reduced milk intake, stakeholder discontent, and increased total energy content of grocery purchases with price discounts on low-calorie beverages, among others. The certainty of evidence on adverse outcomes was low to very low for most outcomes.We analysed interventions targeting sugar-sweetened milk separately, and found low- to moderate-certainty evidence that emoticon labelling and small prizes for the selection of healthier beverages in elementary school cafeterias are associated with decreased consumption of sugar-sweetened milk. We found low-certainty evidence that improved placement of plain milk in school cafeterias is not associated with decreasing sugar-sweetened milk consumption. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence included in this review indicates that effective, scalable interventions addressing SSB consumption at a population level exist. Implementation should be accompanied by high-quality evaluations using appropriate study designs, with a particular focus on the long-term effects of approaches suitable for large-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jan M Stratil
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Laura K Busert
- University College LondonGreat Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Hans Hauner
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
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Kim SJ, Hong YJ, Kim MW, Jung YH, Min SR, Kim JJ. Inflexible eye fixation pattern in schizophrenia affecting decision-making on daily life. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:414-420. [PMID: 30870671 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have difficulties in real life due to impairment in ability to make decisions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between impaired decision-making processes with real life stimuli and abnormal eye gaze patterns in patients with schizophrenia. Each of 23 patients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy controls performed an apparel purchase decision task including the influencing factors such as preference, fit, and price, during which the eye gaze was traced. Fixation time and fixation time ratio on areas of interest, which were set for participant faces and clothing, were compared between the two groups. Compared with controls, patients made purchase decisions at a higher rate and showed significantly shorter fixation time on clothing in the preference, fit, and price phases and on faces in the purchase phase. Fixation time ratio of face over clothing did not change over purchase decisions in patients, whereas controls showed significantly higher fixation time ratio in not-to-buy decisions than in to-buy decisions. These results suggest that aberrant decision-making behaviors in patients with schizophrenia are closely related to inflexible visual information gathering patterns because they apportion the same amount of attention to objects regardless of purchase intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeong Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Jung
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Rang Min
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Folkvord F, Laguna-Camacho A. The effect of a memory-game with images of vegetables on children's vegetable intake: An experimental study. Appetite 2018; 134:120-124. [PMID: 30576726 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, children consume too much energy-dense snack food and not enough fruits and vegetables, thereby increasing their risk of developing chronic diseases. The aim of the present experiment was to examine if priming children with images of diverse vegetables by means of a memory game increased subsequent vegetable intake. METHODS We conducted a randomized between-subject design with 100 children (age: 7-12 y) who played a memory-game, containing images of either vegetables (n = 47) or non-food items (n = 53). Free intake of vegetables served during the experiment session was measured. The children reported their gender, age and hunger upon arrival, and their height and weight were measured at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Playing the memory-game containing vegetables did not stimulate vegetable intake. Children in the vegetable memory-game condition ate similar amounts of vegetables than children in the control condition. No moderation effects of BMI, baseline hunger, gender and game attitude were found. DISCUSSION Unlike previous experiments in children observing increase in unhealthy food consumption subsequent to its promotion, we found no effect on immediate vegetable intake of priming children with images of vegetables. Additional research is needed to address the difficulty to enhance vegetable intake in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Folkvord
- From the Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; From the Applied Social Science and Behavioral Economics Research Group, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; From Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Antonio Laguna-Camacho
- From the Medical Sciences Research Centre, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico
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A treat for the eyes. An eye-tracking study on children's attention to unhealthy and healthy food cues in media content. Appetite 2018; 125:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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The influence of the arrangement of different food images on participants’ attention: An experimental eye-tracking study. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Carpentras D, Moser C. See-through ophthalmoscope for retinal imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:56006. [PMID: 28530012 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.056006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the miniaturization of scanning mirrors and the emergence of wearable health monitoring, an intriguing step is to investigate the potential of a laser scanning ophthalmoscope (LSO) for retinal imaging with wearable glasses. In addition to providing morphological information of the retina, such as vasculature, LSO images could also be used to provide information on general health conditions. A compact eyeglass with LSO capability would give access, on demand, to retinal parameters without disturbing the subject’s activity. One of the main challenges in this field is the creation of a device that does not interrupt the user’s field of view. We report, to our knowledge, the first see-through ophthalmoscope. The system is analyzed with three-dimensional simulations and tested in a proof-of-concept setup with the same key parameters of a wearable device. Finally, image quality is analyzed by acquiring images of an ex-vivo human eye sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Carpentras
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ogle AD, Graham DJ, Lucas-Thompson RG, Roberto CA. Influence of Cartoon Media Characters on Children's Attention to and Preference for Food and Beverage Products. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:265-270.e2. [PMID: 27793520 PMCID: PMC5574189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-consuming unhealthful foods and beverages contributes to pediatric obesity and associated diseases. Food marketing influences children's food preferences, choices, and intake. OBJECTIVE To examine whether adding licensed media characters to healthful food/beverage packages increases children's attention to and preference for these products. We hypothesized that children prefer less- (vs more-) healthful foods, and pay greater attention to and preferentially select products with (vs without) media characters regardless of nutritional quality. We also hypothesized that children prefer more-healthful products when characters are present over less-healthful products without characters. DESIGN On a computer, participants viewed food/beverage pairs of more-healthful and less-healthful versions of similar products. The same products were shown with and without licensed characters on the packaging. An eye-tracking camera monitored participant gaze, and participants chose which product they preferred from each of 60 pairs. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Six- to 9-year-old children (n=149; mean age=7.36, standard deviation=1.12) recruited from the Twin Cities, MN, area in 2012-2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual attention and product choice. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Attention to products was compared using paired-samples t tests, and product choice was analyzed with single-sample t tests. Analyses of variance were conducted to test for interaction effects of specific characters and child sex and age. RESULTS Children paid more attention to products with characters and preferred less-healthful products. Contrary to our prediction, children chose products without characters approximately 62% of the time. Children's choices significantly differed based on age, sex, and the specific cartoon character displayed, with characters in this study being preferred by younger boys. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that putting licensed media characters on more-healthful food/beverage products might not encourage all children to make healthier food choices, but could increase selection of healthy foods among some, particularly younger children, boys, and those who like the featured character(s). Effective use likely requires careful demographic targeting.
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Scherr RE, Laugero KD, Graham DJ, Cunningham BT, Jahns L, Lora KR, Reicks M, Mobley AR. Innovative Techniques for Evaluating Behavioral Nutrition Interventions. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:113-125. [PMID: 28096132 PMCID: PMC5227983 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing outcomes and the impact from behavioral nutrition interventions has remained challenging because of the lack of methods available beyond traditional nutrition assessment tools and techniques. With the current high global obesity and related chronic disease rates, novel methods to evaluate the impact of behavioral nutrition-based interventions are much needed. The objective of this narrative review is to describe and review the current status of knowledge as it relates to 4 different innovative methods or tools to assess behavioral nutrition interventions. Methods reviewed include 1) the assessment of stress and stress responsiveness to enhance the evaluation of nutrition interventions, 2) eye-tracking technology in nutritional interventions, 3) smartphone biosensors to assess nutrition and health-related outcomes, and 4) skin carotenoid measurements to assess fruit and vegetable intake. Specifically, the novel use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, by characterizing the brain's responsiveness to an intervention, can help researchers develop programs with greater efficacy. Similarly, if eye-tracking technology can enable researchers to get a better sense as to how participants view materials, the materials may be better tailored to create an optimal impact. The latter 2 techniques reviewed, smartphone biosensors and methods to detect skin carotenoids, can provide the research community with portable, effective, nonbiased ways to assess dietary intake and quality and more in the field. The information gained from using these types of methodologies can improve the efficacy and assessment of behavior-based nutrition interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin D Laugero
- Department of Nutrition
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis CA
| | - Dan J Graham
- Department of Psychology and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; Department of
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Electrical and Computer Engineering and
- Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Lisa Jahns
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Karina R Lora
- Center for Public Health and Health Policy, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Marla Reicks
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, MN; and
| | - Amy R Mobley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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Reale S, Flint SW. The Impact of Menu Label Design on Visual Attention, Food Choice and Recognition: An Eye Tracking Study. J SENS STUD 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reale
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield; Regent Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA United Kingdom
| | - Stuart William Flint
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity; Sheffield Hallam University; United Kingdom
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science; Sheffield Hallam University; United Kingdom
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Asan O, Yang Y. Using Eye Trackers for Usability Evaluation of Health Information Technology: A Systematic Literature Review. JMIR Hum Factors 2015; 2:e5. [PMID: 27026079 PMCID: PMC4797658 DOI: 10.2196/humanfactors.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eye-tracking technology has been used to measure human cognitive processes and has the potential to improve the usability of health information technology (HIT). However, it is still unclear how the eye-tracking method can be integrated with other traditional usability methodologies to achieve its full potential. Objective The objective of this study was to report on HIT evaluation studies that have used eye-tracker technology, and to envision the potential use of eye-tracking technology in future research. Methods We used four reference databases to initially identify 5248 related papers, which resulted in only 9 articles that met our inclusion criteria. Results Eye-tracking technology was useful in finding usability problems in many ways, but is still in its infancy for HIT usability evaluation. Limited types of HITs have been evaluated by eye trackers, and there has been a lack of evaluation research in natural settings. Conclusions More research should be done in natural settings to discover the real contextual-based usability problems of clinical and mobile HITs using eye-tracking technology with more standardized methodologies and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Asan
- Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Seo H, Jeon BD, Ryu S. Persimmon vinegar ripening with the mountain-cultivated ginseng ingestion reduces blood lipids and lowers inflammatory cytokines in obese adolescents. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:1-10. [PMID: 25960949 PMCID: PMC4424440 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated the effect of the vinegar, which is made of 4-year-old mountain-cultivated ginseng ripened into 4-year-matured persimmon vinegar, on the blood lipids level and inflammatory cytokines concentration in obese female adolescents. [Methods] Subjects ingested the vinegar, so-called 'mountain-cultivated ginseng persimmon vinegar (MPV)', without meals every day for 6 weeks with activities control. Subjects were grouped into control (CON), persimmon vinegar (PV), and MPV with 10 people in each group. Blood lipids, triglyceride (TG), total-cholesterol (TC), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were analyzed. Also, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analyzed for the hepatotoxicity. Blood cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) were analyzed. [Results] Subjects showed a high reduction in body weight and body fat. Their blood lipid level was effectively improved, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokine was suppressed as well, except for TNF-α. However, the change ratio of the cytokines was high in PV and MPV. Such results were similar to those from research subjects who took persimmon vinegar only (PV), but the effect of the vinegar (MPV) was more remarkable. Besides, this mixture was found to have no effect on the hepatotoxicity. [Conclusion] The significance of this study is that all the experiments were conducted without controlling research subjects' daily lives, and it is suggested that the vinegar may be recommended as a kind of health supplement food to suppress obesity. Especially, since these two products are traditional foods of Korean people, which have been taken for ages, it is expected that the fusing of two foods may be better applied to ordinary people who are concerned about obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyobin Seo
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Byung-Duk Jeon
- Department of Physical Education Leisure, Suseong College, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sungpil Ryu
- Department of Leisure Sports, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
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Kraak VI, Story M. Influence of food companies' brand mascots and entertainment companies' cartoon media characters on children's diet and health: a systematic review and research needs. Obes Rev 2015; 16:107-26. [PMID: 25516352 PMCID: PMC4359675 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the extent and persuasive power of marketing unhealthy foods to children worldwide are important obesity prevention goals. Research is limited to understand how brand mascots and cartoon media characters influence children's diet. We conducted a systematic review of five electronic databases (2000-2014) to identify experimental studies that measured how food companies' mascots and entertainment companies' media characters influence up to 12 diet-related cognitive, behavioural and health outcomes for children under 12 years. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies used 21 unique popular media characters, but no brand mascots. Results suggest that cartoon media character branding can positively increase children's fruit or vegetable intake compared with no character branding. However, familiar media character branding is a more powerful influence on children's food preferences, choices and intake, especially for energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods (e.g. cookies, candy or chocolate) compared with fruits or vegetables. Future research should use a theoretically grounded conceptual model and larger and more diverse samples across settings to produce stronger findings for mediating and moderating factors. Future research can be used to inform the deliberations of policymakers, practitioners and advocates regarding how media character marketing should be used to support healthy food environments for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Kraak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - M Story
- Global Health and Community and Family Medicine, Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina, USA
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Giese H, König LM, Tăut D, Ollila H, Băban A, Absetz P, Schupp H, Renner B. Exploring the association between television advertising of healthy and unhealthy foods, self-control, and food intake in three European countries. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2014; 7:41-62. [PMID: 25363859 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Building upon previous results, the present study explored the relationship between exposure to unhealthy and healthy food TV commercials, trait self-control, and food intake. METHODS In total, 825 Finns (53% female), 1,055 Germans (55% female), and 971 Romanians (55% female) aged 8-21 reported advertisement exposure, self-control, and food intake. RESULTS Altogether, participants indicated higher exposure to unhealthy compared to healthy food advertisements (F(1, 2848) = 354.73, p < .001, partial η(2) = .111). Unhealthy food advertisement exposure was positively associated with unhealthy food intake (all β ≥ .16, p < .001). Healthy food advertisement exposure was positively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption (β = .10, p < .001). Self-control was associated with higher consumption of healthy (β ≥ .09, p < .001) and lower consumption of unhealthy foods (all β ≥ -.11, p < .001). Yet, findings of advertising and self-control were mainly independent (interactions: β ≤ |.07|, p ≥ .002). CONCLUSION Even though the results suggest that healthy advertisement exposure and self-control might be beneficial for children's and adolescents' diet, self-control might be insufficient to alleviate the positive relationship between unhealthy food advertising and unhealthy eating.
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