MicroRNA-9 and microRNA-126 expression levels in patients with essential hypertension: potential markers of target-organ damage

Circulatory miRNAs in essential hypertension

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs, that regulate gene-expression at post-transcriptional level. Unlike other RNA species, blood miRNAs circulate in a highly stable form, either within extracellular vesicles or bound to proteins. In recent years, circulatory miRNA profiles have been proposed as potential biomarkers for multitude of pathologies, including essential hypertension. However, the evidence of miRNA biomarker potential is limited, mainly due to the scarcity of profiling studies associating miRNA levels with hypertension. Furthermore, most of these studies have been performed with preselected miRNA pool, limiting their discovery potential. Here, we summarize the results of the unbiased profiling studies and additionally discuss findings from targeted miRNA analysis. Only miR-30e has been found to be associated with hypertension in more than one unbiased study. The targeted analyses highlight the association of miR-1, -21, -34a, -92a, -122, -126, -143, -145, -605, -623, -1299, as well as let-7 and miR-30 families with hypertension. Current literature indicates that some of these miRNAs are involved in hypertension-associated vascular dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis, suggesting a novel mechanism for cardiovascular disease risk posed by hypertension. All in all, studies associating hypertension with circulatory miRNA profiles are scarce, with several limitations affecting the comparability of the studies. This review discusses the functions and potential mechanisms linking the identified miRNAs to hypertension and underscores the need for further research.

Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers for hypertension via integrated analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation

OBJECTIVE

Hypertension refers to the elevated blood pressure (BP) in arteries, with a BP reading of 140/90 mm Hg or higher in adults. Over 40% of >25-year-old population have suffered from hypertension. Thus, this study aimed to find novel diagnostic biomarkers for hypertension.

METHODS

All hypertension-related mRNA and methylation datasets were downloaded from the GEO database. Liner model method was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between hypertension and control groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis was employed to obtain functional information. CpG sites and the corresponding genes associated with hypertension were screened using epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) analysis.

RESULTS

There were 37 DEGs between the hypertension group and control group, which were significantly enriched in 84 Biological Process terms, 31 Cellular Component terms, 18 Molecular Function terms and 9 signalling pathways. EWAS results indicated that 1072 CpG sites were associated with hypertension occurrence, corresponding to 1029 genes. After cross-analysis, complement factor D (CFD) and OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2 (OTUB2) with methylation modification were identified as diagnostic markers for hypertension.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, CFD and OTUB2 were potential biomarkers of hypertension occurrence. Our results will provide more information for hypertension diagnosis and would be more reliable combined with multiple biomarkers.

MicroRNA analysis of medium/large placenta extracellular vesicles in normal and preeclampsia pregnancies

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, affecting 2%-8% of pregnancies worldwide, and is the leading cause of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The disease is characterized by oxidative and cellular stress and widespread endothelial dysfunction. While the precise mechanisms are not entirely understood, the pathogenesis of PE is closely linked to placental dysfunction and, to some extent, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicle release (STB-EVs). These vesicles can be divided into the less well-studied medium/large EVs (220-1,000 nm) released in response to stress and small EVs (<220 nm) released as a component of intercellular communication. The previously described production of m/lSTB-EVs in response to cellular stress combined with the overwhelming occurrence of cellular and oxidative stress in PE prompted us to evaluate the microRNAome of PE m/lSTB-EVs. We hypothesized that the microRNAome profile of m/lSTB-EVs is different in PE compared to normal pregnancy (NP), which might permit the identification of potential circulating biomarkers not previously described in PE.

Methods/study design

We performed small RNA sequencing on medium/large STB-EVs isolated from PE and NP placentae using dual-lobe ex vivo perfusion. The sequencing data was bioinformatically analyzed to identify differentially regulated microRNAs. Identified microRNAs were validated with quantitative PCR analysis. We completed our analysis by performing an in-silico prediction of STB-EV mechanistic pathways.

Results

We identified significant differences between PE and NP in the STB-EVs micro ribonucleic acid (microRNA) profiles. We verified the differential expression of hsa-miR-193b-5p, hsa-miR-324-5p, hsa-miR-652-3p, hsa-miR-3196, hsa-miR-9-5p, hsa-miR-421, and hsa-miR-210-3p in the medium/large STB-EVs. We also confirmed the differential abundance of hsa-miR-9-5p in maternal serum extracellular vesicles (S EVs). In addition, we integrated the results of these microRNAs into the previously published messenger RNA (mRNA) data to better understand the relationship between these biomolecules.

Conclusions

We identified a differentially regulated micro-RNA, hsa-miR-9-5p, that may have biomarker potential and uncovered mechanistic pathways that may be important in the pathophysiology of PE.

Decoding the secrets of longevity: unraveling nutraceutical and miRNA-Mediated aging pathways and therapeutic strategies

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules that are not involved in coding for proteins. They have a significant function in regulating gene expression after the process of transcription. Their participation in several biological processes has rendered them appealing subjects for investigating age-related disorders. Increasing data indicates that miRNAs can be influenced by dietary variables, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, trace minerals, and nutraceuticals. This review examines the influence of dietary factors and nutraceuticals on the regulation of miRNA in relation to the process of aging. We examine the present comprehension of miRNA disruption in age-related illnesses and emphasize the possibility of dietary manipulation as a means of prevention or treatment. Consolidating animal and human research is essential to validate the significance of dietary miRNA control in living organisms, despite the abundance of information already provided by several studies. This review elucidates the complex interaction among miRNAs, nutrition, and aging, offering valuable insights into promising areas for further research and potential therapies for age-related disorders.

Peripheral Blood MicroRNA-21 as a Predictive Biomarker for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Old Hypertensives

BACKGROUND

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major health issue with high morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology and the factors that cause HFpEF have not been fully clarified, while accurate predictive biomarkers are lacking. Our aim was to determine whether levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in peripheral blood monocytes, which play a critical role in many pathophysiological pathways of hypertensive heart disease, can predict the occurrence of HFpEF in older hypertensives, as well as the associated mortality and morbidity.

METHODS

We enrolled 151 elderly patients >60 years old with essential hypertension but without HF at baseline. miRs expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells had been quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 56 patients (37%) had an event. Levels of miR-21 in peripheral mononuclear blood cells proved to be significantly associated with the occurrence of HFpEF. More specifically, the median HFpEF-free period was 110 months for those with miR-21 >2.1 and 114 months for those with miR-21 <2.1. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that miR-21 (hazard ratio 11.14), followed by hemoglobin (Hg) (hazard ratio 0.56 for Hg >13.6 g/dl, a 45% risk reduction), were independent and the most significant predictors of HFpEF events.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-21 levels in peripheral blood monocytes are associated with the development of future HFpEF. Our findings may alter the risk models of HFpEF and support the rationale for further research into the modulation of miRs as biomarkers and treatment targets for HFpEF.

MicroRNAs: The Missing Link between Hypertension and Periodontitis?

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and arterial hypertension is a recognized cardiovascular risk factor that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Arterial hypertension is the result of an inflammatory process that results in the remodeling and thickening of the vascular walls, which is associated with an immunological response. Previous studies have attempted to demonstrate the relationship between oral disease, inflammation, and the development of systemic diseases. Currently, the existence of an association between periodontitis and hypertension is a controversial issue because the underlying pathophysiological processes and inflammatory mechanisms common to both diseases are unknown. This is due to the fact that periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the interface of teeth and surrounding tissues. However, the most likely explanation for understanding this association is related to low-grade chronic inflammation. An initial path in the study of the relationship between the mentioned pathologies is the possibility of an epigenetic influence, mediated by noncoding RNAs as microRNAs. Thus, in the present review we describe the role of microRNAs related to arterial hypertension and/or periodontitis. In addition, we identified 13 common microRNAs between periodontitis and hypertension. According to the predictions of the DIANA-mirPath program, they can regulate genes involved in 52 signaling pathways.

A Machine Learning Model Based on microRNAs for the Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is a major and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Essential, primary, or idiopathic hypertension accounts for 90-95% of all cases. Identifying novel biomarkers specific to essential hypertension may help in understanding pathophysiological pathways and developing personalized treatments. We tested whether the integration of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and clinical risk factors via machine learning modeling may provide useful information and novel tools for essential hypertension diagnosis and management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In total, 174 participants were enrolled in the present observational case-control study, among which, there were 89 patients with essential hypertension and 85 controls. A discovery phase was conducted using small RNA sequencing in whole blood samples obtained from age- and sex-matched hypertension patients (n = 30) and controls (n = 30). A validation phase using RT-qPCR involved the remaining 114 participants. For machine learning, 170 participants with complete data were used to generate and evaluate the classification model.

RESULTS

Small RNA sequencing identified seven miRNAs downregulated in hypertensive patients as compared with controls in the discovery group, of which six were confirmed with RT-qPCR. In the validation group, miR-210-3p/361-3p/362-5p/378a-5p/501-5p were also downregulated in hypertensive patients. A machine learning support vector machine (SVM) model including clinical risk factors (sex, BMI, alcohol use, current smoker, and hypertension family history), miR-361-3p, and miR-501-5p was able to classify hypertension patients in a test dataset with an AUC of 0.90, a balanced accuracy of 0.87, a sensitivity of 0.83, and a specificity of 0.91. While five miRNAs exhibited substantial downregulation in hypertension patients, only miR-361-3p and miR-501-5p, alongside clinical risk factors, were consistently chosen in at least eight out of ten sub-training sets within the SVM model.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the potential significance of miRNA-based biomarkers in deepening our understanding of hypertension's pathophysiology and in personalizing treatment strategies. The strong performance of the SVM model highlights its potential as a valuable asset for diagnosing and managing essential hypertension. The model remains to be extensively validated in independent patient cohorts before evaluating its added value in a clinical setting.

Effect of positive pressure ventilation and bariatric surgery on extracellular vesicle microRNAs in patients with severe obesity and obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUCTION

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and severe obesity share a common pathophysiological phenomenon, systemic and tissue hypoxia. Hypoxaemia modifies microRNA expression, particularly, extracellular vesicles microRNAs which are involved in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancer. We aim to evaluate extracellular vesicle miRNAs among patients with severe obesity with and without OSA and the effect of OSA and severe obesity treatment: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Patients were selected from the Epigenetics Modification in Morbid Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (EPIMOOSA) study (NCT03995836), a prospective observational study of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Patients were divided into OSA (Apnea-hyponea index (AHI) > 10) and non-OSA (AHI < 10). Patients with OSA were treated with CPAP for 6 months. Then, all patients had bariatric surgery and re-evaluated 12 months later. At each visit, blood samples were obtained for biobanking. Subsequently, extracellular vesicles were extracted, and then, miRNA expression was analysed.

RESULTS

15 patients with OSA and 9 without OSA completed the protocol. At baseline, patients with OSA showed higher miR16, miR126 and miR320 (p < 0.05) and lower miR223 expression (p < 0.05) than those without OSA. In patients with severe obesity and OSA, after 6 months with CPAP, we observed a significant decrease in miR21 (p < 0.01), miR126 (p < 0.001) and miR320 (p < 0.001), with no changes in any miRNA in patients without OSA. No changes were detected in any miRNA after 6 months of bariatric surgery in patients with or without OSA.

CONCLUSION

Co-existance of OSA and severe obesity alters the profile of extracellular vesicle miRNAs. Bariatric surgery and weight loss did not reverse this effect meanwhile the treatment with CPAP in patients with severe obesity and OSA showed a recovery outcome in those extracellular vesicle miRNAs. Those facts remark the need for OSA screening in patients with severe obesity.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study has also been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03995836.

The Role of MicroRNA-126 in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite all efforts made towards their management. Other than targeting the traditional risk factors for their development, scientific interest has been shifted towards epigenetic regulation, with microRNAs (miRs) being at the forefront. MiR-126, in particular, has been extensively studied in the context of cardiovascular diseases. Downregulated expression of this miR has been associated with highly prevalent cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. At the same time, its diagnostic and prognostic capability concerning coronary artery disease is still under investigation, with up-to-date data pointing towards a dysregulated expression in a stable disease state and acute myocardial infarction. Moreover, a lower expression of miR-126 may indicate a higher disease complexity, as well as an increased risk for future major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Ultimately, overexpression of miR-126 may emerge as a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases due to its potential in promoting therapeutic angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the existing challenges in miR therapeutics need to be resolved before translation to clinical practice.

Ligand-Dependent Downregulation of Guanylyl Cyclase/Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A: Role of miR-128 and miR-195

Cardiac hormones act on the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular homeostasis. These hormones include atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP) and activate natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA), which enhance natriuresis, diuresis, and vasorelaxation. In this study, we established the ANP-dependent homologous downregulation of NPRA using human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells expressing recombinant receptor and MA-10 cells harboring native endogenous NPRA. The prolonged pretreatment of cells with ANP caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in ¹²⁵I-ANP binding, Guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity of receptor, and intracellular accumulation of cGMP leading to downregulation of NPRA. Treatment with ANP (100 nM) for 12 h led to an 80% decrease in ¹²⁵I-ANP binding to its receptor, and BNP decreased it by 62%. Neither 100 nM c-ANF (truncated ANF) nor C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) had any effect. ANP (100 nM) treatment also decreased GC activity by 68% and intracellular accumulation cGMP levels by 45%, while the NPRA antagonist A71915 (1 µM) almost completely blocked ANP-dependent downregulation of NPRA. Treatment with the protein kinase G (PKG) stimulator 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP (CPT-cGMP) (1 µM) caused a significant increase in ¹²⁵I-ANP binding, whereas the PKG inhibitor KT 5823 (1 µM) potentiated the effect of ANP on the downregulation of NPRA. The transfection of miR-128 significantly reduced NPRA protein levels by threefold compared to control cells. These results suggest that ligand-dependent mechanisms play important roles in the downregulation of NPRA in target cells.

The key roles of non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of hypertension

Hypertension is a multifactorial condition in which several genetic and environmental elements contribute. Recent investigations have revealed contribution of non-coding region of the transcriptome in this trait. CDKN2B-AS1, AK098656, MEG3, H19, PAXIP1-AS1, TUG1, GAS5, CASC2 and CPS1-IT are among long non-coding RNAs participating in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Several miRNAs have also been found to be implicated in this disorder. miR-296, miR-637, miR-296, miR-637, hsa-miR-361-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-199a-3p, miR-208a-3p, miR-423-5p, miR-223-5p and miR-140-5p are among dysregulated miRNAs in this condition whose application as diagnostic biomarkers for hypertension has been evaluated. Finally, hsa-circ-0005870, hsa_circ_0037911 and hsa_circ_0014243 are examples of dysregulated circular RNAs in hypertensive patients. In the current review, we describe the role of these non-coding RNAs in the pathophysiology of hypertension.

Analysis of the miRNA expression from the adipose tissue surrounding the adrenal neoplasia

Background

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is characterized by several metabolic changes such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. Mi(cro)RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNA molecules known to be critical regulators in several cellular processes associated with AT dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of some miRNAs in visceral and subcutaneous AT in patients undergoing adrenalectomy for aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma (APA) compared to the samples of AT obtained in patients undergoing adrenalectomy for non-functioning adrenal mass (NFA).

Methods

The quantitative expression of selected miRNA using real-time PCR was analyzed in surrounding adrenal neoplasia, peri-renal, and subcutaneous AT samples of 16 patients with adrenalectomy (11 patients with APA and 5 patients with NFA).

Results

Real-time PCR cycles for miRNA-132, miRNA-143, and miRNA-221 in fat surrounding adrenal neoplasia and in peri-adrenal AT were significantly higher in APA than in patients with NFA. Unlike patients with NFA, miRNA-132, miRNA-143, miRNA-221, and miRNA-26b were less expressed in surrounding adrenal neoplasia AT compared to subcutaneous AT in patients with APA.

Conclusion

This study, conducted on tissue expression of miRNAs, highlights the possible pathophysiological role of some miRNAs in determining the metabolic alterations in patients with PA.

Relationship Between Circulating MicroRNAs and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients

Objective

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common complication of hypertension and microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy development. This study evaluated the relationship between circulating miRNAs and LVH in hypertensive patients.

Methods

Two cohorts [exploratory (n = 42) and validation (n = 297)] of hypertensive patients were evaluated by clinical, laboratory and echocardiography analysis. The serum expression of 754 miRNAs in the exploratory cohort and 6 miRNAs in the validation cohort was evaluated by the TaqMan OpenArray^® system and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results

Among the 754 analyzed miRNAs, ten miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-let7c, miR-92a, miR-451, miR-145-5p, miR-185, miR-338, miR-296, miR-375, and miR-10) had differential expression between individuals with and without LVH in the exploratory cohort. Results of multivariable regression analysis adjusted for confounding variables showed that three miRNAs (miR-145-5p, miR-451, and miR-let7c) were independently associated with LVH and left ventricular mass index in the validation cohort. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that these three miRNAs can regulate various genes and pathways related to cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using cardiac myocytes demonstrated that miR-145-5p mimic transfection up-regulated the expression of brain and atrial natriuretic peptide genes, which are markers of cardiac hypertrophy, while anti-miR-145-5p transfection abrogated the expression of these genes in response to norepinephrine stimulus.

Conclusions

Our data demonstrated that circulating levels of several miRNAs, in particular miR-145-5p, miR-451, and let7c, were associated with LVH in hypertensive patients, indicating that these miRNAS may be potential circulating biomarkers or involved in hypertension-induced LV remodeling.

Effect of Combined Endurance Training and MitoQ on Cardiac Function and Serum Level of Antioxidants, NO, miR-126, and miR-27a in Hypertensive Individuals

Objectives

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Despite advances in treatment and control of HTN, the prevalence of HTN is still increasing. MitoQ is a supplement that acts on mitochondria and attenuates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in cardiovascular health. miRNAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of HTN. We evaluated the effects of MitoQ supplementation and endurance training (ET), alone and in combination, on functional indices of the heart and serum levels of miR-126, miR-27a, antioxidants, and NO, in patients with HTN.

Methods

In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 52 male participants (age 40-55 years) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 13) of placebo, MitoQ (20 mg/day, oral), ET (cycle ergometer, moderate intensity, 40-60% VO₂ peak, heart rate 120-140 b/min, 45 min a day, three days/week for six weeks), and MitoQ+ET. Cardiac function indices were assessed by echocardiography before and after interventions.

Results

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased in all intervention groups (P < 0.001) while DBP (P < 0.01) and LV hypertrophy (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased only in the MitoQ+ET group. Serum levels of SOD, GPx, and NO and the level of miR-126 significantly increased in all treatment groups, while miR-27a reduced in the ET (P < 0.05) and MitoQ+ET (P < 0.01) groups.

Conclusions

Compared to MitoQ and ET alone, their combination has more prominent improving effects on cardiac health and amelioration of BP in the patients with HTN. These effects are through miR-126 and miR-27a modulation and ameliorating mitochondrial ROS production.

Exploring the factors influencing adoption of health-care wearables among generation Z consumers in India

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the major factors influencing the adoption of health-care wearables in generation Z (Gen Z) customers in India. A conceptual framework using push pull and mooring (PPM) adoption theory was developed.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected from 208 Gen Z customers based on 5 constructs related to the adoption of health-care wearables. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling was used to analyse the responses. The mediation paths were analysed using bootstrapping method and examination of the standardized direct and indirect effects in the model.

Findings

The study results indicated that the antecedent factors consisted of push (real-time health information availability), pull (normative environment) and mooring (decision self-efficacy) factors. The mooring factor (MOOR) was related to the push factor but not the pull factor. The MOOR, in turn, was related to the switching intention of Gen Z customers for health wearables adoption.

Research limitations/implications

The research study extended the literature related to the PPM theory in the context of the adoption of health wearables among Gen Z customers in India.

Practical implications

The study outcome would enable managers working in health wearable organizations to understand consumer behaviour towards health wearables.

Social implications

The use of health wearables among Gen Z individuals would lead to future generations adopting a healthy lifestyle resulting in an effective workforce and better economy.

Originality/value

This was one of the few studies which have explored the PPM theory to explore the factors for the adoption of health wearables among Gen Z customers in India.

Role of MicroRNAs and their corresponding ACE2/Apelin signaling pathways in hypertension

Hypertension is controlled via the alteration of microRNAs (miRNAs), their therapeutic targets angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) and cross talk of signaling pathways. The stimulation of the Ang II/AT1R pathway by deregulation of miRNAs, has also been linked to cardiac remodeling as well as the pathophysiology of high blood pressure. As miRNAs have been associated to ACE2/Apelin and Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling, it has revealed an utmost protective impact over hypertension and cardiovascular system. The ACE2-coupled intermodulation between RAAS, Apelin system, MAPK signaling pathways, and miRNAs reveal the practicalities of high blood pressure. The research of miRNAs may ultimately lead to the expansion of an innovative treatment strategy for hypertension, which indicates the need to explore them further at the molecular level. Therefore, here we have focused on the mechanistic importance of miRNAs in hypertension, ACE2/Apelin signaling as well as their biological functions, with a focus on interplay and crosstalk between ACE2/Apelin signaling, miRNAs, and hypertension, and the progress in miRNA-based diagnostic techniques with the goal of facilitating the development of new hypertension-controlling therapeutics.

miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-dependent, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of all dementia cases. Due to the increasing incidence and corresponding socioeconomic burden of dementia, it has rapidly emerged as a challenge to public health worldwide. The characteristics of AD include the development of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, vascular changes, neuronal inflammation, and progressive brain atrophy. However, the complexity of the biology of AD has hindered progress in elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, and the development of effective treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, which are endogenous, noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that function as posttranscriptional regulators of various genes) are attracting attention as powerful tools for studying the mechanisms of diseases, as they are involved in several biological processes and diseases, including AD. AD is a multifactorial disease, and several reports have suggested that miRNAs play an important role in the pathological processes of AD. In this review, the basic biology of miRNAs is described, and the function and physiology of miRNAs in the pathological processes of AD are highlighted. In addition, the limitations of current pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of AD and the development of miRNA-based next-generation therapies are discussed.

Circulating Levels of MicroRNAs Associated With Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study in Male and Female South African Participants

MicroRNAs are non-coding, post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and their dysregulation has been associated with development of various diseases, including hypertension. Consequently, understanding their role in the pathogenesis and progression of disease is essential. Prior research focusing on microRNAs in disease has provided a basis for understanding disease prognosis and offered possible channels for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we aimed to investigate possible differences in the expression profiles of five microRNAs in the blood of participants grouped on the basis of their hypertension status. This was done to elucidate the possible roles played by these microRNAs in the development of hypertension. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated the expression levels of miR-126-3p, 30a-5p, 182-5p, 30e-3p, and 1299 in the whole blood of 1456 participants, normotensive (n = 573), screen-detected hypertensive (n = 304) and known hypertensive (n = 579). The expression of miR-126-3p and 182-5p was significantly higher in known hypertensives relative to both screen-detected hypertensives and normotensives, and also in screen-detected hypertensives vs normotensives. A significant association between the expression of miR-126-3p, 182-5p, and 30a-5p and known hypertension was also evident. This study demonstrated dysregulated miR-126-3p, 182-5p, and 30a-5p expression in hypertension, highlighting the possible efficacy of these microRNAs as targets for the diagnosis of hypertension as well as the development of microRNA-based therapies.

Correlation between serum miR-122 and myocardial damage and ventricular function in patients with essential hypertension

Background

Myocardial damage and decreased ventricular function are risk factors leading to a bad prognosis in patients with essential hypertension (EH). MicroRNAs play important roles in myocardial function impairment in patients with hypertension. The purpose of our research was to investigate the correlation between serum miR-122 and myocardial damage and ventricular functions in EH patients.

Methods

The clinic data of EH patients (group A, n=60) and healthy individuals (group B, n=60) from December 2016 to December 2019 in our hospital were collected and analyzed. Serum miR-122, myocardial damage markers [B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), homocysteine (Hcy), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB)] and cardiac function indicators [ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular septal thickness (IVST), left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD)] were assessed in both groups. The correlation between serum miR-122 and myocardial damage markers and ventricular function indicators was analyzed.

Results

(I) The mean serum miR-122 concentration in group A and group B was 6.86±1.23 and 3.36±1.87 µmol/L, respectively. The serum miR-122 concentration in group A was evidently increased compared with that in group B. (II) The levels of BNP, Hcy, cTnT, and CK-MB in the peripheral blood in group A were evidently increased compared with those in group B (P<0.05). (III) EF and IVRT were evidently decreased in group A compared with that in group B (P<0.05). (IV) Serum miR-122 concentration was positively correlated with the myocardial damage markers BNP, Hcy, cTnT and CK-MB, and serum miR-122 concentration was negatively correlated with the ventricular function indicators EF and IVRT but not significantly correlated with other ventricular function indicators (IVST, LVEDD, LVPWT and LVESD).

Conclusions

The serum miR-122 concentration in EH patients was higher than that in healthy individuals, and miR-122 concentration was positively correlated with myocardial damage markers. Serum miR-122 level was negatively correlated with the ventricular function indicators EF and IVRT but was not significantly correlated with other ventricular function indicators (IVST, LVEDD, LVPWT, and LVESD).

Revealing new therapeutic opportunities in hypertension through network-driven integrative genetic analysis and drug target prediction approach

Epidemiological studies have established that untreated hypertension (HTN) is a major independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), stroke, renal failure, and other conditions. Several important studies have been published to prevent and manage HTN; however, antihypertensive agents' optimal choice remains controversial. Therefore, the present study is undertaken to update our knowledge in the primary treatment of HTN, specifically in the setting of other three important diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are remarkably stable short endogenous conserved non-coding RNAs that bind to the mRNA at its (3' UTR) to regulate its gene expression by causing translational repression or mRNA degradation. Through their coordinated activities on different pathways and networks, individual miRNAs control normal and pathological cellular processes. Therefore, to identify the critical miRNA-mRNA-TF interactions, we performed systematic bioinformatics analysis. We have also employed the molecular modelling and docking approach to identify the therapeutic target that delivers novel empathies into Food and Drug Administration approved and herbal drug response physiology. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was employed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and hub genes- KNG1, HLA-DPB1, CXCL8, IL1B, and BCL2. The HTN associated feed-forward loop (FFL) network included miR-9-5p, KNG1 and AR. We employed high throughput screening to get the best interacting compounds, telmisartan and limonin, that provided a significant docking score (-13.3 and -12.0 kcal/mol) and a potential protective effect that may help to combat the impact of HTN. The present study provides novel insight into HTN etiology through the identification of mRNAs and miRNAs and associated pathways.

SNPs at 3'UTR of APOL1 and miR-6741-3p target sites associated with kidney diseases more susceptible to SARS-COV-2 infection: in silco and in vitro studies

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and several cases have been reported in the setting of the high-risk APOL1 genotype (common genetic variants). This increases the likelihood that African American people with the high-risk genotype APOL1 are at increased risk for kidney disease in the COVID-19 environment. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are found in various microRNAs (miRNAs) and target genes change the miRNA activity that leads to different diseases. Evidence has shown that SNPs increase/decrease the effectiveness of the interaction between miRNAs and disease-related target genes. The aim of this study is not only to identify miRSNPs on the APOL1 gene and SNPs in miRNA genes targeting 3′UTR but also to evaluate the effect of these gene variations in kidney patients and their association with SARS-COV-2 infection. In 3′UTR of the APOL1 gene, we detected 96 miRNA binding sites and 35 different SNPs with 10 different online software in the binding sites of the miRNA (in silico). Also we studied gene expression of patients and control samples by using qRT-PCR (in vitro). In silico study, the binding site of miR-6741-3p on APOL1 has two SNPs (rs1288875001, G > C; rs1452517383, A > C) on APOL1 3′UTR, and its genomic sequence is the same nucleotide as rs1288875001. Similarly, two other SNPs (rs1142591, T > A; rs376326225, G > A) were identified in the binding sites of miR-6741-3p at the first position. Here, the miRSNP (rs1288875001) in APOL1 3′UTR and SNP (rs376326225) in the miR-6741-3p genomic sequence are cross-matched in the same binding region. In vitro study, the relative expression levels were calculated by the 2^−ΔΔCt method & Mann–Whitney U test. The expression of APOL1 gene was different in chronic kidney patients along with COVID-19. By these results, APOL1 expression was found lower in patients than healthy (p < 0.05) in kidney patients along with COVID-19. In addition, miR-6741-3p targets many APOL1-related genes (TLR7, SLC6A19, IL-6,10,18, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5, SWT1, NFYB, BRF1, HES2, NFYB, MED12L, MAFG, GTF2H5, TRAF3, angiotensin II receptor-associated protein, PRSS23) by evaluating online software in the binding sites of the miR-6741-3p. miR-6741-3p has not previously shown any association with kidney diseases and SARS-COV-2 infection. It assures that APOL1 can have a significant consequence in kidney-associated diseases by different pathways. Henceforth, this study represents and demonstrates an effective association between miR-6741-3p and kidney diseases, i.e., collapsing glomerulopathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute kidney injury (AKI), and tubulointerstitial lesions susceptibility to SARS-COV-2 infection via in silico and in vitro exploration and recommended to have better insight.

Impact of Nutritional Epigenetics in Essential Hypertension: Targeting microRNAs in the Gut-Liver Axis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To review the current knowledge on interactions between dietary factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) in essential hypertension (EH) pathogenesis.

RECENT FINDINGS

There exists an integration of maintenance signals generated by genetic, epigenetic, immune, and environmental (e.g., dietary) factors that work to sustain balance in the gut-liver axis. It is well established that an imbalance in this complex, intertwined system substantially increases the risk for EH. As such, pertinent research has been taken to decipher how each signal operates in isolation and together in EH progression. Recent literature indicates that both macro- and micronutrients interrupt regulatory miRNA expressions and thus, alter multiple cellular processes that contribute to EH and its comorbidities. We highlight how carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, salt, and potassium modify miRNA signatures during EH. The disruption in miRNA expression can negatively impact communication systems such as over activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, and promoting angiogenesis to favor EH. We also delineate the prognostic value of miRNAs in EH and discuss the pros and cons of surgical vs dietary prophylactic approaches in EH prevention. We propose that dietary-dependent perturbation of the miRNA profile is one mechanism within the gut-liver axis that dictates EH development.

MicroRNA 21 and microRNA 155 levels in resistant hypertension, and their relationships with aldosterone

Aim

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules that serve as regulators following gene expression transcription. While studies have investigated the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (HT), very few have considered their place in the pathogenesis of resistant hypertension (RH). The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of miRNA 21 and miRNA 155 in RH and their relationships with aldosterone.

Method

Thirty-two normotensive patients, 30 newly diagnosed HT patients, and 20 RH patients were included in the study. Patients’ demographic data were recorded, and office blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24-h ABPM) were performed. Blood specimens were collected for miRNA 21, miRNA 155 and aldosterone measurement. MiRNA 21 and miRNA 155 levels in the control and patient groups and their relations with other demographic and biochemical parameters were then subjected to analysis.

Results

No difference was determined in miRNA 155 levels between the groups, but miRNA 21 and aldosterone levels were significantly higher in the RH group (p < 0.001 and <0.05, respectively). At correlation analysis, miRNA 21 exhibited positive correlation with aldosterone, age, office SBP, 24-h ABPM all-day SBP. A 9.6 copy/uL level for miRNA 21 predicted presence or absence of RH with 95% sensitivity and 71% specificity (AUC:0.823, 95% CI (0.72–0.92).

Conclusion

The study results revealed significantly higher miRNA 21 and aldosterone in RH patients than in healthy individuals and newly diagnosed hypertensives.

Two novel microRNAs and their association with absolute blood pressure parameters in an urban South African community

MicroRNAs are important in development of disease, and description of novel microRNAs adds to the pool of microRNAs that can be targeted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in disease. Herein, we aimed to describe novel microRNAs in a normotensive and hypertensive African population and relate their expression to blood pressure parameters and hypertension status. Previous work using next-generation sequencing showed differential expression of two novel microRNAs in the blood of normotensives and hypertensives. Herein, we have investigated these novel microRNAs by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of 881 participants in this study. The relationship between the novel microRNAs and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as mean arterial pressure was also investigated. Age and sex-adjusted Spearman’s correlations were used to assess the relationship between microRNAs and cardiovascular risk profile variables whilst multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of microRNAs with screen-detected and known hypertension. The novel microRNAs (miR-novel-chr1_36178 and miR-novel-chr15_18383) were significantly dysregulated by hypertension status. The expression of miR-novel-chr1_36178 differed according to sex, correlated with mean arterial pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at higher levels of expression and was associated with screen-detected hypertension. The association of miR-novel-chr1_36178 expression with mean arterial pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as its dysregulation according to hypertension status suggests its possible utility as a biomarker target for hypertension diagnosis and/or therapeutics. Furthermore, its association with screen detected hypertension and dose-response relationship with blood pressure suggests it may be used to identify and monitor individuals at risk of hypertension.

Effect of gene-environment interaction (arsenic exposure - PON1 Q192R polymorphism) on cardiovascular disease biomarkers in Mexican population

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of death worldwide. However, little is known about how the interaction between risk factors affects CVDs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the gene-environment interaction (arsenic exposure x PON1 Q192R polymorphism) on serum levels of CVDs biomarkers in Mexican women. Urinary arsenic levels (UAs) ranged from 5.50-145 μg/g creatinine. The allele frequency was 0.38 and 0.62 for the Q and R alleles, respectively. Moreover, significant associations (p<0.05) were detected between UAs and CVDs biomarkers (ADMA, FABP4, and miR-155). Comparable data were found when CVDs biomarkers were evaluated through PON1 genotype, significant (p<0.05) higher serum concentrations of CVDs biomarkers were identified in R allele carriers compared to levels found in Q allele carriers. Besides, a gene-environment interaction was documented. The results of this study we believe should be of significant interest to regulatory authorities worldwide.

Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Hypertension-Associated Kidney Disease

Hypertension-mediated organ damage frequently includes renal function decline in which several mechanisms are involved. The present review outlines the state of the art on extracellular vesicles in hypertension and hypertension-related renal damage. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell communication and are key players mediating biological processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or fibrosis, mechanisms present the onset and progression of hypertension-associated kidney disease. We address the potential use of extracellular vesicles as markers of hypertension-mediated kidney damage severity and their application as therapeutic agents in hypertension-associated renal damage. The capacity of exosomes to deliver a wide variety of cargos to the target cell efficiently makes them a potential drug delivery system for treatment of renal diseases.

Influence of Human Paraoxonase-1 Polymorphism (Q192R) on Serum Levels of Clinical Biomarkers Indicatives of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk in Mexican Women

Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a hydrolytic enzyme related in the onset, establishment, and progression of inflammatory illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the primary goal of this investigation was to determinate the influence of the PON1 gene polymorphism (Q192R) on prognostic biomarkers of CVD in women (n = 350) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. For everyone enrolled, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical measurements were acquired. Q192R polymorphism of the PON1 gene was assessed by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes. Also, quantification and/or calculation of suggested predictive CVD biomarkers were completed. The association between PON1(Q192R) polymorphism with clinical predictive CVD biomarkers was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Genotype PON1 (Q192R) frequencies were: 18%, 47% and 35% for QQ, QR, and RR, respectively. Besides, the frequency of the variant R allele was 0.58. Furthermore, robust significant associations were found between PON1 (Q192R) polymorphism with serum ADMA [OR (95% CI); 3.50 (1.20-5.00), p < 0.01]; FABP4 [2.50 (2.15-3.95), p < 0.01]; and miR-126 [1.50 (1.15-2.00), p < 0.01] levels after adjusting for probable confounders. Data found in this research strongly support the notion that proposes a crucial role of PON1 enzyme (Q192R polymorphism) as a genetic determinant in the CVD risk in Mexican women.

Identification of Hub Genes Associated with Hypertension and Their Interaction with miRNA Based on Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA) Analysis

Background

Hypertension is one of the most widespread health conditions in the world, and the molecular mechanism of it is still unclear. In this study, we identified the hub genes (hub miRNA genes) associated with hypertension and explored the relationship between hypertension miRNA-gene by constructing a mRNA co-expression network and a miRNA co-expression network, which can help to reveal the mechanism and predict the prognosis of hypertension progression.

Material/Methods

Based on gene expression profile data of hypertensive samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, WGCNA was used to detect hypertension-related biomarkers and key mRNA and miRNA modules. Then, DAVID was used to perform gene-annotation enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and miRPath were used for pathway analysis of mRNA and miRNAs genes.

Results

We identified 3 key modules relating to hypertension, 2 mRNA modules named M_saddlebrown and M_greenyellow and 1 miRNA module named M_salmon. In addition, 12 hub genes (RPL21, RPS28, LOC442727/PTGAP10, LOC100129599/RPS29P14, TBXAS1, FCER1G, CFP, FURIN, PECAM1, IGSF6, NCF1C, and LOC285296/UNC93B3) and 7 hub miRNAs (hsa-miR-1268a/b, hsa-miR-513c-3p, hsa-miR-4799-5p, hsa-miR-296-3p, hsa-miR-5195-5p, hsa-miR-219-2-3p, and hsa-miR-548d-5p) relating to hypertension were identified. HIF-1 signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway were closely related to the 3 key modules. We also discovered 4 miRNAs (hsa-miR-548am-3p, hsa-miR-513c-3p, hsa-miR-182-5p, and hsa-miR-548d-5p) and 6 genes (IGF1R, GSK3B, FOXO1, PRKAR2B, HIF1A, and PIK3R1) were the core nodes in the hypertension-related miRNA-gene network, and hsa-miR-548am-3p was at the center of the network.

Conclusions

These findings will help improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertension, and the discovered genes can serve as signatures for early diagnosis of hypertension.

miR-126a-3p targets HIF-1α and alleviates obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with hypertension

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder and an important cause of refractory hypertension. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development of hypertension, but their role in OSAS with hypertension (OSAS-hypertension) has been little studied. Evidence indicates that miR-126a-3p expression is lower in patients with OSAS-hypertension compared with the patients with OSAS alone. However, its role in the pathogenesis of OSAS-hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of miR-126a-3p in OSAS-hypertension and to determine whether HIF-1α is involved in this process. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) for 8 weeks to induce OSAS-hypertension. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7r5) were cultured under hypoxia as an in vitro model. Our results showed that rats exposed to 8 week CIH exhibited decreased miR-126a-3p and increased HIF-1α expression. Furthermore, administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing miR-126a-3p (rAAV-miR-126a) counteracted the CIH-induced systolic blood pressure upregulation, oxidase stress, inflammation, and heart and abdominal aorta vascular remodeling. Moreover, the mechanism was associated with its targeted suppression of HIF-1α. These findings suggest that miR-126a-3p might be a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OSAS-hypertension.

Upregulated MiR-9-5p Protects Against Inflammatory Response in Rats with Deep Vein Thrombosis via Inhibition of NF-κB p50

Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, including heart, blood vessels, plasma, and vascular diseases. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) refers to the formation of blood clot in the deep veins of the human body and is a common peripheral vascular disease. Herein, we explored the mechanism of miR-9-5p in DVT through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The expression of miR-9-5p in DVT rats was measured through the establishment of DVT rat models, followed by the alteration of miR-9-5p and NF-κB p50 in rats through the injection of constructed lentiviral vectors so as to explore the role of miR-9-5p and NF-κB p50 expression in rats. Next, the expression of NF-κB p50 and levels of inflammation-related factors plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured after the injection with lentiviral vectors, followed by the assessment of platelet aggregation and TXB2 content. MiR-9-5p was found to be downregulated in DVT rats. Through dual luciferase reporter gene assay, NF-κB p50 was verified as the target gene of miR-9-5p and miR-9-5p could negatively regulate NF-κB p50. MiR-9-5p over-expression decreased the levels of PAI-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and platelet aggregation as well as TXB2 content, thus inhibiting thrombosis. Meanwhile, over-expressed NF-κB p50 could reverse the anti-inflammatory or anti-thrombotic effect of miR-9-5p. In summary, miR-9-5p over-expression can suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway through p50 downregulation, thus alleviating inflammation and thrombosis in DVT rats. MiR-9-5p could serve as a potential therapeutic target for DVT.

Early Programming of Adult Systemic Essential Hypertension

Cardiovascular diseases are being included in the study of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and essential systemic hypertension has also been added to this field. Epigenetic modifications are one of the main mechanisms leading to early programming of disease. Different environmental factors occurring during critical windows in the early stages of life may leave epigenetic cues, which may be involved in the programming of hypertension when individuals reach adulthood. Such environmental factors include pre-term birth, low weight at birth, altered programming of different organs such as the blood vessels and the kidney, and living in disadvantageous conditions in the programming of hypertension. Mechanisms behind these factors that impact on the programming include undernutrition, oxidative stress, inflammation, emotional stress, and changes in the microbiota. These factors and their underlying causes acting at the vascular level will be discussed in this paper. We also explore the establishment of epigenetic cues that may lead to hypertension at the vascular level such as DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation and acetylation), and the role of microRNAs in the endothelial cells and blood vessel smooth muscle which participate in hypertension. Since epigenetic changes are reversible, the knowledge of this type of markers could be useful in the field of prevention, diagnosis or epigenetic drugs as a therapeutic approach to hypertension.

Evaluation of miR-181b and miR-126-5p expression levels in T2DM patients compared to healthy individuals: Relationship with NF-κB gene expression

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder whose prevalence is rising very fast across the world. Diagnosis of this disease in early stages (pre-diabetic stage) plays an important role in reducing mortality associated with this disorder. miRNAs, as key players in the pathogenesis of T2DM, have been investigated in several studies. Furthermore, their expression profile changes in the early stages of diabetes mellitus in body fluids such as serum, peripheral blood, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) have been studied. Due to their high stability and the presence of non-invasive sensitive methods for their measurement, such as real-time PCR, they can be used for early diagnosis of T2DM as a biomarker. In this experimental study, the expression levels of miR-181b, miR-126-5p, and NF-κB were measured in patients with T2DM, pre-diabetic subjects, and healthy controls in a Yazd population.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Ninety asymptomatic subjects including 30 T2DM, 30 pre-diabetic, and 30 healthy subjects (diagnosis based on WHO criteria) were included in this study. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of miR-181b and miR-126-5p. Moreover, the NF-κB expression level was also measured to determine its relationship with these two microRNAs.

RESULT

In this study, the expression level of miR-181b and miR-126-p decreased gradually in pre-diabetic as well as T2DM subjects compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, our study showed a significant negative correlation between these two miRNAs and NF-κB for the first time.

CONCLUSION

These results introduce these anti-inflammatory miRNAs as powerful tools for early diagnosis of T2DM.

Secreted Monocyte miR-27a, via Mesenteric Arterial Mas Receptor-eNOS Pathway, Causes Hypertension

BACKGROUND

Essential hypertension is associated with increased plasma concentrations of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We aimed to determine the role of monocyte miR-27a in EVs on arterial Mas receptor expression, and its involvement in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

METHODS

THP-1 cells were transfected with miR-27a mimic and miR-27a inhibitor, and EVs were collected. Mas receptor expression and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation were determined by immunoblotting. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received EVs via tail-vein injection. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with the tail-cuff method. The vasodilatory response of mesenteric arteries was measured using a small vessel myograph.

RESULTS

EVs from THP-1 cells increased rat BP by impairing Ang-(1-7)-mediated vasodilation in mesenteric arteries, which was further exaggerated by EVs from lipopolysaccharides-treated THP-1 cells. As the receptor and key signaling of Ang-(1-7), next experiments found that Mas receptor expression and eNOS phosphorylation were decreased in mesenteric arteries from EVs-treated SD rats. Screening studies found miR-27a in EVs may be involved in this process. Through transfection with miR-27a inhibitor or miR-27a mimic, we found that miR-27a downregulates Mas receptor expression in endothelial cells. Injection of EVs from miR-27a-transfected HEK-293 cells decreased Mas receptor and eNOS phosphorylation in mesenteric arteries, impaired Ang-(1-7)-mediated vasodilation and increased BP. Earlier effects were reversed using cells with downregulation of miR-27 in EVs.

CONCLUSIONS

Monocyte miR-27a in EVs decreases Mas receptor expression and eNOS phosphorylation in endothelium, impairs Ang-(1-7)-mediated vasodilation, and causes hypertension. Understanding the contributions of EVs in the pathogenesis of hypertension may facilitate their use as a diagnostic biomarker.

Plasma microRNA-126-3p and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with chronic kidney disease: relationships to ambulatory 24-h blood pressure

Pro-inflammatory milieu of chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in endothelial damage and contributes to increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of the study was to evaluate association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and plasma relative expression of endothelially abundant miR-126-3p with circadian blood pressure (BP) pattern in CKD patients. This single-center observational study involved CKD stage 1-5 patients and healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects. All study participants had 24-h automatic blood pressure measurement (ABPM) performed. Plasma miRNA was quantified by qRT-PCR, in relation to endogenous U6 snRNA. In total, 90 CKD patients (60 ± 14 years, 52% males, 33 renal transplant recipients) and 25 healthy control subjects (55 ± 13 years, 48% males, p > 0.05) were enrolled in the study. We observed a positive correlation between miR-126-3p and average nighttime SBP (rho = 0.27, P = 0.02), average nighttime DBP (rho = 0.32, P = 0.003), night-day SBP ratio (ND-SBP), rho = 0.23, P = 0.03 and night-day DBP ratio (ND-DBP), rho = 0.26, P = 0.02. A positive association was found between NLR and average nighttime SBP (rho = 0.25, P = 0.01), ND-SBP (rho = 0.26, P = 0.006), and ND-DBP (rho = 0.28, P = 0.03). In the multiple regression model, NLR remained an independent predictor of average nighttime SBP (Beta per log change of NLR [95% CI]: 11.2 [1.8-10.6], P = 0.02), whereas miR-126-3p of nighttime DBP (1.88 [0.48; 3.28], p = 0.009), The results of our study point towards a link between both NLR and miR-126-3p and nighttime hypertension in CKD patients.

Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death worldwide and greatly impact quality of life and medical costs. Enormous effort has been made in research to obtain new tools for efficient and quick diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of these diseases. Discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms have related several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, to epigenetic dysregulation. This has implications on disease progression and is the basis for new preventive strategies. Advances in methodology and big data analysis have identified novel mechanisms and targets involved in numerous diseases, allowing more individualized epigenetic maps for personalized diagnosis and treatment. This paves the way for what is called pharmacoepigenetics, which predicts the drug response and develops a tailored therapy based on differences in the epigenetic basis of each patient. Similarly, epigenetic biomarkers have emerged as a promising instrument for the consistent diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Their good accessibility and feasible methods of detection make them suitable for use in clinical practice. However, multicenter studies with a large sample population are required to determine with certainty which epigenetic biomarkers are reliable for clinical routine. Therefore, this review focuses on current discoveries regarding epigenetic biomarkers and its controversy aiming to improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in cardiovascular patients.

Expression levels of circulating microRNAs-126, -155, and -145 in Mexican women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through biomass fuel use

Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been considered a risk determinant for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess expression levels of vascular-related miRNAs, miR-126, miR-155, and miR-145, in plasma from women (aged 19-81 years) exposed (n = 100) and non-exposed (n = 20) to PAHs via biomass combustion smoke.1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was determined in urine as a biomarker of exposure to PAHs using high-resolution liquid chromatography. Plasma expression levels of proposed miRNAs were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, traditional risk factors (age, blood pressure, serum lipid profile, blood glucose, and among others) associated with CVD were evaluated. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations and plasma expression levels of miR-126 and miR-155 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in women using wood as a fuel source in their homes (indoor) compared to women from the reference group (non-exposed to biomass smoke). Besides, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that miR-126[β = 0.61; 95% confidence interval (0.32-0.90)] and miR-155 [β = 0.45; 95% confidence interval (0.13-0.84)] expression levels were significantly associated with urinary 1-OHP concentrations after being adjusted by traditional risk factors (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant relationship was found between miR-145 and urinary 1-OHP levels. Furthermore, miRNAs assessed in this investigation are associated with CVD events. Consequently, actions to reduce exposure to PAHs in the evaluated population are warranted. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:546-558, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Screening of differentially expressed microRNAs of essential hypertension in Uyghur population

Background

Essential hypertension can cause many kinds of cardiovascular diseases. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is very complex, and the mechanism is still unclear. The microRNAs have been identified as novel biomarkers for pre-diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension. However, the kinds of microRNAs that can be used as specific biomarkers for hypertension are unknown.

Methods and results

Plasma samples were isolated from Uyghur subjects with essential hypertension and the healthy individuals. Microarray was used to identify differentially expressed microRNAs. The microarray data were clustered and annotated with online software. The target genes of differentially expressed microRNAs were also analyzed. The microarray results were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR. We identified 257 microRNAs that were differentially expressed between patients with essential hypertension and the healthy individuals. These microRNAs had a total of 6580 target genes. The 47 microRNAs that had target genes, including 24 up-regulated and 23 down-regulated microRNAs, were further screened out to construct a reference set of potential microRNA biomarkers. Most of the 47 microRNAs were located at chromosome 19 (40 microRNAs) and chromosome 1 (45 microRNAs). Their target genes were mainly enriched in metal ion binding, transcription regulation, cell adhesion and junction, indicating that these candidate microRNAs may regulate mineral ion binding and cell communication process of essential hypertension. The quantitative real-time PCR results of miR-198 and miR-1183 (which were the two most significantly up-regulated microRNAs by microarray), and, miR-30e-5p and miR-144-3p (which were the two most significantly down-regulated microRNAs by microarray) were consistent with the microarray results.

Conclusions

A reference set of potential microRNA biomarkers that may be involved in essential hypertension is constructed. Our study may provide experimental evidence for further studying the mechanism of essential hypertension.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1028-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Circulating miRNA-126, -145 and -155 levels in Mexican women exposed to inorganic arsenic via drinking water

The aim of this research was to investigate circulating expression levels of three miRNAs (miR-126, miR-155, and miR-145) proposed as predictive CVD biomarkers in Mexican women exposed to inorganic arsenic via drinking water. Mean UAs concentration of 19.5 ± 14.0 μg/g creatinine was found after urine samples were analyzed (n = 105). Significant associations between UAs levels and serum expression levels of miR-155 (p < 0.05) and miR-126 (p < 0.05) were observed after adjustment for assessed co-variables. Alterations in the serum expression levels of miR-155 and miR-126 may be associated with the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases, hence miRNAs could be proposed as prognostic CVD biomarkers. Data found in this study are of concern and risk reduction plans are necessary for the assessed communities to prevent cardiovascular events in this population of women.

Epigenetics and precision medicine in cardiovascular patients: from basic concepts to the clinical arena

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide and also inflict major burdens on morbidity, quality of life, and societal costs. Considering that CVD preventive medications improve vascular outcomes in less than half of patients (often relative risk reductions range from 12% to 20% compared with placebo), precision medicine offers an attractive approach to refine the targeting of CVD medications to responsive individuals in a population and thus allocate resources more wisely and effectively. New tools furnished by advances in basic science and translational medicine could help achieve this goal. This approach could reach beyond the practitioners 'eyeball' assessment or venerable markers derived from the physical examination and standard laboratory evaluation. Advances in genetics have identified novel pathways and targets that operate in numerous diseases, paving the way for 'precision medicine'. Yet the inherited genome determines only part of an individual's risk profile. Indeed, standard genomic approaches do not take into account the world of regulation of gene expression by modifications of the 'epi'genome. Epigenetic modifications defined as 'heritable changes to the genome that do not involve changes in DNA sequence' have emerged as a new layer of biological regulation in CVD and could advance individualized risk assessment as well as devising and deploying tailored therapies. This review, therefore, aims to acquaint the cardiovascular community with the rapidly advancing and evolving field of epigenetics and its implications in cardiovascular precision medicine.

Exposure to biomass smoke is associated with an increased expression of circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-155 in Mexican women: a pilot study

Household air pollution has been associated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the expression of vascular inflammation regulators miR-126 and miR-155 in plasma from women that cook with wood and women that cook with liquid petroleum gas (LPG). A cumulative index of exposure to smoke (CIES) was estimated, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels were quantified and miRNAs expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Biochemical clinical parameters were also evaluated. The average values for CIES and 1-OHP were 140 ± 86.8 hours-years (12.0-270 hours-years) and 0.52 ± 0.45 µmol/mol creatinine, respectively. miR-126 and miR-155 expression levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the wood users compared to LPG users. Besides, we found a significant association (p < 0.01) between miR-126 and miR-155 expression levels and CIES and urinary 1-OHP concentrations. These results contribute to the current evidence about the cardiovascular risk related to biomass smoke exposure, from an epigenetic level.

Exercise Training-Induced Changes in MicroRNAs: Beneficial Regulatory Effects in Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Obesity

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They are involved in the regulation of physiological processes, such as adaptation to physical exercise, and also in disease settings, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and obesity. In SAH, microRNAs play a significant role in the regulation of key signaling pathways that lead to the hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, proliferation, and phenotypic change in smooth muscle cells, and the hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. MicroRNAs are also involved in the regulation of insulin signaling and blood glucose levels in T2D, and participate in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and adipocyte differentiation in obesity, with specific microRNA signatures involved in the pathogenesis of each disease. Many studies report the benefits promoted by exercise training in cardiovascular diseases by reducing blood pressure, glucose levels, and improving insulin signaling and lipid metabolism. The molecular mechanisms involved, however, remain poorly understood, especially regarding the participation of microRNAs in these processes. This review aimed to highlight microRNAs already known to be associated with SAH, T2D, and obesity, as well as their possible regulation by exercise training.

MiRNA expression profiles in healthy OSAHS and OSAHS with arterial hypertension: potential diagnostic and early warning markers

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is prone to being complicated with various cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and metabolic conditions. OSAHS, due to its multifactorial nature, entails individualized and comprehensive treatment. So far, no well-established diagnostic criteria for the disease are available. In recent years, miRNA has been shown to be a sensitive biomarker suggestive of the progression and prognosis of many diseases. In this study, we examined some serum miRNAs in healthy OSAHS (OSAHS patients without complication) and OSAHS with arterial hypertension, with an attempt to understand the potential effects on the disease, improve the diagnosis of OSAHS and find OSAHS-related diagnostic markers.

Methods

Against various diagnostic criteria, participants were divided into three groups: healthy OSAHS, OSAHS with arterial hypertension and healthy controls. Their serum miRNA profiles were assessed by microarray technology, and then differentially expressed miRNAs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of miRNAs were constructed and the areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Meanwhile, the miRNAs were subjected to logistic regression analysis. The target genes were bioinformatically assessed, their functions and signaling pathways further determined and eventually an miRNA-gene network was established.

Results

Analysis with the miRNA array exhibited that, compared with the control group, 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were found in healthy OSAHS, and 33 were found in OSAHS with arterial hypertension. The expression of miR-126-3p, let-7d-5p, miR-7641 and miR-1233-5p, miR-320b, miR-145-5p, miR-107, miR-26a-5p were validated by using qRT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the potential target genes of these miRNAs might be involved in metabolism, and the regulation of endothelial cells and nervous system. Moreover, the ROC analysis showed that the using miR-145-5p and let-7d-5p in combination can identify the healthy OSAHS, presence of miR-126-3p, miR-26a-5p and miR-107 was well indicative of OSAHS with arterial hypertension.

Conclusions

A cluster of dysregulation miRNAs have been found to be involved in the development of OSAHS patients. Moreover, these miRNAs might be used to be potential diagnostic and early warning markers.

The regulatory role of microRNAs in angiogenesis-related diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level via either the degradation or translational repression of a target mRNA. They play an irreplaceable role in angiogenesis by regulating the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and tube formation of angiogenesis-related cells, which are indispensable for multitudinous physiological and pathological processes, especially for the occurrence and development of vascular diseases. Imbalance between the regulation of miRNAs and angiogenesis may cause many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, aortic dissection, phlebothrombosis and diabetic microvascular complication. Therefore, it is important to explore the essential role of miRNAs in angiogenesis, which might help to uncover new and effective therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases. This review focuses on the interactions between miRNAs and angiogenesis, and miRNA-based biomarkers in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of angiogenesis-related diseases, providing an update on the understanding of the clinical value of miRNAs in targeting angiogenesis.

microRNA-21 and hypertension

Hypertension, a multifactorial disease, is a major risk factor for the development of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and chronic renal failure. However, its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Numerous studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and the development of diseases. microRNA-21 (miR-21), a conserved single-stranded non-coding RNA that is composed of approximately 22 nucleotides, is one of the most intensively studied miRNAs in recent years, and it can regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. miR-21 is expressed in many kinds of tumors and in the cardiovascular system, and it plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, more and more evidence indicates that miR-21 plays an important role in hypertension. This article reviews the source, function, and altered levels of miR-21 in hypertension and the role of miR-21 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and target organ damage (TOD). The potential role of miR-21 as a new target for predicting and treating hypertension is also explored.