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Jing X, Lyu J, Xiong J. Acetate regulates GAPDH acetylation and T helper 1 cell differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br10. [PMID: 37133968 PMCID: PMC10295475 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid metabolite acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) has emerged as a major signal transducer that can broadly affect cell fate and function, at least partly by influencing acetylation of key proteins. The mechanism by which acetyl-CoA regulates CD4+ T-cell fate determination remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that acetate modulates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) acetylation and CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation by altering acetyl-CoA levels. Our transcriptome profiling shows that acetate is a robust positive regulator of CD4+ T-cell gene expression typical of glycolysis. We further show that acetate potentiates GAPDH activity, aerobic glycolysis, and Th1 polarization through regulation of GAPDH acetylation levels. This acetate-dependent GAPDH acetylation occurs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while decreasing acetyl-CoA levels by fatty acid oxidation inhibition results in a decline in acetyl-GAPDH levels. Thus, acetate functions as a potent metabolic regulator in CD4+ T-cells by promoting GAPDH acetylation and Th1 cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Jing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Junfang Lyu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701; Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
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Huang H, Hu D, Chen Z, Xu J, Xu R, Gong Y, Fang Z, Wang T, Chen W. Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP). J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:377. [PMID: 35964125 PMCID: PMC9375265 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoreactive T cells and dominated by Th1 response polarization. Insulin replacement therapy faces great challenges to this autoimmune disease, requiring highly frequent daily administration. Intriguingly, the progression of T1DM has proven to be prevented or attenuated by helminth infection or worm antigens for a relatively long term. However, the inevitable problems of low safety and poor compliance arise from infection with live worms or direct injection of antigens. Microneedles would be a promising candidate for local delivery of intact antigens, thus providing an opportunity for the clinical immunotherapy of parasitic products. Methods We developed a Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP) system, which serves as a new strategy to combat TIDM. In order to improve retention time and reduce contamination risk, a specific imperfection was introduced on the STAMP (asymmetric structure), which allows the tip to quickly separate from the base layer, improving reaction time and patient’s comfort. After loading Schistosoma japonicum-egg as the immune regulator, the effects of STAMP on blood glucose control and pancreatic pathological progression improvement were evaluated in vivo. Meanwhile, the immunoregulatory mechanism and biosafety of STAMP were confirmed by histopathology, qRT-PCR, ELISA and Flow cytometric analysis. Results Here, the newly developed STAMP was able to significantly reduce blood glucose and attenuate the pancreatic injury in T1DM mice independent of the adjuvants. The isolated Schistosoma japonicum-eggs micron slowly degraded in the skin and continuously released egg antigen for at least 2 weeks, ensuring localization and safety of antigen stimulation. This phenomenon should be attributed to the shift of Th2 immune response to reduce Th1 polarization. Conclusion Our results exhibited that STAMP could significantly regulate the blood glucose level and attenuate pancreatic pathological injury in T1DM mice by balancing the Th1/Th2 immune responses, which is independent of adjuvants. This technology opens a new window for the application of parasite products in clinical immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01581-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dian Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jiarong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Rengui Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yusheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhengming Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Chou FC, Chen HY, Chen HH, Lin GJ, Lin SH, Sytwu HK. Differential modulation of IL-12 family cytokines in autoimmune islet graft failure in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2409-2417. [PMID: 28929188 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The relative contribution of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells in graft rejection is inconclusive, on the basis of evidence provided by different T cell-related cytokine-deficient animal models and graft types. METHODS We used novel antigen-presenting-cell-specific Il-12p35 (also known as Il12a)-knockout (KO), IL-23p19-knockdown (KD) and IL-27p28-KD strategies to investigate T cell differentiation in islet graft rejection. RESULTS In vitro dendritic cell-T cell coculture experiments revealed that dendritic cells from Il-12p35-KO and IL-23p19-KD mice showed reduced ability to stimulate IFN-γ and IL-17 production in T cells, respectively. To further explore the T cell responses in islet graft rejection, we transplanted islets into streptozotocin-induced diabetic NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) recipient mice with IL-12-, IL-23-, or IL-27-deficient backgrounds and then challenged them with NOD.BDC2.5 T cells. The survival of islet grafts was significantly prolonged in Il-12p35-KO and IL-23p19-KD recipients compared with the control recipients. T cell infiltrations and Th1 cell populations were also decreased in the grafts, correlating with prolonged graft survival. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that IL-12 and IL-23 promote and/or maintain Th1 cell-mediated islet graft rejection. Thus, blockade of IL-12 and IL-23 might act as therapeutic strategies for reducing rejection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cheng Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Fachinan R, Yessoufou A, Nekoua MP, Moutairou K. Effectiveness of Antihyperglycemic Effect of Momordica charantia: Implication of T-Cell Cytokines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:3707046. [PMID: 29317893 PMCID: PMC5727634 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3707046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE We investigate the effect of antidiabetic Momordica charantia fruit juice on T cells' differentiation, through plasmatic cytokine quantification in type 1 diabetic rats (T1D). METHODS Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by the injection of five low doses of streptozotocin. Then, animals were treated with Momordica charantia fruit juice for 28 consecutive days. Plasmatic levels of Th1 interleukin- (IL-) 02 and interferon- (IFN-) γ, Th2 (IL-4), and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines were determined in rats. RESULTS We observed that fruit juice induced a significant decrease in blood glucose of T1D rats. Besides, the concentrations of IL-2 and IFN-γ significantly increased while those of IL-4 and IL-10 diminished in diabetic rats compared to control animals. Interestingly, after treatment with Momordica charantia fruit juice, IL-4 and IL-10 levels significantly increased in diabetic rats, while IL-2 and IFN-γ concentrations decreased, suggesting a Th2 phenotype in these animals. Phytochemical analysis of the fruit juice revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and coumarins, compounds which possess antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION This study shows that Momordica charantia fruit juice, by lowering the hyperglycemia, induced a shift of proinflammatory Th1 phenotype in T1D rats towards a favorable anti-inflammatory Th2 status. These effects might be due to the presence of antioxidant compounds in the juice and confirms the use of this plant in the treatment of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufine Fachinan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
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Calvo J, Maldonado M. The role of melatonin in autoimmune and atopic diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Delmastro-Greenwood MM, Tse HM, Piganelli JD. Effects of metalloporphyrins on reducing inflammation and autoimmunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2465-77. [PMID: 23472672 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE High levels of reactive oxygen species can facilitate DNA and protein damage beyond the control of endogenous antioxidants, resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress then triggers inflammation, which can lead to pathological conditions. In genetically susceptible individuals, the conglomeration of oxidative stress and inflammation can enhance autoreactive immune cell activation, causing beta-cell destruction in autoimmune type 1 diabetes. As a means of shielding pancreatic islets, manganese porphyrin (MnP) oxidoreductant treatment has been tested in a number of reported studies. RECENT ADVANCES MnP affects both innate and adaptive immune cell responses, blocking nuclear factor kappa-B activation, proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and T helper 1 T-cell responses. As a result, MnP treatment protects against type 1 diabetes onset in nonobese diabetic mice and stabilizes islets for cellular transplantation. CRITICAL ISSUES MnP displays global immunosuppressive properties, exemplified by decreased cytokine production from all T-helper cell subsets. This quality may impact infection control in the setting of autoimmunity. Nonetheless, because of their cytoprotective and immunomodulatory function, MnPs should be considered as a safer alternative to other clinical immunosuppressive agents (i.e., rapamycin) for transplantation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although MnP likely affects only redox-sensitive targets, the mechanism behind global T-cell immunosuppression and the outcome on infection clearance will have to be elucidated. Based on the increased primary engraftment seen with MnP use, protection against primary nonfunction in porcine to human xenotransplants would likely be enhanced. Further, a better understanding of MnP oxidoreductase function may allow for its use in other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Delmastro-Greenwood
- 1 Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Diabetes Institute , Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Lin MH, Yeh LT, Chen SJ, Chiou HYC, Chu CC, Yen LB, Lin KI, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. T cell-specific BLIMP-1 deficiency exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in nonobese diabetic mice by increasing Th1 and Th17 cells. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:101-13. [PMID: 24568746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1) has a role in regulating the differentiation and effector function of Th1 and Th17 cells. As these cells play critical roles in the induction and pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the potential role of T cell BLIMP-1 in modulating MOG35-55-induced EAE. We established T cell-specific BLIMP-1 conditional knockout (CKO) NOD mice to dissect the role of BLIMP-1 in EAE using loss-of-function model. Our results indicate that EAE severity is dramatically exacerbated in CKO mice. The numbers of CNS-infiltrating Th1, Th17, IFN-γ(+)IL-17A(+), and IL-21(+)IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T cells are remarkably increased in brain and spinal cord of CKO mice. Moreover, the ratio of Tregs/effectors and IL-10 production of Tregs are significantly downregulated in CNS of CKO mice. We conclude that BLIMP-1 suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis via downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells and impairing Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Ying C Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Linju B Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lin GJ, Huang SH, Chen SJ, Wang CH, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. Modulation by melatonin of the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11742-66. [PMID: 23727938 PMCID: PMC3709754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is the major secretory product of the pineal gland during the night and has multiple activities including the regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It also possesses the ability to modulate immune responses by regulation of the T helper 1/2 balance and cytokine production. Autoimmune diseases, which result from the activation of immune cells by autoantigens released from normal tissues, affect around 5% of the population. Activation of autoantigen-specific immune cells leads to subsequent damage of target tissues by these activated cells. Melatonin therapy has been investigated in several animal models of autoimmune disease, where it has a beneficial effect in a number of models excepting rheumatoid arthritis, and has been evaluated in clinical autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes and highlights the role and the modulatory effects of melatonin in several inflammatory autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shing-Hwa Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No.325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-J.C.); (C.-H.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, No.325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan; E-Mails: (S.-J.C.); (C.-H.W.)
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, No.325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Institute of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital, No.325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-8792-3100 (ext. 18540); Fax: +886-2-8792-1774
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Triptolide (TPL) possesses profound immunosuppressive effects and has potential in allograft transplantation. We investigated whether TPL treatment prevents autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and prolongs the survival of islet grafts against autoimmune attack or allograft rejection. METHODS Diabetic incidence was monitored in TPL-treated NOD mice. Nonobese diabetic or BALB/c islets were transplanted into diabetic recipients treated with TPL. Different T-cell subsets in grafts or spleen were analyzed. The proliferation, apoptosis, cytokines, and activities of AKT, NFκB, and caspases 3, 8, and 9 of T cells were determined. RESULTS Diabetic incidence was reduced and inflammatory cytokines were decreased in islets and spleen under TPL treatment. T-cell proliferation was reduced and the survival of syngeneic or allogeneic grafts was significantly increased in TPL-treated mice. The populations of CD4, CD8, CD4CD69, CD8CD69, and interferon-γ-producing T cells in islet grafts and spleen were reduced. Triptolide treatment increased the apoptosis of T cells in the spleen of recipients. Levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B and phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B in splenocytes were reduced and caspases 3, 8, and 9 were increased in TPL-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Triptolide treatment not only reduced the diabetic incidence in NOD mice but also prolonged the survival of syngeneic or allogeneic grafts.
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Lin MH, Chou FC, Yeh LT, Fu SH, Chiou HYC, Lin KI, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1) attenuates autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by suppressing Th1 and Th17 cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56:136-46. [PMID: 23052053 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent reports indicate that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1), encoded by the Prdm1 gene, expands its control over T cells and is associated with susceptibility to colitis in mice with T cell-specific BLIMP-1 deficiency. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of BLIMP-1 in regulating autoimmune diabetes and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. METHODS We generated T cell-specific Blimp1 (also known as Prdm1) transgenic (Tg) or conditional knockout (CKO) NOD mice, in which Blimp1 is overexpressed or deleted in T cells, respectively. By side-by-side analysing these Tg or CKO mice, we further dissected the potential mechanisms of BLIMP-1-mediated modulation on autoimmune diabetes. RESULTS Overproduction of BLIMP-1 in T cells significantly attenuated insulitis and the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. Consistent with these results, the diabetogenic effect of splenocytes was remarkably impaired in Blimp1 Tg mice. Moreover, overproduction of BLIMP-1 repressed the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes and enhanced the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in NOD mice. In contrast, mice lacking BLIMP-1 in T cells markedly increased Th1 and Th17 cells, and developed highly proliferative and activated lymphocytes. Strikingly, overexpansion of Th1 and Th17 cells in CKO mice was significantly reduced by introducing a Blimp1 transgene, reinforcing the emerging role of BLIMP-1 in autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that BLIMP-1 orchestrates a T cell-specific modulation of autoimmunity by affecting lymphocyte proliferation and activation, Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation, and Treg function. Our results provide a theoretical basis for developing BLIMP-1-manipulated therapies for autoimmune diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Darce J, Rudra D, Li L, Nishio J, Cipolletta D, Rudensky AY, Mathis D, Benoist C. An N-terminal mutation of the Foxp3 transcription factor alleviates arthritis but exacerbates diabetes. Immunity 2012; 36:731-41. [PMID: 22579475 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of lymphoid homeostasis in a number of immunological and inflammatory contexts is served by a variety of regulatory T (Treg) cell subtypes and depends on interaction of the transcription factor FoxP3 with specific transcriptional cofactors. We report that a commonly used insertional mutant of FoxP3 (GFP-Foxp3) modified its molecular interactions, blocking HIF-1α but increasing IRF4 interactions. The transcriptional profile of these Treg cells was subtly altered, with an overrepresentation of IRF4-dependent transcripts. In keeping with IRF4-dependent function of Treg cells to preferentially suppress T cell help to B cells and Th2 and Th17 cell-type differentiation, GFP-FoxP3 mice showed a divergent susceptibility to autoimmune disease: protection against antibody-mediated arthritis in the K/BxN model, but greater susceptibility to diabetes on the NOD background. Thus, specific subfunctions of Treg cells and the immune diseases they regulate can be influenced by FoxP3's molecular interactions, which result in divergent immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Darce
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lin GJ, Huang SH, Chen YW, Hueng DY, Chia WT, Chien MW, Yen BL, Sytwu HK. Transgenic expression of murine chemokine decoy receptor D6 by islets reveals the role of inflammatory CC chemokines in the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1777-87. [PMID: 21544515 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Autoimmune diabetes results from a progressive destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets by chemokine-attracted lymphocytes. Because islet cells in NOD mice produce chemokines during the development of autoimmune diabetes, we investigated the role of inflammatory CC chemokines in disease progression in these mice. METHODS We generated a transgenic NOD mouse model that overproduces the inflammatory CC chemokine decoy receptor D6 in pancreatic islets. RESULTS The frequency of diabetes and insulitis scores of transgenic mice were decreased significantly, compared with non-transgenic control littermates. Transgenic expression of D6 (also known as Ccbp2) did not affect systemic lymphocyte development or alter: (1) the T cell subsets such as T helper (Th)1, Th2 and T regulatory cells; or (2) antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells or macrophages. The percentages and numbers of T and B lymphocytes were decreased significantly in the pancreas. Activation status, autoantigen-specific proliferation and diabetogenicity of lymphocytes were also markedly reduced. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Inflammatory CC chemokines play a critical role in the development of autoimmune diabetes. Transgenic expression of D6 in pancreatic islets of NOD mice reduced this pathogenic process by suppressing activation of autoreactive lymphocytes and by reducing migration of lymphocytes to the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-J Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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13
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Kosiewicz MM, Auci DL, Fagone P, Mangano K, Caponnetto S, Tucker CF, Azeem N, White SK, Frincke JM, Reading CL, Nicoletti F. HE3286, an orally bioavailable synthetic analogue of an active DHEA metabolite suppresses spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 658:257-62. [PMID: 21371458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol (AET) is a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory adrenal steroid that limits acute and chronic inflammation. HE3286 (17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol) is a synthetic derivative of AET with improved pharmaceutical properties and efficacy in some animal models of autoimmunity. Here, daily oral doses of HE3286 led to a suppression of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus when administered either shortly before or after the first incidence of disease onset. Efficacy was associated with reduced insulitis and a suppression of the pathogenic T helper cell type 1 and type 17 phenotypes in peripheral lymphoid organs. These results demonstrate that daily oral treatment with HE3286 administrated relatively late in the destructive autoimmune process led to a suppression of type 1 diabetes mellitus onset and of the pathological inflammatory status, supporting its clinical evaluation in type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Kosiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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14
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Huang SH, Chu CH, Yu JC, Chuang WC, Lin GJ, Chen PL, Chou FC, Chau LY, Sytwu HK. Transgenic expression of haem oxygenase-1 in pancreatic beta cells protects non-obese mice used as a model of diabetes from autoimmune destruction and prolongs graft survival following islet transplantation. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2389-400. [PMID: 20683574 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) has strong anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects that help protect cells against various forms of immune attack. We investigated whether transgenic expression of Ho-1 (also known as Hmox1) in pancreatic beta cells would protect NOD mice from autoimmune damage and prolong graft survival following islet transplantation. METHODS To evaluate the protective effect of beta cell-specific HO-1 in autoimmune diabetes, we used an insulin promoter-driven murine Ho-1 construct (pIns-mHo-1) to generate a transgenic NOD mouse. Transgene expression, insulitis and the incidence of diabetes in mice were characterised. Lymphocyte composition, the development of T helper (Th)1, Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, T cell proliferation and lymphocyte-mediated disease transfer were analysed. The potential effects of transgenic islets and islet transplantation on apoptosis, inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were evaluated. RESULTS Transgenic mice showed less severe insulitis and a lower incidence of diabetes than non-transgenic control littermates. Lymphocyte composition and functions were not affected. Islets from transgenic mice expressed lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, proapoptotic gene expression and amounts of ROS/RNS, and were more resistant to TNF-α- and IFN-γ-induced apoptosis. Islet grafts from transgenic mice also survived longer in diabetic recipients than control islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Transgenic overexpression of Ho-1 in beta cells protected NOD mice from diabetes and delayed the autoimmune destruction of islet grafts, providing valuable insight into the development of better strategies for clinical islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Decoy receptor 3 protects non-obese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes by regulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2552-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Zhang J, Zhu N, Wang Q, Wang J, Ma Y, Qiao C, Li Y, Li X, Su B, Shen B. MEKK3 Overexpression Contributes to the Hyperresponsiveness of IL-12–Overproducing Cells and CD4+ T Conventional Cells in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3554-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Parasitic helminths: new weapons against immunological disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:743758. [PMID: 20169100 PMCID: PMC2821776 DOI: 10.1155/2010/743758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases is increasing in developed countries, possibly due to reduced exposure to microorganisms in childhood (hygiene hypothesis). Epidemiological and experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis is accumulating. In this context, parasitic helminths are now important candidates for antiallergic/anti-inflammatory agents. Here we summarize antiallergic/anti-inflammatory effects of helminths together along with our own study of the effects of Schistosoma mansoni on Th17-dependent experimental arthritis. We also discuss possible mechanisms of helminth-induced suppression according to the recent advances of immunology.
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Lin GJ, Huang SH, Chen YW, Hueng DY, Chien MW, Chia WT, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. Melatonin prolongs islet graft survival in diabetic NOD mice. J Pineal Res 2009; 47:284-92. [PMID: 19708865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has been established as a potential therapy for type 1 diabetes. However, inflammation, allorejection, and on-going autoimmune damage contribute to early graft loss and failure of islet transplantation. Melatonin is the major secretory product of the pineal gland during the dark period of each day and displays multifunctional properties including the regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms, antioxidation reactions and immune modulation. Based on the immunosuppressive properties of melatonin, we investigated whether melatonin treatment prolonged the survival of islet grafts in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The mean islet graft survival time was 7.33 +/- 1.51 and 7.75 +/- 2.66 days in untreated controls and in the solvent-treated animals, respectively. Strikingly, the mean survival time of islet grafts in recipients treated with melatonin (200 mg/kg/bw) was 17 +/- 7.76 days. Moreover, melatonin treatment reduced the proliferation of splenocytes in NOD mice. Using a T1 and T2 double transgenic mouse model, we found that T helper 1 (Th1) cells in mice treated with melatonin were significantly decreased. The reduction of Th1 cells and T cell proliferation may result from an increase in the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Our results indicate that melatonin treatment suppresses autoimmune recurrence by inhibiting the proliferation of Th1 cells in NOD mice and thus prolongs the survival of syngeneic islet grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu-Jiun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Chou FC, Shieh SJ, Sytwu HK. Attenuation of Th1 response through galectin-9 and T-cell Ig mucin 3 interaction inhibits autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2403-11. [PMID: 19670381 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9), widely expressed in many tissues, regulates Th1 cells and induces their apoptosis through its receptor, T-cell Ig mucin 3, which is mainly expressed on terminally differentiated Th1 cells. Type 1 diabetes is a Th1-dominant autoimmune disease that specifically destroys insulin-producing beta cells. To suppress the Th1 immune response in the development of autoimmune diabetes, we overexpressed gal-9 in NOD mice by injection of a plasmid encoding gal-9. Mice treated with gal-9 plasmid were significantly protected from diabetes and showed less severe insulitis compared with controls. Flow cytometric analyses in NOD-T1/2 double transgenic mice showed that Th1-cell population in spleen, pancreatic lymph node and pancreas was markedly decreased in gal-9 plasmid-treated mice, indicating a negative regulatory role of gal-9 in the development of pathogenic Th1 cells. Splenocytes from gal-9 plasmid-treated mice were less responsive to mitogenic stimulation than splenocytes from the control group. However, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from gal-9-treated or control mice caused diabetes in NOD/SCID recipients with similar kinetics, suggesting that gal-9 treatment does not induce active tolerance in NOD mice. We conclude that gal-9 may downregulate Th1 immune response in NOD mice and could be used as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cheng Chou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shieh SJ, Chou FC, Yu PN, Lin WC, Chang DM, Roffler SR, Sytwu HK. Transgenic expression of single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Fv on beta cells protects nonobese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2277-85. [PMID: 19635924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunodestruction of pancreatic beta cells is the key process responsible for both the development of autoimmune diabetes and the induction of rejection during islet transplantation. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that transgenic expression of an agonistic, membrane-bound single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Fv (anti-CTLA-4 scFv) on pancreatic beta cells can inhibit autoimmune processes by selectively targeting CTLA-4 on pathogenic T cells. Strikingly, transgenic expression of anti-CTLA-4 scFv on pancreatic beta cells significantly protected NOD mice from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Interestingly, local expression of this CTLA-4 agonist did not alter the diabetogenic properties of systemic lymphocytes, because splenocytes from transgenic mice or their nontransgenic littermates equally transferred diabetes in NOD/SCID recipients. By analyzing the T cell development in anti-CTLA-4 scFv/Th1/Th2 triple transgenic mice, we found that beta cell-specific expression of CTLA-4 agonist did not affect the development of Th1/Th2 or CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Most strikingly, islets from transgenic mice inhibited T cell response to immobilized anti-CD3 in a T cell-islet coculture system, suggesting a trans-mediated inhibition provided by transgenic islets. Finally, transgenic islets implanted in diabetic recipients survived much longer than did wild-type islets, indicating a therapeutic potential of this genetically modified islet graft in autoimmune diabetes.
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Wang CJ, Chou FC, Chu CH, Wu JC, Lin SH, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. Protective role of programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)in nonobese diabetic mice: the paradox in transgenic models. Diabetes 2008; 57:1861-9. [PMID: 18420489 PMCID: PMC2453619 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coinhibitory signals mediated via programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor play a critical role in downregulating immune responses and in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), the interacting ligand for PD-1, widely expressed in many cell types, acts as a tissue-specific negative regulator of pathogenic T-cell responses. We investigated the protective potential of PD-L1 on autoimmune diabetes by transgenically overexpressing PD-L1 in pancreatic beta-cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We established an insulin promoter-driven murine PD-L1 transgenic NOD mouse model to directly evaluate the protective effect of an organ-specific PD-L1 transgene against autoimmune diabetes. Transgene expression, insulitis, and diabetic incidence were characterized in these transgenic NOD mice. Lymphocyte development, Th1 cells, and regulatory T-cells were analyzed in these transgenic mice; and T-cell proliferation, adoptive transfer, and islet transplantation were performed to evaluate the PD-L1 transgene-mediated immune-protective mechanisms. RESULTS The severity of insulitis in these transgenic mice is significantly decreased, disease onset is delayed, and the incidence of diabetes is markedly decreased compared with littermate controls. NOD/SCID mice that received lymphocytes from transgenic mice became diabetic at a slower rate than mice receiving control lymphocytes. Moreover, lymphocytes collected from recipients transferred by lymphocytes from transgenic mice revealed less proliferative potential than lymphocytes obtained from control recipients. Transgenic islets transplanted in diabetic recipients survived moderately longer than control islets. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the protective potential of transgenic PD-L1 in autoimmune diabetes and illustrate its role in downregulating diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Wu CC, Chen JS, Chen SJ, Lin SH, Chen A, Chang LC, Sytwu HK, Lin YF. Kinetics of adaptive immunity to cationic bovine serum albumin-induced membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2007; 72:831-40. [PMID: 17622271 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy is an autoimmune-mediated glomerulonephritis and a major cause of nephrotic syndrome. We studied the kinetics of adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy in T1/T2 double transgenic mice (T1/T2 TG mice) that express human Thy1 protein under the control of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and mouse Thy1.1 protein under the control of interleukin (IL)-4. Nephropathy was induced by cationic bovine serum albumin. We found that splenocytes expressed a progressive Th2 response and a subsequent compensatory T-helper 1 (Th1) response, with a gradual augmentation of IL-4-producing Th2 cells and INF-gamma-producing Th1 cells. Increased Th2 marker expression was seen in peripheral blood and kidney cells, with the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody isotype predominant in the serum and kidneys. We found that CD8+ T cells contribute more to the augmented INF-gamma production than CD4+ T cells. Moreover, CD19+ B cells demonstrated a greater production of IL-4 than the CD4+ T cells. Cytokine-related gene expression in kidneys and splenocytes showed an upregulation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Th2 cells but not Th1 cells were significantly correlated with serum cholesterol and proteinuria. Our study shows that both peripheral and renal immune reactions are strongly polarized toward Th2-type immune responses during the course of membranous nephropathy. The T1/T2 mouse model may help decipher the kinetic changes of adaptive immunity in glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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De Vito P. The sodium/hydrogen exchanger: a possible mediator of immunity. Cell Immunol 2006; 240:69-85. [PMID: 16930575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils provide the first line of defence of the immune system using phagocytosis, cytokine and chemokine synthesis and release, as well as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Many of these functions are positively coupled with cytoplasmic pH (pHi) and/or phagosomal pH (pHp) modification; an increase in pHi represents an important signal for cytokine and chemokine release, whereas a decrease in pHp can induce an efficient antigen presentation. However, the relationship between pHi and ROS generation is not well understood. In immune cells two main transport systems have been shown to regulate pHi: the Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) and the plasmalemmal V-type H+ ATPase. NHE is a family of proteins which exchange Na+ for H+ according to their concentration gradients in an electroneutral manner. The exchanger also plays a key role in several other cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. Since not much is known on the relationship between NHE and immunity, this review outlines the contribution of NHE to different aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses such as phagosomal acidification, NADPH oxidase activation and ROS generation, cytokine and chemokine release as well as T cell apoptosis. The possibility that several pro-inflammatory diseases may be modulated by NHE activity is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Chen SJ, Chu ML, Wang CJ, Liao CL, Hsieh SL, Sytwu HK, Wang CC. Kinetic Th1/Th2 responses of transgenic mice with bacterial meningitis induced by Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:253-63. [PMID: 16623660 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the kinetic Th1/Th2 immunopathogenic mechanisms of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, we established a murine experimental model of meningitis and elucidated the Th1/Th2 immune responses in T1/T2 doubly transgenic mice based on a BALB/c background under the control of the IFN-gamma (interferon-gamma)/IL-4 (interleukin-4) promoters respectively. NTHi (non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae) meningitis was induced in these mice by inoculation with either a colonized (CNTHi) or invasive (INTHi) strain of NTHi. Mice inoculated with CNTHi displayed a less severe degree of disease in terms of clinical symptoms, mortality rate and brain histopathology. Conversely, INTHi-inoculated mice had more severe clinical symptoms. CNTHi-inoculated mice had a more significant Th1 response in terms of a higher percentage and longer maintenance of Th1 cells, and more production of IFN-gamma from strain-specific antigen-stimulated splenocytes than INTHi-inoculated mice. In contrast, INTHi-inoculated mice had a more significant Th2 response. This was due to a significant increase in IL-4-producing CD4(+) T-cells (Th2 cells) and more production of IL-4 from strain-specific antigen-stimulated splenocytes accompanied by a rapid decline of Th1 cells in INTHi-inoculated mice. In conclusion, the preferential Th1/Th2 trend in this murine model of NTHi meningitis is correlated with clinical severity as well as isolated characteristics of the pathogens themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyi-Jou Chen
- The Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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