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Ou J, Tang Y, Xu J, Tucci J, Borys MC, Khetan A. Recent advances in upstream process development for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:53-70. [PMID: 37691172 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is rapidly emerging as the preferred delivery vehicle for gene therapies, with promising advantages in safety and efficacy. Key challenges in systemic in-vivo rAAV gene therapy applications are the gap in production capabilities versus potential market demand and complex production process. This review summarizes current available information on rAAV upstream manufacturing processes and proposed optimizations for production. The advancements in rAAV production media were reviewed with proposals to speed up the cell culture process development. Furthermore, major methods for genetic element delivery to host cells were summarized with their advantages, limitations, and future directions for optimization. In addition, culture vessel selection criteria were listed based on production cell system, scale, and development stage. Process control at the production step was also outlined with an in-depth understanding of production kinetics and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfa Ou
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yawen Tang
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian Tucci
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anurag Khetan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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A bench-scale rotating bioreactor with improved oxygen transfer and cell growth. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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The efficient development of a novel recombinant adenovirus zoster vaccine perfusion production process. Vaccine 2022; 40:2036-2043. [PMID: 35216843 PMCID: PMC8863426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The adenovirus vector vaccines induce humoral and cellular immune responses and have been used to develop vaccines for effective prevention of life-threating viruses, such as Ebola and Coronaviruses. High demand of vaccines worldwide requires optimization of the production process. Perfusion process increases cell concentration and volumetric productivity, so that it becomes the commonly used strategy in vaccine production In this study, we optimized and developed a perfusion process for the adenovirus-based zoster vaccine production efficiently. We first tested different perfusion strategies in shake flasks, showing semi-continuous strategies for optimal HEK 293 cell growth. We then evaluated three empirical key process parameters (cell concentration at the time of infection (VCC), multiplicity of infection (MOI), virus production pH) by the design of experiment (DoE) method, from which the robust setpoint (VCC 1.04 × 107 cells/mL, MOI 9, and virus production pH 7.17) was confirmed in both shake flask and 2 L benchtop bioreactor. In the bioreactor, we compared the performances of two perfusion systems, the commercially-available XCell ATF® system and a novel peristaltic pump-driven alternating tangential flow perfusion system (PATFP system) that we developed. During cell cultivation stage, both perfusion systems have comparable performances regarding viable cell concentration and cell viability. At 2 dpi, the PATFP system resulted in an adenovirus titer of 2.1 × 1010 IFU/mL and cell-specific virus yield of 2,062 IFU/cell, reaching 75% and 77% of values for XCell ATF® system. This study demonstrates the perfusion process to be superior strategy for adenovirus-based vaccine production compared to the batch-mode strategy (1,467 IFU/cell). Furthermore, our PATFP system shows potential to be comparable to the XCell ATF® system, and it would become an alternative perfusion strategy for the vaccine production.
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4
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Strobl F, Duerkop M, Palmberger D, Striedner G. High shear resistance of insect cells: the basis for substantial improvements in cell culture process design. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9413. [PMID: 33941799 PMCID: PMC8093278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms cultivated in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) are more sensitive to environmental conditions in the suspension culture than microbial cells. The hypothesis, that stirring induced shear stress is the main problem, persists, although it has been shown that these cells are not so sensitive to shear. As these results are largely based on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell experiments the question remains if similar behavior is valid for insect cells with a higher specific oxygen demand. The requirement of higher oxygen transfer rates is associated with higher shear forces in the process. Consequently, we focused on the shear resistance of insect cells, using CHO cells as reference system. We applied a microfluidic device that allowed defined variations in shear rates. Both cell lines displayed high resistance to shear rates up to 8.73 × 105 s−1. Based on these results we used microbial CSTRs, operated at high revolution speeds and low aeration rates and found no negative impact on cell viability. Further, this cultivation approach led to substantially reduced gas flow rates, gas bubble and foam formation, while addition of pure oxygen was no longer necessary. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of more robust insect cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Duerkop
- Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Striedner
- ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. .,Novasign GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Joshi PRH, Venereo-Sanchez A, Chahal PS, Kamen AA. Advancements in molecular design and bioprocessing of recombinant adeno-associated virus gene delivery vectors using the insect-cell baculovirus expression platform. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000021. [PMID: 33277815 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid progress in the field, scalable high-yield production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is still one of the critical bottlenecks the manufacturing sector is facing. The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system (IC-BEVS) has emerged as a mainstream platform for the scalable production of recombinant proteins with clinically approved products for human use. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the advancements in IC-BEVS for rAAV production. Since the first report of baculovirus-induced production of rAAV vector in insect cells in 2002, this platform has undergone significant improvements, including enhanced stability of Bac-vector expression and a reduced number of baculovirus-coinfections. The latter streamlining strategy led to the eventual development of the Two-Bac, One-Bac, and Mono-Bac systems. The one baculovirus system consisting of an inducible packaging insect cell line was further improved to enhance the AAV vector quality and potency. In parallel, the implementation of advanced manufacturing approaches and control of critical processing parameters have demonstrated promising results with process validation in large-scale bioreactor runs. Moreover, optimization of the molecular design of vectors to enable higher cell-specific yields of functional AAV particles combined with bioprocess intensification strategies may also contribute to addressing current and future manufacturing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R H Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Parminder S Chahal
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Process intensification for Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus vaccine production. Vaccine 2019; 37:7041-7051. [PMID: 31402239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Process intensification for Peste des Petites Ruminants Virus (PPRV) vaccine production in anchorage dependent Vero cells is challenging, involving substantial amount of bioprocess development. In this study, we describe the implementation of a new, scalable bioprocess for PPRV vaccine production in Vero cells using serum-free medium (SFM), microcarrier technology in stirred-tank bioreactors (STB), in-situ cell detachment from microcarriers and perfusion. Vero cells were successfully adapted to ProVero™-1 SFM, reaching growth rates similar to serum-containing cultures (0.030 1/h vs 0.026 1/h, respectively). An in-situ cell detachment method was successfully implemented, with efficiencies above 85%. Up to 2.5-fold increase in maximum cell concentration was obtained using perfusion when compared to batch culture. Combining perfusion with the in-situ cell detachment method enabled the scale-up to 20 L STB directly from a 2 L STB, surpassing the need for a mid-scale platform (i.e. 5 L STB) and thus reducing seed train duration. Head-to-head comparison of cell growth and PPRV production in the 2 L and 20 L STB was performed, and no significant differences could be observed. Estimated infectious PPRV titers in Tissue Culture Infection Dose (TCID50) (TCID50/mL = 5 × 106 and TCID50/cell = 5) are within the log-range reported in literature for PPRV production in STB and SFM by Silva et al. (2008), thus confirming the feasibility and scalability of the seed train designed [1]. The novel and scalable vaccine production process herein proposed has the potential to assist the upcoming Peste des Petites Ruminants (PPR) Global Eradication Program (targeted by FAAO for 2030) by providing African local and/or regional manufacturers with a platform capable of generating over 25,000 doses of Nigeria 75/1 strain in just 19 days using a 20 L STB.
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7
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Chemometric identification of canonical metabolites linking critical process parameters to monoclonal antibody production during bioprocess development. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Comprehensive study on Wave bioreactor system to scale up the cultivation of and recombinant protein expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Espinosa Pérez R, Suárez JG, Diaz EN, Silva Rodríguez R, Caballero Menéndez E, Balaguer HD, Musacchio Lasa A. Scaling-up fermentation of Escherichia coli for production of recombinant P64k protein from Neisseria meningitidis. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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10
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Xu S, Hoshan L, Jiang R, Gupta B, Brodean E, O'Neill K, Seamans TC, Bowers J, Chen H. A practical approach in bioreactor scale-up and process transfer using a combination of constant P/V and vvm as the criterion. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1146-1159. [PMID: 28440060 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactor scale-up is a critical step in the production of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). With the scale-up criterion such as similar power input per volume or O2 volumetric mass transfer coefficient ( kLa), adequate oxygen supply and cell growth can be largely achieved. However, CO2 stripping in the growth phase is often inadequate. This could cascade down to increased base addition and osmolality, as well as residual lactate increase and compromised production and product quality. Here we describe a practical approach in bioreactor scale-up and process transfer, where bioreactor information may be limited. We evaluated the sparger kLa and kLaCO2 (CO2 volumetric mass transfer coefficient) from a range of bioreactor scales (3-2,000 L) with different spargers. Results demonstrated that kLa for oxygen is not an issue when scaling from small-scale to large-scale bioreactors at the same gas flow rate per reactor volume (vvm). Results also showed that sparging CO2 stripping, kLaCO2, is dominated by the gas throughput. As a result, a combination of a minimum constant vvm air or N2 flow with a similar specific power was used as the general scale-up criterion. An equation was developed to determine the minimum vvm required for removing CO2 produced from cell respiration. We demonstrated the effectiveness of using such scale-up criterion with five MAb projects exhibiting different cell growth and metabolic characteristics, scaled from 3 to 2,000 L bioreactors across four sites. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1146-1159, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Linda Hoshan
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Rubin Jiang
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Balrina Gupta
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Eric Brodean
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Kristin O'Neill
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - T Craig Seamans
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - John Bowers
- BioProcess Technical Operations, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
| | - Hao Chen
- Process Development and Engineering, Biologics & Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033
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11
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Zhou T, Guo S, Zhang Y, Weng Y, Wang L, Ma J. GATA4 regulates osteoblastic differentiation and bone remodeling via p38-mediated signaling. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:187-197. [PMID: 28393293 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts play a major role in bone remodeling and are regulated by transcription factors. GATA4, a zinc finger transcription factor from the GATA family, has an unclear role in osteoblast differentiation. In this study, the role of GATA4 in osteoblast differentiation was studied both in vitro and in vivo by GATA4 knockdown. GATA4 expression increased during osteoblast differentiation. GATA4 knockdown in osteoblast precursor cells reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased the formation of calcified nodule in an osteogenic-induced cell culture system. In vivo, micro-CT showed that local injection of lentivirus-delivered GATA4 shRNA caused reduced new bone formation during tooth movement. Histological analyses such as total collagen and Goldner's trichrome staining confirmed these results. In vivo immunohistochemical analysis showed reduced expression of osterix (OSX), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) in the shGATA4 group (P < 0.05). Consistently, both western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR proved that expression of osteogenesis-related genes, including OSX, OPN, and OCN, was significantly repressed in the shGATA4 group in vitro (P < 0.01). For further analysis of the pathways involved in this process, we examined the MAPK signaling pathway, and found knockdown of GATA4, downregulated p38 signaling pathways (P < 0.01). Collectively, these results imply GATA4 is a regulator of osteoblastic differentiation via the p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yajuan Weng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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12
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Sequeira DP, Correia R, Carrondo MJT, Roldão A, Teixeira AP, Alves PM. Combining stable insect cell lines with baculovirus-mediated expression for multi-HA influenza VLP production. Vaccine 2017; 36:3112-3123. [PMID: 28291648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Safer and broadly protective vaccines are needed to cope with the continuous evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and promising approaches based on the expression of multiple hemagglutinins (HA) in a virus-like particle (VLP) have been proposed. However, expression of multiple genes in the same vector can lead to its instability due to tandem repetition of similar sequences. By combining stable with transient expression systems we can rationally distribute the number of genes to be expressed per platform and thus mitigate this risk. In this work, we developed a modular system comprising stable and baculovirus-mediated expression in insect cells for production of multi-HA influenza enveloped VLPs. First, a stable insect High Five cell population expressing two different HA proteins from subtype H3 was established. Infection of this cell population with a baculovirus vector encoding three other HA proteins from H3 subtype proved to be as competitive as traditional co-infection approaches in producing a pentavalent H3 VLP. Aiming at increasing HA expression, the stable insect cell population was infected at increasingly higher cell concentrations (CCI). However, cultures infected at CCI of 3×106cells/mL showed lower HA titers per cell in comparison to standard CCI of 2×106cells/mL, a phenomenon named "cell density effect". To lessen the negative impact of this phenomenon, a tailor-made refeed strategy was designed based on the exhaustion of key nutrients during cell growth. Noteworthy, cultures supplemented and infected at a CCI of 4×106cells/mL showed comparable HA titers per cell to those of CCI of 2×106cells/mL, thus leading to an increase of up to 4-fold in HA titers per mL. Scalability of the modular strategy herein proposed was successfully demonstrated in 2L stirred tank bioreactors with comparable HA protein levels observed between bioreactor and shake flasks cultures. Overall, this work demonstrates the suitability of combining stable with baculovirus-mediated expression in insect cells as an efficient platform for production of multi-HA influenza VLPs, surpassing the drawbacks of traditional co-infection strategies and/or the use of larger, unstable vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Sequeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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13
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Grein TA, Schwebel F, Kress M, Loewe D, Dieken H, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Screening different host cell lines for the dynamic production of measles virus. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:989-997. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Felix Schwebel
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Marco Kress
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Fraunhofer Inst. for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Fraunhofer Inst. for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506
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14
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Penumarthi A, Smooker PM. New approaches to VLP-based vaccines. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ma17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a long and established field of research, and outputs from the research have saved countless millions of lives. The early vaccines were developed with scant regard for the immunological mechanisms at play, largely because they were unknown. We are now in a position to use our knowledge of immunology to rationally design vaccines. This article focusses on the use of virus-like particles (VLPs) as vaccines.
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Abstract
Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this chapter, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitoring, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.
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16
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Cheng LF, Wang F, Zhang L, Yu L, Ye W, Liu ZY, Ying QK, Wu XA, Xu ZK, Zhang FL. Incorporation of GM-CSF or CD40L Enhances the Immunogenicity of Hantaan Virus-Like Particles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:185. [PMID: 28066721 PMCID: PMC5167722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective Hantaan virus (HTNV) vaccine is highly desirable because HTNV causes an acute and often fatal disease (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS). Since the immunity of the inactivated vaccine is weak and the safety is poor, HTNV virus-like particles (VLPs) offer an attractive and safe alternative. These particles lack the viral genome but are perceived by the immune system as virus particles. We hypothesized that adding immunostimulatory signals to VLPs would enhance their efficacy. To accomplish this enhancement, we generated chimeric HTNV VLPs containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or CD40 ligand (CD40L) and investigated their biological activity in vitro. The immunization of mice with chimeric HTNV VLPs containing GM-CSF or CD40L induced stronger humoral immune responses and cellular immune responses compared to the HTNV VLPs and Chinese commercial inactivated hantavirus vaccine. Chimeric HTNV VLPs containing GM-CSF or CD40L also protected mice from an HTNV challenge. Altogether, our results suggest that anchoring immunostimulatory molecules into HTNV VLPs can be a potential approach for the control and prevention of HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Kang Ying
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xing-An Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Xu S, Chen H. High-density mammalian cell cultures in stirred-tank bioreactor without external pH control. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zou YC, Yang XW, Yuan SG, Zhang P, Ye YL, Li YK. Downregulation of dickkopf-1 enhances the proliferation and osteogenic potential of fibroblasts isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:200-11. [PMID: 26837533 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1127916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification of the entheses is one of the most distinctive features in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Fibroblasts are potential target cells for heterotopic ossification. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its inhibitor dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) regulate bone formation. DKK-1 expression in human AS tissues has not been documented. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to investigate the expression of DKK-1 in AS tissues and to elucidate its role in fibroblasts proliferation and osteogenesis in AS. METHODS DKK-1 expression was assessed by western blotting, real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry analysis of hip synovial tissues obtained from AS and control patients. Fibroblasts were isolated, cultured, and transfected with lentiviral vectors for overexpressing human DKK-1 or an shRNA for silencing DKK-1. MTS [(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl) 2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] and a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay were used to detect AS fibroblasts proliferation after transfection. The expression levels of β-catenin, phosphorylated β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and the osteogenesis markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were then examined by western blot analysis. Alizarin red staining (ARS) was also used to observe biomineralization activity. RESULTS DKK-1 was downregulated in hip synovial tissues from AS patients compared to that observed in controls. AS fibroblasts exhibited excessive proliferation, a higher growth rate, and a decreased apoptotic rate. EdU assay demonstrated that DKK-1 suppressed the growth of AS fibroblasts. Downregulation of DKK-1 decreased the phosphorylation of β-catenin and upregulated the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and osteogenesis markers. Overexpression of DKK-1 had the opposite effect, resulting in the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. ARS showed an increase in biomineralization activity after the inhibition of DKK-1. CONCLUSIONS AS fibroblasts are characterized by an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis. DKK-1 may play a role in switching to new bone formation in AS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cong Zou
- a School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- b The Third Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shi-Guo Yuan
- a School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Pei Zhang
- a School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yong-Liang Ye
- c Department of Emergency , Guang Zhou Orthopedics Hospital , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yi-Kai Li
- a School of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Abstract
The ability to make a large variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) has been successfully achieved in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS)/insect cell system. The production and scale-up of these particles, which are mostly sought as vaccine candidates, are currently being addressed. Furthermore, these VLPs are being investigated as delivery agents for use as therapeutics. The use of host insect cells allows mass production of VLPs in a proven scalable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, 2500, Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1.
| | - Amine A Kamen
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Contreras-Gómez A, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E, Chisti Y. Protein production using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1-18. [PMID: 24265112 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is widely used in producing recombinant proteins. This review is focused on the use of this expression system in developing bioprocesses for producing proteins of interest. The issues addressed include: the baculovirus biology and genetic manipulation to improve protein expression and quality; the suppression of proteolysis associated with the viral enzymes; the engineering of the insect cell lines for improved capability in glycosylation and folding of the expressed proteins; the impact of baculovirus on the host cell and its implications for protein production; the effects of the growth medium on metabolism of the host cell; the bioreactors and the associated operational aspects; and downstream processing of the product. All these factors strongly affect the production of recombinant proteins. The current state of knowledge is reviewed.
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Abstract
Recombinant adenoviruses (AdV) are highly efficient at gene transfer for a broad spectrum of cell types and species. They became one of the vectors of choice for gene delivery and expression of foreign proteins in gene therapy and vaccination purposes. To meet the need of significant amounts of adenoviral vectors for preclinical and possibly clinical uses, scalable and reproducible production processes are required.In this chapter, we review processes used for scalable production of two types of first generation (E1-deleted) adenoviral vectors (Human and Canine) using stirred tank bioreactors. The production of adenovirus vectors using either suspension (HEK 293) or anchorage-dependent cells (MDCK-E1) are described to exemplify scalable production processes with different cell-culture types. The downstream processes will be covered in the next chapter.
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Sokolenko S, George S, Wagner A, Tuladhar A, Andrich JMS, Aucoin MG. Co-expression vs. co-infection using baculovirus expression vectors in insect cell culture: Benefits and drawbacks. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:766-81. [PMID: 22297133 PMCID: PMC7132753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a versatile and powerful platform for protein expression in insect cells. With the ability to approach similar post-translational modifications as in mammalian cells, the BEVS offers a number of advantages including high levels of expression as well as an inherent safety during manufacture and of the final product. Many BEVS products include proteins and protein complexes that require expression from more than one gene. This review examines the expression strategies that have been used to this end and focuses on the distinguishing features between those that make use of single polycistronic baculovirus (co-expression) and those that use multiple monocistronic baculoviruses (co-infection). Three major areas in which researchers have been able to take advantage of co-expression/co-infection are addressed, including compound structure-function studies, insect cell functionality augmentation, and VLP production. The core of the review discusses the parameters of interest for co-infection and co-expression with time of infection (TOI) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) highlighted for the former and the choice of promoter for the latter. In addition, an overview of modeling approaches is presented, with a suggested trajectory for future exploration. The review concludes with an examination of the gaps that still remain in co-expression/co-infection knowledge and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Sokolenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Micheloud GA, Gioria VV, Eberhardt I, Visnovsky G, Claus JD. Production of the Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in serum-free suspension cultures of the saUFL-AG-286 cell line in stirred reactor and airlift reactor. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:106-16. [PMID: 21906626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the main plagues for soybean crops. Velvetbean caterpillar larvae are susceptible to be infected by occlusion bodies of the baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV), a biological insecticide. The insect cell line saUFL-AG-286 produces very high yields of occlusion bodies of AgMNPV in suspension cultures done in the low-cost serum-free medium UNL-10 in shake-flasks. However, its ability to adapt to conditions of industrial production in bioreactors was unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the growth of saUFL-AG-286 cell cultures in UNL-10 medium, as well as its capability to replicate AgMNPV in two different bio-reactors at laboratory scale. The cell line was able to adapt to conditions that can be used at industrial scale, both in an airlift reactor and a stirred reactor, although the former was better than the last to support the cell growth. The infection with AgMNPV in the airlift reactor produced a high yield of occlusion bodies, with very low production of budded virus, the progeny used as inoculums. On the other hand, infection in the stirred reactor yielded high titers of budded virus. These results suggest that a feasible strategy for scaling-up the production of AgMNPV might involve the use of airlift reactors for the scaling-up of cell suspension cultures and the final production of occlusion bodies, while the scaling-up of the viral inoculums being carried out under conditions as those existing in stirred reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Micheloud
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Beas-Catena A, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E. Adaptation of the Se301 insect cell line to suspension culture. Effect of turbulence on growth and on production of nucleopolyhedrovius (SeMNPV). Cytotechnology 2011; 63:543-52. [PMID: 21830050 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As chemical pesticides are being banned as control agents for agricultural pests, the use of the highly specific, safe to non-target organisms baculoviruses has been proposed. These viruses can be produced either in vivo or in vitro. In vitro production requires appropriated host insect cell lines with the ability for growing as freely-suspended cells. In this work, the Spodoptera exigua Se301 cell line was used to produce the commercially available S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) in suspension. Se301 cells showed to be very sensitive to the hydrodynamic shear rates developed in bioreactors. A process of progressive adaptation to freely-suspended cultures using protective additives against shear stress and disaggregant was proposed. The best combinations were polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) with the disaggregant dextran sulfate (DS). Both static and freely-suspended Se301 cell cultures were successfully infected with the SeMNPV baculovirus. Production of occluded baculovirus (OB) increased with the multiplicity of infection (MOI > 0.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Beas-Catena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Roldão A, Vicente T, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Quality control and analytical methods for baculovirus-based products. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S94-105. [PMID: 21784235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- António Roldão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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26
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Chen Y, Guo W, Xu Z, Yan Q, Luo Y, Shi Q, Chen D, Zhu L, Wang X. A novel recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing parvovirus VP2 gene: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in swine. Virol J 2011; 8:307. [PMID: 21679423 PMCID: PMC3130695 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 gene has been successfully expressed in many expression systems resulting in self-assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) with similar morphology to the native capsid. Here, a pseudorabies virus (PRV) system was adopted to express the PPV VP2 gene. Methods A recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 was obtained by homologous recombination between the vector PRV viral DNA and a transfer plasmid. Then recombinant virus was purified with plaque purification, and its identity confirmed by PCR amplification, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) analyses. Electronic microscopy of PRV SA215/VP2 confirmed self-assembly of both pseudorabies virus and VLPs from VP2 protein. Results Immunization of piglets with recombinant virus elicited PRV-specific and PPV-specific humoral immune responses and provided complete protection against a lethal dose of PRV challenges. Gilts immunized with recombinant viruses induced PPV-specific antibodies, and significantly reduced the mortality rate of (1 of 28) following virulent PPV challenge compared with the control (7 of 31). Furthermore, PPV virus DNA was not detected in the fetuses of recombinant virus immunized gilts. Conclusions In this study, a recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 virus expressing PPV VP2 protein was constructed using PRV SA215 vector. The safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the recombinant virus were demonstrated in piglets and primiparous gilts. This recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 represents a suitable candidate for the development of a bivalent vaccine against both PRV and PPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Animal Biotechnology Center of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China
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27
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Urbas L, Jarc BL, Barut M, Zochowska M, Chroboczek J, Pihlar B, Szolajska E. Purification of recombinant adenovirus type 3 dodecahedric virus-like particles for biomedical applications using short monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2451-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Roldão A, Mellado MCM, Castilho LR, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Virus-like particles in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1149-76. [PMID: 20923267 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome, potentially yielding safer and cheaper vaccine candidates. A handful of prophylactic VLP-based vaccines is currently commercialized worldwide: GlaxoSmithKline's Engerix (hepatitis B virus) and Cervarix (human papillomavirus), and Merck and Co., Inc.'s Recombivax HB (hepatitis B virus) and Gardasil (human papillomavirus) are some examples. Other VLP-based vaccine candidates are in clinical trials or undergoing preclinical evaluation, such as, influenza virus, parvovirus, Norwalk and various chimeric VLPs. Many others are still restricted to small-scale fundamental research, despite their success in preclinical tests. This article focuses on the essential role of VLP technology in new-generation vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases. The implications of large-scale VLP production are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization and optimization. The main up- and down-stream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly. Successful VLP-based vaccine blockbusters are briefly presented concomitantly with the latest results from clinical trials and the recent developments in chimeric VLP-based technology for either therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Roldão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, P-2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
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Roldão A, Silva A, Mellado M, Alves P, Carrondo M. Viruses and Virus-Like Particles in Biotechnology. COMPREHENSIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011. [PMCID: PMC7151966 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this article, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.
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George M, Farooq M, Dang T, Cortes B, Liu J, Maranga L. Production of cell culture (MDCK) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:906-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pedro L, Soares SS, Ferreira GNM. Purification of Bionanoparticles. Chem Eng Technol 2008; 31:815-825. [PMID: 32313384 PMCID: PMC7162033 DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent demand for nanoparticulate products such as viruses, plasmids, protein nanoparticles, and drug delivery systems have resulted in the requirement for predictable and controllable production processes. Protein nanoparticles are an attractive candidate for gene and molecular therapy due to their relatively easy production and manipulation. These particles combine the advantages of both viral and non‐viral vectors while minimizing the disadvantages. However, their successful application depends on the availability of selective and scalable methodologies for product recovery and purification. Downstream processing of nanoparticles depends on the production process, producer system, culture media and on the structural nature of the assembled nanoparticle, i.e., mainly size, shape and architecture. In this paper, the most common processes currently used for the purification of nanoparticles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pedro
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - S S Soares
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - G N M Ferreira
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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O'Connell KP, Kovaleva E, Campbell JH, Anderson PE, Brown SG, Davis DC, Valdes JJ, Welch RW, Bentley WE, van Beek NA. Production of a recombinant antibody fragment in whole insect larvae. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 36:44-51. [PMID: 17827537 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection of insect cells with baculovirus expression constructs is commonly used to produce recombinant proteins that require post-translational modifications for their activity, such as mammalian proteins. However, technical restraints limit the capacity of insect cell-based culture systems to be scaled up to produce the large amounts of recombinant protein required for human pharmaceuticals. In this study, we designed an automated insect rearing system and whole insect baculovirus expression system (PERLXpress) for the expression and purification of recombinant proteins on a large scale. As a test model, we produced a recombinant mouse anti-botulinum antibody fragment (Fab) in Trichoplusia ni larvae. A recombinant baculovirus co-expressing the Fab heavy and light chains together with N-terminal sequences from the silkworm hormone bombyxin, to direct proteins into the secretory pathway, was constructed. Fifth instar larvae were reared and infected orally with recombinant (pre- occluded) baculovirus using the automated system and harvested approximately after 4 days. The total yield of recombinant Fab was 1.1 g/kg of larvae, resulting in 127 mg of pure Fab in one production run. The Fab was purified to homogeneity using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and anion exchange chromatography. The identity of the purified protein was verified by Western blots and size-exclusion chromatography. Purified recombinant Fab was used to detect botulinum toxin in ELISA experiments, demonstrating that the heavy and light chains were properly assembled and folded into functional heterodimers. We believe that this is the first demonstration of the expression of a recombinant antibody in whole insect larvae. Our results demonstrate that a baculovirus-whole larvae expression system can be used to express functionally active recombinant Fab fragments. As the PERLXpress system is an automated and linearly scalable technology, it represents an attractive alternative to insect cell culture for the production of large amounts of human pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P O'Connell
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, AMSRD-ECB-RT-BM, 5183 Blackhawk Road,Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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Aucoin MG, Jacob D, Chahal PS, Meghrous J, Bernier A, Kamen AA. Virus-like particle and viral vector production using the baculovirus expression vector system/insect cell system: adeno-associated virus-based products. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 388:281-296. [PMID: 17951776 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-457-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to make a large variety of virus-like particles (VLPs) has been successfully achieved in the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS)/insect cell system. The production and scale-up of these particles, which are mostly sought as candidate vaccines, are currently being addressed. Furthermore, these VLPs are being investigated as delivery agents for use as therapeutics. Recently, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, which can be potentially used for human gene therapy, have been produced in insect cells using three baculovirus vectors to supply the required genes. The use of host insect cells allows mass production of VLPs in a proven scaleable system. This chapter focuses on the methodology, based on the work done in our lab, for the production of AAV-like particles and vectors in a BEVS/insect cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Aucoin
- Animal Cell Technology Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Canada
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Gouveia RM, Morais VA, Peixoto C, Sousa M, Regalla M, Alves PM, Costa J. Production and purification of functional truncated soluble forms of human recombinant L1 cell adhesion glycoprotein from Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:182-93. [PMID: 17157530 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
L1 is a human cell adhesion glycoprotein involved in the development of the central nervous system that comprises six immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig1-Ig6), five fibronectin-type III (FN1-FN5) domains, a single transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic domain. It contains 20 potential N-glycosylation sites and is heavily glycosylated in a variety of cell types. In this work, seven truncated soluble forms including L1 ectodomain (L1/ECD) and Ig domains 5-6 (L1/Ig5-6) have been constructed by PCR and have been cloned, as well as the full-length form (L1), in the stable expression vector for insect cells pMIB/V5-His-TOPO. Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cell lines expressing the truncated forms have been obtained, and all proteins were successfully secreted. L1/ECD and L1/Ig5-6 were produced in shake flasks with productions of 3 and 32 mg/L on the third and fourth day of culture, respectively. When L1/Ig5-6 was produced for four days in 2L bioreactor 200 mg/L protein were recovered from the supernatants on the fourth day of culture. Affinity-purified L1/ECD and L1/Ig5-6 were immobilized on poly-d-lysine coated coverslips, and were shown to be active in inducing neurite outgrowth from human NT2N neurons. Therefore, correctly folded and functional truncated forms of human L1 have been produced in high amounts from insect cells using a stable expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Sundararajan A, Ju LK. Use of cyanobacterial gas vesicles as oxygen carriers in cell culture. Cytotechnology 2006; 52:139-49. [PMID: 19002872 PMCID: PMC3449414 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas vesicles isolated from the cells of filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae were treated and sterilized with glutaraldehyde and then evaluated for their effectiveness as gas carriers in cell culture. Anchorage-dependent Vero cells were grown in a packed bed of microcarrier beads under the perfusion of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 1% serum. The culture medium supplemented with 1.8% (v/v) gas vesicles was found to support a 30% higher maximum glucose utilization rate than the same medium without gas vesicles. The gas vesicle suspension was confirmed to have no apparent effects on cell metabolism in T-flask cultures. The study results indicated that the gas vesicles, with high oxygen carrying capacity, can be used to increase the oxygen supply in cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sundararajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906 USA
- Martek Biosciences Corp., 555 Rolling Hills Lane, Winchester, KY 40391 USA
| | - Lu-Kwang Ju
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906 USA
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Antonis AFG, Bruschke CJM, Rueda P, Maranga L, Casal JI, Vela C, Hilgers LAT, Belt PBGM, Weerdmeester K, Carrondo MJT, Langeveld JPM. A novel recombinant virus-like particle vaccine for prevention of porcine parvovirus-induced reproductive failure. Vaccine 2006; 24:5481-90. [PMID: 16730104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel vaccine against porcine parvovirus (PPV), composed of recombinant virus-like particles (PPV-VLPs) produced with the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) at industrial scale, was tested for its immunogenicity and protective potency. A formulation of submicrogram amounts of PPV-VLPs in a water-in-mineral oil adjuvant evoked high serum antibody titres in both guinea pigs, used as reference model, and target species, pigs. A single immunisation with 0.7microg of this antigen yielded complete foetal protection against PPV infection after challenge with a virulent strain of this virus. Furthermore, also in the presence of mild adjuvants the protective action of these PPV-VLPs is excellent. This recombinant subunit vaccine overcomes some of the drawbacks of classical PPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan F G Antonis
- Animal Sciences Group (ASG, Previously ID-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Nehring D, Gonzalez R, Pörtner R, Czermak P. Experimental and modelling study of different process modes for retroviral production in a fixed bed reactor. J Biotechnol 2006; 122:239-53. [PMID: 16298006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudotype vectors are promising for gene transfer in many gene therapy approaches, however, low-vector concentration in batch cultures and high temperature-dependent decay do limit sufficiently large-scale production. To overcome these obstacles, the kinetic relations of cell growth and vector formation in different culture modes need to be understood. Effective optimisation of process modes is needed to achieve sufficient yields. Experimental and modelling studies were carried out in order to analyse the impact of different process modes such as perfusion, perfused fed-batch or repeated-batch on vector titer and productivity. Retroviral pseudotype vector, derived from the murine leukaemia virus carrying the HIV-1 envelop protein MLV (HIV-1) were produced using a 200 ml fixed bed reactor for high cell density cultivation on macroporous carriers. After starting the cultivation in batch mode, the reactor was either run in perfusion, perfused fed-batch or repeated-batch. A mathematical model of the bioreaction was developed on the basis of experimental data measured in culture dishes. The ability of the model to describe all different process modes of fixed-bed cultivation without additional fitting of the parameters was proven by three long-term cultivations for more than 400 h. The results of optimisation with the aid of the model, leads to the conclusion that perfusion with optimised harvest cycles and fed flows, result in a higher yield in comparison to batch or fed batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Nehring
- University of Applied Sciences Giessen-Friedberg, Department of Biotechnology, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Potier O, Leclerc JP, Pons MN. Influence of geometrical and operational parameters on the axial dispersion in an aerated channel reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:4454-62. [PMID: 16219333 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Residence time distribution experiments have been performed on an activated sludge 3000 m3 channel reactor aerated by gas diffusion (for different liquid flowrates under constant aeration rate and constant water depth) and on a bench-scale channel reactor aerated from the bottom (for different liquid and gas flowrates and water depths) in order to characterize their hydrodynamics. Both units can be modeled as plug flow reactors with axial dispersion. A general correlation has been obtained to predict the axial dispersion coefficient as a function of the gas and liquid velocities and the geometrical parameters of the full-scale and bench-scale reactors. Finally, to facilitate the simulation of biological reactions in transient state, an equivalent model based on tanks-in-series with variable back-mixing flowrate is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Potier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, 1, rue Grandville BP 20451, 54001 Nancy, France.
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Mitta B, Rimann M, Fussenegger M. Detailed design and comparative analysis of protocols for optimized production of high-performance HIV-1-derived lentiviral particles. Metab Eng 2005; 7:426-36. [PMID: 16102993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic HIV-1-derived lentiviral particles are at the forefront of current gene therapy and tissue engineering initiatives, which will require optimal protocols for large-scale production of clinical-grade therapeutic lentiviruses. Production of latest-generation self-inactivating lentiviral particles requires cotransfection of mammalian production cell lines with two helper plasmids along with the lentivector, whose transgene-encoding expression cassette is the only genetic information stably transduced into target chromosomes. Capitalizing on a recently designed lentiviral expression vector family, we conducted rigorous analysis of production-relevant parameters including transfection, cell density, media composition, temperature, relative (helper) vector concentrations and genetic configuration. Comparative analysis of lentiviral particle performance (VP) was based on the viral titer (reflecting the number of transduction-competent lentiviral particles) relative to the number of lentiviral particles produced (correlating with p24 production levels) (VP=titer/viral particle number). Optimal lentiviral production parameters, resulting in up to 132-fold greater VP compared to standard protocols, required (i) CaPO4-based transfection (ii) of helper plasmids and lentivector at a fixed concentration ratio (helper plasmid I:helper plasmid II:lentivector=1:1:2) (iii) into 1x10(5) human embryonic kidney cells/cm2 (HEK293-T) (iv) cultivated at 37 degrees C (v) in Advanced D-MEM medium supplemented with (vi) 2% fetal calf serum, (vii) and a culture additive containing 0.01 mM cholesterol, 0.01 mM egg's lecithin and 1x chemically defined lipid concentrate. (viii) Furthermore, constitutive transgene expression units placed in a forward polyadenylation site (pA)-free orientation relative to the lentivector backbone resulted in optimal transgene transduction/expression. Our studies suggest that detailed knowledge of lentivector design and the production of lentiviral particles will advance large-scale manufacturing of clinically relevant lentiviruses for future gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mitta
- Institute for Chemical and Bio-Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerberg, HCI F115, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Meier SM, Huebner H, Buchholz R. Single-cell-bioreactors as end of miniaturization approaches in biotechnology: progresses with characterised bioreactors and a glance into the future. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2005; 28:95-107. [PMID: 16096764 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-005-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Incidents with single cells and their genesis have not been the major focus of science up to now. This fact is supported by the difficulties one faces when wanting to monitor and cultivate small populations of cells in a defined compartment under controlled conditions, in vitro. Several approaches of up- and down-scaling have often led to poorly understood results which might be better elucidated by understanding the cellular genesis as a function of its microenvironment. This review of the approaches of scale-up and scale-down processes illustrates technical possibilities and shows up their limitations with regard to obtainable data for the characterisation of cellular genesis and impact of the cellular microenvironment. For example, stem cell research advances underline the lack of information about the impact of the microenvironment on cellular development. Finally, a proposal of future research efforts is given on how to overcome this lack of data via a novel bioreactor setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Michael Meier
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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