1
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Bai J, Liu X, Guo W, Lei T, Teng B, Xiang H, Wen X. An Efficient Way to Model Complex Iron Carbides: A Benchmark Study of DFTB2 against DFT. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2071-2080. [PMID: 36849363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron carbides have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their enormous potential in catalytic fields, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the growth of carbon nanotubes. Theoretical calculations can provide a more thorough understanding of these reactions at the atomic scale. However, due to the extreme complexity of the active phases and surface structures of iron carbides at the operando conditions, calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are too costly for realistically large models of iron carbide particles. Therefore, a cheap and efficient quantum mechanical simulation method with accuracy comparable to DFT is desired. In this work, we adopt the spin-polarized self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (DFTB2) method for iron carbides by reparametrization of the repulsive part of the Fe-C interactions. To assess the performance of the improved parameters, the structural and electronic properties of iron carbide bulks and clusters obtained with DFTB2 method are compared with the previous experimental values and the results obtained with DFT approach. Calculated lattice parameters and density of states are close to DFT predictions. The benchmark results show that the proposed parametrization of Fe-C interactions provides transferable and balanced description of iron carbide systems. Therefore, spin-polarized DFTB2 is valued as an efficient and reliable method for the description of iron carbide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenping Guo
- National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Tingyu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Botao Teng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Energy Center for Coal to Liquids, Synfuels China Co., Ltd., Beijing 101400, China
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2
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Metallocene-Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:774. [PMID: 36839142 PMCID: PMC9962040 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the growth mechanism, structure, growth processes, growth kinetics, and optical, vibronic and electronic properties of metallocene-filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are considered. A description of the procedures used to fill the nanotubes is provided. An investigation of doping effects on metallicity-mixed SWCNTs filled with metallocenes by Raman spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and optical absorption spectroscopy is described. The studies of doping effects on metallicity-sorted SWCNTs filled with metallocenes are discussed. Doping effects in metallicity-mixed and sorted SWCNTs upon the chemical transformation of encapsulated molecules are analyzed. A discussion of the modification of the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs is presented. Applications of metallocene-filled SWCNTs in electrochemistry, thermoelectric power generation, chemical sensors, and magnetic recording are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Carbon nanomaterial production using waste plastic pyrolysis over a new catalyst made from mining residues: effect of plastic type. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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4
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Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanowires on Thin SS-410 Sheet by CVD Method and Its Adsorption Behavior Toward Copper Ions. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Shlyapin DA, Lavrenov AV, Leontyeva NN. Formation of Carbon Materials by the Oxidative Pyrolysis of Methane on Resistive Catalysts. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158422010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Bajorek A, Szostak B, Dulski M, Greneche JM, Lewińska S, Liszka B, Pawlyta M, Ślawska-Waniewska A. A Comprehensive Study of Pristine and Calcined f-MWCNTs Functionalized by Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030977. [PMID: 35160923 PMCID: PMC8838665 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the study of pristine and calcined f-MWCNTs functionalized by nitrogen-containing functional groups. We focus on the structural and microstructural modification tuned by the previous annealing. However, our primary goal was to analyze the electronic structure and magnetic properties in relation to the structural properties using a multi-technique approach. The studies carried out by X-ray diffraction, XPS, and 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry revealed the presence of γ-Fe nanoparticles, Fe3C, and α-FeOOH as catalyst residues. XPS analysis based on the deconvolution of core level lines confirmed the presence of various nitrogen-based functional groups due to the purification and functionalization process of the nanotubes. The annealing procedure leads to a structural modification mainly associated with removing surface impurities as purification residues. Magnetic studies confirmed a significant contribution of Fe3C as evidenced by a Curie temperature estimated at TC = 452 ± 15 K. A slight change in magnetic properties upon annealing was revealed. The detailed studies performed on nanotubes are extremely important for the further synthesis of composite materials based on f-MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajorek
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bogumiła Szostak
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Jean-Marc Greneche
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Sabina Lewińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (S.L.); (A.Ś.-W.)
| | - Barbara Liszka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Mirosława Pawlyta
- Materials Research Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Ślawska-Waniewska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (S.L.); (A.Ś.-W.)
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7
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Sánchez-Bastardo N, Schlögl R, Ruland H. Methane Pyrolysis for Zero-Emission Hydrogen Production: A Potential Bridge Technology from Fossil Fuels to a Renewable and Sustainable Hydrogen Economy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez-Bastardo
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Max Planck Society, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Ruland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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8
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Nylander A, Hansson J, Nilsson T, Ye L, Fu Y, Liu J. Degradation of Carbon Nanotube Array Thermal Interface Materials through Thermal Aging: Effects of Bonding, Array Height, and Catalyst Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30992-31000. [PMID: 34160204 PMCID: PMC8289226 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) array thermal interface materials (TIMs) are promising candidates for high-performance applications in terms of thermal performance. However, in order to be useful in commercial applications, the reliability of the interfaces is an equally important parameter, which so far has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the reliability of CNT array TIMs is investigated through accelerated aging. The roles of CNT array height and substrate configuration are studied for their relative impact on thermal resistance degradation. After aging, the CNT catalyst is analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate chemical changes. The CNT-catalyst bond appears to degrade during aging but not to the extent that the TIM performance is compromised. On the other hand, coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between surfaces creates strain that needs to be absorbed, which requires CNT arrays with sufficient height. Transfer and bonding of both CNT roots and tips also create more reliable interfaces. Crucially, we find that the CNT array height of most previously reported CNT array TIMs is not enough to prevent significant reliability problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nylander
- Electronics
Materials and Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Josef Hansson
- Electronics
Materials and Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Nilsson
- Electronics
Materials and Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lilei Ye
- SHT
Smart High-Tech AB, Kemivägen
6, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yifeng Fu
- Electronics
Materials and Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Liu
- Electronics
Materials and Systems Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and
Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 58 Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Novel Magnetic Nanohybrids: From Iron Oxide to Iron Carbide Nanoparticles Grown on Nanodiamonds. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a new line of magnetic hybrid nanostructured materials composed of spinel-type iron oxide to iron carbide nanoparticles grown on nanodiamond nanotemplates is reported in this study. The realization of these nanohybrid structures is achieved through thermal processing under vacuum at different annealing temperatures of a chemical precursor, in which very fine maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles seeds were developed on the surface of the nanodiamond nanotemplates. It is seen that low annealing temperatures induce the growth of the maghemite nanoparticle seeds to fine dispersed spinel-type non-stoichiometric ~5 nm magnetite (Fe3−xO4) nanoparticles, while intermediate annealing temperatures lead to the formation of single phase ~10 nm cementite (Fe3C) iron carbide nanoparticles. Higher annealing temperatures produce a mixture of larger Fe3C and Fe5C2 iron carbides, triggering simultaneously the growth of large-sized carbon nanotubes partially filled with these carbides. The magnetic features of the synthesized hybrid nanomaterials reveal the properties of their bearing magnetic phases, which span from superparamagnetic to soft and hard ferromagnetic and reflect the intrinsic magnetic properties of the containing phases, as well as their size and interconnection, dictated by the morphology and nature of the nanodiamond nanotemplates. These nanohybrids are proposed as potential candidates for important technological applications in nano-biomedicine and catalysis, while their synthetic route could be further tuned for development of new magnetic nanohybrid materials.
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10
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Mufundirwa A, Harrington GF, Ismail MS, Šmid B, Cunning BV, Shundo Y, Pourkashanian M, Sasaki K, Hayashi A, Lyth SM. Gram-scale synthesis of alkoxide-derived nitrogen-doped carbon foam as a support for Fe-N-C electrocatalysts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:225401. [PMID: 32066126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab76ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are set to reduce the cost of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) by replacing platinum at the cathode. We previously developed unique nitrogen-doped carbon foams by template-free pyrolysis of alkoxide powders synthesized using a high temperature and high pressure solvothermal reaction. These were shown to be effective ORR electrocatalysts in alkaline media. Here, we present a new optimised synthesis protocol which is carried out at ambient temperature and pressure, enabling us to safely increase the batch size to 2 g, increase the yield by 60%, increase the specific surface area to 1866 m2 g-1, and control the nitrogen content (between 1.0 and 5.2 at%). These optimized nitrogen-doped carbon foams are then utilized as effective supports for Fe-N-C catalysts for the ORR in acid media, whilst multiphysics modelling is used to gain insight into the electrochemical performance. This work highlights the importance of the properties of the carbon support in the design of Pt-free electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mufundirwa
- Department of Hydrogen Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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Tuning carburization behaviors of metallic iron catalysts with potassium promoter and CO/syngas/C2H4/C2H2 gases. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Bahri M, Dembélé K, Sassoye C, Debecker DP, Moldovan S, Gay AS, Hirlimann C, Sanchez C, Ersen O. In situ insight into the unconventional ruthenium catalyzed growth of carbon nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14957-14965. [PMID: 30047972 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the in situ analysis of the growth process of carbon nanostructures catalyzed by Ru nanoparticles using syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and CO, as the carbon source at a medium temperature (500 °C). The structural modifications of the dual nanotube/nanoparticle system and the general dynamics of the involved processes have been directly followed during the growth, in real time and at the atomic scale, by transmission electron microscopy in an environmental gas cell at atmospheric pressure. After a reduction step under hydrogen and syngas, the particles became very active for the carbon growth. The growth rate is independent of the particle size which mainly influences the nanotube wall thickness. Other subtle information on the general behavior of the system has been obtained, as for instance the fact that the regular changes in the direction of the particle originate generally from the particle shape fluctuation. The main result is the evidence of a new growth mode in relation to the presence and the high instability of the ruthenium carbide phase which acts as a carbon reservoir. For the first time, a relaxation oscillation of the growth rate has been observed and correlated with the metal-carbide structural transition at the particle sub-surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bahri
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Lœss, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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13
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Liu D, Zhu J, Ivaturi S, He Y, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang S, Willis MAC, Boi FS. Giant magnetic coercivity in Fe 3C-filled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13820-13825. [PMID: 35539353 PMCID: PMC9079835 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13671d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the synthesis of ferromagnetically filled carbon nanotubes is the achievement of high coercivities. Up to now the highest coercivity has been shown to be 2200 Oe at 2 K ranging down to 500 Oe at temperatures of 300 K. Here we show that the anomalously large coercivity of 3440 Oe is observed in comparable samples. By comparing our result to those reported in previous studies no correlation is found between coercivity and the shape anisotropy or the crystal-diameter. Instead we suggest that the main parameter which controls the coercivity of these structures is the interplay of the grain size and shape anisotropy. We attribute the anomalous coercivity to the grain size being below the calculated single magnetic domain limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Sameera Ivaturi
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Yi He
- Analytical and Testing Centre, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical and Testing Centre, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China
| | - Sijie Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China .,School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Maureen A C Willis
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China .,School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Filippo S Boi
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sino-British Materials Research Institute, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 PR China .,School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
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14
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Kumar R, Sahoo B. Carbon nanotubes or carbon globules: Optimization of the pyrolytic synthesis parameters and study of the magnetic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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García-Márquez A, Glatzel S, Kraupner A, Kiefer K, Siemensmeyer K, Giordano C. Branch-Like Iron Nitride and Carbide Magnetic Fibres Using an Electrospinning Technique. Chemistry 2018; 24:4895-4901. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso García-Márquez
- Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3000; Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 10200 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Stefan Glatzel
- School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Alexander Kraupner
- NanoPETPharma GmbH, Luisencarrée; Robert-Koch-Platz 4 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Klaus Kiefer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; 14109 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Cristina Giordano
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Colloid Department; Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Current address: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
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16
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Ju J, Kim M, Jang S, Kim Y, Choi Y, Baeck SH, Shim SE. 3D in-situ hollow carbon fiber/carbon nanosheet/Fe3C@Fe3O4 by solventless one-step synthesis and its superior supercapacitor performance. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Zhou L, Harb M, Hedhili MN, Mana NA, Basset JM. Microemulsion prepared Ni88Pt12 for methane cracking. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25069f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ni88Pt12 were synthesized by water-in-oil microemulsion method and showed stable methane cracking activity at 600–700 °C to produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Moussab Harb
- KAUST Catalysis Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Hedhili
- Core Lab
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Al Mana
- KAUST Catalysis Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean Marie Basset
- KAUST Catalysis Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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18
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Boi FS, Guo J, Xiang G, Lan M, Wang S, Wen J, Zhang S, He Y. Cm-size free-standing self-organized buckypaper of bucky-onions filled with ferromagnetic Fe3C. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24983c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel cm-size free-standing buckypapers of bucky-onions filled with a single-phase of ferromagnetic Fe3C single crystals were serendipitously discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo S. Boi
- College of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Gang Xiang
- College of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Mu Lan
- College of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jiqiu Wen
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Sijie Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yi He
- Analytical and Testing Centre
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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19
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Kharlamova MV. Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:826-856. [PMID: 28503394 PMCID: PMC5405693 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with defined properties is required for both fundamental investigations and practical applications. The revealing and thorough understanding of the growth mechanism of SWCNTs is the key to the synthesis of nanotubes with required properties. This paper reviews the current status of the research on the investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes. The review starts with the consideration of the peculiarities of the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes. The physical and chemical states of the catalyst during the nanotube growth are discussed. The chirality selective growth of nanotubes is described. The main part of the review is dedicated to the analysis and systematization of the reported results on the investigation of growth dynamics of nanotubes. The studies on the revealing of the dependence of the growth rate of nanotubes on the synthesis parameters are reviewed. The correlation between the lifetime of catalyst and growth rate of nanotubes is discussed. The reports on the calculation of the activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered.
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20
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Wang HH, Li GQ, Ma JH, Zhao D. The stability, characteristics and magnetic properties of iron carbide from an oolitic hematite. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron carbide (Fe3C) is a magnetic material but it is not stable when it is prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. H. Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- PR China
- Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education
| | - G. Q. Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- PR China
- Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education
| | - J. H. Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- PR China
| | - D. Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- PR China
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21
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22
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Boi FS, Hu Y, Wang S, He Y. Controlling high coercivities in cm-scale buckypapers with unusual stacking of vertically aligned and randomly entangled Fe-filled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Evaluation of iron-containing carbon nanotubes by near edge X-ray absorption technique. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Li J, Croiset E, Ricardez-Sandoval L. Carbon nanotube growth: First-principles-based kinetic Monte Carlo model. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Boi FS, Wilson RM, Mountjoy G, Ibrar M, Baxendale M. Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis of self-organised ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures. Faraday Discuss 2014; 173:67-77. [PMID: 25466445 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis is a new technique that exploits random fluctuations in the viscous boundary layer between a laminar flow of pyrolysed metallocene vapour and a rough substrate to yield ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures departing from a core agglomeration of spherical nanocrystals individually encapsulated by graphitic shells. The fluctuations create the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of the central agglomeration in the vapour which subsequently defines the spherically symmetric diffusion gradient that initiates the radial growth. The radial growth is driven by the supply of vapour feedstock by local diffusion gradients created by endothermic graphitic-carbon formation at the vapour-facing tips of the individual nanotubes and is halted by contact with the isothermal substrate. The radial structures are the dominant product and the reaction conditions are self-sustaining. Ferrocene pyrolysis yields three common components in the nanowire encapsulated by multiwall carbon nanotubes, Fe3C, α-Fe, and γ-Fe. Magnetic tuning in this system can be achieved through the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies of the encapsulated nanowire. Here we demonstrate proof that alloying of the encapsulated nanowire is an additional approach to tuning of the magnetic properties of these structures by synthesis of radial-carbon-nanotube structures with γ-FeNi encapsulated nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo S Boi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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26
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Catalytic Activity of Tetranitro-Copper Phthalocyanine Supported on Carbon Nanotubes towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (AF-MWCNT)-supported tetranitro-copper phthalocyanine (TNCuPc) assemblies were prepared by solid phase synthesis method. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and XRD. The electrocatalytic activity of the obtained AF-MWCNT-supported TNCuPc assemblies was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) techniques in an oxygen-saturated 0.1 M KOH. The results showed that the catalytic activity of TNCuPc/AF-MWCNTs towards oxygen reduction was a two-step, two-electron process for oxygen reduction.
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27
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Mohammad SN. Thermodynamic imbalance, surface energy, and segregation reveal the true origin of nanotube synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1262-1275. [PMID: 22308131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extensive analyses of thermodynamic imbalance, surface energy, and segregation of nanotubes on nanoparticle surfaces are performed. A model for surface energy i developed. In addition, nanotube growth both by vapor-phase and solid-phase mechanisms is described. Segregation of the nanotube species to the periphery of the nanoparticle, the creation of an amorphous shell at this periphery, a droplet created in this shell, and the mediation of this droplet for supersaturation and nucleation of the nanotube species may be the true causes of nanotube growth.
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28
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Synthesis of Carbon Nanocapsules and Nanotubes Using Fe-Doped Fullerene Nanowhiskers. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/613746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized iron-(Fe-)doped C60nanowhiskers (NWs) by applying the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method that employs a C60-saturated toluene solution and a solution of 2-propanol containing ferric nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O). Fe particles of 3–7 nm in diameter were precipitated in the NWs. By heating at 1173 K, the NWs were transformed into hollow and Fe3C-encapsulated carbon nanocapsules and carbon nanotubes.
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29
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Behr MJ, Mkhoyan KA, Aydil ES. Carbon diffusion from methane into walls of carbon nanotube through structurally and compositionally modified iron catalyst. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:582-586. [PMID: 21615980 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To understand diffusion processes occurring inside Fe catalysts during multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth, catalysts were studied using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Nanotube walls emanate from structurally modified and chemically complex catalysts that consist of cementite and a 5 nm amorphous FeOx cap separated by a 2-3 nm thick carbon-rich region that also contains Fe and O (a-C:FexOy). Nonuniform distribution of carbon atoms throughout the catalyst base reveals that carbon molecules from the gas phase decompose near the catalyst multisection junction, where the MWCNT walls terminate. Formation of the a-C:FexOy region provides the essential carbon source for MWCNT growth. Two different carbon diffusion mechanisms are responsible for the growth of the inner and outer walls of each MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Behr
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Edgar K, Tilley RD, Hendy SC, Schebarchov D. Healing and sealing carbon nanotubes--growth and closure within a transmission electron microscope. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:1493-1496. [PMID: 21394380 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The growth of carbon nanotubes, and the role of the catalyst in this process, is only partially understood. Here we report real-time TEM observations of a partially embedded crystalline catalyst particle retracting from the hollow of a growing carbon nanotube, followed by a subsequent closure of the tube. The retraction is explained by size-dependent capillary forces, demonstrating the importance of capillary forces in the interaction between the catalyst and the nanotube. The observed crystallinity of the particle provides evidence that carbon nanotube growth in these circumstances does not require a molten catalyst, and closure of the tube suggests a carbon concentration gradient is involved in the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Edgar
- Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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31
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Xu Z, Li H, Sun H, Zhang Q, Li K. Carbon Nanotubes with Phthalocyanine-Decorated Surface Produced by NH3-Assisted Microwave Reaction and Their Catalytic Performance in Li/SOCl2 Battery. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Arechederra RL, Artyushkova K, Atanassov P, Minteer SD. Growth of phthalocyanine doped and undoped nanotubes using mild synthesis conditions for development of novel oxygen reduction catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3295-3302. [PMID: 21043456 DOI: 10.1021/am100724v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Precious metal alloys have been the predominant electrocatalyst used for oxygen reduction in fuel cells since the 1960s. Although performance of these catalysts is high, they do have drawbacks. The two main problems with precious metal alloys are catalyst passivation and cost. This is why new novel catalysts are being developed and employed for oxygen reduction. This paper details the low temperature solvothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes that have been doped with both iron and cobalt centered phthalocyanine. The synthesis is a novel low-temperature, supercritical solvent synthesis that reduces halocarbons to form a metal chloride byproduct and carbon nanotubes. Perchlorinated phthalocyanine was added to the nanotube synthesis to incorporate the phthalocyanine structure into the graphene sheets of the nanotubes to produce doped nanotubes that have the catalytic oxygen reduction capabilities of the metallo-phthalocyanine and the advantageous material qualities of carbon nanotubes. The cobalt phthalocyanine doped carbon nanotubes showed a half wave oxygen reduction potential of -0.050 ± 0.005 V vs Hg\HgO, in comparison to platinum's half wave oxygen reduction potential of -0.197 ± 0.002 V vs Hg\HgO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Arechederra
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
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33
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Behr MJ, Mkhoyan KA, Aydil ES. Orientation and morphological evolution of catalyst nanoparticles during carbon nanotube growth. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5087-5094. [PMID: 20828144 DOI: 10.1021/nn100944n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the structure, morphology, and orientation of catalyst nanoparticles used for seeding and growing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition in CH4/H2 gas mixtures. Iron catalyst nanocrystals are converted to Fe3C in CH4/H2 plasmas and the MWCNTs grow from Fe3C nanocrystals. Initially faceted and equiaxed catalyst nanocrystals are distorted and elongated significantly once a tubular CNT structure is formed around the catalyst particles. Eventually, catalysts deform into elongated tear-drop shapes. Once this morphology forms, CNT structures produced are straight and have uniform diameters. Surprisingly, the Fe3C nanocrystals located inside the base of well-graphitized nanotubes do not exhibit a preferred orientation relative to the nanotube axis. Catalyst nanocrystals in a variety of orientations relative to the nanotube axis still produce well-graphitized nanotubes with similar diameters and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Behr
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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34
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Giordano C, Kraupner A, Wimbush SC, Antonietti M. Iron carbide: an ancient advanced material. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1859-1862. [PMID: 20661996 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giordano
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Muehlenberg, D-14476 Golm, Germany.
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35
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Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Ferromagnetic Materials. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4387-4427. [PMID: 28883334 PMCID: PMC5445821 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) filled with ferromagnetic metals like iron, cobalt or nickel are new and very interesting nanostructured materials with a number of unique properties. In this paper we give an overview about different chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods for their synthesis and discuss the influence of selected growth parameters. In addition we evaluate possible growth mechanisms involved in their formation. Moreover we show their identified structural and magnetic properties. On the basis of these properties we present different application possibilities. Some selected examples reveal the high potential of these materials in the field of medicine and nanotechnology.
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36
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Nessim GD. Properties, synthesis, and growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes with special focus on thermal chemical vapor deposition. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1306-23. [PMID: 20820718 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00427k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively investigated in the last decade because their superior properties could benefit many applications. However, CNTs have not yet made a major leap into industry, especially for electronic devices, because of fabrication challenges. This review provides an overview of state-of-the-art of CNT synthesis techniques and illustrates their major technical difficulties. It also charts possible in situ analyses and new reactor designs that might enable commercialization. After a brief description of the CNT properties and of the various techniques used to synthesize substrate-free CNTs, the bulk of this review analyzes chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This technique receives special attention since it allows CNTs to be grown in predefined locations, provides a certain degree of control of the types of CNTs grown, and may have the highest chance to succeed commercially. Understanding the primary growth mechanisms at play during CVD is critical for controlling the properties of the CNTs grown and remains the major hurdle to overcome. Various factors that influence CNT growth receive a special focus: choice of catalyst and substrate materials, source gases, and process parameters. This review illustrates important considerations for in situ characterization and new reactor designs that may enable researchers to better understand the physical growth mechanisms and to optimize the synthesis of CNTs, thus contributing to make carbon nanotubes a manufacturing reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert D Nessim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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37
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Wang MS, Golberg D, Bando Y. Interface dynamic behavior between a carbon nanotube and metal electrode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:93-98. [PMID: 20217704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Wang
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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38
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Banhart F. Interactions between metals and carbon nanotubes: at the interface between old and new materials. NANOSCALE 2009; 1:201-213. [PMID: 20644839 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews the interaction between crystalline metals and carbon nanotubes in nanocomposite systems. Starting with an introduction to the chemical interaction between metal atoms and graphitic layers, an overview of the fields of nanotechnology is given where metal-carbon interaction comes into play. The interface between metals and carbon nanotubes is of interest in junctions between nanotubes and their periphery, for example in metallic contacts for electronic devices or in metal supports for carbon nanotube components. Furthermore, metals determine the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes. The behaviour of individual metal atoms in or on carbon nanotubes is treated as well as the interaction between crystalline metals and nanotube surfaces. Emphasis is put on the common mechanisms of metal-carbon interaction that play a role in such different fields as the electrical transport through a metal-nanotube contact or the catalytic growth of nanotubes from metal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, UMR 7504, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France.
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39
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Jaouen F, Herranz J, Lefèvre M, Dodelet JP, Kramm UI, Herrmann I, Bogdanoff P, Maruyama J, Nagaoka T, Garsuch A, Dahn JR, Olson T, Pylypenko S, Atanassov P, Ustinov EA. Cross-laboratory experimental study of non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:1623-39. [PMID: 20355776 DOI: 10.1021/am900219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nine non-noble-metal catalysts (NNMCs) from five different laboratories were investigated for the catalysis of O(2) electroreduction in an acidic medium. The catalyst precursors were synthesized by wet impregnation, planetary ball milling, a foaming-agent technique, or a templating method. All catalyst precursors were subjected to one or more heat treatments at 700-1050 degrees C in an inert or reactive atmosphere. These catalysts underwent an identical set of electrochemical characterizations, including rotating-disk-electrode and polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) tests and voltammetry under N(2). Ex situ characterization was comprised of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and N(2) adsorption and its analysis with an advanced model for carbonaceous powders. In PEMFC, several NNMCs display mass activities of 10-20 A g(-1) at 0.8 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, and one shows 80 A g(-1). The latter value corresponds to a volumetric activity of 19 A cm(-3) under reference conditions and represents one-seventh of the target defined by the U.S. Department of Energy for 2010 (130 A cm(-3)). The activity of all NNMCs is mainly governed by the microporous surface area, and active sites seem to be hosted in pore sizes of 5-15 A. The nitrogen and metal (iron or cobalt) seem to be present in sufficient amounts in the NNMCs and do not limit activity. The paper discusses probable directions for synthesizing more active NNMCs. This could be achieved through multiple pyrolysis steps, ball-milling steps, and control of the powder morphology by the addition of foaming agents and/or sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Jaouen
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Energie, Materiaux & Telecommunications, 1650 Bd Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada.
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40
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Puengjinda P, Sano N, Tanthapanichakoon W, Charinpanitkul T. Selective synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanocapsules using naphthalene pyrolysis assisted with ferrocene. J IND ENG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Sharma R, Moore E, Rez P, Treacy MMJ. Site-specific fabrication of Fe particles for carbon nanotube growth. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:689-94. [PMID: 19161330 DOI: 10.1021/nl803180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for site-specific fabrication of Fe catalyst particles on silica (SiO(2)) substrate by electron beam induced decompositionat 650 (EBID) of iron nonacarbonyl. The unobstructed, atomic level in situ observations of the catalyst particles, recorded degrees C in 8-15 mTorr of acetylene, reveal the structural transformations during reduction, sintering, carburization of Fe nanoparticles and subsequent CNT growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Sharma
- LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-9605, USA.
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42
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Blank VD, Kulnitskiy BA, Perezhogin IA, Alshevskiy YL, Kazennov NV. Decomposition of Fe 5C 2 catalyst particles in carbon nanofibers during TEM observation. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2009; 10:015004. [PMID: 27877267 PMCID: PMC5109603 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/10/1/015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an electron beam on nanoparticles of two Fe carbide catalysts inside a carbon nanofiber was investigated in a transmission electron microscope. Electron beam exposure does not result in significant changes for cementite (θ-Fe3C). However, for Hägg carbide nanoparticles (χ-Fe5C2), explosive decay is observed after exposure for 5-10 s. This produces small particles of cementite and γ-Fe, each covered with a multilayer carbon shell, and significantly modifies the carbon-fiber structure. It is considered that the decomposition of Hägg carbide is mostly due to the damage induced by high-energy electron collisions with the crystal lattice, accompanied by the heating of the particle and by mechanical stress provided by the carbon layers of the nanofiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir D Blank
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Centralnaya Street, Troitsk 142190, Moscow region, Russia
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43
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Nessim GD, Hart AJ, Kim JS, Acquaviva D, Oh J, Morgan CD, Seita M, Leib JS, Thompson CV. Tuning of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube diameter and areal density through catalyst pre-treatment. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3587-93. [PMID: 18837566 DOI: 10.1021/nl801437c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By controlling the timing and duration of hydrogen exposure in a fixed thermal process, we tuned the diameters of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within a vertically aligned film by a factor of 2, and tuned the areal densities by an order of magnitude. The CNT structure is correlated with the catalyst morphology, suggesting that while chemical reduction of the catalyst layer is required for growth, prolonged H2 exposure not only reduces the iron oxide and enables agglomeration of the Fe film, but also leads to catalyst coarsening. Control of this coarsening process allows tuning of CNT characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert D Nessim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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44
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Nyamori VO, Mhlanga SD, Coville NJ. The use of organometallic transition metal complexes in the synthesis of shaped carbon nanomaterials. J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Rinaldi A, Zhang J, Mizera J, Girgsdies F, Wang N, Hamid SBA, Schlögl R, Su DS. Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube/natural bentonite composites as a stable catalyst for styrene synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6528-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b815335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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47
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Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Terrones M, Terrones H, Kroto HW, Sun L, Banhart F. In situ nucleation of carbon nanotubes by the injection of carbon atoms into metal particles. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:307-311. [PMID: 18654289 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of desired chiralities and diameters is one of the most important challenges in nanotube science and achieving such selectivity may require a detailed understanding of their growth mechanism. We report the formation of CNTs in an entirely condensed phase process that allows us, for the first time, to monitor the nucleation of a nanotube on the spherical surface of a metal particle. When multiwalled CNTs containing metal particle cores are irradiated with an electron beam, carbon from graphitic shells surrounding the metal particles is ingested into the body of the particle and subsequently emerges as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs) inside the host nanotubes. These observations, at atomic resolution in an electron microscope, show that there is direct bonding between the tubes and the metal surface from which the tubes sprout and can be readily explained by bulk diffusion of carbon through the body of catalytic particles, with no evidence of surface diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Rodríguez-Manzo
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICyT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
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48
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Leonhardt A, Hampel S, Müller C, Mönch I, Koseva R, Ritschel M, Elefant D, Biedermann K, Büchner B. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Ferromagnetic-Filled Carbon Nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200506441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bakandritsos A, Simopoulos A, Petridis D. Iron changes in natural and Fe(III) loaded montmorillonite during carbon nanotube growth. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:1112-1117. [PMID: 21727389 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/4/044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A detailed elaboration of the transformations of iron species, present in natural and Fe(NO(3))(3) loaded montmorillonite, during carbon deposition and carbon nanotube growth is described. According to transmission electron microscopy results, deposited carbon atoms form fibres in the case of pristine montmorillonite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the case of Fe(III) loaded montmorillonite. Mössbauer and x-ray diffraction analysis results point to an extensive reduction of structural and intercalated Fe(III) cations to Fe(II) with the latter migrating from the interlayer space to the vacant octahedral sites of the mineral's lattice. Such migration of the non-structural iron catalyst prohibits extensive contamination of the final composite with various metal catalyst impurities. The crucial role of the active catalytic centres in the formation of carbon nanotubes is ascribed to a minor quantity of iron, found entrapped in the carbon nanostructures, which, at the end of the reaction, is identified as iron carbide. The interesting formation of a nanometric γ-iron precipitate is also detected, which is probably stabilized through strong interactions with the lattice of montmorillonite. Finally, it is demonstrated that iron-rich natural clay minerals can serve as direct catalysts for carbon nanotube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Bakandritsos
- Institute of Materials Science, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) 'Demokritos', Agia Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece
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Ducati C, Koziol K, Stavrinadis A, Friedrichs S, Windle AH, Midgley PA. Nitrogen in highly crystalline carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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