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Neves AP, Rosa ACS, Larentis AL, da Silva Rodrigues Vidal PJ, Gonçalves ES, Geraldino BR, da Silveira GR, de Carvalho LVB, Alves SR. A state-of-the-science review of analytical methods for urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: From 2000 to 2022. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5746. [PMID: 37723598 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas. This paper aims to conduct an integrative review of the most used analytical methods for identifying and quantifying dialkylphosphate-which are metabolites of organophosphate insecticides-in the urine of exposed workers, discussing their advantages, limitations and applicability. Searches utilized the PubMed, the Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations databases between 2000 and 2021. Twenty-five studies were selected. The extraction methods most used were liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (36%) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) (36%), with the SPE being more economical in terms of time and amount of solvents needed, and presenting the best percentage of recovery of analytes, when compared with LLE. Nineteen studies (76%) used the gas chromatography method of separation, and among these, 12 records (63%) indicated mass spectrometry used as a detection technology (analyzer). Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neves
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões Rosa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute-Department of Health, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-Department of Health, Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- General Superintendence of Scientific and Technical Police/Rio de Janeiro State Civil Police Secretariat, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kumar D, Sinha SN, Vasudev K. Development and Validation of a New UFLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in Urine. Molecules 2023; 28:5800. [PMID: 37570770 PMCID: PMC10421278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To monitor human exposure to pesticides, experts commonly measure their metabolites in urine, particularly dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), which include diethyl phosphate (DEP), Diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethyl phosphate (DMP), dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP) and dimethyl dithiophosphate (DMDTP)to monitor the metabolites of organophosphates. These DAP metabolites are a urinary biomarker for assessing pesticide exposure and potential health risks. This study presented a new screening method combining ultrafast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) to detect six DAP metabolites in human urine. The study also compared standard sample extraction methods, namely, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE); quick, easy, cheap, effective, ruggedand safe (QuEChERS); and lyophilization. After a comprehensive analysis of the methods used to extract the analytes, including recovery rate, repeatability and reproducibility, the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was found to be the best. It had a high recovery rate, was easy to handle, required less sample volume and had a short extraction time. Therefore, the LLE method was chosen for further analysis. The results showed excellent performance with high recoveries between 93% and 102%, precise repeatability (RSD) between 0.62% and 5.46% and acceptable reproducibility values (RSD) between 0.80% and 11.33%. The method also had limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.0201 ng/mL to 0.0697 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.0609 ng/mL to 0.2112 ng/mL. Furthermore, the UFLC-MS/MS method was validated based on the SANTE guidance and successfully analyzed 150 urine samples from farmers and non-farmers. This validated method proved useful for biomonitoring studies focusing on OP pesticide exposure. It offers several advantages, such as a reduced need for samples, chemicals and materials, and a shorter analysis time. The method is sensitive and selective in detecting metabolites in human urine, making it a valuable approach for the practical and efficient assessment of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileshwar Kumar
- Food Safety Division, ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sukesh Narayan Sinha
- Food Safety Division, ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Kasturi Vasudev
- Food Safety Division, ICMR—National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
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Göl E, Çok İ, Battal D, Şüküroğlu AA. Assessment of Preschool Children's Exposure Levels to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide: A Human Biomonitoring Study in Two Turkish Provinces. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:318-331. [PMID: 36877224 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are products developed to prevent, destroy, repel or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. However, now they are one of the critical risk factors threatening the environment, and they create a significant threat to the health of children. Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides are widely used in Turkey as well as all over the world. The main focus of this presented study was to analyze the OP and PYR exposure levels in urine samples obtained from 3- to 6-year-old Turkish preschool children who live in the Ankara (n:132) and Mersin (n:54) provinces. In order to measure the concentrations of three nonspecific metabolites of PYR insecticides and four nonspecific and one specific metabolite of OPs, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed. The nonspecific PYR metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) found in 87.1% of samples (n = 162) and the specific OP metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) found in 60.2% of samples (n = 112) were the most frequently detected metabolites in all urine samples. The mean concentrations of 3-PBA and TCPY were 0.38 ± 0.8 and 0.11 ± 0.43 ng/g creatinine, respectively. Although due to the large individual variation no statistically significant differences were found between 3-PBA (p = 0.9969) and TCPY (p = 0.6558) urine levels in the two provinces, significant exposure differences were determined both between provinces and within the province in terms of gender. Risk assessment strategies performed in light of our findings do not disclose any proof of a possible health problems related to analyzed pesticide exposure in Turkish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Göl
- Ankara Toxicology Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, 06300, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmet Çok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Battal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Nguyen KN, Saxena R, Re DB, Yan B. Rapid LC-MS/MS quantification of Organophosphate non-specific metabolites in hair using alkaline extraction approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1217:123619. [PMID: 36774786 PMCID: PMC10474783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessing human exposure to commonly used, highly toxic, but non-persistent organophosphates (OPs) is challenging because these toxicants are readily biotransformed into dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) and other metabolites. Growing hair accumulates toxicants and their metabolites, which makes hair a valuable non-invasively sampled matrix that can be used to retrospectively examine chemical exposure. However, the efficient quantification of hydrophilic DAP compounds in hair is challenging due to complex hair matrix effects. To improve upon existing methods, we first examined the acid dissociation constants (pKa) of DAPs and amino acids (major components in hair) and identified the best pH conditions for minimizing matrix effects. We hypothesized that under basic pH conditions DAPs and amino acids would be negatively charged and have weak interactions favorable to DAP dissociation from the matrix. To test this, we compared the efficiency of various pH conditions of suitable solvents to extract six DAPs from hair samples, and we quantified these DAPs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). As expected, a basic extraction (methanol with 2% NH4OH) approach had the highest extraction efficiency and yielded satisfactory recoveries for all six DAPs (72%-152%) without matrix effects. Additionally, the alkaline extract can be directly injected into the LC-MS/MS. This relatively rapid and simple procedure allowed us to process up to 90 samples per week with reproducible results. To our knowledge, this is the first method to quantify all six DAPs simultaneously in hair using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ion mode. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of measuring DAP levels in hair samples from patients affected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease potentially linked to OP exposure. Due to our optimized solvent extraction process, the method we have developed is compatible with the rapidity and sensitivity needed for hair analysis applied to population biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue N Nguyen
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Roheeni Saxena
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health and Justice in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health and Justice in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; NIEHS Center for Environmental Health and Justice in Northern Manhattan, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abo El‐Maali N, Shafea NS, Mahmoud HM, Nassar HF. A validated square‐wave voltammetric method for simultaneous determination of two insecticide metabolites: 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol and malathion diacid and their binding constants with human serum albumin. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Abo El‐Maali
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt
- Department of Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Unit Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Naglaa Sayed Shafea
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt
- Department of Environmental Science and Industrial Development Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences Beni‐ Suef University Beni‐ Suef Egypt
| | - Hamada Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Environmental Science and Industrial Development Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences Beni‐ Suef University Beni‐ Suef Egypt
| | - Hossam Fathy Nassar
- Department of Environmental Science and Industrial Development Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences Beni‐ Suef University Beni‐ Suef Egypt
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Filippi I, Lucero P, Bonansea RI, Lerda D, Butinof M, Fernandez RA, Wunderlin DA, Amé MV, Muñoz SE. Validation of exposure indexes to pesticides through the analysis of exposure and effect biomarkers in ground pesticide applicators from Argentina. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07921. [PMID: 34522813 PMCID: PMC8427256 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the population exposed to pesticides and the use of effective biomarkers to evaluate potential health effects are determinant to identify vulnerable groups, understanding the causality of diverse pathologies and propose prevention policies. This is particularly important in countries where intensive agricultural practices had an explosive expansion in last decades. The aim of this study was assessing the usefulness of two exposure indexes questionnaire-based: Intensity Level of the pesticide Exposure (ILE) and Cumulative Exposure Index (CEI) and their scales, in terrestrial applicators of pesticide from the Province of Córdoba (Argentina). The analysis was performed contrasting ILE and CEI results with perceived symptomatology, in addition to effect and exposure biomarkers. A cross-sectional study was designed to compare pesticides body burdens and effect biomarkers between subjects occupationally (OE) and non-occupationally exposed (NOE) to pesticides. Prevalence of perceived symptomatology and genotoxicity damage was higher in the OE group. The exposure condition was the only variable explaining these differences. Significant associations were found between CEI and neurologic symptomatology (p < 0.05) and between ILE and plasmatic cholinesterase (p < 0.1). However, residues of HCB, β-HCH, α-endosulfan, pp'DDE, endrin, β-endosulfan, pp'DDT, endosulfan sulfate and mirex were found in blood samples from both groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report on pesticides body burdens in occupational exposure settings in Argentina. So far, our current results indicate that the occupational condition affects the health of the workers. Significant associations found between symptomatology and biomarkers with scales of CEI and ILE suggest their usefulness to verify different levels of exposure. Further research is necessary to propose these indexes as an affordable tool for occupational health surveillance in areas with difficult access to health care centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohanna Filippi
- CIBICI: Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de La Torre, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricia Lucero
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), X5164, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocio I. Bonansea
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Lerda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Butinof
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Wunderlin
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María V. Amé
- CIBICI: Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de La Torre, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia E. Muñoz
- INICSA: Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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7
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Fišerová PS, Kohoutek J, Degrendele C, Dalvie MA, Klánová J. New sample preparation method to analyse 15 specific and non-specific pesticide metabolites in human urine using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122542. [PMID: 33540146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a novel sample preparation method for the determination of both specific and non-specific pesticide metabolites in human urine samples. The method combines a deconjugation step with QuEChERS-based method and solid-phase extraction. In total, 15 pesticide metabolites (diethyl phosphate; diethyl thiophosphate; dimethyl phosphate; diethyl thiophosphate; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid; coumaphos; diethyl dithiophosphate; malathion dicarboxylic acid; p-nitrophenol; cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamid and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine) were separated using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer and isotope dilution method for quantitation. The method was validated using recovery tests with recoveries generally ranging from 80 to 120%. Additionally, 20 urine samples collected from South African children were analysed using the presented method. The median levels of pesticide metabolites found in the urine samples ranged from not detected (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamid) to 22.36 µg/g creatinine (dimethyl phosphate). The novel method developed in this study is sensitive, selective, robust and reproducible while also conserving the amount of sample, chemicals, material and time required. Due to the low limits of detection obtained for individual pesticide metabolites, the method is capable of quantifying trace levels of pesticide metabolites in urine, which thus makes it an ideal tool for biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stuchlík Fišerová
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Céline Degrendele
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
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Blanca M, Shifrovitch A, Dachir S, Lazar S, Elgarisi M, Marder D, Shamai Yamin T, Baranes S, Avraham M, Dekel Jaoui H, Dagan S, Weissberg A. Highly sensitive retrospective determination of organophosphorous nerve agent biomarkers in human urine implemented in vivo in rabbit. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3033-3044. [PMID: 32627075 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly toxic organophosphorous nerve agents (OPAs) have been used in several armed conflicts and terror attacks in the last few decades. A new method for retrospective determination of alkyl methylphosphonic acid (AMPA) metabolites in urine after exposure to VX, GB and GF nerve agents was developed. This method enables a rapid, sensitive and selective determination of trace levels of the nerve agent biomarkers ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid (CMPA) in urine. The new technique involves a unique combination of two solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges: a Ba/Ag/H cartridge for urine interference removal, and a ZrO2 cartridge for selective reconstitution and enrichment of the AMPAs. Extraction of AMPAs from the ZrO2 cartridge was accomplished with a 1% ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution and was followed by analysis via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 10-100 pg/mL with recoveries of 64-71% (± 5-19%) after fast sample preparation and a total LC-MS analysis cycle time of 15 min and 13 min, respectively. This method was successfully applied in vivo in a rabbit that was exposed to 0.5 LD50 (7.5 µg/kg, i.v.) sarin for retrospective monitoring of the IMPA metabolite in urine. For the first time, IMPA was determined in rabbit urine samples for 15 days post-exposure, which is longer than any reported post-exposure method for AMPAs. To the best of our knowledge, this new method is the most sensitive and rapid for AMPA determination in urine by LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Avital Shifrovitch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomit Dachir
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Maor Elgarisi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Dana Marder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Baranes
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Meir Avraham
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hani Dekel Jaoui
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shai Dagan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness Ziona, Israel
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Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Davis Z, Vidal M, Calafat AM, Ospina M. Quantification of 16 urinary biomarkers of exposure to flame retardants, plasticizers, and organophosphate insecticides for biomonitoring studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:481-491. [PMID: 31272008 PMCID: PMC6960943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated alkyl and non-chlorinated aryl organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and some brominated flame retardants (FR) were introduced as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after PBDEs phase-out in 2004 and 2013. Organophosphorous (OP) insecticides are mainly used in agricultural settings since the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 phased-out most residential uses of OP insecticides in the United States. Urinary metabolites of FRs and OPs are known exposure biomarkers to FRs and OP insecticides, respectively. For large population-based studies, concurrent quantification of these metabolites using a small urine volume is desirable, but until now was not possible. We developed an analytical approach to quantify in 0.2 mL urine 10 FRs and six OP insecticide metabolites: diphenyl phosphate, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, dicresyl phosphates, dibutyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, 2-((isopropyl)phenyl)phenyl phosphate, 4-((tert-butyl)phenyl)phenyl phosphate, dimethyl phosphate, diethyl phosphate, dimethyl thiophosphate, dimethyl dithiophosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, and diethyl dithiophosphate. The method relies on enzymatic deconjugation, automated off-line solid phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 ng mL-1, accuracy from 89 to 118%, and imprecision was <10%. . This method is the first to quantify simultaneously trace levels of 16 biomarkers of FRs and OP insecticides in only four drops of urine. We confirmed the method suitability for use in large epidemiological studies to assess background and occupational exposures to these classes of environmental pollutants by analyzing 303 samples collected from the general population and a group of firefighters. FR metabolite and DAPs concentrations in the general population group were lower than in the firefighters group, and within the ranges reported in the U.S. general population and other non-occupationally exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayana K Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Zachary Davis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; CDC Foundation, 600 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
| | - Meghan Vidal
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS 103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Fernández SF, Pastor A, Yusà V, Montesinos L, Pardo O. Development of a novel methodology for determination of dialkyl phosphates in human urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yu L, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang B. Identification and Dissipation of Omethoate and Its Main Metabolite DMP in Wheat Determined by UPLC-QTOF/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5891-5898. [PMID: 31059246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to evaluate the dissipation kinetics of field-applied omethoate during wheat storage. Both the identification and metabolic dynamics of omethoate metabolites were analyzed using UPLC-QTOF/MS. The presence of the metabolite dimethyl phosphate (DMP) was confirmed in wheat samples with applied omethoate. This might be because the group attached to the P atom of omethoate is replaced by a hydroxyl group through hydrolysis, thus leading to the formation of the specific metabolite DMP during wheat storage. Although the initial concentrations of DMP in different doses were considerably lower than those of omethoate, the half-life values of DMP were 11.87-31.50 days, which were close to the half-life of the parent omethoate (11.85-30.94 days). This indicates that potential health risks might be caused by dietary exposure to DMP and omethoate. Therefore, more importance should be given to the risk assessment for omethoate and its metabolite DMP in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Bujun Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
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Guo XY, Sun LS, Huang MY, Xu WL, Wang Y, Wang N. Simultaneous determination of eight metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in urine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:1-9. [PMID: 27629156 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1224695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simultaneous method for quantifying eight metabolites of organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid pesticides in urine samples has been established. The analytes were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction coupled with WCX solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Eight metabolites were chemically derivatized before analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). The separation was performed on a HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) with temperature programming. The detection was performed under electro-spray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. An internal standard method was used. The extraction solvent, types of SPE cartridges and eluents were optimized by comparing the sample recoveries under different conditions. The results showed that the calibration curves of the five organophosphorus pesticides metabolites were linear in the range of 0.2-200 μg/L (r2 ≥ 0.992) and that of the three pyrethroid pesticides metabolites were linear in the range of 0.025-250 μg/L (r2 ≥ 0.991). The limits of detection (LODs, S/N ≥ 3) and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N ≥ 10) of the eight metabolites were 0.008-0.833 μg/L and 0.25-2.5 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of the eight metabolites ranged from 54.08% to 82.49%. This efficient, stable, and cost-effective method is adequate to handle the large number of samples required for surveying the exposure level of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Y Guo
- a Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
- b Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control , Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
| | - Li S Sun
- c School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Meng Y Huang
- a Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei L Xu
- a Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
- b Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control , Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
| | - Ying Wang
- c School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Na Wang
- a Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
- b Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control , Ministry of Environmental Protection of China , Nanjing , China
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Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Thomsen C. Development of an ion-pair liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for determination of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in large-scale biomonitoring studies. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Göen T. Biomonitoring von beruflichen und außerberuflichen Pestizidbelastungen. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40664-016-0107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Development of liquid chromatography methods coupled to mass spectrometry for the analysis of substances with a wide variety of polarity in meconium. Talanta 2015; 138:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Ueyama J, Saito I, Takaishi A, Nomura H, Inoue M, Osaka A, Sugiura Y, Hayashi Y, Wakusawa S, Ogi H, Inuzuka K, Kamijima M, Kondo T. A revised method for determination of dialkylphosphate levels in human urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: application to human urine samples from Japanese children. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:405-13. [PMID: 25293697 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological monitoring of organophosphorus insecticide (OP) metabolites, specifically dialkylphosphates (DAP) in urine, plays a key role in low-level exposure assessment of OP in individuals. The aims of this study are to develop a simple and sensitive method for determining four urinary DAPs using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to assess the concentration range of urinary DAP in Japanese children. METHODS Deuterium-labeled DAPs were used as internal standards. Urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP) and diethylphosphate (DEP), which passed through the solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP), which were extracted from a SPE column using 2.5 % NH3 water including 50 % acetonitrile, were prepared for separation analysis. The samples were then injected into LC-MS/MS. The optimized method was applied to spot urine samples from 3-year-old children (109 males and 116 females) living in Aichi Prefecture in Japan. RESULTS Results from the validation study demonstrated good within- and between-run precisions (<10.7 %) with low detection limits (0.4 for DMP and DMTP, 0.2 for DEP and 0.1 μg/L for DETP). The geometric mean values and detection rates of the urinary DAPs in Japanese children were 14.4 μg/L and 100 % for DMP, 5.3 μg/L and 98 % for DMTP, 5.5 μg/L and 99 % for DEP, and 0.6 μg/L and 80 % for DETP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present high-throughput method is simple and reliable, and can thereby further contribute to development of an exposure assessment of OP. The present study is the first to reveal the DAP concentrations in young Japanese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan,
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Kokkinaki A, Kokkinakis M, Kavvalakis MP, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Maravgakis G, Babatsikou F, Fragkiadakis GA, Tsatsakis AM. Biomonitoring of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in urine and hair samples of sprayers and rural residents of Crete, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:181-187. [PMID: 25173049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of rural residents (control group) and occupational exposed population group of sprayers to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) by measuring their non-specific dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAPs) in hair and in urine samples. All subjects (n=120) were residents of the municipality of Ierapetra, an area of intensive cultivation in Crete, Greece. METHODS The determined OPs metabolites were DMP, DEP, DETP and DEDTP. Two different approaches were used for the analysis of the collected samples; solid-liquid extraction with sonication for hair and liquid-liquid extraction for urine. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed after derivatization of the isolated analytes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The detection rates of DMP, DEP and DETP for both control and sprayers groups were high in both matrices, ranging from 91% to 100%. DEDTP was detected only in 9% of sprayers hair samples, while its detection rates in urine samples ranged from 83% to 90% for both population groups. Data analysis revealed significantly higher sumDAPs levels in urine of sprayers than in the urine of control group (p<0.001) and this is justified since sampling occurred during spraying periods. SumDAPs levels in hair samples of the sprayers were also significantly higher than in the hair of control group (p<0.001), confirming the long-term exposure to OPs. SumDAPs found levels in urine and hair samples of subjects were significantly correlated (Spearman׳s rho=0.728, p<0.001). Our study confirmed the elevated levels of DAPs in hair and urine samples in occupationally exposed group of sprayers in comparison to control group, even detected levels were similar in logarithmic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kokkinaki
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Manolis Kokkinakis
- Food Quality Laboratory, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Ierapetra, Greece
| | - Matthaios P Kavvalakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George Maravgakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Fotoula Babatsikou
- Department of Public Health, Technical Education Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios A Fragkiadakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health and Welfare Professions, Technological Education Institute of Crete, Siteia, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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A high-throughput method for determination of metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 845:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dulaurent S, Gaulier JM, Marquet P, Lachâtre G. TRAITEMENT DES DEMANDES DE DOSAGES DE PESTICIDES DANS LES MILIEUX BIOLOGIQUES : QUELQUES PROBLÈMES FRÉQUEMMENT RENCONTRÉS. Acta Clin Belg 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/acb.2006.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Dulaurent S, Gaulier JM, Blanc-Lapierre A, Imbert L, Lachâtre G. Urinary determination of 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine in case of non fatal poisoning with diazinon. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 228:e20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li B, Eyer P, Eddleston M, Jiang W, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Protein tyrosine adduct in humans self-poisoned by chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:215-25. [PMID: 23566956 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human cases of self-inflicted poisoning suggest that chlorpyrifos oxon reacts not only with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase but also with other blood proteins. A favored candidate is albumin because in vitro and animal studies have identified tyrosine 411 of albumin as a site covalently modified by organophosphorus poisons. Our goal was to test this proposal in humans by determining whether plasma from humans poisoned by chlorpyrifos has adducts on tyrosine. Plasma samples from 5 self-poisoned humans were drawn at various time intervals after ingestion of chlorpyrifos for a total of 34 samples. All 34 samples were analyzed for plasma levels of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) as a function of time post-ingestion. Eleven samples were analyzed for the presence of diethoxyphosphorylated tyrosine by mass spectrometry. Six samples yielded diethoxyphosphorylated tyrosine in pronase digests. Blood collected as late as 5days after chlorpyrifos ingestion was positive for CPO-tyrosine, consistent with the 20-day half-life of albumin. High plasma CPO levels did not predict detectable levels of CPO-tyrosine. CPO-tyrosine was identified in pralidoxime treated patients as well as in patients not treated with pralidoxime, indicating that pralidoxime does not reverse CPO binding to tyrosine in humans. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase was a more sensitive biomarker of exposure than adducts on tyrosine. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos oxon makes a stable covalent adduct on the tyrosine residue of blood proteins in humans who ingested chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950 USA.
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22
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Peters FT, Remane D. Aspects of matrix effects in applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to forensic and clinical toxicology—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2155-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The atlas of dialkylphosphates; assessment of cumulative human organophosphorus pesticides’ exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 218:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kang S, Xu Y, Zhou L, Pan C. Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers: Diethyl(3-methylureido)(phenyl)methylphosphonate as a dummy template for the recognition of its organophosphate pesticide analogs. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Systematic review of biomonitoring studies to determine the association between exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides and human health outcomes. Toxicol Lett 2011; 210:155-68. [PMID: 22020228 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For the appropriate protection of human health it is necessary to accurately estimate the health effects of human exposure to toxic compounds. In the present review, epidemiological studies on the health effects of human exposure to organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides have been critically assessed. This review is focused on studies where the exposure assessment was based on quantification of specific biomarkers in urine or plasma. The 49 studies reviewed used different epidemiological approaches and analytical methods as well as different exposure assessment methodologies. With regard to OP pesticides, the studies reviewed suggested negative effects of prenatal exposure to these pesticides on neurodevelopment and male reproduction. Neurologic effects on adults, DNA damage and adverse birth outcomes were also associated with exposure to OP pesticides. With regard to exposure to PYR pesticides, there are currently few studies investigating the adverse health outcomes due to these pesticides. The effects studied in relation to PYR exposure were mainly male reproductive effects (sperm quality, sperm DNA damage and reproductive hormone disorders). Studies' findings provided evidence to support the hypothesis that PYR exposure is adversely associated with effects on the male reproductive system. The validity of these epidemiological studies is strongly enhanced by exposure assessment based on biomarker quantification. However, for valid and reliable results and conclusions, attention should also be focused on the validity of the analytical methods used, study designs and the measured toxicants characteristics.
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Soummer A, Megarbane B, Boroli F, Arbelot C, Saleh M, Moesch C, Fournier E, Rouby JJ. Severe and prolonged neurologic toxicity following subcutaneous chlorpyrifos self-administration: a case report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:124-7. [PMID: 21370952 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.552066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate poisoning by oral or inhalation routes is characterized by a typical time-course of clinical features. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of subcutaneous chlorpyrifos self-injection leading to a delayed cholinergic phase, prolonged coma, and severe permanent neurologic injury with electrophysiological patterns suggestive of overlapping intermediate syndrome and distal peripheral neuropathy. Time-course and severity of clinical features were not altered by either atropine or pralidoxime administration. Due to prolonged and severe alteration in consciousness, we used brain multimodal nuclear magnetic imaging and auditory cognitive event-related potentials to assess the patient's potential for awakening. Electrophysiological testing used to monitor muscle weakness showed the coexistence of 20 Hz-decremental responses in proximal muscles and severe denervation in distal muscles. Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity progressively normalized on day 60, while plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity remained low until day 100. Chlorpyrifos was detectable in serum until day 30 and urine metabolites for up to three months, supporting the hypothesis of a continuous chlorpyrifos release despite repeated surgical debridement. We suggest that adipose and muscle tissues acted as a chlorpyrifos reservoir. At one-year follow-up, the patient exhibited significant neuromuscular sequelae. CONCLUSION Subcutaneous chlorpyrifos self-injection may result in severe toxicity with prolonged neurologic injury, atypical overlapping electrophysiological patterns, and a poor final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Soummer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris, UPMC (University Pierre et Marie Curie), Paris 6, France.
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Reemtsma T, Lingott J, Roegler S. Determination of 14 monoalkyl phosphates, dialkyl phosphates and dialkyl thiophosphates by LC-MS/MS in human urinary samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1990-3. [PMID: 21334725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human urine was analyzed for nine dialkyl (DAP) and five monoalkyl phosphates (MAP) by LC-MS/MS. Some phosphoric acid esters are industrial chemicals and other hydrolysis products of trialkyl or triaryl phosphates, used as pesticides, flame retardants or plasticizers. Five MAP and two DAP were detected here for the first time in human urine. Monobutyl, diethyl, diphenyl and diethylhexyl phosphate were determined with median concentrations in the μg/L-range. The total urinary concentration of the 14 DAP and MAP summed up to a median of 20μg/L. Inclusion of MAP in future biomonitoring studies should provide a more comprehensive picture of the exposure of humans to organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Odetokun MS, Montesano MA, Weerasekera G, Whitehead RD, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides in human urine using 96-well plate sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2567-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Revised method for routine determination of urinary dialkyl phosphates using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Araoud M, Douki W, Najjar MF, Kenani A. Simple analytical method for determination of pesticide residues in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:242-248. [PMID: 20390957 DOI: 10.1080/03601231003613666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of residues of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides which are widely used in Tunisia. This method involves a liquid-liquid extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the identification and quantification of compounds. Ionization of molecules was performed by the electrospray mode. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) was the acquisition mode used for the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions for each compound. The average recoveries obtained, at three different fortification levels, ranged between 65% and 106% for most of the pesticides studied, except for methamidophos (lower than 25%).The linearity of the method was in the range of 5 to 50 micro g/L with a correlation coefficient from 0.995 to 0.999, depending on the analyte. The estimated limit of detection and limit of quantification were 2 micro g/L and 5 micro g/L, respectively. The precision of the analytical procedure was satisfactory and the coefficients of variation, evaluated at three concentration levels were lower than 15% for most pesticides studied. The application of the method was investigated in a population of agricultural workers chronically exposed to various pesticides some of which, such as carbofuran, carbendazim, methomyl and pirimicarb, were detected in some serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Araoud
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Tunisia
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Dulaurent S, Moesch C, Marquet P, Gaulier JM, Lachâtre G. Screening of pesticides in blood with liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2235-49. [PMID: 20143224 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In clinical or forensic toxicology, general unknown screening procedures are used to identify as many xenobiotics as possible, belonging to numerous chemical classes. We present here a general unknown screening procedure based on liquid chromatography coupled with use of a single linear ion trap mass spectrometer, and focus on the identification of pesticides and/or metabolites in whole blood. After solid-phase extraction (SPE), the compounds of interest were separated using a reversed-phase column and identified by the mass spectrometer operated first in the full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) mode, in the positive and negative polarities, followed by MS(2) and MS(3) scanning of ions selected in data-dependent acquisition. The total scan time was 2.45 s. Two mass spectral libraries (MS(2) and MS(3)), each of 450 spectra, were created for the 320 pesticides and metabolites detected after injection of pure solutions. Robustness of the spectra and matrix effects were studied and were satisfactory for the present application. Detection limits for the 320 compounds were studied by extracting 1 mL spiked blood at concentrations between 10 microg/L and 10 mg/L. If necessary, it was possible to decrease the detection limits of some compounds by 10-100-fold by scanning MS(2) in only one polarity, owing to a shorter total scan time. However, at the same time, the detection specificity decreased as no confirmation could be recorded in the following MS(3) scan and no information could be registered in the other polarity. So, in these rare cases, confirmation by another method was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dulaurent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France.
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Atherton KM, Williams FM, Egea González FJ, Glass R, Rushton S, Blain PG, Mutch E. DNA damage in horticultural farmers: a pilot study showing an association with organophosphate pesticide exposure. Biomarkers 2009; 14:443-51. [DOI: 10.3109/13547500903137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tsatsakis A, Tzatzarakis M, Koutroulakis D, Toutoudaki M, Sifakis S. Dialkyl phosphates in meconium as a biomarker of prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A study on pregnant women of rural areas in Crete, Greece. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:364-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250902745090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Margariti MG, Tsatsakis AM. Analysis of dialkyl phosphate metabolites in hair using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A biomarker of chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides. Biomarkers 2009; 14:137-47. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500902792912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Inoue S, Saito T, Miyazawa T, Mase H, Inokuchi S. A simple method for detecting fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and other organophosphorus pesticides in human urine by LC-MS. Forensic Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-008-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Picó Y, Barceló D. The expanding role of LC-MS in analyzing metabolites and degradation products of food contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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John H, Worek F, Thiermann H. LC-MS-based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:97-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Margariti MG, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM. Analytical Methods of Biological Monitoring for Exposure to Pesticides: Recent Update. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:150-63. [PMID: 17417068 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803d3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes began in the past 50 years. As a result of their wide and extensive application, exposure to hazardous pesticides is a concern to the general population and occupationally exposed persons. Robust methods are therefore needed for measuring markers of pesticide exposure. This article presents a review of the most recently published analytical methodologies and instrumentations developed for and applied to biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides of various classes. Most of the methods reviewed here are based on chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. This work clearly demonstrates that although gas chromatography still appears to be the most widely employed technique for pesticide analysis in various biological samples, recently a trend has been observed toward the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Departments of Medicine, Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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39
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Maurer HH. Current role of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1315-25. [PMID: 17377775 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews multi-analyte single-stage and tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedures using different mass analyzers (quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight) for screening, identification, and/or quantification of drugs, poisons, and/or their metabolites in blood, plasma, serum, or urine published after 2004. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, LC column, mobile phase, ionization type, mass spectral detection mode, and validation data of each procedure is summarized in tables. The following analytes are covered: drugs of abuse, analgesics, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants including selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), herbal phenalkylamines (ephedrines), oral antidiabetics, antiarrhythmics and other cardiovascular drugs, antiretroviral drugs, toxic alkaloids, quaternary ammonium drugs and herbicides, and dialkylphosphate pesticides. The pros and cons of the reviewed procedures are critically discussed, particularly, the need for studies on matrix effects, selectivity, analyte stability, and the use of stable-isotope labeled internal standards instead of unlabeled therapeutic drugs. In conclusion, LC-MS will probably become a gold standard for detection of very low concentrations particularly in alternative matrices and for quantification in clinical and forensic toxicology. However, some drawbacks still need to be addressed and finally overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Hamscher G, Priess B, Nau H. Determination of phoxim residues in eggs by using high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection after treatment of stocked housing facilities for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:330-5. [PMID: 17386732 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important ectoparasite of poultry in several European countries. Phoxim is a well-known antiparasitic agent in wide use. Initial studies indicated that this compound could successfully be applied to eliminate D. gallinae in egg-laying birds and in henhouses by treating the cages and the equipment with it. In order to investigate whether phoxim residues are present in eggs from laying hens, we developed a selective and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method employing a simple water/acetonitrile gradient system. The amount of phoxim was determined by UV detection at 281 nm, and the presence of the residue was confirmed by diode array detection. The eggs were homogenized for sample pretreatment and extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with n-hexane. The acetonitrile extract was further purified with silica gel column chromatography. Recovery rates (performed at the 5-120 microg kg(-1) level) were in the range of 86.0-92.1% with relative standard deviations between 3.1% and 16.3%. Based on a signal to noise ratio of 3, the limit of detection of the assay was approximately 2 microg kg(-1). The day-to-day variation in the concentration of phoxim in four contaminated eggs (5.7-51.6 microg kg(-1)) was generally less than 20%. The decision limit (CCalpha) and the detection capability (CCbeta) were 62.0 and 68.7 microg kg(-1), respectively. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in eggs from three clinical trials and from a field study. In these investigations, all animals were kept in conventional battery cages. No sample was found containing more than the maximum residue level of 60 microg kg(-1) for phoxim in eggs as given in Annex I of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hamscher
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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41
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1520-1531. [PMID: 17103385 DOI: 10.1002/jms.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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