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Hao M, Zhang L, Chen P. Membrane Internalization Mechanisms and Design Strategies of Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169038. [PMID: 36012300 PMCID: PMC9409441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been discovered to deliver chemical drugs, nucleic acids, and macromolecules to permeate cell membranes, creating a novel route for exogenous substances to enter cells. Up until now, various sequence structures and fundamental action mechanisms of CPPs have been established. Among them, arginine-rich peptides with unique cell penetration properties have attracted substantial scientific attention. Due to the positively charged essential amino acids of the arginine-rich peptides, they can interact with negatively charged drug molecules and cell membranes through non-covalent interaction, including electrostatic interactions. Significantly, the sequence design and the penetrating mechanisms are critical. In this brief synopsis, we summarize the transmembrane processes and mechanisms of arginine-rich peptides; and outline the relationship between the function of arginine-rich peptides and the number of arginine residues, arginine optical isomers, primary sequence, secondary and ternary structures, etc. Taking advantage of the penetration ability, biomedical applications of arginine-rich peptides have been refreshed, including drug/RNA delivery systems, biosensors, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Understanding the membrane internalization mechanisms and design strategies of CPPs will expand their potential applications in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Hao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (P.C.)
| | - Pu Chen
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (P.C.)
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2
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Mallick AM, Tripathi A, Mishra S, Mukherjee A, Dutta C, Chatterjee A, Sinha Roy R. Emerging Approaches for Enabling RNAi Therapeutics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200451. [PMID: 35689534 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a primitive evolutionary mechanism developed to escape incorporation of foreign genetic material. siRNA has been instrumental in achieving the therapeutic potential of RNAi by theoretically silencing any gene of interest in a reversible and sequence-specific manner. Extrinsically administered siRNA generally needs a delivery vehicle to span across different physiological barriers and load into the RISC complex in the cytoplasm in its functional form to show its efficacy. This review discusses the designing principles and examples of different classes of delivery vehicles that have proved to be efficient in RNAi therapeutics. We also briefly discuss the role of RNAi therapeutics in genetic and rare diseases, epigenetic modifications, immunomodulation and combination modality to inch closer in creating a personalized therapy for metastatic cancer. At the end, we present, strategies and look into the opportunities to develop efficient delivery vehicles for RNAi which can be translated into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha M Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sukumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Asmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Present address:Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Block S2 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.,Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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Lv H, Wang T, Ma F, Zhang K, Gao T, Pei R, Zhang Y. Aptamer-functionalized targeted siRNA delivery system for tumor immunotherapy. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35147520 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells is one of the reasons for tumor immune escape. Reducing PD-L1 expression has been proved to be an effective strategy to facilitate immune system activation and inhibit tumor progression. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising technology for gene regulation in tumor therapy. In this study, we constructed a targeted siRNA delivery system NPs@apt to transfect PD-L1 siRNA into human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell line (A549) for inhibiting tumor immune evasion. NPs@apt was prepared by compressing PD-L1 siRNA with cationic Lipofectamine 2000, fusing with erythrocyte membrane-derived nanovesicles, and further modifying with targeting AS1411 aptamer. The introduction of erythrocyte membrane endowed the siRNA delivery system with lower cytotoxicity and the ability to escape from the phagocytosis of macrophages. The stability of NPs@apt and the protection to loaded siRNA were confirmed.In vitrostudies after NPs@apt treatment demonstrated that PD-L1 siRNA was selectively delivered into A549 cells, and further resulted in PD-L1 gene knockdown, T cell activation and tumor cell growth inhibition. This study offered an alternative strategy for specific siRNA transfection for improving anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin Lv
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanshu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunchi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Pei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hadianamrei R, Zhao X. Current state of the art in peptide-based gene delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:600-619. [PMID: 35157938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Lomazzi M, Franceschi V, Bagnacani V, Vezzoni CA, Donofrio G, Casnati A, Sansone F. A Structure‐Activity Investigation on Modified Analogues of an Argininocalixarene Based Non‐viral Gene Vector. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lomazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Valentina Franceschi
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Via del Taglio 6 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Valentina Bagnacani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Vezzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Veterinary Science University of Parma Via del Taglio 6 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Transportan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070987. [PMID: 34210007 PMCID: PMC8308968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the most recent 25–30 years, multiple novel mechanisms and applications of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been demonstrated, leading to novel drug delivery systems. In this review, I present a brief introduction to the CPP area with selected recent achievements. This is followed by a nostalgic journey into the research in my own laboratories, which lead to multiple CPPs, starting from transportan and paving a way to CPP-based therapeutic developments in the delivery of bio-functional materials, such as peptides, proteins, vaccines, oligonucleotides and small molecules, etc.
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Luo J, Wagner E, Wang Y. Artificial peptides for antitumoral siRNA delivery. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:2020-2031. [PMID: 32091038 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery has been critical for the success of siRNA and related therapeutic nucleic acids. Improvement of delivery carriers will positively influence the efficacy of future nanomedicines. Our strategy for optimizing siRNA nanocarriers focuses on a bioinspired sequence-defined process including (i) identification of artificial amino acids active in specific delivery steps, (ii) assembly into defined sequences by solid phase-assisted synthesis (SPS), and (iii) screening for siRNA delivery, selection of top candidates and understanding structure-activity relations, followed by (iv) sequence variation for the next round of carrier selection. In the current review, our experience with this artificial peptide evolution in tumor-directed siRNA delivery is addressed. The medium-sized oligoaminoamides show better biological compatibility and can be functionalized to meet the requirements of siRNA delivery, such as formation of stable nanoparticles, shielding against proteins in the bloodstream, targeting into tumor tissue, and intracellular siRNA release in bioactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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8
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Freitag F, Wagner E. Optimizing synthetic nucleic acid and protein nanocarriers: The chemical evolution approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:30-54. [PMID: 32246984 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing synthetic nanocarriers is like searching for a needle in a haystack. How to find the most suitable carrier for intracellular delivery of a specified macromolecular nanoagent for a given disease target location? Here, we review different synthetic 'chemical evolution' strategies that have been pursued. Libraries of nanocarriers have been generated either by unbiased combinatorial chemistry or by variation and novel combination of known functional delivery elements. As in natural evolution, definition of nanocarriers as sequences, as barcode or design principle, may fuel chemical evolution. Screening in appropriate test system may not only provide delivery candidates, but also a refined understanding of cellular delivery including novel, unpredictable mechanisms. Combined with rational design and computational algorithms, candidates can be further optimized in subsequent evolution cycles into nanocarriers with improved safety and efficacy. Optimization of nanocarriers differs for various cargos, as illustrated for plasmid DNA, siRNA, mRNA, proteins, or genome-editing nucleases.
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Zhou J, Shao Z, Liu J, Duan Q, Wang X, Li J, Yang H. From Endocytosis to Nonendocytosis: The Emerging Era of Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2686-2701. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhentao Shao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Duan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Augustine R, Kalva N, Kim HA, Zhang Y, Kim I. pH-Responsive Polypeptide-Based Smart Nano-Carriers for Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E2961. [PMID: 31443287 PMCID: PMC6719039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart nano-carriers have attained great significance in the biomedical field due to their versatile and interesting designs with different functionalities. The initial stages of the development of nanocarriers mainly focused on the guest loading efficiency, biocompatibility of the host and the circulation time. Later the requirements of less side effects with more efficacy arose by attributing targetability and stimuli-responsive characteristics to nano-carriers along with their bio- compatibility. Researchers are utilizing many stimuli-responsive polymers for the better release of the guest molecules at the targeted sites. Among these, pH-triggered release achieves increasing importance because of the pH variation in different organ and cancer cells of acidic pH. This specific feature is utilized to release the guest molecules more precisely in the targeted site by designing polymers having specific functionality with the pH dependent morphology change characteristics. In this review, we mainly concert on the pH-responsive polypeptides and some interesting nano-carrier designs for the effective theranostic applications. Also, emphasis is made on pharmaceutical application of the different nano-carriers with respect to the organ, tissue and cellular level pH environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimesh Augustine
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Nagendra Kalva
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ho An Kim
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Zhang
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK 21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Zhang C, Ren W, Liu Q, Tan Z, Li J, Tong C. Transportan-derived cell-penetrating peptide delivers siRNA to inhibit replication of influenza virus in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1059-1068. [PMID: 31040643 PMCID: PMC6454991 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s195481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we report on the development of an effective delivery system for siRNAs; a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), T9(dR), obtained from transportan (TP), was used for in vivo and in vitro testing. Methods In this study, toxicity of T9(dR) and TP and efficient delivery of siRNA were tested in 293T, MDCK, RAW, and A549 cells. Furthermore, T9(dR)- and TP-delivered siRNAs against nucleoprotein (NP) gene segment of influenza virus (siNP) were studied in both cell lines and mice. Results Gel retardation showed that T9(dR) effectively condensed siRNA into nanoparticles sized between 350 and 550 nm when the mole ratio of T9(dR) to siRNA was ≥4:1. In vitro studies demonstrated that T9(dR) successfully delivered siRNA with low cellular toxicity into several cell lines. It was also observed that T9(dR)-delivered siRNAs inhibited replication of influenza virus more efficiently as compared to that delivered by TP into the MDCK and A549 cells. It was also noticed that when given a combined tail vein injection of siNP and T9(dR) or TP, all mice in the 50 nmol siNP group infected with PR8 influenza virus survived and showed weight recovery at 2 weeks post-infection. Conclusion This study indicates that T9(dR) is a promising siRNA delivery tool with potential application for nucleotide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Weigang Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qingxin Liu
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China,
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunyi Tong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China,
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Biswas A, Chakraborty K, Dutta C, Mukherjee S, Gayen P, Jan S, Mallick AM, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha Roy R. Engineered Histidine-Enriched Facial Lipopeptides for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Functional siRNA to Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4719-4736. [PMID: 30628773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic delivery of functional siRNA remains the major challenge to develop siRNA-based therapeutics. Designing clinically safe and effective siRNA transporter to deliver functional siRNA across the plasma and endosomal membrane remains a key hurdle. With the aim of improving endosomal release, we have designed cyclic and linear peptide-based transporters having an Arg-DHis-Arg template. Computational studies show that the Arg-DHis-Arg template is also stabilized by the Arg-His side-chain hydrogen bonding interaction at physiological pH, which dissociates at lower pH. The overall atomistic interactions were examined by molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that the extent of peptide_siRNA assembly formation depends greatly on physicochemical properties of the peptides. Our designed peptides having the Arg-DHis-Arg template and two lipidic moieties facilitate high yield of intracellular delivery of siRNA. Additionally, unsaturated lipid, linoleic acid moieties were introduced to promote fusogenicity and facilitate endosomal release and cytosolic delivery. Interestingly, such protease-resistant peptides provide serum stability to siRNA and exhibit high efficacy of erk1 and erk2 gene silencing in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. The peptide having two linoleyl moieties demonstrated comparable efficacy with commercial transfection reagent HiPerFect, as evidenced by the erk1 and erk2 gene knockdown experiment. Additionally, our study shows that ERK1/2 silencing siRNA and doxorubicin-loaded gramicidin-mediated combination therapy is more effective than siRNA-mediated gene silencing-based monotherapy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dhananjay Bhattacharyya
- Computational Science Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India
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Abstract
Introduction:
Gene therapy has emerged out as a promising therapeutic pave for the treatment
of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene transfection into target cells using naked DNA is a simple
and safe approach which has been further improved by combining vectors or gene carriers. Both viral
and non-viral approaches have achieved a milestone to establish this technique, but non-viral approaches
have attained a significant attention because of their favourable properties like less immunotoxicity
and biosafety, easy to produce with versatile surface modifications, etc. Literature is rich in evidences
which revealed that undoubtedly, non–viral vectors have acquired a unique place in gene therapy
but still there are number of challenges which are to be overcome to increase their effectiveness and
prove them ideal gene vectors.
Conclusion:
To date, tissue specific expression, long lasting gene expression system, enhanced gene
transfection efficiency has been achieved with improvement in delivery methods using non-viral vectors.
This review mainly summarizes the various physical and chemical methods for gene transfer in vitro
and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Himanshu
- Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Morais CM, Cardoso AM, Cunha PP, Aguiar L, Vale N, Lage E, Pinheiro M, Nunes C, Gomes P, Reis S, Castro MMCA, Pedroso de Lima MC, Jurado AS. Acylation of the S4 13-PV cell-penetrating peptide as a means of enhancing its capacity to mediate nucleic acid delivery: Relevance of peptide/lipid interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2619-2634. [PMID: 30291923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively exploited in gene therapy approaches as vectors for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules. The ability of CPPs to be internalized into cells and their capacity to complex nucleic acids depend on their molecular structure, both primary and secondary, namely regarding hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. CPP acylation has been used as a strategy to improve this structural feature. METHODS Acyl groups (from 6 to 18 carbon atoms) were attached to the S413-PV peptide and their effects on the peptide competence to complex siRNAs and to mediate gene silencing in glioblastoma (GBM) cells were studied. A systematic characterization of membrane interactions with S413-PV acyl-derivatives was also conducted, using different biophysical techniques (surface pressure-area isotherms in Langmuir monolayers, DSC and 31P NMR) to unravel a relationship between CPP biological activity and CPP effects on membrane stability and lipid organization. RESULTS A remarkable concordance was noticed between acylated-S413-PV peptide competence to promote gene silencing in GBM cells and disturbance induced in membrane models, the lauroyl- and myristoyl-S413-PV peptides being the most effective. A cut-off effect was described for the first time regarding the influence of acyl-chain length on CPP bioactivity. CONCLUSIONS C12-S413-PV showed high capacity to destabilize lipid bilayers, to escape from lysosomal degradation and to mediate gene silencing without promoting cytotoxicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Besides unraveling a new CPP with high potential to be employed as a gene delivery vector, this work emphasizes the benefit from allying biophysical and biological studies towards a proper CPP structural refinement for successful pre-clinical/clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Morais
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Aguiar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emílio Lage
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Margarida C A Castro
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Amália S Jurado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Li M, Mosel S, Knauer SK, Schmuck C. A dipeptide with enhanced anion binding affinity enables cell uptake and protein delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the anion binding properties of guanidinium cations through the combination of ion-pairing and H-bonds resulted in a dipeptide that can efficiently penetrate into cells with negligible cytotoxicity and can transport a large model protein into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Institute for Organic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Mosel
- Institute for Biology
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | | | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institute for Organic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
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16
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Krhac Levacic A, Morys S, Wagner E. Solid-phase supported design of carriers for therapeutic nucleic acid delivery. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160617. [PMID: 28963371 PMCID: PMC5662914 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid molecules are important therapeutic agents in the field of antisense oligonucleotide, RNA interference, and gene therapies. Since nucleic acids are not able to cross cell membranes and enter efficiently into cells on their own, the development of efficient, safe, and precise delivery systems is the crucial challenge for development of nucleic acid therapeutics. For the delivery of nucleic acids to their intracellular site of action, either the cytosol or the nucleus, several extracellular and intracellular barriers have to be overcome. Multifunctional carriers may handle the different special requirements of each barrier. The complexity of such macromolecules however poses a new hurdle in medical translation, which is the chemical production in reproducible and well-defined form. Solid-phase assisted synthesis (SPS) presents a solution for this challenge. The current review provides an overview on the design and SPS of precise sequence-defined synthetic carriers for nucleic acid cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Krhac Levacic
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Morys
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-Based Drug Research, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany
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17
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Tajik-Ahmadabad B, Polyzos A, Separovic F, Shabanpoor F. Amphiphilic lipopeptide significantly enhances uptake of charge-neutral splice switching morpholino oligonucleotide in spinal muscular atrophy patient-derived fibroblasts. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:21-28. [PMID: 28864392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides (SSOs) are emerging therapeutics with two SSOs recently approved by the FDA for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. SSOs are administered without any delivery vector and require large doses to achieve the therapeutic benefit, primarily due to their poor cellular uptake. Although cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have shown great potential in delivering SSOs into cells, their capacity as delivery vector is limited. Here we have studied the effect of lipid conjugation on the cell permeability of a known CPP (ApoE). Myristic acid was coupled at the N-terminus of ApoE to a C-terminal cysteine residue. The myristoylated ApoE (Myr-ApoE) was conjugated to a maleimide functionalised phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO). The Myr-ApoE-PMO conjugate showed no cytoxicity and had significantly higher efficiency in cell permeability with 30% higher splice-switching activity compared to ApoE-PMO. The self-assembly properties of this amphiphilic lipopeptide-PMO conjugate was assessed. Transmission electron microscopy showed formation of nanoparticles with amphiphile behaviour and spherical structure. The self-assembly of Myr-ApoE-PMO into nanoparticles enabled it to better bind to cell membranes and to be more efficiently taken up by fibroblast cells. These results showed that modification of physico-chemical properties of peptides to produce peptide amphiphiles enhances cellular uptake and can be used as an efficient delivery vector for therapeutic SSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; CSIRO, Manufacturing Flagship, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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18
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Pärnaste L, Arukuusk P, Langel K, Tenson T, Langel Ü. The Formation of Nanoparticles between Small Interfering RNA and Amphipathic Cell-Penetrating Peptides. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017. [PMID: 28624185 PMCID: PMC5363680 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are delivery vectors widely used to aid the transport of biologically active cargoes to intracellular targets. These cargoes include small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that are not naturally internalized by cells. Elucidating the complexities behind the formation of CPP and cargo complexes is crucial for understanding the processes related to their delivery. In this study, we used modified analogs of the CPP transportan10 and investigated the binding properties of these CPPs to siRNA, the formation parameters of the CPP/siRNA complexes, and their stabiliy to enzymatic degradation. We conclude that the pH dependent change of the net charge of the CPP may very well be the key factor leading to the high delivery efficiency and the optimal binding strength between CPPs to siRNAs, while the hydrophobicity, secondary structure of the CPP, and the positions of the positive charges are responsible for the stability of the CPP/siRNA particles. Also, CPPs with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions may assemble into nanoparticles that could be described as core-shell formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Pärnaste
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kent Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1-517, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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19
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Wan Y, Moyle PM, Gn PZ, Toth I. Design and evaluation of a stearylated multicomponent peptide-siRNA nanocomplex for efficient cellular siRNA delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:281-293. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a new synthetic peptide-based nanoparticulate siRNA delivery system. Materials & methods: DEN-K(GALA)-TAT-K(STR) was generated by incorporating stearic acid into a multicomponent peptide (DEN-K(GALA)-TAT), containing a cationic poly-L-lysine dendron, an endosome-disrupting peptide GALA and a cell-penetrating peptide TAT(48–60). Its physicochemical characteristics, size, toxicity, cellular uptake and gene knockdown activity of the peptide/siRNA complexes were studied. Results: DEN-K(GALA)-TAT-K(STR) exhibited a pH-responsive behavior, which assists with endosomal escape. When siRNA was delivered by DEN-K(GALA)-TAT-K(STR), it showed a significantly enhanced cellular uptake, compared with the nonlipidic peptide. This system also displayed enhanced knockdown efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity over the widely used delivery system branched 25-kDa polyethyleneimine. Conclusion: Our stearylated multicomponent delivery system has great potential as an efficient siRNA delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pei Z Gn
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Lehto T, Ezzat K, Wood MJA, El Andaloussi S. Peptides for nucleic acid delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:172-182. [PMID: 27349594 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids and their synthetic oligonucleotide (ON) analogs are a group of gene therapeutic compounds which hold enormous clinical potential. Despite their undoubted potential, clinical translation of these molecules, however, has been largely held back by their limited bioavailability in the target tissues/cells. To overcome this, many different drug delivery systems have been devised. Among others, short delivery peptides, called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have been demonstrated to allow for efficient delivery of nucleic acids and their ON analogs, in both cell culture and animal models. In this review, we provide brief overview of the latest advances in nucleic acid delivery with CPPs, covering the two main vectorization strategies, covalent conjugation and nanoparticle formation-based approach. In conclusion, CPP-based drug delivery systems have the capacity to overcome the hurdle of delivery and thus have the potential to facilitate the clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Lehto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kariem Ezzat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX13QX Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX13QX Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Bivalkar-Mehla S, Mehla R, Chauhan A. Chimeric peptide-mediated siRNA transduction to inhibit HIV-1 infection. J Drug Target 2016; 25:307-319. [PMID: 27800697 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1245311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection provokes immune activation and depletes CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Uninterrupted administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected patients suppresses viral replication to below the detectable level and partially restores the immune system. However, cART-unresponsive residual HIV-1 infection and elusive transcriptionally silent but reactivatable viral reservoirs maintain a permanent viral DNA blue print. The virus rebounds within a few weeks after interruption of suppressive therapy. Adjunct gene therapy to control viral replication by ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene silencing strategy that could suppress residual HIV-1 burden and overcome viral resistance. Small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) are efficient transcriptional inhibitors, but need delivery systems to reach inside target cells. We investigated the potential of chimeric peptide (FP-PTD) to deliver specific siRNAs to HIV-1-susceptible and permissive cells. Chimeric FP-PTD peptide was designed with an RNA binding domain (PTD) to bind siRNA and a cell fusion peptide domain (FP) to enter cells. FP-PTD-siRNA complex entered and inhibited HIV-1 replication in susceptible cells, and could be a candidate for in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalmali Bivalkar-Mehla
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Rajeev Mehla
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
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22
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Upadhya A, Sangave PC. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between cell penetrating peptides and plasmid DNA are important for stable non-covalent complexation and intracellular delivery. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:647-659. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management; SVKM's NMIMS University; V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West) Mumbai 400056 Maharashtra India
| | - Preeti C. Sangave
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management; SVKM's NMIMS University; V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West) Mumbai 400056 Maharashtra India
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23
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Novel cell-penetrating peptide-loaded nanobubbles synergized with ultrasound irradiation enhance EGFR siRNA delivery for triple negative Breast cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:387-95. [PMID: 27388967 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of safe and effective gene delivery strategies remains a bottleneck for cancer gene therapy. Here, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and application of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-loaded nanobubbles (NBs), which are characterized by their safety, strong penetrating power and high gene loading capability for gene delivery. An epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted small interfering RNA (siEGFR) was transfected into triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via prepared CPP-NBs synergized with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology. Fluorescence microscopy showed that siEGFR and CPP were loaded on the shells of the NBs. The transfection efficiency and cell proliferation levels were evaluated by FACS and MTT assays, respectively. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that the expression of EGFR mRNA and protein could be efficiently downregulated and that the growth of a xenograft tumor derived from TNBC cells could be inhibited. Our results indicate that CPP-NBs carrying siEGFR could potentially be used as a promising non-viral gene vector that can be synergized with UTMD technology for efficient TNBC therapy.
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24
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Vij M, Natarajan P, Yadav AK, Patil KM, Pandey T, Gupta N, Santhiya D, Kumar VA, Fernandes M, Ganguli M. Efficient Cellular Entry of (r-x-r)-Type Carbamate–Plasmid DNA Complexes and Its Implication for Noninvasive Topical DNA Delivery to Skin. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1779-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manika Vij
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India 110001
| | - Poornemaa Natarajan
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
| | - Amit K. Yadav
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Kiran M. Patil
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Tanuja Pandey
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, New Delhi, India 110042
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, New Delhi, India 110042
| | | | | | - Munia Ganguli
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India 110001
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25
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Konate K, Lindberg MF, Vaissiere A, Jourdan C, Aldrian G, Margeat E, Deshayes S, Boisguerin P. Optimisation of vectorisation property: A comparative study for a secondary amphipathic peptide. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:71-84. [PMID: 27224007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference provides a powerful technology for specific gene silencing. Therapeutic applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) however require efficient vehicles for stable complexation and intracellular delivery. In order to enhance their cell delivery, short amphipathic peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed for the last two decades. In this context, the secondary amphipathic peptide CADY has shown to form stable siRNA complexes and to improve their cellular uptake independent of the endosomal pathway. In the present work, we have described the parameters influencing CADY nanoparticle formation (buffers, excipients, presence of serum, etc.), and have followed in details the CPP:siRNA self-assembly. Once optimal conditions were determined, we have compared the ability of seven different CADY analogues to form siRNA-loaded nanoparticles compared to CADY:siRNA. First of all, we were able to show by biophysical methods that structural polymorphism (α-helix) is an important prerequisite for stable nanoparticle formation independently of occurring sequence mutations. Luciferase assays revealed that siRNA complexed to CADY-K (shorter version) shows better knock-down efficiency on Neuro2a-Luc(+) and B16-F10-Luc(+) cells compared to CADY:siRNA. Altogether, CADY-K is an ideal candidate for further application especially with regards to ex vivo or in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Anaïs Vaissiere
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Carole Jourdan
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag, FRE3690-CNRS/ALCEDIAG, 1682 Rue de la Valsiere, 34184 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France
| | - Emmanuel Margeat
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
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26
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Jing X, Foged C, Martin-Bertelsen B, Yaghmur A, Knapp KM, Malmsten M, Franzyk H, Nielsen HM. Delivery of siRNA Complexed with Palmitoylated α-Peptide/β-Peptoid Cell-Penetrating Peptidomimetics: Membrane Interaction and Structural Characterization of a Lipid-Based Nanocarrier System. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1739-49. [PMID: 26654841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytically stable α-peptide/β-peptoid peptidomimetics constitute promising cell-penetrating carrier candidates exhibiting superior cellular uptake as compared to commonly used cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of these peptidomimetics for delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the cytosol by incorporation of a palmitoylated peptidomimetic construct into a cationic lipid-based nanocarrier system. The optimal construct was selected on the basis of the effect of palmitoylation and the influence of the length of the peptidomimetic on the interaction with model membranes and the cellular uptake. Palmitoylation enhanced the peptidomimetic adsorption to supported lipid bilayers as studied by ellipsometry. However, both palmitoylation and increased peptidomimetic chain length were found to be beneficial in the cellular uptake studies using fluorophore-labeled analogues. Thus, the longer palmitoylated peptidomimetic was chosen for further formulation of siRNA in a dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/cholesteryl hemisuccinate (DOPE/CHEMS) nanocarrier system, and the resulting nanoparticles were found to mediate efficient gene silencing in vitro. Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) revealed multilamellar, onion-like spherical vesicles, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis confirmed that the majority of the lipids in the nanocarriers were organized in lamellar structures, yet coexisted with a hexagonal phase, which is important for efficient nanocarrier-mediated endosomal escape of siRNA ensuring cytosolic delivery. The present work is a proof-of-concept for the use of α-peptides/β-peptoid peptidomimetics in an efficient delivery system that may be more generally exploited for the intracellular delivery of biomacromolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Birte Martin-Bertelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Kolja M Knapp
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Hanne M Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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27
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Abstract
During the three decades of cell-penetrating peptides era the superfamily of CPPs has rapidly expanded, and the quest for new sequences continues. CPPs have been well recognized by scientific community and they have been used for transduction of a wide variety of molecules and particles into cultured cells and in vivo. In parallel with application of CPPs for delivering of active payloads, the mechanisms that such peptides take advantage of for gaining access to cells' insides have been in the focus of intense studies. Although the common denominator "cell penetration" unites all CPPs, the interaction partners on the cell surface, evoked cellular responses and even the uptake mechanisms might greatly vary between different peptide types. Here we present some possibilities for classification of CPPs based on their type of origin, physical-chemical properties, and the extent of modifications and design efforts. We also briefly analyze the internalization mechanisms with regard to their classification into groups based on physical-chemical characteristics.
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28
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Pan R, Xu W, Ding Y, Lu S, Chen P. Uptake Mechanism and Direct Translocation of a New CPP for siRNA Delivery. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1366-74. [PMID: 26937821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since their development, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used as delivery vehicles for various genetic or therapeutic agents; however, the uptake mechanisms of CPPs and the delivery details are still unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of cellular internalization of CPPs facilitate their development of CPPs as gene delivery vectors. In the present study, we evaluated the internalization process of a previously designed CPP, STR-KV, complexed with small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene. Using heparin treatment and chemical endocytic inhibitors, we elucidated that the electrostatic interaction of STR-KV/siRNA complex with heparin sulfate proteoglycans at the cell membrane surface triggered the energy-independent uptake of the majority of the complexes, which most likely through a direct translocation pathway. The intracellular trafficking and internalization kinetics observed by confocal microscopy also confirmed that the complex was uptaken through a nonendocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sheng Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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29
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Ke P, Sun H, Liu M, Su Z, Hu K, Zhua H, Guo H, Sun H, Andresen TL, Olsen LF. Polymeric pH nanosensor with extended measurement range bearing octaarginine as cell penetrating peptide. IET Nanobiotechnol 2016; 10:8-12. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2014.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ke
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Honghao Sun
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhengding Su
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Zhua
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Guo
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- School of Food and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial FermentationHubei University of Technology430068 WuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department for Micro‐ and NanotechnologyTechnical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Folke Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Southern DenmarkCampusvej 55DK‐5230 Odense MDenmark
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Kanazawa T, Yamazaki M, Fukuda T, Takashima Y, Okada H. Versatile nuclear localization signal-based oligopeptide as a gene vector. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:559-65. [PMID: 25832636 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop a versatile nuclear-targeted gene vector, nuclear localization signal (NLS) oligopeptides combining cysteine (C), histidine (H), and stearic acid (STR) were investigated in this study. The original SV40 sequence (SV40: Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val) was selected as the NLS sequence, and physical characterizations of various NLS-based oligopeptides (CSV40C, STR-CSV40C, and STR-CH2SV40H2C), including mean diameter, zeta-potential, complex condensation, and decondensation, were evaluated. In addition, cellular and nuclear uptake of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and gene expression in COS7 and dendritic cells (JAWS II) were determined. As a result, C and STR enhanced formation of a smaller and more stable nano-complex with pDNA based on ionic interactions, the disulfide linkage and hydrophobic interactions. STR-CSV40C and STR-CH2SV40H2C had significantly higher cellular uptake ability and transfection efficiency than SV40 and CSV40C. In particular, STR-CH2SV40H2C had higher nuclear uptake and gene expression efficiency than STR-CSV40C. Furthermore, STR-CH2SV40H2C could deliver pDNA to the nuclei and had high gene expression efficiency in dendritic cells. Our results indicate that STR-CH2SV40H2C is a promising gene delivery system in non- or slow-dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanazawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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31
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Roberts TC, Ezzat K, El Andaloussi S, Weinberg MS. Synthetic SiRNA Delivery: Progress and Prospects. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1364:291-310. [PMID: 26472459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful tool for modulating gene expression by RNA interference (RNAi). Duplex RNA oligonucleotides induce cleavage of homologous target transcripts, thereby enabling posttranscriptional silencing of potentially any gene. As such, siRNAs may have utility as novel pharmaceuticals for a wide range of diseases. However, a lack of "drug-likeness," physiological barriers, and potential toxicities have meant that systemic delivery of SiRNAs in vivo remains a major challenge. Here we discuss various strategies that have been employed to solve the problem of SiRNA delivery. These include chemical modification of the SiRNA, direct conjugation to bioactive moieties, and nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kariem Ezzat
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marc S Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
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32
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Margus H, Arukuusk P, Langel Ü, Pooga M. Characteristics of Cell-Penetrating Peptide/Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:172-9. [PMID: 26561739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are highly promising candidates for the treatment of various genetic diseases. However, due to the large size and negative charge, nucleic acids are not efficiently taken up by cells, and thus, their clinical potential remains limited so far. Therefore, various delivery vehicles have been designed to assist the cellular uptake of nucleic acids. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have gained increasing popularity as efficient and nontoxic delivery vectors. CPPs can be coupled to nucleic acids either by covalent or noncovalent association. Noncovalent coupling, which is based on the formation of nanoparticle-like nanocomplexes (NP), has received much attention in recent years, and the number of studies employing the strategy is explosively increasing due to the high therapeutic potential. However, the properties of CPP/nucleic acid NPs have not been characterized in sufficient detail yet. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the size and morphology of nucleic acid nanoparticles with novel transfection peptides, PepFects (PFs) and NickFects (NFs), using negative staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, we examined whether the attachment of fluorescence or (nano)gold label to nucleic acid affects the nanocomplex formation or its morphology. We demonstrated that transportan-10-based new generation CPPs from PF and NF families condense nucleic acids to NPs of homogeneous size and shape. The size and shape of assembled nanoparticles depend on the type of the complexed nucleic acid and the sequence of the used peptide, whereas the label on the nucleic acid does not influence the gross characteristics of formed NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helerin Margus
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu , Tartu 50411, Estonia.,Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University , S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010, Estonia
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33
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Hou KK, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. A role for peptides in overcoming endosomal entrapment in siRNA delivery - A focus on melittin. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:931-40. [PMID: 26025036 PMCID: PMC4540690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
siRNA has the possibility to revolutionize medicine by enabling highly specific and efficient silencing of proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite nearly 20 years of research dedicated to translating siRNA from a research tool into a clinically relevant therapeutic, minimal success has been had to date. Access to RNA interference machinery located in the cytoplasm is often overlooked, but must be considered when designing the next generation of siRNA delivery strategies. Peptide transduction domains (PTDs) have demonstrated moderate siRNA transfection, which is primarily limited by endosomal entrapment. Strategies aimed at overcoming endosomal entrapment associated with peptide vectors are reviewed here, including osmotic methods, lipid conjugation, and fusogenic peptides. As an alternative to traditional PTD, the hemolytic peptide melittin exhibits the native capacity for endosomal disruption but causes cytotoxicity. However, appropriate packaging and protection of melittin with activation and release in the endosomal compartment has allowed melittin-based strategies to demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy. These data suggest that melittin's membrane disruptive properties can enable safe and effective endosomolysis, building a case for melittin as a key component in a new generation of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk K Hou
- Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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34
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Fatty acid modified octa-arginine for delivery of siRNA. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:527-535. [PMID: 26386137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a major challenge that limits its potential clinical application. Four fatty acids derivatives of octa-arginine (R8) were synthesized and evaluated for the delivery of siRNA into hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The results showed that the long chain acid oleic acid or stearic acid derivatives of R8, OA-R8 and StA-R8, were more efficient in siRNA complexation and form nanoparticles with greater stability compared to the native R8. Cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled siRNA delivered by OA-R8 and StA-R8 in Hep G2 and A549 cells was substantially 40-50 times higher than unmodified R8. A significant reduction in siRNA cellular uptake was observed in the presence of sucrose and cytochalasin D, indicating endocytosis as a primary mechanism of cellular entry. A survivin siRNA was used to prepare nanoparticles with OA-R8 or StA-R8 and evaluated for silencing of survivin mRNA and protein in A549 cells, and the inhibition efficiencies of survivin protein reached to 50.3% and 54.6%, respectively. The results showed greater effectiveness with the derivatized R8. Taken together, these findings showed that long chain fatty acid derivatives of R8 are efficient delivery agents for siRNA and may facilitate its therapeutic application.
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35
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Dutta C, Chakraborty K, Sinha Roy R. Engineered Nanostructured Facial Lipopeptide as Highly Efficient Molecular Transporter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18397-18405. [PMID: 26238518 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Designing an effective peptide based molecular transporter for the intracellular delivery of hydrophilic therapeutic biomacromolecules remains a considerable challenge. Highly basic oligoarginine and lipidated arginine rich cell penetrating peptides have been reported in the literature as molecular transporters, which were extensively used for cellular internalization of significantly large biopharmaceuticals. However, oligoarginine based molecular transporters with l-arginine residues pose significant challenges due to proteolytic instability and limited stability of noncovalent peptide-cargo nanocomplexes. Exploiting the rational peptide designing strategy, we have engineered protease-resistant facial lipopeptide based molecular transporter having arginine-sarcosine-arginine moiety to minimize adjacent arginine-arginine pair repulsion. N-Methylated amino acid sarcosine was incorporated as a spacer between two adjacent arginine residues, which provides proteolytic stability to the designed peptide and minimizes intermolecular aggregation of peptides. Two stearyl moieties were incorporated to facilitate cellular internalization. Interestingly, our designed lipopeptide exhibits significantly enhanced cellular internalization with only six l-arginine residues compared to stearylated oligo-nona-arginine. Additionally, enhanced proteolytic stability of such class of molecular transporter enables increased cargo internalization, and we anticipate that our engineered multifunctional, proteolytically stable, nanostructured facial lipopeptide based molecular transporter can have major impact in advancing drug delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Kasturee Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences and ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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36
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Lehto T, Wagner E. Sequence-defined polymers for the delivery of oligonucleotides. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2843-59. [PMID: 25535686 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs) are a group of therapeutic molecules with enormous clinical potential owing to their high specificity and ability to target the expression of virtually any single or group of genes. Clinical translation of ONs is hampered by the inadequate bioavailability in the target cells due to the substantial extracellular and intracellular barriers exposed to these molecules. Different cationic polymers have been successfully deployed for the delivery of ONs. However, heterogeneous nature of these classical polymers is not suitable for clinical applications and hence vectors with completely defined structure are required. In this review, we discuss recent advances with sequence-defined polymers and their application for the delivery of short ONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Lehto
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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37
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Pan R, Xu W, Yuan F, Chu D, Ding Y, Chen B, Jafari M, Yuan Y, Chen P. A novel peptide for efficient siRNA delivery in vitro and therapeutics in vivo. Acta Biomater 2015; 21:74-84. [PMID: 25861950 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) shows great therapeutic potential due to its ability to regulate gene expression in a highly selective manner. However, its application has been limited by ineffective cellular uptake of siRNAs. To achieve successful gene-silencing efficiency, a safe and effective delivery vector is generally required. In this study, we designed a series of amphipathic peptides that comprised a variant of a nuclear localization sequence, 0-6 histidine residues and an optional stearic acid group. Among these candidates, STR-HK exhibited good characteristics as a safe and efficient siRNA delivery vector, facilitating efficient siRNA delivery to mammalian cells without causing cytotoxicity. Moreover, the intratumoral injection of STR-HK/siRNA complexes achieved high anti-tumor activity through the downregulation of the Bcl-2 protein in mice, with an inhibition rate of 62.8%. Our data demonstrate that STR-HK is a highly promising siRNA delivery vector for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Dafeng Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mousa Jafari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Boisguérin P, Deshayes S, Gait MJ, O'Donovan L, Godfrey C, Betts CA, Wood MJA, Lebleu B. Delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides with cell penetrating peptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:52-67. [PMID: 25747758 PMCID: PMC7102600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based drugs have received considerable attention for their capacity to modulate gene expression very specifically and as a consequence they have found applications in the treatment of many human acquired or genetic diseases. Clinical translation has been often hampered by poor biodistribution, however. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) appear as a possibility to increase the cellular delivery of non-permeant biomolecules such as nucleic acids. This review focuses on CPP-delivery of several classes of oligonucleotides (ONs), namely antisense oligonucleotides, splice switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) and siRNAs. Two main strategies have been used to transport ONs with CPPs: covalent conjugation (which is more appropriate for charge-neutral ON analogues) and non-covalent complexation (which has been used for siRNA delivery essentially). Chemical synthesis, mechanisms of cellular internalization and various applications will be reviewed. A comprehensive coverage of the enormous amount of published data was not possible. Instead, emphasis has been put on strategies that have proven to be effective in animal models of important human diseases and on examples taken from the authors' own expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Boisguérin
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Liz O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Caroline Godfrey
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Corinne A Betts
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Bernard Lebleu
- UMR 5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier 34095, France
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Chen B, Pan R, Askhatova D, Chen P. Effective small interfering RNA delivery in vitro via a new stearylated cationic peptide. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3303-14. [PMID: 25999710 PMCID: PMC4427069 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial bottleneck in RNA interference-based gene therapy is the lack of safe and efficient delivery systems. Here, a novel small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery peptide, STR-HK, was constructed by conjugating a stearyl end to the N-terminus of the peptide sequence HHHPKPKRKV, where PKPKRKV is an altered sequence of the nucleus localization signal (PKKKRKV) and contributes to the cytosol localization of STR-HK–siRNA complexes. Histidine is a linker and plays an important role in disrupting the endosomal membrane via the proton sponge effect. As expected, STR-HK formed complexes with siRNA with a particle size of 80–160 nm in diameter and efficiently delivered Cy3-labeled glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase siRNA into PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. The transfection efficiency of STR-HK at molar ratio of 60/1 was comparable to that of Lipofectamine 2000, one of the most efficient commercially available transfection reagents. Furthermore, the STR-HK–siRNA complexes exhibited minimal cytotoxicity, which was significantly lower than that of Lipofectamine. Taken together, the strategy of conjugating the stearyl moiety with HHHPKPKRKV as a non-viral siRNA delivery system is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Askhatova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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40
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Nancy MM, Nora RM, Rebeca MC. Peptidic tools applied to redirect alternative splicing events. Peptides 2015; 67:1-11. [PMID: 25748022 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are versatile and attractive biomolecules that can be applied to modulate genetic mechanisms like alternative splicing. In this process, a single transcript yields different mature RNAs leading to the production of protein isoforms with diverse or even antagonistic functions. During splicing events, errors can be caused either by mutations present in the genome or by defects or imbalances in regulatory protein factors. In any case, defects in alternative splicing have been related to several genetic diseases including muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease and cancer from almost every origin. One of the most effective approaches to redirect alternative splicing events has been to attach cell-penetrating peptides to oligonucleotides that can modulate a single splicing event and restore correct gene expression. Here, we summarize how natural existing and bioengineered peptides have been applied over the last few years to regulate alternative splicing and genetic expression. Under different genetic and cellular backgrounds, peptides have been shown to function as potent vehicles for splice correction, and their therapeutic benefits have reached clinical trials and patenting stages, emphasizing the use of regulatory peptides as an exciting therapeutic tool for the treatment of different genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martínez-Montiel Nancy
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rosas-Murrieta Nora
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Martínez-Contreras Rebeca
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico.
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41
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Di Pisa M, Chassaing G, Swiecicki JM. When cationic cell-penetrating peptides meet hydrocarbons to enhance in-cell cargo delivery. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:356-69. [PMID: 25787823 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short sequences often rich in cationic residues with the remarkable ability to cross cell membranes. In the past 20 years, CPPs have gained wide interest and have found numerous applications in the delivery of bioactive cargoes to the cytosol and even the nucleus of living cells. The covalent or non-covalent addition of hydrocarbon moieties to cationic CPPs alters the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity balance in their sequence. Such perturbation dramatically influences their interaction with the cell membrane, might induce self-assembling properties and modifies their intracellular trafficking. In particular, the introduction of lipophilic moieties changes the subcellular distribution of CPPs and might result in a dramatically increase of the internalization yield of the co-transported cargoes. Herein, we offer an overview of different aspects of the recent findings concerning the properties of CPPs covalently or non-covalently associated to hydrocarbons. We will focus on the impact of the hydrocarbon moieties on the delivery of various cargoes, either covalently or non-covalently bound to the modified CPPs. We will also provide some key elements to rationalize the influence of the hydrocarbons moieties on the cellular uptake. Furthermore, the recent in vitro and in vivo successful applications of acylated CPPs will be summarized to provide a broad view of the versatility of these modified CPPs as small-molecules and oligonucleotides vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Di Pisa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, F-75005, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, 24 Rue Lhomond, Paris, F-75005, France
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42
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He D, Wagner E. Defined Polymeric Materials for Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:600-12. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng He
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS); Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS); Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 81377 Munich Germany
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43
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Järver P, Zaghloul EM, Arzumanov AA, Saleh AF, McClorey G, Hammond SM, Hällbrink M, Langel Ü, Smith CIE, Wood MJA, Gait MJ, El Andaloussi S. Peptide nanoparticle delivery of charge-neutral splice-switching morpholino oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:65-77. [PMID: 25594433 PMCID: PMC4376484 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide analogs have provided novel therapeutics targeting various disorders. However, their poor cellular uptake remains a major obstacle for their clinical development. Negatively charged oligonucleotides, such as 2′-O-Methyl RNA and locked nucleic acids have in recent years been delivered successfully into cells through complex formation with cationic polymers, peptides, liposomes, or similar nanoparticle delivery systems. However, due to the lack of electrostatic interactions, this promising delivery method has been unsuccessful to date using charge-neutral oligonucleotide analogs. We show here that lipid-functionalized cell-penetrating peptides can be efficiently exploited for cellular transfection of the charge-neutral oligonucleotide analog phosphorodiamidate morpholino. The lipopeptides form complexes with splice-switching phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide and can be delivered into clinically relevant cell lines that are otherwise difficult to transfect while retaining biological activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show delivery through complex formation of biologically active charge-neutral oligonucleotides by cationic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Järver
- 1 Medical Research Council , Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Yu Z, Yu B, Kaye JB, Tang C, Chen S, Dong C, Shen B. Perspectives and Challenges of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Effective siRNA Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, hundreds of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed as drug and nucleic acid delivery vectors. In many cases, however, the efficient delivery of exogenous bioactive molecules through the plasma membrane to their targets remains a tremendous challenging issue. CPPs have attracted tremendous research interest as efficient cellular delivery vehicles due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargos, such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, drugs and nanoparticle carriers. This review presents and discusses the current perspectives of CPP-mediated siRNA delivery system. We focus on the CPP-mediated siRNA delivery approaches, and particular emphasis is placed on the strategies for the advantages and disadvantages for each delivery approach. Lastly, the cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs and the specific challenges associated with each delivery system of siRNAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P. R. China
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Justin Boy Kaye
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chenhong Tang
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shengxi Chen
- Center for BioEnergetics, The Biodesign Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P. R. China
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Cheetham AG, Moon JH, Moxley JW, Lin YA, Cui H. Controlled release of free doxorubicin from peptide–drug conjugates by drug loading. J Control Release 2014; 191:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Farkhani SM, Valizadeh A, Karami H, Mohammadi S, Sohrabi N, Badrzadeh F. Cell penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules. Peptides 2014; 57:78-94. [PMID: 24795041 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the cells and tissues is a difficult challenge. The cellular membrane is very effective in its role as a selectively permeable barrier. While it is essential for cell survival and function, also presents a major barrier for intracellular delivery of cargo such as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In recent years, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), that are relatively short cationic and/or amphipathic peptides, received great attention as efficient cellular delivery vectors due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargo such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNAs), drugs, and nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. This review discusses the various uptake mechanisms of these peptides. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the use of CPP for the efficient delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, DNA, siRNA, and anticancer drugs to the cells. In addition, we have been highlighting new results for improving endosomal escape of CPP-cargo molecules. Finally, pH-responsive and activable CPPs for tumor-targeting therapy have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Karami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sardasht, 38481 Arak, Iran.
| | - Samane Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
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Raad MD, Teunissen EA, Mastrobattista E. Peptide vectors for gene delivery: from single peptides to multifunctional peptide nanocarriers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2217-32. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of nucleic acids relies on the availability of sophisticated delivery systems for targeted and intracellular delivery of these molecules. Such a gene delivery should possess essential characteristics to overcome several extracellular and intracellular barriers. Peptides offer an attractive platform for nonviral gene delivery, as several functional peptide classes exist capable of overcoming these barriers. However, none of these functional peptide classes contain all the essential characteristics required to overcome all of the barriers associated with successful gene delivery. Combining functional peptides into multifunctional peptide vectors will be pivotal for improving peptide-based gene delivery systems. By using combinatorial strategies and high-throughput screening, the identification of multifunctional peptide vectors will accelerate the optimization of peptide-based gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus de Raad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A Teunissen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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48
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Zhang Y, Song J, Zhang W, Liang R, Ma Y, Zhang L, Wei X, Ni J, Wang R. Functional properties of a novel hybrid antimicrobial peptide NS: potent antitumor activity and efficient plasmid delivery. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:785-93. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ranran Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yinyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaojin Wei
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jingman Ni
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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Copolovici DM, Langel K, Eriste E, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides: design, synthesis, and applications. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1972-94. [PMID: 24559246 DOI: 10.1021/nn4057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic property of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver therapeutic molecules (nucleic acids, drugs, imaging agents) to cells and tissues in a nontoxic manner has indicated that they may be potential components of future drugs and disease diagnostic agents. These versatile peptides are simple to synthesize, functionalize, and characterize yet are able to deliver covalently or noncovalently conjugated bioactive cargos (from small chemical drugs to large plasmid DNA) inside cells, primarily via endocytosis, in order to obtain high levels of gene expression, gene silencing, or tumor targeting. Typically, CPPs are often passive and nonselective yet must be functionalized or chemically modified to create effective delivery vectors that succeed in targeting specific cells or tissues. Furthermore, the design of clinically effective systemic delivery systems requires the same amount of attention to detail in both design of the delivered cargo and the cell-penetrating peptide used to deliver it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Maria Copolovici
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University , 504 11 Tartu, Estonia
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50
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Zhang P, Lock LL, Cheetham AG, Cui H. Enhanced cellular entry and efficacy of tat conjugates by rational design of the auxiliary segment. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:964-73. [PMID: 24437690 PMCID: PMC3993903 DOI: 10.1021/mp400619v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
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Conjugation with a cell penetrating
peptide such as Tat presents
an effective approach to improve the intracellular accumulation of
molecules with low membrane permeability. This strategy, however,
leads to a reduced cellular entry of molecules that can cross cell
membrane effectively. We report here that covalent linkage of an additional
hydrophobic unit that mimics a hydrophobic domain near the Tat sequence
can further improve the cellular uptake of the parental conjugate
into cancer cells regardless of the membrane permeability of the unconjugated
molecule. Both fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry measurements
confirmed the effect of palmitoylation on the increased internalization
of the Tat conjugates with either 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a
nonmembrane penetrating dye, or doxorubicin, an anticancer cancer
drug that can readily diffuse across cell membranes. In the case of
the Tat–doxorubicin conjugate, palmitoylation improves the
conjugate’s anticancer activity in both drug sensitive and
resistant cervical cancer cell lines. We further demonstrate that
modification of a Tat–5-FAM conjugate with a hydrophobic quencher
could not only efficiently quench the fluorescence outside of cancer
cell but also facilitate its entry into MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
These results highlight the importance of rational molecular design
of using peptide conjugation chemistry in cancer therapeutics and
diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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