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Li Y, Jacques S, Gaikwad H, Wang G, Banda NK, Holers VM, Scheinman RI, Tomlinson S, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Inhibition of acute complement responses towards bolus-injected nanoparticles using targeted short-circulating regulatory proteins. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:246-254. [PMID: 37798566 PMCID: PMC11034866 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective inhibition of the complement system is needed to prevent the accelerated clearance of nanomaterials by complement cascade and inflammatory responses. Here we show that a fusion construct consisting of human complement receptor 2 (CR2) (which recognizes nanosurface-deposited complement 3 (C3)) and complement receptor 1 (CR1) (which blocks C3 convertases) inhibits complement activation with picomolar to low nanomolar efficacy on many types of nanomaterial. We demonstrate that only a small percentage of nanoparticles are randomly opsonized with C3 both in vitro and in vivo, and CR2-CR1 immediately homes in on this subpopulation. Despite rapid in vivo clearance, the co-injection of CR2-CR1 in rats, or its mouse orthologue CR2-Crry in mice, with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles nearly completely blocks complement opsonization and unwanted granulocyte/monocyte uptake. Furthermore, the inhibitor completely prevents lethargy caused by bolus-injected nanoparticles, without inducing long-lasting complement suppression. These findings suggest the potential of the targeted complement regulators for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Jacques
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hanmant Gaikwad
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert I Scheinman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Medical University of South Carolina Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Haroon HB, Dhillon E, Farhangrazi ZS, Trohopoulos PN, Simberg D, Moghimi SM. Activation of the complement system by nanoparticles and strategies for complement inhibition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:227-240. [PMID: 37949325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a multicomponent and multifunctional arm of the innate immune system. Complement contributes to non-specific host defence and maintains homeostasis through multifaceted processes and pathways, including crosstalk with the adaptive immune system, the contact (coagulation) and the kinin systems, and alarmin high-mobility group box 1. Complement is also present intracellularly, orchestrating a wide range of housekeeping and physiological processes in both immune and nonimmune cells, thus showing its more sophisticated roles beyond innate immunity, but its roles are still controversial. Particulate drug carriers and nanopharmaceuticals typically present architectures and surface patterns that trigger complement system in different ways, resulting in both beneficial and adverse responses depending on the extent of complement activation and regulation as well as pathophysiological circumstances. Here we consider the role of complement system and complement regulations in host defence and evaluate the mechanisms by which nanoparticles trigger and modulate complement responses. Effective strategies for the prevention of nanoparticle-mediated complement activation are introduced and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajira B Haroon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Elisha Dhillon
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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3
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Nimz JG, Rerkshanandana P, Kloypan C, Kalus U, Chaiwaree S, Pruß A, Georgieva R, Xiong Y, Bäumler H. Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes - CD163 may just be one. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1028-1040. [PMID: 37915310 PMCID: PMC10616704 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) as blood substitutes are one of the great hopes of modern transfusion and emergency medicine. After the major safety-relevant challenges of the last decades seem to be largely overcome, current developments have in common that they are affected by degradation and excretion at an early stage in test organisms. Several possible mechanisms that may be responsible for this are discussed in the literature. One of them is CD163, the receptor of the complex of haptoglobin (Hp) and hemoglobin (Hb). The receptor has been shown in various studies to have a direct affinity for Hb in the absence of Hp. Thus, it seems reasonable that CD163 could possibly also bind Hb within HBOCs and cause phagocytosis of the particles. In this work we investigated the role of CD163 in the uptake of our hemoglobin sub-micron particles (HbMPs) in monocytes and additionally screened for alternative ways of particle recognition by monocytes. In our experiments, blockade of CD163 by specific monoclonal antibodies proved to partly inhibit HbMP uptake by monocytes. It appears, however, that several other phagocytosis pathways for HbMPs might exist, independent of CD163 and also Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Chiraphat Kloypan
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Ulrich Kalus
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saranya Chaiwaree
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Axel Pruß
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radostina Georgieva
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Physics, Biophysics and Radiology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Yu Xiong
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Bäumler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lahooti B, Akwii RG, Zahra FT, Sajib MS, Lamprou M, Alobaida A, Lionakis MS, Mattheolabakis G, Mikelis CM. Targeting endothelial permeability in the EPR effect. J Control Release 2023; 361:212-235. [PMID: 37517543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the primary tumor blood vessels and the tumor microenvironment drive the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which confers an advantage towards enhanced delivery of anti-cancer nanomedicine and has shown beneficial effects in preclinical models. Increased vascular permeability is a landmark feature of the tumor vessels and an important driver of the EPR. The main focus of this review is the endothelial regulation of vascular permeability. We discuss current challenges of targeting vascular permeability towards clinical translation and summarize the structural components and mechanisms of endothelial permeability, the principal mediators and signaling players, the targeted approaches that have been used and their outcomes to date. We also critically discuss the effects of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, their interplay with the tumor vessels and the impact of immune responses on nanomedicine delivery, the impact of anti-angiogenic and tumor-stroma targeting approaches, and desirable nanoparticle design approaches for greater translational benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Racheal G Akwii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Fatema Tuz Zahra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Md Sanaullah Sajib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Margarita Lamprou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Ahmed Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA.
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
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5
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Wei T, Zhang T, Tang M. An overview of quantum dots-induced immunotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119865. [PMID: 35944776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have bright luminescence and excellent photostability. New synthesis techniques and strategies also enhance QDs properties for specific applications. With the continuous expansion of the applications, QDs-mediated immunotoxicity has become a major concern. The immune system has been confirmed to be an important target organ of QDs and is sensitive to QDs. Herein, review immunotoxic effects caused by QDs and the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, QDs exposure-induced modulation in immune cell maturation and differentiation is summarized, especially pre-exposed dendritic cells (DCs) and their regulatory roles in adaptive immunity. Cytokines are usually recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity, therefore, variation of cytokines mediated by QDs is also highlighted. Moreover, the activation of the complement system induced by QDs is discussed. Accumulated results have suggested that QDs disrupt the immune response by regulating intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) levels, autophagy formation, and expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, several signalling pathways play a key role in the disruption. Finally, some difficulties worthy of further consideration are proposed. Because there are still challenges in biomedical and clinical applications, this review hopes to provide information that could be useful in exploring the mechanisms associated with QD-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Comparetti EJ, Lins PMP, Quitiba J, Zucolotto V. Cancer cell membrane‐derived nanoparticles block the expression of immune checkpoint proteins on cancer cells and coordinate modulatory activity on immunosuppressive macrophages. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1499-1511. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edson J. Comparetti
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos Brazil
| | - Paula M. P. Lins
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos Brazil
| | - João Quitiba
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos Brazil
- Institute of Advanced Studies University of Sao Paulo Sao Carlos Brazil
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7
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Sudheesh MS, Pavithran K, M S. Revisiting the outstanding questions in cancer nanomedicine with a future outlook. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:634-653. [PMID: 36131837 PMCID: PMC9418065 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00810b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of cancer nanomedicine has been fueled by the expectation of mitigating the inefficiencies and life-threatening side effects of conventional chemotherapy. Nanomedicine proposes to utilize the unique nanoscale properties of nanoparticles to address the most pressing questions in cancer treatment and diagnosis. The approval of nano-based products in the 1990s inspired scientific explorations in this direction. However, despite significant progress in the understanding of nanoscale properties, there are only very few success stories in terms of substantial increase in clinical efficacy and overall patient survival. All existing paradigms such as the concept of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), the stealth effect and immunocompatibility of nanomedicine have been questioned in recent times. In this review we critically examine impediments posed by biological factors to the clinical success of nanomedicine. We put forth current observations on critical outstanding questions in nanomedicine. We also provide the promising side of cancer nanomedicine as we move forward in nanomedicine research. This would provide a future direction for research in nanomedicine and inspire ongoing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sudheesh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India +91-9669372019
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medial Sciences and Research Centre Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India
| | - Sabitha M
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India +91-9669372019
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8
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Comparetti EJ, Ferreira NN, Ferreira LMB, Kaneno R, Zucolotto V. Immunomodulatory properties of nanostructured systems for cancer therapy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1166-1181. [PMID: 35043549 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on statistical data reported in 2020, cancer was responsible for approximately 10 million deaths. Furthermore, 17 million new cases were diagnosed worldwide. Nanomedicine and immunotherapy have shown satisfactory clinical results among all scientific and technological alternatives for the treatment of cancer patients. Immunotherapy-based treatments comprise the consideration of new alternatives to hinder neoplastic proliferation and to reduce adverse events in the body, thereby promoting immune destruction of diseased cells. Additionally, nanostructured systems have been proven to elicit specific immune responses that may enhance anti-tumor activity. A new generation of nanomedicines, based on biomimetic and bioinspired systems, has been proposed to target tumors by providing immunomodulatory features and by enabling recovery of human immune destruction capacity against cancer cells. This review provides an overview of the aspects and the mechanisms by which nanomedicines can be used to enhance clinical procedures using the immune modulatory responses of nanoparticles (NPs) in the host defense system. We initially outline the cancer statistics for conventional and new treatment approaches providing a brief description of the human host defense system and basic principles of NP interactions with monocytes, leukocytes, and dendritic cells for the modulation of antitumor immune responses. A report on different biomimetic and bioinspired systems is also presented here and their particularities in cancer treatments are addressed, highlighting their immunomodulatory properties. Finally, we propose future perspectives regarding this new therapeutic strategy, highlighting the main challenges for future use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson J Comparetti
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia N Ferreira
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M B Ferreira
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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9
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Farshbaf M, Valizadeh H, Panahi Y, Fatahi Y, Chen M, Zarebkohan A, Gao H. The impact of protein corona on the biological behavior of targeting nanomedicines. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121458. [PMID: 35017025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For successful translation of targeting nanomedicines from bench to bedside, it is vital to address their most common drawbacks namely rapid clearance and off-target accumulation. These complications evidently originate from a phenomenon called "protein corona (PC) formation" around the surface of targeting nanoparticles (NPs) which happens once they encounter the bloodstream and interact with plasma proteins with high collision frequency. This phenomenon endows the targeting nanomedicines with a different biological behavior followed by an unexpected fate, which is usually very different from what we commonly observe in vitro. In addition to the inherent physiochemical properties of NPs, the targeting ligands could also remarkably dictate the amount and type of adsorbed PC. As very limited studies have focused their attention on this particular factor, the present review is tasked to discuss the best simulated environment and latest characterization techniques applied to PC analysis. The effect of PC on the biological behavior of targeting NPs engineered with different targeting moieties is further discussed. Ultimately, the recent progresses in manipulation of nano-bio interfaces to achieve the most favorite therapeutic outcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Farshbaf
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Koksharov YA, Gubin SP, Taranov IV, Khomutov GB, Gulyaev YV. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Medicine: Progress, Problems, and Advances. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS 2022; 67:101-116. [PMCID: PMC8988108 DOI: 10.1134/s1064226922020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The review presents an analysis of the current state of research related to the design, development, and practical application of methods for biomedical radioelectronics and nanomedicine, including the use of magnetic nanoparticles. The important role of rational scientific physical approaches and experimental methods in the design of efficient and safe magnetic nanoparticle-based agents for therapy, controlled targeted drug delivery, and diagnostics, including spatial imaging, is emphasized. Examples of successful practical application of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine based on these methods are given, and an analysis of the main problems and prospects of this area of science is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. A. Koksharov
- Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. P. Gubin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. V. Taranov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - G. B. Khomutov
- Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu. V. Gulyaev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Wang H, Hu Z, Sukumar UK, Bose RJC, Telichko A, Dahl JJ, Paulmurugan R. Ultrasound-Guided Microbubble-Mediated Locoregional Delivery of Multiple MicroRNAs Improves Chemotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:62-78. [PMID: 34976581 PMCID: PMC8671967 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.63320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: To assess treatment effects of 4 complementary miRNAs (miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21) encapsulated in a biodegradable PLGA-PEG nanoparticle, administered by an ultrasound-guided microbubble-mediated targeted delivery (UGMMTD) approach in mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods:In vitro apoptotic index was measured in HepG2 and Hepa1-6 HCC cells treated with various combinations of the 4 miRNAs with doxorubicin. Three promising combinations were further tested in vivo by using UGMMTD. 63 HepG2 xenografts in mice were randomized into: group 1, miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/US/doxorubicin; group 2, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/US/doxorubicin; group 3, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/US/doxorubicin; group 4, miRNA-122/anitmiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/doxorubicin; group 5, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21/doxorubicin; group 6, miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/doxorubicin; group 7, doxorubicin only treatment; and group 8, without any treatment. Tumor volumes were measured through 18 days. H&E staining, TUNEL assay, and qRT-PCR quantification for delivered miRNAs were performed. Results:In vivo results showed that UGMMTD of miRNAs with doxorubicin in groups 1-3 significantly (P<0.05) delayed tumor growth compared to control without any treatment, and doxorubicin only from day 7 to 18. On qRT-PCR, levels of delivered miRNAs were significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups 1-3 upon UGMMTD treatment compared to controls. TUNEL assay showed that upon UGMMTD, significantly higher levels of apoptotic cell populations were observed in groups 1-3 compared to controls. Toxicity was not observed in various organs of different groups. Conclusions: UGMMTD of miRNA-100/miRNA-122/antimiRNA-10b/antimiRNA-21 combination improved therapeutic outcome of doxorubicin chemotherapy in mouse models of HCC by substantial inhibition of tumor growth and significant increase in apoptotic index.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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12
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Tagalakis AD, Jayarajan V, Maeshima R, Ho KH, Syed F, Wu L, Aldossary AM, Munye MM, Mistry T, Ogunbiyi OK, Sala A, Standing JF, Moghimi SM, Stoker AW, Hart SL. Integrin-Targeted, Short Interfering RNA Nanocomplexes for Neuroblastoma Tumor-Specific Delivery Achieve MYCN Silencing with Improved Survival. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2104843. [PMID: 35712226 PMCID: PMC9178728 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The authors aim to develop siRNA therapeutics for cancer that can be administered systemically to target tumors and retard their growth. The efficacy of systemic delivery of siRNA to tumors with nanoparticles based on lipids or polymers is often compromised by their rapid clearance from the circulation by the liver. Here, multifunctional cationic and anionic siRNA nanoparticle formulations are described, termed receptor-targeted nanocomplexes (RTNs), that comprise peptides for siRNA packaging into nanoparticles and receptor-mediated cell uptake, together with lipids that confer nanoparticles with stealth properties to enhance stability in the circulation, and fusogenic properties to enhance endosomal release within the cell. Intravenous administration of RTNs in mice leads to predominant accumulation in xenograft tumors, with very little detected in the liver, lung, or spleen. Although non-targeted RTNs also enter the tumor, cell uptake appears to be RGD peptide-dependent indicating integrin-mediated uptake. RTNs with siRNA against MYCN (a member of the Myc family of transcription factors) in mice with MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma tumors show significant retardation of xenograft tumor growth and enhanced survival. This study shows that RTN formulations can achieve specific tumor-targeting, with minimal clearance by the liver and so enable delivery of tumor-targeted siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides D. Tagalakis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyEdge Hill UniversityOrmskirkL39 4QPUK
| | - Vignesh Jayarajan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Ruhina Maeshima
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Kin H. Ho
- Department of InflammationInfection and ImmunityUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Farhatullah Syed
- Department of InflammationInfection and ImmunityUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Lin‐Ping Wu
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and NanotoxicologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 2Copenhagen2100Denmark
- Present address:
Guangzhou institute of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmad M. Aldossary
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
- Present address:
National Center for BiotechnologyKing Abdulaziz City for Science and TechnologyRiyadh11442Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa M. Munye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
- Present address:
Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze PondLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Talisa Mistry
- Department of HistopathologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS Foundation TrustLondonWC1N 3JHUK
| | - Olumide Kayode Ogunbiyi
- Department of HistopathologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for ChildrenNHS Foundation TrustLondonWC1N 3JHUK
| | - Arturo Sala
- Department of Life SciencesBrunel University LondonKingston LaneMiddlesexUB8 3PHUK
| | - Joseph F. Standing
- Department of InflammationInfection and ImmunityUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Seyed M. Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and NanotoxicologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 2Copenhagen2100Denmark
- Present address:
School of Pharmacy, and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, the Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
- Present address:
Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO80045USA
| | - Andrew W. Stoker
- Department of Developmental Biology and CancerUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
| | - Stephen L. Hart
- Department of Genetics and Genomic MedicineUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College London30 Guilford StreetLondonWC1N 1EHUK
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13
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Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles: Scaffolds for delivery of myriad therapeutics and diagnostics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dendrimer end-terminal motif-dependent evasion of human complement and complement activation through IgM hitchhiking. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4858. [PMID: 34381048 PMCID: PMC8357934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an enzymatic humoral pattern-recognition defence system of the body. Non-specific deposition of blood biomolecules on nanomedicines triggers complement activation through the alternative pathway, but complement-triggering mechanisms of nanomaterials with dimensions comparable to or smaller than many globular blood proteins are unknown. Here we study this using a library of <6 nm poly(amido amine) dendrimers bearing different end-terminal functional groups. Dendrimers are not sensed by C1q and mannan-binding lectin, and hence do not trigger complement activation through these pattern-recognition molecules. While, pyrrolidone- and carboxylic acid-terminated dendrimers fully evade complement response, and independent of factor H modulation, binding of amine-terminated dendrimers to a subset of natural IgM glycoforms triggers complement activation through lectin pathway-IgM axis. These findings contribute to mechanistic understanding of complement surveillance of dendrimeric materials, and provide opportunities for dendrimer-driven engineering of complement-safe nanomedicines and medical devices. Understanding nanomaterials interactions with complement is important for a number of applications. Here, the authors study the interaction of sub 6 nm dendrimers with complement and show the small dendrimers escape complement activation but do interact with IgM to trigger lectin-pathway complement activation.
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15
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La-Beck NM, Islam MR, Markiewski MM. Nanoparticle-Induced Complement Activation: Implications for Cancer Nanomedicine. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603039. [PMID: 33488603 PMCID: PMC7819852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based anticancer medications were first approved for cancer treatment almost 2 decades ago. Patients benefit from these approaches because of the targeted-drug delivery and reduced toxicity, however, like other therapies, adverse reactions often limit their use. These reactions are linked to the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system, including the activation of complement. This activation can cause well-characterized acute inflammatory reactions mediated by complement effectors. However, the long-term implications of chronic complement activation on the efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles remain obscured. The recent discovery of protumor roles of complement raises the possibility that nanoparticle-induced complement activation may actually reduce antitumor efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles. We discuss here the initial evidence supporting this notion. Better understanding of the complex interactions between nanoparticles, complement, and the tumor microenvironment appears to be critical for development of nanoparticle-based anticancer therapies that are safer and more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Md Rakibul Islam
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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16
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Damasco JA, Ravi S, Perez JD, Hagaman DE, Melancon MP. Understanding Nanoparticle Toxicity to Direct a Safe-by-Design Approach in Cancer Nanomedicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2186. [PMID: 33147800 PMCID: PMC7692849 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field that uses nanomaterials for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various diseases, including cancer. Various biocompatible nanoplatforms with diversified capabilities for tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy have materialized to yield individualized therapy. However, due to their unique properties brought about by their small size, safety concerns have emerged as their physicochemical properties can lead to altered pharmacokinetics, with the potential to cross biological barriers. In addition, the intrinsic toxicity of some of the inorganic materials (i.e., heavy metals) and their ability to accumulate and persist in the human body has been a challenge to their translation. Successful clinical translation of these nanoparticles is heavily dependent on their stability, circulation time, access and bioavailability to disease sites, and their safety profile. This review covers preclinical and clinical inorganic-nanoparticle based nanomaterial utilized for cancer imaging and therapeutics. A special emphasis is put on the rational design to develop non-toxic/safe inorganic nanoparticle constructs to increase their viability as translatable nanomedicine for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossana A. Damasco
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.D.); (J.D.P.); (D.E.H.)
| | - Saisree Ravi
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Joy D. Perez
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.D.); (J.D.P.); (D.E.H.)
| | - Daniel E. Hagaman
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.D.); (J.D.P.); (D.E.H.)
| | - Marites P. Melancon
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.D.); (J.D.P.); (D.E.H.)
- UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Yan J, Yao Y, Yan S, Gao R, Lu W, He W. Chiral Protein Supraparticles for Tumor Suppression and Synergistic Immunotherapy: An Enabling Strategy for Bioactive Supramolecular Chirality Construction. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5844-5852. [PMID: 32589431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The design of bioactive supramolecular chirality is always hampered by the lack of feasible schemes to assigned specific biological activities. Herein, we developed a "mirror-image peptide grafting" method to graft the epitopes of bioactive d-peptide onto the miniprotein template to construct a self-assembled supraparticle. Grafting DPMIβ, a 12-mer d-enantiomeric peptide functioned as the p53 agonist, onto Apamin, we successfully constructed a self-assembled d-enantiomeric miniprotein supermolecule nanoparticle, termed DMSN. This chiral supraparticle possesses a favorable pharmaceutical profile including the passive tumor targeting, cell membrane penetration, intracellular reductive responsiveness, and endosome escaping. DMSN showed in vitro and in vivo p53-dependent antiproliferative activity and augmented antitumor immunity elicited by anti-PD1 therapy. This enabling strategy will allow us to fabricate a class of peptide/protein-derived supramolecular chirality with predictable biological activities and will likely have a broad impact on the chiral nanotechnology at the service of prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Siqi Yan
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruqing Gao
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Wangxiao He
- Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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18
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Pannuzzo M, Esposito S, Wu LP, Key J, Aryal S, Celia C, di Marzio L, Moghimi SM, Decuzzi P. Overcoming Nanoparticle-Mediated Complement Activation by Surface PEG Pairing. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4312-4321. [PMID: 32259451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many PEGylated nanoparticles activate the complement system, which is an integral component of innate immunity. This is of concern as uncontrolled complement activation is potentially detrimental and contributes to disease pathogenesis. Here, it is demonstrated that, in contrast to carboxyPEG2000-stabilized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, surface camouflaging with appropriate combinations and proportions of carboxyPEG2000 and methoxyPEG550 can largely suppress nanoparticle-mediated complement activation through the lectin pathway. This is attributed to the ability of the short, rigid methoxyPEG550 chains to laterally compress carboxyPEG2000 molecules to become more stretched and assume an extended, random coil configuration. As supported by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, these conformational attributes minimize statistical protein binding/intercalation, thereby affecting sequential dynamic processes in complement convertase assembly. Furthermore, PEG pairing has no additional effect on nanoparticle longevity in the blood and macrophage uptake. PEG pairing significantly overcomes nanoparticle-mediated complement activation without the need for surface functionalization with complement inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pannuzzo
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lin-Ping Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Jaehong Key
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luisa di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
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19
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Moghimi SM, Simberg D, Papini E, Farhangrazi ZS. Complement activation by drug carriers and particulate pharmaceuticals: Principles, challenges and opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:83-95. [PMID: 32389761 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considering the multifaceted protective and homeostatic roles of the complement system, many consequences arise when drug carriers, and particulate pharmaceutical formulations clash with complement proteins, and trigger complement cascade. Complement activation may induce formulation destabilization, promote opsonization, and affect biological and therapeutic performance of pharmaceutical nano- and micro-particles. In some cases, complement activation is beneficial, where complement may play a role in prophylactic protection, whereas uncontrolled complement activation is deleterious, and contributes to disease progression. Accordingly, design initiatives with particulate medicines should consider complement activation properties of the end formulation within the context of administration route, dosing, systems biology, and therapeutic perspective. Here we examine current progress in mechanistic processes underlying complement activation by pre-clinical and clinical particles, identify opportunities and challenges ahead, and suggest future directions in nanomedicine-complement interface research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skagg's School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Skagg's School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emanuele Papini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy; CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Z Shadi Farhangrazi
- S. M. Discovery Group Inc., Denver, CO, USA; S. M. Discovery Group Ltd., Durham, UK
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20
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Jones JM, Player DJ, Samanta S, Rangasami VK, Hilborn J, Lewis MP, Oommen OP, Mudera V. Hyaluronan derived nanoparticle for simvastatin delivery: evaluation of simvastatin induced myotoxicity in tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:302-312. [PMID: 31701967 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00986h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Statins are currently the most prescribed hypercholesterolemia-lowering drugs worldwide, with estimated usage approaching one-sixth of the population. However, statins are known to cause pleiotropic skeletal myopathies in 1.5% to 10% of patients and the mechanisms by which statins induce this response, are not fully understood. In this study, a 3D collagen-based tissue-engineered skeletal muscle construct is utilised as a screening platform to test the efficacy and toxicity of a new delivery system. A hyaluronic acid derived nanoparticle loaded with simvastatin (HA-SIM-NPs) is designed and the effect of free simvastatin and HA-SIM-NPs on cellular, molecular and tissue response is investigated. Morphological ablation of myotubes and lack of de novo myotube formation (regeneration) was evident at the highest concentrations (333.33 μM), independent of delivery vehicle (SIM or HA-SIM-NP). A dose-dependent disruption of the cytoskeleton, reductions in metabolic activity and tissue engineered (TE) construct tissue relaxation was evident in the free drug condition (SIM, 3.33 μM and 33.33 nM). However, most of these changes were ameliorated when SIM was delivered via HA-SIM-NPs. Significantly, homogeneous expressions of MMP2, MMP9, and myogenin in HA-SIM-NPs outlined enhanced regenerative responses compared to SIM. Together, these results outline statin delivery via HA-SIM-NP as an effective delivery mechanism to inhibit deleterious myotoxic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Jones
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Betker JL, Anchordoquy TJ. The Use of Lactose as an Alternative Coating for Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1573-1580. [PMID: 32004536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has long utilized PEGylation as a mechanism for reducing uptake by the reticuloendothelial system and extending circulation lifetimes. However, studies over the past 2 decades have established that immune responses to PEG can promote clearance on repeat injection and elicit life-threatening anaphylactic reactions in some patients. As a potential alternative to PEGylation, we explored the ability of utilizing lactose, a naturally occurring sugar that is common on the surface of blood cells, as a coating for lipoplexes. Our data indicate that lactose imparts similar effects as PEG in terms of reducing leukocyte uptake, extending circulation half-life, and enhancing delivery to the tumor and other organs. In addition, measurements of blood cytokine levels after repeat injection indicate that reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNFα) are elicited in response to lipoplexes coated with lactose as compared to PEG. These data indicate that a lactose coating on lipoplexes results in slightly improved tumor accumulation as compared to PEGylated formulations while eliciting a reduced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Betker
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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22
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Simberg D, Moghimi SM. Complement Activation by Nanomaterials. INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33962-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Gabizon AA, de Rosales RT, La-Beck NM. Translational considerations in nanomedicine: The oncology perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:140-157. [PMID: 32526450 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can provide effective control of the release rate and tissue distribution of their drug payload, leading to major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes vis-à-vis the conventional administration of free drugs. In the last two decades, we have witnessed major progress in the synthesis and characterization of engineered nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of cancers, resulting in the approval for clinical use of several products and in new and promising approaches. Despite these advances, clinical applications of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and imaging agents remain limited due to biological, immunological, and translational barriers. There is a need to make high impact advances toward translation. In this review, we address biological, toxicological, immunological, and translational aspects of nanomedicine and discuss approaches to move the field forward productively. Overcoming these barriers may dramatically improve the development potential and role of nanomedicines in the oncology field and help meet the high expectations.
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24
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Ding T, Sun J. Formation of Protein Corona on Nanoparticle Affects Different Complement Activation Pathways Mediated by C1q. Pharm Res 2019; 37:10. [PMID: 31872347 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As nanoparticles (NPs) are intravenously entering the bloodstream, proteins in the plasma can recognize and bind them to form a protein corona that affects how NPs are perceived by biological systems. The complement is an essential part of the innate immunity that contributes to non-specific host defense. How complement recognizes NPs has not been elucidated. Here, we developed a proteomics and biochemical approach to understand the applied risk of activated complement by NPs. METHODS Complement proteins absorbed on Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) and Silicon dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) were analyzed by proteomics with LC-MS. The effect of complement activation was studied by iC3b/Sc5b-9/C3a/C4a/C5a with ELISA. An inhibitory model was established via EDTA and EGTA to confirm the selective pathway activation of both NPs. Finally, the regulation of complement by NPs was analyzed by western blot. RESULTS The results indicate that HAP-NPs start the activation of the complement through the classical pathway because of the absorption of C1q and the release of C1r/C1s. Meanwhile, the soluble regulatory molecules such as CFI, C4bp, and CFH tried to resist the complement system activation by the cleavage of C3 convertase. In contrast, SiO2-NPs can activate the alternative pathway of the complement through the absorption of CFD and CFB. CONCLUSION It was clarified that HAP-NPs and SiO2-NPs activate complement through different mechanisms. These studies provide a scientific basis for the design and modification of nano-drug carriers for delaying their recognition and clearance by the mononuclear phagocytic system and simultaneously reducing the immunotoxicity of NPs. The understanding of protein corona is conducive to innovation in the field of "immune-safe-by-design" nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 427, Ju-men Road, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 427, Ju-men Road, Shanghai, 200023, China.
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25
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Hannon G, Lysaght J, Liptrott NJ, Prina‐Mello A. Immunotoxicity Considerations for Next Generation Cancer Nanomedicines. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900133. [PMID: 31592123 PMCID: PMC6774033 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although interest and funding in nanotechnology for oncological applications is thriving, translating these novel therapeutics through the earliest stages of preclinical assessment remains challenging. Upon intravenous administration, nanomaterials interact with constituents of the blood inducing a wide range of associated immunotoxic effects. The literature on the immunological interactions of nanomaterials is vast and complicated. A small change in a particular characteristic of a nanomaterial (e.g., size, shape, or charge) can have a significant effect on its immunological profile in vivo, and poor selection of specific assays for establishing these undesirable effects can overlook this issue until the latest stages of preclinical assessment. This work describes the current literature on unintentional immunological effects associated with promising cancer nanomaterials (liposomes, dendrimers, mesoporous silica, iron oxide, gold, and quantum dots) and puts focus on what is missing in current preclinical evaluations. Opportunities for avoiding or limiting immunotoxicity through efficient preclinical assessment are discussed, with an emphasis placed on current regulatory views and requirements. Careful consideration of these issues will ensure a more efficient preclinical assessment of cancer nanomedicines, enabling a smoother clinical translation with less failures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging GroupTrinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI)Trinity College DublinDublin 8Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of SurgeryTTMITrinity College DublinDublin 8Ireland
| | - Neill J. Liptrott
- Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyInstitute of Translational MedicineThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 3GFUK
| | - Adriele Prina‐Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging GroupTrinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI)Trinity College DublinDublin 8Ireland
- Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM)TTMITrinity College DublinDublin 8Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) CentreCRANN InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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Moghimi SM, Simberg D, Skotland T, Yaghmur A, Hunter AC. The Interplay Between Blood Proteins, Complement, and Macrophages on Nanomedicine Performance and Responses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:581-592. [PMID: 30940695 PMCID: PMC11047092 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the blood, depending on their physicochemical characteristics, nanoparticles attract a wide range of plasma biomolecules. The majority of blood biomolecules bind nonspecifically to nanoparticles. On the other hand, biomolecules such as pattern-recognition complement-sensing proteins may recognize some structural determinants of the pristine surface, causing complement activation. Adsorption of nonspecific blood proteins could also recruit natural antibodies and initiate complement activation, and this seems to be a global process with many preclinical and clinical nanomedicines. We discuss these issues, since complement activation has ramifications in nanomedicine stability and pharmacokinetics, as well as in inflammation and disease progression. Some studies have also predicted a role for complement systems in infusion-related reactions, whereas others show a direct role for macrophages and other immune cells independent of complement activation. We comment on these discrepancies and suggest directions for exploring the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (S.M.M.); Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (S.M.M., D.S.), and Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.S.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark (A.Y.); and Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.C.H.)
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (S.M.M.); Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (S.M.M., D.S.), and Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.S.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark (A.Y.); and Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.C.H.)
| | - Tore Skotland
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (S.M.M.); Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (S.M.M., D.S.), and Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.S.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark (A.Y.); and Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.C.H.)
| | - Anan Yaghmur
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (S.M.M.); Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (S.M.M., D.S.), and Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.S.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark (A.Y.); and Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.C.H.)
| | - A Christy Hunter
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (S.M.M.); Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (S.M.M., D.S.), and Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (T.S.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark (A.Y.); and Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.C.H.)
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Ren J, Cai R, Wang J, Daniyal M, Baimanov D, Liu Y, Yin D, Liu Y, Miao Q, Zhao Y, Chen C. Precision Nanomedicine Development Based on Specific Opsonization of Human Cancer Patient-Personalized Protein Coronas. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4692-4701. [PMID: 31244235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When a nanomedicine is administrated into the human body, biomolecules in biological fluids, particularly proteins, form a layer on the surface of the nanoparticle known as a "personalized protein corona". An understanding of the formation and behavior of the personalized protein corona not only benefits the nanotherapy treatment efficacy but also can aid in disease diagnosis. Here we used Gd@C82(OH)22 nanoparticles, a nanomedicine effective against several types of cancer, as a model nanomedicine to investigate the natural protein fingerprint of the personalized protein corona formed in 10 human lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. Our analysis revealed a specific biomarker, complement component C1q, in lung cancer personalized protein coronas, abundantly bound to Gd@C82(OH)22 NPs. This binding altered the secondary structure of C1q protein and led to the activation of an innate immune response, which could be exploited for cancer immune therapy. On the basis of this finding, we provide a new strategy for the development of precision nanomedicine derived from opsonization of a unique protein fingerprint within patients. This approach overcomes the common pitfall of protein corona formation and exploits the corona proteins to generate a precision nanomedicine and diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Rong Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Didar Baimanov
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Dongtao Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100853 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100853 , China
| | - Qing Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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28
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Sandri S, Hebeda CB, Loiola RA, Calgaroto S, Uchiyama MK, Araki K, Frank LA, Paese K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Farsky SHP. Direct effects of poly(ε-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules on human immune cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1429-1442. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Poly(ε-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) are efficient drug carriers and drug-free LNCs display therapeutic effects, inhibiting tumor growth and neutrophil activities. Herein, we investigated the direct actions of LNCs on human immune cells, to guide their therapeutic application. Materials & methods: LNC’s uptake, cytokine release, cell migration, proliferation and intracellular pathways under inflammatory stimulation were investigated. Results & conclusion: LNCs quickly penetrated leukocytes without cytotoxicity; inhibited mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine release and leukocyte migration under inflammatory stimulation, which were associated with inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway and intracellular calcium influx. Hence, we showed LNCs as a down-regulatory agent on immune cells, suggesting that either the particles themselves or their application as a drug carrier can halt non-desired inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bichels Hebeda
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Calgaroto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mayara Klimuk Uchiyama
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Abrahão Frank
- Department of Production and Control of Pharmaceutics; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Paese
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Production and Control of Pharmaceutics; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department of Production and Control of Pharmaceutics; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Production and Control of Pharmaceutics; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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29
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Gifford G, Vu VP, Banda NK, Holers VM, Wang G, Groman EV, Backos D, Scheinman R, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Complement therapeutics meets nanomedicine: overcoming human complement activation and leukocyte uptake of nanomedicines with soluble domains of CD55. J Control Release 2019; 302:181-189. [PMID: 30974134 PMCID: PMC6684249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation plays an important role in pharmacokinetic and performance of intravenously administered nanomedicines. Significant efforts have been directed toward engineering of nanosurfaces with low complement activation, but due to promiscuity of complement factors and redundancy of pathways, it is still a major challenge. Cell membrane-anchored Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF, a.k.a. CD55) is an efficient membrane bound complement regulator that inhibits both classical and alternative C3 convertases by accelerating their spontaneous decay. Here we tested the effect of various short consensus repeats (SCRs, "sushi" domains) of human CD55 on nanoparticle-mediated complement activation in human sera and plasma. Structural modeling suggested that SCR-2, SCR-3 and SCR-4 are critical for binding to the alternative pathway C3bBb convertase, whereas SCR-1 is dispensable. Various domains were expressed in E.coli and purified by an affinity column. SCRs were added to lepirudin plasma or sera from different healthy subjects, to monitor nanoparticle-mediated complement activation as well as C3 opsonization. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoworms (SPIO NWs), we found that SCR-2-3-4 was the most effective inhibitor (IC50 ~0.24 μM for C3 opsonization in sera), followed by SCR-1-2-3-4 (IC50 ~0.6 μM), whereas shorter domains (SCR-3, SCR-2-3, SCR-3-4) were ineffective. SCR-2-3-4 also inhibited C5a generation (IC50 ~0.16 μM in sera). In addition to SPIO NWs, SCR-2-3-4 effectively inhibited C3 opsonisation and C5a production by clinically approved nanoparticles (Feraheme, LipoDox and Onivyde). SCR-2-3-4 inhibited both lectin and alternative pathway activation by nanoparticles. When added to lepirudin-anticoagulated blood from healthy donors, it significantly reduced the uptake of SPIO NWs by neutrophils and monocytes. These results suggest that soluble domains of membrane-bound complement inhibitors are potential candidates for preventing nanomedicine-mediated complement activation in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gifford
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vivian P Vu
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ernest V Groman
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Donald Backos
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Core Facility, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert Scheinman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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30
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Shiraishi K, Yokoyama M. Toxicity and immunogenicity concerns related to PEGylated-micelle carrier systems: a review. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:324-336. [PMID: 31068982 PMCID: PMC6493319 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1590126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric-micelle carrier systems have emerged as a novel drug-carrier system and have been actively studied for anticancer drug targeting. In contrast, toxicological and immunological concerns related to not only polymeric-micelle carrier systems, but also other nanocarrier systems, have received little attention owing to researchers' focus on therapeutic effects. However, in recent clinical contexts, biopharmaceuticals' effects on immune responses have come to light, requiring that researchers substantively explore the potential negative side effects of nanocarrier systems and of therapeutic proteins in order to develop nanocarrier systems suitable for clinical use. The present review describes current insights into both toxicological and immunological issues regarding polymeric-micelle carrier systems. The review focuses on immunogenicity issues of polymeric-micelle carrier systems possessing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). We conclude that PEG-related immunogenicity is deeply related to characteristics of a counterpart block of PEG-conjugates, and we propose future directions for addressing this unresolved issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Shiraishi
- Division of Medical Engineering, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoyama
- Division of Medical Engineering, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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31
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La-Beck NM, Liu X, Wood LM. Harnessing Liposome Interactions With the Immune System for the Next Breakthrough in Cancer Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:220. [PMID: 30914953 PMCID: PMC6422978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomal nanoparticles are a heterogeneous group of engineered drug carriers that have tremendous therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer. They increase tumor drug delivery, significantly attenuate drug toxicity, and protect the drug from degradation. However, two decades after approval of the first nanoparticle-mediated anticancer drug, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil), there has yet to be a major shift in cancer treatment paradigms. Only two anticancer nanoparticles are used in the first-line treatment of cancer patients, with all others relegated to the refractory or salvage setting. Herein, we discuss new insights into the mechanisms underlying in vivo interactions between liposomes and the tumor immunologic milieu, and the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to realize the full clinical potential of cancer nanomedicines. We also discuss immunopharmacology insights from a parallel field, Cancer Immunotherapy, which have the potential to generate breakthroughs in Cancer Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M. La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laurence M. Wood
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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32
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Nanotechnology in Spine Surgery: A Current Update and Critical Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2019; 123:142-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Fernández-Bello I, Rode F, Álvarez-Román MT, Butta NV, Rivas-Muñoz S, Hernández-Moreno AL, de la Corte-Rodríguez H, Martín-Salces M, Larsen LF, Jiménez-Yuste V. Evaluation of EC50 of factor VIII as predictor of prophylaxis efficacy in patients with severe haemophilia A. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 128:215-221. [PMID: 30529268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trough factor (F) VIII level is a not reliable bleeding risk indicator to predict prophylaxis efficacy in severe haemophilia A (SHA), therefore, accurate biomarkers are much needed. Thrombelastography (TEG) monitors both thrombin and clot formation addressing the global haemostatic status but its usefulness to tailor prophylaxis in haemophilia has been poorly evaluated. In this study, correspondence between individual pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic profile of FVIII and joint condition, physical activity and bleeding phenotype of SHA patients under prophylactic treatment was assessed. Nineteen SHA patients < 18 years old on long-term prophylaxis treatment with FVIII were studied in an observational cross-sectional study. Whole blood was withdrawn before FVIII administration and at five time-points after infusion for a TEG-based pharmacodynamic- and pharmacokinetic-study. Type of prophylaxis and joint condition at inclusion and physical activity as well as onset of treated spontaneous bleeding events in the previous two years were retrospectively assessed. Six patients had suffered at least one treated spontaneous bleeding event and were named as "bleeders". The rest were named as "non-bleeders". Only the half maximal effective concentration of FVIII (FVIII-EC50) for TEG parameters R-time, K-time and α-angle correlated with the bleeding phenotype being significantly higher in bleeders suggestive of a poorer response to FVIII. Poorer joint condition, trough FVIII levels or type of prophylaxis were not definitive predicting variables of bleeding phenotype. In conclusion, this study reveals FVIII-EC50 for the first time as a valuable biomarker to anticipate individual efficacy of prophylaxis in SHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernández-Bello
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Rode
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M T Álvarez-Román
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain
| | - N V Butta
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Rivas-Muñoz
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - H de la Corte-Rodríguez
- La Paz University Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Martín-Salces
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Larsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Global Research, Måløv, Denmark
| | - V Jiménez-Yuste
- La Paz University Hospital, Haematology and Haemotherapy Department, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Advances in particle shape engineering for improved drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:575-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Nanomedicines for cancer therapy: current status, challenges and future prospects. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:113-132. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of nanomedicine as an innovative and promising alternative technology shows many advantages over conventional cancer therapies and provides new opportunities for early detection, improved treatment, and diagnosis of cancer. Despite the cancer nanomedicines’ capability of delivering chemotherapeutic agents while providing lower systemic toxicity, it is paramount to consider the cancer complexity and dynamics for bridging the translational bench-to-bedside gap. It is important to conduct appropriate investigations for exploiting the tumor microenvironment, and achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the fundamental biological processes in cancer and their roles in modulating nanoparticle–protein interactions, blood circulation, and tumor penetration. This review provides an overview of the current cancer nanomedicines, the major challenges, and the future opportunities in this research area.
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36
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Xu B, Zeng M, Zeng J, Feng J, Yu L. Meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of liposomal cisplatin versus conventional nonliposomal cisplatin in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13169. [PMID: 30431590 PMCID: PMC6257614 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While liposomal cisplatin has shown enhanced drug tolerability and higher targeting property as compared with the conventional cisplatin, the doubt remains whether lipoplatin could improve its anticancer efficacy. What's more, there is still no systematic evaluation of the safety profiles of lipoplatin comparing with original cisplatin. Thus, we performed a systematic literature search for randomized clinical trials directly comparing efficacy and safety of liposomal cisplatin versus its conventional nonliposomal cisplatin. METHODS The electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to February 10, 2018. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of progressive disease (PD), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and adverse events (AEs) were obtained to assess the efficacy and safety. Heterogeneity was estimated using the I test (I > 50%, significant heterogeneity). RESULTS The search yielded 5 clinical trials that meet inclusion criteria, with a total of 523 patients. We found that the liposome encapsulated cisplatin was more clinical efficacious than cisplatin as assessed by PD rate (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28-0.74; P = .002), while subgroup analysis of the only nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients showed higher response rates in PR (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28-0.74; P = .002) and PD (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28-0.74; P = .002) simultaneously. In addition, the toxicity meta-analysis revealed lipoplatin was much less toxic than the original cisplatin, with respect to grade 3 to 4 neurotoxicity (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.74; P = .02), grade 3 to 4 leukopenia (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.85; P = .01), grade 3 to 4 neutropenia (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71; P = .009), grade 1 and 2 nausea/vomiting (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32-0.77; P = .002), and grade 3 and 4 asthenia (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03-0.42; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that with both NSCLC and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) patients, liposomal cisplatin-based chemotherapy offers significant advantages regarding the PD and reduced toxicities relative to conventional cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawei Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang
| | - Jiafu Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang
| | - Lin Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang
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Lee MK. Clinical usefulness of liposomal formulations in cancer therapy: lessons from the experiences of doxorubicin. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-0398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Coty JB, Noiray M, Vauthier C. Assessment of Complement Activation by Nanoparticles: Development of a SPR Based Method and Comparison with Current High Throughput Methods. Pharm Res 2018; 35:129. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Liposome-induced immunosuppression and tumor growth is mediated by macrophages and mitigated by liposome-encapsulated alendronate. J Control Release 2017; 271:139-148. [PMID: 29277680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal nanoparticles are the most commonly used drug nano-delivery platforms. However, recent reports show that certain pegylated liposomal nanoparticles (PLNs) and polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to enhance tumor growth and inhibit antitumor immunity in murine cancer models. We sought herein to identify the mechanisms and determine whether PLN-associated immunosuppression and tumor growth can be reversed using alendronate, an immune modulatory drug. By conducting in vivo and ex vivo experiments with the immunocompetent TC-1 murine tumor model, we found that macrophages were the primary cells that internalized PLN in the tumor microenvironment and that PLN-induced tumor growth was dependent on macrophages. Treatment with PLN increased immunosuppression as evidenced by increased expression of arginase-1 in CD11b+Gr1+ cells, diminished M1 functionality in macrophages, and globally suppressed T-cell cytokine production. Encapsulating alendronate in PLN reversed these effects on myeloid cells and shifted the profile of multi-cytokine producing T-cells towards an IFNγ+ perforin+ response, suggesting increased cytotoxic functionality. Importantly, we also found that PLN-encapsulated alendronate (PLN-alen), but not free alendronate, abrogated PLN-induced tumor growth and increased progression-free survival. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism of PLN-induced tumor growth through macrophage polarization and immunosuppression that can be targeted and inactivated to improve the anticancer efficacy of PLN-delivered drugs. Importantly, we also determined that PLN-alen not only reversed protumoral effects of the PLN carrier, but also had moderate antitumor activity. Our findings strongly support the inclusion of immune-responsive tumor models and in-depth immune functional studies in the preclinical drug development paradigm for cancer nanomedicines, and the further development of chemo-immunotherapy strategies to co-deliver alendronate and chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Boraschi D, Italiani P, Palomba R, Decuzzi P, Duschl A, Fadeel B, Moghimi SM. Nanoparticles and innate immunity: new perspectives on host defence. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:33-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Benasutti H, Wang G, Vu VP, Scheinman R, Groman E, Saba L, Simberg D. Variability of Complement Response toward Preclinical and Clinical Nanocarriers in the General Population. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2747-2755. [PMID: 29090582 PMCID: PMC6231230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Opsonization (coating) of nanoparticles with complement C3 component is an important mechanism that triggers immune clearance and downstream anaphylactic and proinflammatory responses. The variability of complement C3 binding to nanoparticles in the general population has not been studied. We examined complement C3 binding to dextran superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoworms, SPIO NWs, 58 and 110 nm) and clinically approved nanoparticles (carboxymethyl dextran iron oxide ferumoxytol (Feraheme, 28 nm), highly PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (LipoDox, 88 nm), and minimally PEGylated liposomal irinotecan (Onivyde, 120 nm)) in sera from healthy human individuals. SPIO NWs had the highest variation in C3 binding (n = 47) between subjects, with a 15-30 fold range in levels of C3. LipoDox (n = 12) and Feraheme (n = 18) had the lowest levels of variation between subjects (an approximately 1.5-fold range), whereas Onivyde (n = 18) had intermediate between-subject variation (2-fold range). There was no statistical difference between males and females and no correlation with age. There was a significant correlation in complement response between small and large SPIO NWs, which are similar structurally and chemically, but the correlations between SPIO NWs and other types of nanoparticles, and between LipoDox and Onivyde, were not significant. The calculated average number of C3 molecules bound per nanoparticle correlated with the hydrodynamic diameter but was decreased in LipoDox, likely due to the PEG coating. The conclusions of this study are (1) all nanoparticles show variability of C3 opsonization in the general population; (2) an individual's response toward one nanoparticle cannot be reliably predicted based on another nanoparticle; and (3) the average number of C3 molecules per nanoparticle depends on size and surface coating. These results provide new strategies to improve nanomedicine safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halli Benasutti
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Vivian P. Vu
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Robert Scheinman
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ernest Groman
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Laura Saba
- Systems Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Center for Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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42
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Maitz MF, Sperling C, Wongpinyochit T, Herklotz M, Werner C, Seib FP. Biocompatibility assessment of silk nanoparticles: hemocompatibility and internalization by human blood cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2633-2642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhang TX, Zhu GY, Lu BY, Zhang CL, Peng Q. Concentration-dependent protein adsorption at the nano-bio interfaces of polymeric nanoparticles and serum proteins. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2757-2769. [PMID: 29017387 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle (NP)-protein interaction (protein corona formation) is required. So far, many factors influencing this interaction have been investigated, like size and ζ potential. However, NPs exposure concentration has always been ignored. Herein, we aim to disclose the correlation of NPs exposure concentration with protein adsorption. MATERIALS & METHODS Four polymeric NPs systems possessing similar sizes (230 ± 20 nm) but varied ζ potentials (-30 ∼ +40 mv) were prepared. Physicochemical properties and protein adsorption upon NP-protein interaction were characterized. RESULTS Protein adsorption capacity and adsorbed protein types were NPs concentration-dependent. CONCLUSION Considering the critical impacts of protein adsorption on NPs delivery, our work could be an urgent warning about the possible risks of dosage adjustment of nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan-Yin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo-Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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44
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Anchordoquy TJ, Simberg D. Watching the gorilla and questioning delivery dogma. J Control Release 2017; 262:87-90. [PMID: 28713040 PMCID: PMC5662108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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45
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Abstract
The complement system is an important component of the innate immune system, which contributes to non-specific host defence. Particulate matters, such as invading pathogens and nanomedicines, in the blood may activate the complement system through classical, lectin and alternative pathways. Complement activation can aid recognition and clearance of particulate matters by immune cells, but uncontrolled complement activation can inflict damage and be life threatening. Plasma proteins on adsorption to surfaces of nanoparticles also play a significant role in complement activation and particularly through the alternative pathway. This process is continuous and changeable in vivo; protein-complement complexes are formed on the nanoparticle surface and then released and the cycle repeats on further plasma protein deposition. This complement activation turnover poses a challenge for design of immune-safe nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Moghimi
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, TS17 6BH, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. , (S.M. Moghimi)
| | - D. Simberg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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46
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Protein corona in vivo: dynamic complement proteins-mediated opsonization and immune modulation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:976-977. [PMID: 36659498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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47
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Wolf-Grosse S, Rokstad AM, Ali S, Lambris JD, Mollnes TE, Nilsen AM, Stenvik J. Iron oxide nanoparticles induce cytokine secretion in a complement-dependent manner in a human whole blood model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3927-3940. [PMID: 28579778 PMCID: PMC5449102 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s136453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications. However, their inflammatory potential has not been fully established. Here, we used a lepirudin anti-coagulated human whole blood model to evaluate the potential of 10 nm IONPs to activate the complement system and induce cytokine production. Reactive oxygen species and cell death were also assessed. The IONPs activated complement, as measured by C3a, C5a and sC5b-9, and induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a particle-dose dependent manner, with the strongest response at 10 µg/mL IONPs. Complement inhibitors at C3 (compstatin analog Cp40) and C5 (eculizumab) levels completely inhibited complement activation and secretion of inflammatory mediators induced by the IONPs. Additionally, blockade of complement receptors C3aR and C5aR1 significantly reduced the levels of various cytokines, indicating that the particle-induced secretion of inflammatory mediators is mainly C5a and C3a mediated. The IONPs did not induce cell death or reactive oxygen species, which further suggests that complement activation alone was responsible for most of the particle-induced cytokines. These data suggest that the lepirudin anti-coagulated human whole blood model is a valuable ex vivo system to study the inflammatory potential of IONPs. We conclude that IONPs induce complement-mediated cytokine secretion in human whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Syed Ali
- Division of Neurotoxicology, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
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48
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Chen F, Wang G, Griffin JI, Brenneman B, Banda NK, Holers VM, Backos DS, Wu L, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Complement proteins bind to nanoparticle protein corona and undergo dynamic exchange in vivo. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:387-393. [PMID: 27992410 PMCID: PMC5617637 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When nanoparticles are intravenously injected into the body, complement proteins deposit on the surface of nanoparticles in a process called opsonization. These proteins prime the particle for removal by immune cells and may contribute toward infusion-related adverse effects such as allergic responses. The ways complement proteins assemble on nanoparticles have remained unclear. Here, we show that dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide core-shell nanoworms incubated in human serum and plasma are rapidly opsonized with the third complement component (C3) via the alternative pathway. Serum and plasma proteins bound to the nanoworms are mostly intercalated into the nanoworm shell. We show that C3 covalently binds to these absorbed proteins rather than the dextran shell and the protein-bound C3 undergoes dynamic exchange in vitro. Surface-bound proteins accelerate the assembly of the complement components of the alternative pathway on the nanoworm surface. When nanoworms pre-coated with human plasma were injected into mice, C3 and other adsorbed proteins undergo rapid loss. Our results provide important insight into dynamics of protein adsorption and complement opsonization of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - James I. Griffin
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Barbara Brenneman
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Nirmal K. Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Donald S. Backos
- Computational Chemistry and Biology Core Facility, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - LinPing Wu
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- NanoScience Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.S.
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49
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La-Beck NM, Gabizon AA. Nanoparticle Interactions with the Immune System: Clinical Implications for Liposome-Based Cancer Chemotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:416. [PMID: 28428790 PMCID: PMC5382151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of stable and long-circulating liposomes provides protection of the drug cargo from degradation and increases tumor drug delivery, leading to the design of liposome formulations with great potential in cancer therapy. However, despite the sound pharmacologic basis, many liposomal as well as other nanoparticle-based drug formulations have failed to meet regulatory criteria for approval. The question that arises is whether we have missed key liposome–host interactions that can account for the gap between the major pharmacologic advantages in preclinical studies and the modest impact of the clinical effects in humans. We will discuss here the nanoparticle–immune system interactions that may undermine the antitumor effect of the nanodrug formulations and contribute to this gap. To overcome this challenge and increase clinical translation, new preclinical models need to be adopted along with comprehensive immunopharmacologic studies and strategies for patient selection in the clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Alberto A Gabizon
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University-School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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50
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Tagalakis AD, Maeshima R, Yu-Wai-Man C, Meng J, Syed F, Wu LP, Aldossary AM, McCarthy D, Moghimi SM, Hart SL. Peptide and nucleic acid-directed self-assembly of cationic nanovehicles through giant unilamellar vesicle modification: Targetable nanocomplexes for in vivo nucleic acid delivery. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:351-362. [PMID: 28110069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges for the development of genetic therapies is the efficient targeted delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Towards this goal, we have introduced a new engineering initiative in self-assembly of biologically safe and stable nanovesicle complexes (∼90 to 140nm) derived from giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) precursors and comprising plasmid DNA or siRNA and targeting peptide ligands. The biological performance of the engineered nanovesicle complexes were studied both in vitro and in vivo and compared with cationic liposome-based lipopolyplexes. Compared with cationic lipopolyplexes, nanovesicle complexes did not show advantages in transfection and cell uptake. However, nanovesicle complexes neither displayed significant cytotoxicity nor activated the complement system, which are advantageous for intravenous injection and tumour therapy. On intravenous administration into a neuroblastoma xenograft mouse model, nanovesicle complexes were found to distribute throughout the tumour interstitium, thus providing an alternative safer approach for future development of tumour-specific therapeutic nucleic acid interventions. On oropharyngeal instillation, nanovesicle complexes displayed better transfection efficiency than cationic lipopolyplexes. The technological advantages of nanovesicle complexes, originating from GUVs, over traditional cationic liposome-based lipopolyplexes are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The efficient targeted delivery of nucleic acids in vivo provides some of the greatest challenges to the development of genetic therapies. Giant unilamellar lipid vesicles (GUVs) have been used mainly as cell and tissue mimics and are instrumental in studying lipid bilayers and interactions. Here, the GUVs have been modified into smaller nanovesicles. We have then developed novel nanovesicle complexes comprising self-assembling mixtures of the nanovesicles, plasmid DNA or siRNA, and targeting peptide ligands. Their biophysical properties were studied and their transfection efficiency was investigated. They transfected cells efficiently without any associated cytotoxicity and with targeting specificity, and in vivo they resulted in very high and tumour-specific uptake and in addition, efficiently transfected the lung. The peptide-targeted nanovesicle complexes allow for the specific targeted enhancement of nucleic acid delivery with improved biosafety over liposomal formulations and represent a promising tool to improve our arsenal of safe, non-viral vectors to deliver therapeutic cargos in a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Tagalakis
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - R Maeshima
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - C Yu-Wai-Man
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - J Meng
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - F Syed
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - L-P Wu
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A M Aldossary
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - D McCarthy
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - S M Moghimi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - S L Hart
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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