1
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Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. Pharmaceutical applications and requirements of resins for printing by digital light processing (DLP). Pharm Dev Technol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38641968 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2345144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The digital light processing (DLP) printer has proven to be effective in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, as its printing method does not induce shear and a strong temperature on the resin. In addition, the DLP printer has good resolution and print quality, which makes it possible to print complex structures with a customized shape, being used for various purposes ranging from jewelry application to biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. The big disadvantage of DLP is the lack of a biocompatible and non-toxic resin on the market. To overcome this limitation, an ideal resin for biomedical and pharmaceutical use is needed. The resin must have appropriate properties, so that the desired format is printed when with a determined wavelength is applied. Thus, the aim of this work is to bring the basic characteristics of the resins used by this printing method and the minimum requirements to start printing by DLP for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The DLP method has proven to be effective in obtaining pharmaceutical devices such as drug delivery systems. Furthermore, this technology allows the printing of devices of ideal size, shape and dosage, providing the patient with personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Tiemi Uchida
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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2
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Peng H, Han B, Tong T, Jin X, Peng Y, Guo M, Li B, Ding J, Kong Q, Wang Q. 3D printing processes in precise drug delivery for personalized medicine. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032001. [PMID: 38569493 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of personalized medicine, the drug delivery system will be changed significantly. The development of personalized medicine needs the support of many technologies, among which three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is a novel formulation-preparing process that creates 3D objects by depositing printing materials layer-by-layer based on the computer-aided design method. Compared with traditional pharmaceutical processes, 3DP produces complex drug combinations, personalized dosage, and flexible shape and structure of dosage forms (DFs) on demand. In the future, personalized 3DP drugs may supplement and even replace their traditional counterpart. We systematically introduce the applications of 3DP technologies in the pharmaceutical industry and summarize the virtues and shortcomings of each technique. The release behaviors and control mechanisms of the pharmaceutical DFs with desired structures are also analyzed. Finally, the benefits, challenges, and prospects of 3DP technology to the pharmaceutical industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjian Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Rd, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Meitong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
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3
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Liu H, Zhou X, Nail A, Yu H, Yu Z, Sun Y, Wang K, Bao N, Meng D, Zhu L, Li H. Multi-material 3D printed eutectogel microneedle patches integrated with fast customization and tunable drug delivery. J Control Release 2024; 368:115-130. [PMID: 38367865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Microneedle patches are emerging multifunctional platforms for transdermal diagnostics and drug delivery. However, it still remains challenging to develop smart microneedles integrated with customization, sensing, detection and drug delivery by 3D printing strategy. Here, we present an innovative but facile strategy to rationally design and fabricate multifunctional eutectogel microneedle (EMN) patches via multi-material 3D printing. Polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDES) were selected as printing inks for rapid one-step fabrication of 3D printing functional EMN patches due to fast photopolymerization rate and ultrahigh drug solubility. Moreover, stretchable EMN patches incorporating rigid needles and flexible backing layers were easily realized by changing PDES compositions of multi-material 3D printing. Meanwhile, we developed multifunctional smart multi-material EMN patches capable of performing wireless monitoring of body movements, painless colorimetric glucose detection, and controlled transdermal drug delivery. Thus, such multi-material EMN system could provide an effective platform for the painless diagnosis, detection, and therapy of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinmeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aminov Nail
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zilian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nanbin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Decheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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4
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Ji J, Zhao C, Hua C, Lu L, Pang Y, Sun W. 3D Printing Cervical Implant Scaffolds Incorporated with Drug-Loaded Carboxylated Chitosan Microspheres for Long-Term Anti-HPV Protein Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1544-1553. [PMID: 38369785 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As attempting personalized medicine, 3D-printed tissue engineering scaffolds are employed to combine with therapeutic proteins/peptides especially in the clinical treatment of infectious diseases, genetic diseases, and cancers. However, current drug-loading methods, such as immersion and encapsulation, usually lead to the burst release of the drugs. To address these issues, we proposed an integrated strategy toward the long-term controlled release of protein. In this study, patient-customized 3D scaffolds incorporated with drug-loaded microspheres were printed to realize the effective delivery of the anti-human papillomavirus (anti-HPV) protein after cervical conization in the treatment of cervical cancer. The 3D-printed scaffold could provide mechanical support to the defect site and ensure local release of the drug to avoid systemic administration. Meanwhile, microspheres serve as functional components to prevent the inactivation of proteins, as well as regulate their release period to meet the time requirement of different treatment courses. The research also utilized bovine serum albumin as a model protein to validate the feasibility of these scaffolds as a generic technology platform. The bioactivity of the released anti-HPV protein was validated using a pseudovirus model, which demonstrated that the microsphere encapsulation would not cause protein denaturation during the scaffold fabrication process. Besides, 3D-printed scaffolds incorporated with carboxylated chitosan microspheres were biocompatible and beneficial for cell attachment, which have been demonstrated by favorable cell viability and better coverage results for HeLa and HFF-1. This study highlights the great potential of scaffolds incorporated with microspheres to serve as tissue engineering candidate products with the function of effective protein delivery in a long-term controlled manner and personalized shapes for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Ji
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenjia Zhao
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Functional Protein Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Functional Protein Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Pan S, Ding S, Zhou X, Zheng N, Zheng M, Wang J, Yang Q, Yang G. 3D-printed dosage forms for oral administration: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:312-328. [PMID: 37620647 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most commonly used form of treatment due to its advantages, including high patient compliance, convenient administration, and minimal preparation required. However, the traditional preparation process of oral solid preparation has many defects. Although continuous manufacturing line that combined all the unit operations has been developed and preliminarily applied in the pharmaceutical industry, most of the currently used manufacturing processes are still complicated and discontinuous. As a result, these complex production steps will lead to low production efficiency and high quality control risk of the final product. Additionally, the large-scale production mode is inappropriate for the personalized medicines, which commonly is customized with small amount. Several attractive techniques, such as hot-melt extrusion, fluidized bed pelletizing and spray drying, could effectively shorten the process flow, but still, they have inherent limitations that are challenging to address. As a novel manufacturing technique, 3D printing could greatly reduce or eliminate these disadvantages mentioned above, and could realize a desirable continuous production for small-scale personalized manufacturing. In recent years, due to the participation of 3D printing, the development of printed drugs has progressed by leaps and bounds, especially in the design of oral drug dosage forms. This review attempts to summarize the new development of 3D printing technology in oral preparation and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages as well as potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Sheng Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Huiyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Huiyuan Medical Health Industrial Park, Heping Town, Changxing County, Huzhou, 313100, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Huiyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Huiyuan Medical Health Industrial Park, Heping Town, Changxing County, Huzhou, 313100, China
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- Huiyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Huiyuan Medical Health Industrial Park, Heping Town, Changxing County, Huzhou, 313100, China.
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- Huiyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Huiyuan Medical Health Industrial Park, Heping Town, Changxing County, Huzhou, 313100, China.
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6
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Pongwisuthiruchte A, Aumnate C, Potiyaraj P. Tailoring of Silicone Urethane Methacrylate Resin for Vat Photopolymerization-Based 3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2884-2895. [PMID: 38250362 PMCID: PMC10795029 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or silicone elastomers have garnered considerable attention in the field of medical device applications due to their superior thermal stability. However, conventional manufacturing techniques for silicone elastomers suffer from drawbacks such as cost, lengthy production time, and inherent difficulties in fabricating complex structures. To address these limitations, photosensitive polydimethylsiloxane urethane methacrylate (PDMSUMA) oligomers were synthesized, and their curing behaviors were specifically investigated for vat photopolymerization 3D printing applications. The study focused on exploring the impact of weight ratios between poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the PDMSUMA resin formulation. The addition of PEGDMA as a reactive diluent was found to enhance the printability of the PDMSUMA resin and decrease its viscosity. Thermal, mechanical, and shape memory properties of the 3D-printed specimens were examined. Our findings demonstrate the potential of PDMSUMA resins for developing customizable shape memory materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chuanchom Aumnate
- Metallurgy
and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Metallurgy
and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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7
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Dewey MJ, Chang RSH, Nosatov AV, Janssen K, Crotts SJ, Hollister SJ, Harley BAC. Generative design approach to combine architected Voronoi foams with porous collagen scaffolds to create a tunable composite biomaterial. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:249-259. [PMID: 37806375 PMCID: PMC10827241 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative biomaterials for musculoskeletal defects must address multi-scale mechanical challenges. Repairing craniomaxillofacial bone defects, which are often large and irregularly shaped, requires close conformal contact between implant and defect margins to aid healing. While mineralized collagen scaffolds can promote mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo, their mechanical performance is insufficient for surgical translation. We report a generative design approach to create scaffold-mesh composites by embedding a macro-scale polymeric Voronoi mesh into the mineralized collagen scaffold. The mechanics of architected foam reinforced composites are defined by a rigorous predictive moduli equation. We show biphasic composites localize strain during loading. Further, planar and 3D mesh-scaffold composites can be rapidly shaped to aid conformal fitting. Voronoi-based composites overcome traditional porosity-mechanics relationship limits while enabling rapid shaping of regenerative implants to conformally fit complex defects unique for individual patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial strategies for (craniomaxillofacial) bone regeneration are often limited by the size and complex geometry of the defects. Voronoi structures are open-cell foams with tunable mechanical properties which have primarily been used computationally. We describe generative design strategies to create Voronoi foams via 3D-printing then embed them into an osteogenic mineralized collagen scaffold to form a multi-scale composite biomaterial. Voronoi structures have predictable and tailorable moduli, permit stain localization to defined regions of the composite, and permit conformal fitting to effect margins to aid surgical practicality and improve host-biomaterial interactions. Multi-scale composites based on Voronoi foams represent an adaptable design approach to address significant challenges to large-scale bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley J Dewey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Raul Sun Han Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Andrey V Nosatov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Janssen
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sarah J Crotts
- Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Scott J Hollister
- Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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8
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Alavi SE, Gholami M, Shahmabadi HE, Reher P. Resorbable GBR Scaffolds in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6962. [PMID: 38002577 PMCID: PMC10672220 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12226962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising technique in bone tissue engineering that aims to replace lost or injured bone using resorbable scaffolds. The promotion of osteoblast adhesion, migration, and proliferation is greatly aided by GBR materials, and surface changes are critical in imitating the natural bone structure to improve cellular responses. Moreover, the interactions between bioresponsive scaffolds, growth factors (GFs), immune cells, and stromal progenitor cells are essential in promoting bone regeneration. This literature review comprehensively discusses various aspects of resorbable scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, encompassing scaffold design, materials, fabrication techniques, and advanced manufacturing methods, including three-dimensional printing. In addition, this review explores surface modifications to replicate native bone structures and their impact on cellular responses. Moreover, the mechanisms of bone regeneration are described, providing information on how immune cells, GFs, and bioresponsive scaffolds orchestrate tissue healing. Practical applications in clinical settings are presented to underscore the importance of these principles in promoting tissue integration, healing, and regeneration. Furthermore, this literature review delves into emerging areas of metamaterials and artificial intelligence applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These interdisciplinary approaches hold immense promise for furthering bone tissue engineering and improving therapeutic outcomes, leading to enhanced patient well-being. The potential of combining material science, advanced manufacturing, and cellular biology is showcased as a pathway to advance bone tissue engineering, addressing a variety of clinical needs and challenges. By providing this comprehensive narrative, a detailed, up-to-date account of resorbable scaffolds' role in bone tissue engineering and their transformative potential is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (S.E.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Max Gholami
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (S.E.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Hasan Ebrahimi Shahmabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan 7717933777, Iran;
| | - Peter Reher
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia; (S.E.A.); (M.G.)
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9
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Dewey MJ, Chang RSH, Nosatov AV, Janssen K, Crotts SJ, Hollister SJ, Harley BAC. Generative design approach to combine architected Voronoi foams with porous collagen scaffolds to create a tunable composite biomaterial. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556448. [PMID: 37732275 PMCID: PMC10508746 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative biomaterials for musculoskeletal defects must address multi-scale mechanical challenges. We are developing biomaterials for craniomaxillofacial bone defects that are often large and irregularly shaped. These require close conformal contact between implant and defect margins to aid healing. While we have identified a mineralized collagen scaffold that promotes mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone formation in vivo, its mechanical performance is insufficient for surgical translation. We report a generative design approach to create scaffold-mesh composites by embedding a macro-scale polymeric Voronoi mesh into the mineralized collagen scaffold. The mechanics of architected foam reinforced composites are defined by a rigorous predictive moduli equation. We show biphasic composites localize strain during loading. Further, planar and 3D mesh-scaffold composites can be rapidly shaped to aid conformal fitting. Voronoi-based composites overcome traditional porosity-mechanics relationship limits while enabling rapid shaping of regenerative implants to conformally fit complex defects unique for individual patients.
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10
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Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester from Microbial Lipidic Residue Intended for Biomedical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054419. [PMID: 36901850 PMCID: PMC10003017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, selectively tuned bio-based polyesters have been increasingly used for their clinical potential in several biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. With a biomedical application in mind, a flexible polyester was produced by melt polycondensation using the microbial oil residue collected after the distillation of β-farnesene (FDR) produced industrially by genetically modified yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After characterization, the polyester exhibited elongation up to 150% and presented Tg of -51.2 °C and Tm of 169.8 °C. In vitro degradation revealed a mass loss of about 87% after storage in PBS solution for 11 weeks under accelerated conditions (40 °C, RH = 75%). The water contact angle revealed a hydrophilic character, and biocompatibility with skin cells was demonstrated. 3D and 2D scaffolds were produced by salt-leaching, and a controlled release study at 30 °C was performed with Rhodamine B base (RBB, 3D) and curcumin (CRC, 2D), showing a diffusion-controlled mechanism with about 29.3% of RBB released after 48 h and 50.4% of CRC after 7 h. This polymer offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for the potential use of the controlled release of active principles for wound dressing applications.
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11
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Emir AA, Erunsal SC. Impact of oleuropein on LCD-based stereolithography-assisted fabrication of 3D printed PEGDMA hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Mazarura KR, Kumar P, Choonara YE. Customised 3D printed multi-drug systems: An effective and efficient approach to polypharmacy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1149-1163. [PMID: 36059243 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination therapies continue to improve therapeutic outcomes as currently achieved by polypharmacy. Since the introduction of the polypill, there has been a significant improvement in adherence and patient outcomes. However, the mass production of polypills presents a number of technical, formulation, and clinical challenges. The current one-size-fits-all approach ignores the unique clinical demands of patients, necessitating the adoption of a more versatile tool. That will be the novel, but not so novel, 3D printing. AREAS COVERED : The present review investigates this promising paradigm shift from one medication for all, to customised medicines, providing an overview of the current state of 3D-printed multi-active pharmaceutical forms, techniques applied and printing materials. Details on cost implications, as well as potential limitations and challenges are also elaborated. EXPERT OPINION : 3D printing of multi-active systems, is not only beneficial but also essential. With growing interest in this field, a shift in manufacturing, prescribing, and administration patterns is at this point, unavoidable. Addressing limitations and challenges, as well as data presentation on clinical trial results, will aid in the acceleration of this technology's implementation. However, it is clear that 3D printing is not the end of it, as evidenced by the emerging 4D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundai R Mazarura
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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13
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Paunović N, Marbach J, Bao Y, Berger V, Klein K, Schleich S, Coulter FB, Kleger N, Studart AR, Franzen D, Luo Z, Leroux J. Digital Light 3D Printed Bioresorbable and NIR-Responsive Devices with Photothermal and Shape-Memory Functions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200907. [PMID: 35896948 PMCID: PMC9507367 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is a promising technique for the rapid manufacturing of customized medical devices with high precision. To be successfully translated to a clinical setting, challenges in the development of suitable photopolymerizable materials have yet to be overcome. Besides biocompatibility, it is often desirable for the printed devices to be biodegradable, elastic, and with a therapeutic function. Here, a multifunctional DLP printed material system based on the composite of gold nanorods and polyester copolymer is reported. The material demonstrates robust near-infrared (NIR) responsiveness, allowing rapid and stable photothermal effect leading to the time-dependent cell death. NIR light-triggerable shape transformation is demonstrated, resulting in a facilitated insertion and expansion of DLP printed stent ex vivo. The proposed strategy opens a promising avenue for the design of multifunctional therapeutic devices based on nanoparticle-polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Paunović
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Jessica Marbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Valentine Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schleich
- Musculoskeletal Research UnitVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurich8057Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Kleger
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - André R. Studart
- Complex MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franzen
- Department of PulmonologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurich8006Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
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14
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Computational AI models in VAT photopolymerization: a review, current trends, open issues, and future opportunities. Neural Comput Appl 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-07694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Hagan CT, Bloomquist C, Kim I, Knape NM, Byrne JD, Tu L, Wagner K, Mecham S, DeSimone J, Wang AZ. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D printed drug-loaded spacers to improve prostate cancer brachytherapy treatment. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:163-170. [PMID: 35724920 PMCID: PMC10494976 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Brachytherapy, which is the placement of radioactive seeds directly into tissue such as the prostate, is an important curative treatment for prostate cancer. By delivering a high dose of radiation from within the prostate gland, brachytherapy is an effective method of killing prostate cancer cells while limiting radiation dose to normal tissue. The main shortcomings of this treatment are: less efficacy against high grade tumor cells, acute urinary retention, and sub-acute urinary frequency and urgency. One strategy to improve brachytherapy is to incorporate therapeutics into brachytherapy. Drugs, such as docetaxel, can improve therapeutic efficacy, and dexamethasone is known to decrease urinary side effects. However, both therapeutics have high systemic side effects. To overcome this challenge, we hypothesized that we can incorporate therapeutics into the inert polymer spacers that are used to correctly space brachytherapy seeds during brachytherapy to enable local drug delivery. To accomplish this, we engineered 3D printed drug-loaded brachytherapy spacers using continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) with different surface patterns to control drug release. These devices have the same physical size as existing spacers, allowing them to easily replace commercial spacers. We examined these drug-loaded spacers using docetaxel and dexamethasone as model drugs in a murine model of prostate cancer. We found that drug-loaded spacers led to higher therapeutic efficacy for brachytherapy, and there was no discernable systemic toxicity from the drug-loaded spacers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There has been high interest in the application of 3D printing to engineer novel medical devices. However, such efforts have been limited by the lack of technologies that can fabricate devices suitable for real world medical applications. In this study, we demonstrate a unique application for 3D printing to enhance brachytherapy for cancer treatment. We engineered drug-loaded brachytherapy spacers that can be fabricated using Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) 3D printing, allowing tunable printing of drug-loaded devices, and implanted intraoperatively with brachytherapy seeds. In combined chemotherapy and brachytherapy we are able to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy through local drug delivery and without systemic toxicities. We believe our work will facilitate further investigation in medical applications of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tilden Hagan
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cameron Bloomquist
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isaiah Kim
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James D Byrne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Litao Tu
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyle Wagner
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sue Mecham
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Carbon, Inc, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.
| | - Andrew Z Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Larrañeta E, Domínguez-Robles J, Margariti A, Basit AW, Goyanes Á. 3D printing for the development of implantable devices for cardiovascular disease treatment. Ther Deliv 2022; 13:359-362. [PMID: 36000225 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andriana Margariti
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, TN24 8DH, UK
| | - Álvaro Goyanes
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, TN24 8DH, UK
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia & Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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17
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Fabrication of 5-fluorouracil-loaded tablets with hyperbranched polyester by digital light processing 3D printing technology. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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3D printed drug-loaded implantable devices for intraoperative treatment of cancer. J Control Release 2022; 344:147-156. [PMID: 35217100 PMCID: PMC9373975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is an important treatment for cancer; however, local recurrence following macroscopically-complete resection is common and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Systemic chemotherapy is often employed as an adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence of residual disease, but has limited efficacy due to poor penetration and dose-limiting off-target toxicities. Selective delivery of chemotherapeutics to the surgical bed may eliminate residual tumor cells while avoiding systemic toxicity. While this is challenging for traditional drug delivery technologies, we utilized advances in 3D printing and drug delivery science to engineer a drug-loaded arrowhead array device (AAD) to overcome these challenges. We demonstrated that such a device can be designed, fabricated, and implanted intraoperatively and provide extended release of chemotherapeutics directly to the resection area. Using paclitaxel and cisplatin as model drugs and murine models of cancer, we showed AADs significantly decreased local recurrence post-surgery and improved survival. We further demonstrated the potential for fabricating personalized AADs for intraoperative application in the clinical setting.
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19
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Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S, Narayan R. Translation of 3D printed materials for medical applications. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:39-48. [PMID: 35814311 PMCID: PMC9267199 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the past 30 years, 3D printing (3DP) technologies significantly influenced the manufacturing world, including innovation in biomedical devices. This special issue reviews recent advances in translating 3DP biomaterials and medical devices for metallic, ceramic, and polymeric devices, as well as bioprinting for organ and tissue engineering, along with regulatory issues in 3DP biomaterials. In our introductory article, besides introducing selected 3DP processes for biomaterials, current challenges and growth opportunities are also discussed. Finally, it highlights a few success stories for the 3D printed biomaterials for medical devices. We hope these articles will educate engineers, scientists, and clinicians about recent developments in translational 3DP technologies.
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20
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Ragelle H, Rahimian S, Guzzi EA, Westenskow PD, Tibbitt MW, Schwach G, Langer R. Additive manufacturing in drug delivery: Innovative drug product design and opportunities for industrial application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113990. [PMID: 34600963 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is enabling new directions in product design. The adoption of AM in various industrial sectors has led to major transformations. Similarly, AM presents new opportunities in the field of drug delivery, opening new avenues for improved patient care. In this review, we discuss AM as an innovative tool for drug product design. We provide a brief overview of the different AM processes and their respective impact on the design of drug delivery systems. We highlight several enabling features of AM, including unconventional release, customization, and miniaturization, and discuss several applications of AM for the fabrication of drug products. This includes products that have been approved or are in development. As the field matures, there are also several new challenges to broad implementation in the pharmaceutical landscape. We discuss several of these from the regulatory and industrial perspectives and provide an outlook for how these issues may be addressed. The introduction of AM into the field of drug delivery is an enabling technology and many new drug products can be created through productive collaboration of engineers, materials scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and industrial partners.
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21
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Harnessing artificial intelligence for the next generation of 3D printed medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113805. [PMID: 34019957 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is redefining how we exist in the world. In almost every sector of society, AI is performing tasks with super-human speed and intellect; from the prediction of stock market trends to driverless vehicles, diagnosis of disease, and robotic surgery. Despite this growing success, the pharmaceutical field is yet to truly harness AI. Development and manufacture of medicines remains largely in a 'one size fits all' paradigm, in which mass-produced, identical formulations are expected to meet individual patient needs. Recently, 3D printing (3DP) has illuminated a path for on-demand production of fully customisable medicines. Due to its flexibility, pharmaceutical 3DP presents innumerable options during formulation development that generally require expert navigation. Leveraging AI within pharmaceutical 3DP removes the need for human expertise, as optimal process parameters can be accurately predicted by machine learning. AI can also be incorporated into a pharmaceutical 3DP 'Internet of Things', moving the personalised production of medicines into an intelligent, streamlined, and autonomous pipeline. Supportive infrastructure, such as The Cloud and blockchain, will also play a vital role. Crucially, these technologies will expedite the use of pharmaceutical 3DP in clinical settings and drive the global movement towards personalised medicine and Industry 4.0.
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22
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Muñiz Castro B, Elbadawi M, Ong JJ, Pollard T, Song Z, Gaisford S, Pérez G, Basit AW, Cabalar P, Goyanes A. Machine learning predicts 3D printing performance of over 900 drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2021; 337:530-545. [PMID: 34339755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a transformative technology that is advancing pharmaceutical research by producing personalized drug products. However, advances made via 3DP have been slow due to the lengthy trial-and-error approach in optimization. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that could revolutionize pharmaceutical 3DP through analyzing large datasets. Herein, literature-mined data for developing AI machine learning (ML) models was used to predict key aspects of the 3DP formulation pipeline and in vitro dissolution properties. A total of 968 formulations were mined and assessed from 114 articles. The ML techniques explored were able to learn and provide accuracies as high as 93% for values in the filament hot melt extrusion process. In addition, ML algorithms were able to use data from the composition of the formulations with additional input features to predict the drug release of 3D printed medicines. The best prediction was obtained by an artificial neural network that was able to predict drug release times of a formulation with a mean error of ±24.29 min. In addition, the most important variables were revealed, which could be leveraged in formulation development. Thus, it was concluded that ML proved to be a suitable approach to modelling the 3D printing workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brais Muñiz Castro
- IRLab, CITIC Research Center, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jun Jie Ong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Thomas Pollard
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, England TN24 8DH, UK
| | - Gilberto Pérez
- IRLab, CITIC Research Center, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, England TN24 8DH, UK.
| | - Pedro Cabalar
- IRLab, Department of Computer Science, University of A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford, Kent, England TN24 8DH, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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23
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Young IC, Benhabbour SR. Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Oral, Parenteral, and Vaginal Dosage Forms for Prevention of HIV/STIs and Unplanned Pregnancy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2450. [PMID: 34372059 PMCID: PMC8347890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high global prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and unplanned pregnancies. Current preventative daily oral dosing regimens can be ineffective due to low patient adherence. Sustained release delivery systems in conjunction with multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) can reduce high rates of HIV/STIs and unplanned pregnancies in an all-in-one efficacious, acceptable, and easily accessible technology to allow for prolonged release of antivirals and contraceptives. The concept and development of MPTs have greatly progressed over the past decade and demonstrate efficacious technologies that are user-accepted with potentially high adherence. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the latest oral, parenteral, and vaginally delivered MPTs in development as well as drug delivery formulations with the potential to advance as an MPT, and implementation studies regarding MPT user acceptability and adherence. Furthermore, there is a focus on MPT intravaginal rings emphasizing injection molding and hot-melt extrusion manufacturing limitations and emerging fabrication advancements. Lastly, formulation development considerations and limitations are discussed, such as nonhormonal contraceptive considerations, challenges with achieving a stable coformulation of multiple drugs, achieving sustained and controlled drug release, limiting drug-drug interactions, and advancing past preclinical development stages. Despite the challenges in the MPT landscape, these technologies demonstrate the potential to bridge gaps in preventative sexual and reproductive health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C. Young
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Soumya Rahima Benhabbour
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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24
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Borandeh S, van Bochove B, Teotia A, Seppälä J. Polymeric drug delivery systems by additive manufacturing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:349-373. [PMID: 33831477 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining interests in drug delivery applications, offering innovative opportunities for the design and development of systems with complex geometry and programmed controlled release profile. In addition, polymer-based drug delivery systems can improve drug safety, efficacy, patient compliance, and are the key materials in AM. Therefore, combining AM and polymers can be beneficial to overcome the existing limitations in the development of controlled release drug delivery systems. Considering these advantages, here we are focusing on the recent developments in the field of polymeric drug delivery systems prepared by AM. This review provides a comprehensive overview on a holistic polymer-AM perspective for drug delivery systems with discussion on the materials, properties, design and fabrication techniques and the mechanisms used to achieve a controlled release system. The current challenges and future perspectives for personalized medicine and clinical use of these systems are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Borandeh
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Bas van Bochove
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Arun Teotia
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.
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25
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Prasher A, Shrivastava R, Dahl D, Sharma-Huynh P, Maturavongsadit P, Pridgen T, Schorzman A, Zamboni W, Ban J, Blikslager A, Dellon ES, Benhabbour SR. Steroid Eluting Esophageal-Targeted Drug Delivery Devices for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:557. [PMID: 33668571 PMCID: PMC7917669 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic atopic disease that has become increasingly prevalent over the past 20 years. A first-line pharmacologic option is topical/swallowed corticosteroids, but these are adapted from asthma preparations such as fluticasone from an inhaler and yield suboptimal response rates. There are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of EoE, and esophageal-specific drug formulations are lacking. We report the development of two novel esophageal-specific drug delivery platforms. The first is a fluticasone-eluting string that could be swallowed similar to the string test "entero-test" and used for overnight treatment, allowing for a rapid release along the entire length of esophagus. In vitro drug release studies showed a target release of 1 mg/day of fluticasone. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were carried out after deploying the string in a porcine model, and our results showed a high local level of fluticasone in esophageal tissue persisting over 1 and 3 days, and a minimal systemic absorption in plasma. The second device is a fluticasone-eluting 3D printed ring for local and sustained release of fluticasone in the esophagus. We designed and fabricated biocompatible fluticasone-loaded rings using a top-down, Digital Light Processing (DLP) Gizmo 3D printer. We explored various strategies of drug loading into 3D printed rings, involving incorporation of drug during the print process (pre-loading) or after printing (post-loading). In vitro drug release studies of fluticasone-loaded rings (pre and post-loaded) showed that fluticasone elutes at a constant rate over a period of one month. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic studies in the porcine model also showed high tissue levels of fluticasone and both rings and strings were successfully deployed into the porcine esophagus in vivo. Given these preliminary proof-of-concept data, these devices now merit study in animal models of disease and ultimately subsequent translation to testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Prasher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.P.); (R.S.); (D.D.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Roopali Shrivastava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.P.); (R.S.); (D.D.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Denali Dahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.P.); (R.S.); (D.D.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Preetika Sharma-Huynh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA;
| | - Panita Maturavongsadit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.P.); (R.S.); (D.D.); (P.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Tiffany Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (T.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Allison Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.S.); (W.Z.); (J.B.)
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- UNC Advanced Translational Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - William Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.S.); (W.Z.); (J.B.)
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- UNC Advanced Translational Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Jisun Ban
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.S.); (W.Z.); (J.B.)
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- Carolina Institute for Nanomedicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
- UNC Advanced Translational Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Lab, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Anthony Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (T.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA;
| | - Soumya Rahima Benhabbour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; (A.P.); (R.S.); (D.D.); (P.M.)
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA;
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Zhu Y, Joralmon D, Shan W, Chen Y, Rong J, Zhao H, Xiao S, Li X. 3D printing biomimetic materials and structures for biomedical applications. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lim SH, Kathuria H, Amir MHB, Zhang X, Duong HT, Ho PCL, Kang L. High resolution photopolymer for 3D printing of personalised microneedle for transdermal delivery of anti-wrinkle small peptide. J Control Release 2021; 329:907-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of a bladder device for intravesical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Durga Prasad Reddy R, Sharma V. Additive manufacturing in drug delivery applications: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vivero-Lopez M, Xu X, Muras A, Otero A, Concheiro A, Gaisford S, Basit AW, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Goyanes A. Anti-biofilm multi drug-loaded 3D printed hearing aids. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111606. [PMID: 33321650 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over 5% of the world's population has disabling hearing loss, which affects approximately one third of individuals over 65 years. Hearing aids are commonly used in this population group, but prolonged use of these devices may cause ear infections. We describe for the first time, the use of 3D printing to fabricate hearing aids loaded with two antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and fluocinolone acetonide. Digital light processing 3D printing was employed to manufacture hearing aids from two polymer resins, ENG hard and Flexible. The inclusion of the antibiotics did not affect the mechanical properties of the hearing aids. All multi-drug-loaded devices exhibited a hydrophilic surface, excellent blood compatibility and anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Hearing aids loaded with ciprofloxacin (6% w/w) and fluocinolone acetonide (0.5% w/w) sustained drug release for more than two weeks and inhibited biofilm formation on the surface of the devices and bacteria growth in the surrounding medium. In summary, this work highlights the potential of vat photopolymerization 3D printing as a versatile manufacturing approach to fabricate high-fidelity patient-specific medical devices with anti-bacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vivero-Lopez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Andrea Muras
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Edificio CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Otero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Edificio CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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31
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Xu X, Awad A, Robles-Martinez P, Gaisford S, Goyanes A, Basit AW. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing for advanced drug delivery and medical device applications. J Control Release 2020; 329:743-757. [PMID: 33031881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming manufacturing paradigms within healthcare. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology combines the benefits of high resolution and favourable printing speed, offering a sophisticated approach to fabricate bespoke medical devices and drug delivery systems. Herein, an overview of the vat polymerization techniques, their unique applications in the fields of drug delivery and medical device fabrication, material examples and the advantages they provide within healthcare, is provided. The challenges and drawbacks presented by this technology are also discussed. It is forecast that the adoption of 3D printing could pave the way for a personalised health system, advancing from traditional treatments pathways towards digital healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Atheer Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Pamela Robles-Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I + D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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32
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Moarefian M, Davalos RV, Tafti DK, Achenie LE, Jones CN. Modeling iontophoretic drug delivery in a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3310-3321. [PMID: 32869052 PMCID: PMC8272289 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis employs low-intensity electrical voltage and continuous constant current to direct a charged drug into a tissue. Iontophoretic drug delivery has recently been used as a novel method for cancer treatment in vivo. There is an urgent need to precisely model the low-intensity electric fields in cell culture systems to optimize iontophoretic drug delivery to tumors. Here, we present an iontophoresis-on-chip (IOC) platform to precisely quantify carboplatin drug delivery and its corresponding anti-cancer efficacy under various voltages and currents. In this study, we use an in vitro heparin-based hydrogel microfluidic device to model the movement of a charged drug across an extracellular matrix (ECM) and in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Transport of the drug through the hydrogel was modeled based on diffusion and electrophoresis of charged drug molecules in the direction of an oppositely charged electrode. The drug concentration in the tumor extracellular matrix was computed using finite element modeling of transient drug transport in the heparin-based hydrogel. The model predictions were then validated using the IOC platform by comparing the predicted concentration of a fluorescent cationic dye (Alexa Fluor 594®) to the actual concentration in the microfluidic device. Alexa Fluor 594® was used because it has a molecular weight close to paclitaxel, the gold standard drug for treating TNBC, and carboplatin. Our results demonstrated that a 50 mV DC electric field and a 3 mA electrical current significantly increased drug delivery and tumor cell death by 48.12% ± 14.33 and 39.13% ± 12.86, respectively (n = 3, p-value <0.05). The IOC platform and mathematical drug delivery model of iontophoresis are promising tools for precise delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into solid tumors. Further improvements to the IOC platform can be made by adding a layer of epidermal cells to model the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moarefian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Janusziewicz R, Mecham SJ, Olson KR, Benhabbour SR. Design and Characterization of a Novel Series of Geometrically Complex Intravaginal Rings with Digital Light Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:2000261. [PMID: 33072856 PMCID: PMC7567335 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intravaginal rings (IVRs) represent a sustained-release approach to drug delivery and have long been used and investigated for hormones and microbicides delivery. For decades, IVRs have been manufactured by injection molding and hot-melt extrusion with very limited design and material capabilities. Additive manufacturing (AM), specifically digital light synthesis (DLS), represents an opportunity to harness the freedom of design to expand control and tunability of drug release properties from IVRs. We report a novel approach to IVR design and manufacturing that results in geometrically complex internal architectures through the incorporation of distinct unit cells using computationally-aided design (CAD) software. We developed a systematic approach to design through the generation of an IVR library and investigated the effects of these parameters on ring properties. We demonstrate the ability to precisely and predictably control the compressive properties of the IVR independent of the internal architecture with which control of drug release kinetics can be achieved, thus opening the door for a 'plug-and-play' platform approach to IVR fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Janusziewicz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sue J. Mecham
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin R. Olson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S. Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yu X, Zhang T, Li Y. 3D Printing and Bioprinting Nerve Conduits for Neural Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1637. [PMID: 32717878 PMCID: PMC7465920 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of nerve conduits for perfectly repairing or replacing damaged peripheral nerve is an urgent demand worldwide, but it is also a formidable clinical challenge. In the last decade, with the rapid development of manufacture technologies, 3D printing and bioprinting have been becoming remarkable stars in the field of neural engineering. In this review, we explore that the biomaterial inks (hydrogels, thermoplastic, and thermoset polyesters and composite) and bioinks have been selected for 3D printing and bioprinting of peripheral nerve conduits. This review covers 3D manufacturing technologies, including extrusion printing, inkjet printing, stereolithography, and bioprinting with inclusion of cells, bioactive molecules, and drugs. Finally, an outlook on the future directions of 3D printing and 4D printing in customizable nerve therapies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Yu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
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35
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Fiedor P, Ortyl J. A New Approach to Micromachining: High-Precision and Innovative Additive Manufacturing Solutions Based on Photopolymerization Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2951. [PMID: 32630285 PMCID: PMC7372441 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The following article introduces technologies that build three dimensional (3D) objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, also called additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, most important features supporting the conscious choice of 3D printing methods for applications in micro and nanomanufacturing are covered. The micromanufacturing method covers photopolymerization-based methods such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), the liquid crystal display-DLP coupled method, two-photon polymerization (TPP), and inkjet-based methods. Functional photocurable materials, with magnetic, conductive, or specific optical applications in the 3D printing processes are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Fiedor
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
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36
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Nahan K, Sussman EM, Oktem B, Schultheis L, Wickramasekara S. Screening for extractables in additive-manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene orthopedic cast. Talanta 2020; 212:120464. [PMID: 32113524 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of additive-manufactured components in medical applications, specifically medical devices (e.g., orthopedic casts), has increased in recent years. Such devices may be fabricated at the point of care using consumer-grade additive manufacturing. Limited studies have been conducted to evaluate the extractable substances of these devices. Chemical characterization followed by toxicological risk assessment is one means of evaluating safety of devices. This study was designed to determine the extractables profile of additive-manufactured materials according to filament grade and post-processing method. Feedstocks for additive manufacturing were tested as filament and manufactured casts, while the cast from consumer-grade filament (CGF) was post-processed. Samples were extracted using three solvents of varying polarities. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques. In GC/MS analysis, isopropanol extracts generated fewer compound identifications for USP Class VI filament (USPF)-based casts (3) compared with the respective filament (17) while hexane generated the most compound identifications for the finished cast manufactured from CGF. CGF was found to have the highest number of nonvolatile extractables for isopropanol (15) and hexane (34) by positive ion LC/MS. Additionally, CGF produced more non-polar extractables in hexane than the USPF. A known polymer byproduct and potential genotoxicant, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) trimer, was one of the compounds identified in both GC/MS and LC/MS at quantities ranging from 19 to 270 μg g-1. Overall these results suggested that the extractables profile was affected by the filament material, printing procedure, and post-processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Lester Schultheis
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Medical Device Institute, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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37
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38
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Guzzi EA, Tibbitt MW. Additive Manufacturing of Precision Biomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901994. [PMID: 31423679 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials play a critical role in modern medicine as surgical guides, implants for tissue repair, and as drug delivery systems. The emerging paradigm of precision medicine exploits individual patient information to tailor clinical therapy. While the main focus of precision medicine to date is the design of improved pharmaceutical treatments based on "-omics" data, the concept extends to all forms of customized medical care. This includes the design of precision biomaterials that are tailored to meet specific patient needs. Additive manufacturing (AM) enables free-form manufacturing and mass customization, and is a critical enabling technology for the clinical implementation of precision biomaterials. Materials scientists and engineers can contribute to the realization of precision biomaterials by developing new AM technologies, synthesizing advanced (bio)materials for AM, and improving medical-image-based digital design. As the field matures, AM is poised to provide patient-specific tissue and organ substitutes, reproducible microtissues for drug screening and disease modeling, personalized drug delivery systems, as well as customized medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia A Guzzi
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Prendergast ME, Burdick JA. Recent Advances in Enabling Technologies in 3D Printing for Precision Medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902516. [PMID: 31512289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in areas such as data analytics, genomics, and imaging have revealed individual patient complexities and exposed the inherent limitations of generic therapies for patient treatment. These observations have also fueled the development of precision medicine approaches, where therapies are tailored for the individual rather than the broad patient population. 3D printing is a field that intersects with precision medicine through the design of precision implants with patient-directed shapes, structures, and materials or for the development of patient-specific in vitro models that can be used for screening precision therapeutics. Toward their success, advances in 3D printing and biofabrication technologies are needed with enhanced resolution, complexity, reproducibility, and speed and that encompass a broad range of cells and materials. The overall goal of this progress report is to highlight recent advances in 3D printing technologies that are helping to enable advances important in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Prendergast
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
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40
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Asikainen S, Seppälä J. Photo-crosslinked anhydride-modified polyester and -ethers for pH-sensitive drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:33-42. [PMID: 32142953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photo-crosslinkable polymers have a great potential for the delivery of sensitive drugs. They allow preparation of drug releasing devices by photo-crosslinking, thus avoiding high processing temperatures. In this study, the hydrolysis behavior and drug release of three different photo-crosslinkable poly(ether anhydride)s and one poly(ester anhydride) were investigated. Three-arm poly(ethylene glycol) or polycaprolactone was reacted with succinic anhydride to obtain carboxylated macromers, and further functionalized with methacrylic anhydride to form methacrylated marcromers with anhydride linkages. The synthetized macromers were used to prepare photo-crosslinked matrices with different hydrolytic degradation times for active agent release purposes. The hydrolysis was clearly pH-sensitive: polymer networks degraded slowly in acidic conditions, and degradation rate increased as the pH shifted towards basic conditions. Drug release was studied with two water-soluble model drugs lidocaine (234 mol/g) and vitamin B12 (1355 g/mol). Vitamin B12 was released mainly due to polymer network degradation, whereas smaller molecule lidocaine was released also through diffusion and swelling of polymer network. Only a small amount of vitamin B12 was released in acidic conditions (pH 1.3 and pH 2.1). These polymers have potential in colon targeted drug delivery as the polymer could protect sensitive drugs from acidic conditions in the stomach, and the drug would be released as the conditions change closer to neutral pH in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Asikainen
- Polymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland.
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41
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Awad A, Yao A, Trenfield SJ, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D Printed Tablets (Printlets) with Braille and Moon Patterns for Visually Impaired Patients. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020172. [PMID: 32092945 PMCID: PMC7076549 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness affects 285 million people worldwide, resulting in a high public health burden. This study reports, for the first time, the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to create orally disintegrating printlets (ODPs) suited for patients with visual impairment. Printlets were designed with Braille and Moon patterns on their surface, enabling patients to identify medications when taken out of their original packaging. Printlets with different shapes were fabricated to offer additional information, such as the medication indication or its dosing regimen. Despite the presence of the patterns, the printlets retained their original mechanical properties and dissolution characteristics, wherein all the printlets disintegrated within ~5 s, avoiding the need for water and facilitating self-administration of medications. Moreover, the readability of the printlets was verified by a blind person. Overall, this novel and practical approach should reduce medication errors and improve medication adherence in patients with visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.A.); (A.Y.); (S.J.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Aliya Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.A.); (A.Y.); (S.J.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Sarah J. Trenfield
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.A.); (A.Y.); (S.J.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I + D Farma Group (GI-1645), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.A.); (A.Y.); (S.J.T.); (S.G.)
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (A.A.); (A.Y.); (S.J.T.); (S.G.)
- FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.W.B.)
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Lamichhane S, Park JB, Sohn DH, Lee S. Customized Novel Design of 3D Printed Pregabalin Tablets for Intra-Gastric Floating and Controlled Release Using Fused Deposition Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E564. [PMID: 31671686 PMCID: PMC6920939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been recently employed in the design and formulation of various dosage forms with the aim of on-demand manufacturing and personalized medicine. In this study, we formulated a floating sustained release system using fused deposition modeling (FDM). Filaments were prepared using hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and pregabalin as the active ingredient. Cylindrical tablets with infill percentages of 25%, 50% and 75% were designed and printed with the FDM printer. An optimized formulation (F6) was designed with a closed bottom layer and a partially opened top layer. Filaments and tablets were characterized by means of fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the processing condition did not have a significant effect on the stability of the drug and the crystallinity of the drug remained even after printing. A dissolution study revealed that drug release is faster in an open system with low infill percentage compared to closed systems and open systems with a high infill ratio. The optimized formulation (F6) with partially opened top layer showed zero-order drug release. The results show that FDM printing is suitable for the formulation of floating dosage form with the desired drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrawani Lamichhane
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Jun-Bom Park
- College of Pharmacy, Samyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Korea.
| | - Dong Hwan Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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Kjar A, Huang Y. Application of Micro-Scale 3D Printing in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E390. [PMID: 31382565 PMCID: PMC6723578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing, as one of the most rapidly-evolving fabrication technologies, has released a cascade of innovation in the last two decades. In the pharmaceutical field, the integration of 3D printing technology has offered unique advantages, especially at the micro-scale. When printed at a micro-scale, materials and devices can provide nuanced solutions to controlled release, minimally invasive delivery, high-precision targeting, biomimetic models for drug discovery and development, and future opportunities for personalized medicine. This review aims to cover the recent advances in this area. First, the 3D printing techniques are introduced with respect to the technical parameters and features that are uniquely related to each stage of pharmaceutical development. Then specific micro-sized pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing are summarized and grouped according to the provided benefits. Both advantages and challenges are discussed for each application. We believe that these technologies provide compelling future solutions for modern medicine, while challenges remain for scale-up and regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kjar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Chandekar A, Mishra DK, Sharma S, Saraogi GK, Gupta U, Gupta G. 3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:937-945. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190507115504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional
printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to
manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing
is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS
technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing
are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic
(SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical
3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to
be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized
medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Chandekar
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Dinesh K. Mishra
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Gaurav K. Saraogi
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur (Maharashtra), India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
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Kadry H, Wadnap S, Xu C, Ahsan F. Digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing technology and photoreactive polymers in fabrication of modified-release tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ballard DH, Tappa K, Boyer CJ, Jammalamadaka U, Hemmanur K, Weisman JA, Alexander JS, Mills DK, Woodard PK. Antibiotics in 3D-printed implants, instruments and materials: benefits, challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE 2019; 3:83-93. [PMID: 31258936 PMCID: PMC6587109 DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology, which permits innovative approaches for incorporating antibiotics into 3D printed constructs. Antibiotic-incorporating applications in medicine have included medical implants, prostheses, along with procedural and surgical instruments. 3D-printed antibiotic-impregnated devices offer the advantages of increased surface area for drug distribution, sequential layers of antibiotics produced through layer-by-layer fabrication, and the ability to rapidly fabricate constructs based on patient-specific anatomies. To date, fused deposition modeling has been the main 3D printing method used to incorporate antibiotics, although inkjet and stereolithography techniques have also been described. This review offers a state-of-the-art summary of studies that incorporate antibiotics into 3D-printed constructs and summarizes the rationale, challenges, and future directions for the potential use of this technology in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ballard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 314 226 5464; Fax: +1 314 747 4671;
| | - Karthik Tappa
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christen J Boyer
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kavya Hemmanur
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery A Weisman
- University of Illinois at Chicago Occupational Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - David K Mills
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Farto-Vaamonde X, Auriemma G, Aquino RP, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Post-manufacture loading of filaments and 3D printed PLA scaffolds with prednisolone and dexamethasone for tissue regeneration applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:100-110. [PMID: 31112767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to load prednisolone or dexamethasone in preformed poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) filaments and 3D printed scaffolds were explored as a way of personalizing the drug, the dose and the release profile for regenerative medicine purposes. Instead of starting from a PLA filament preloaded with a given content of drug, we explored two more versatile strategies. The first one involved the soaking of PLA filaments into a drug solution prepared in a solvent that reversibly swelled PLA; during 3D printing the melting of PLA contributed to the efficient integration (encapsulation) of the drug inside the printed strand. The second strategy consisted in first printing the 3D PLA scaffolds followed by soaking in a suitable drug solution in order to exploit the higher specific surface of the printed strands compared to the filament. Sustained release profiles were recorded when either prednisolone or dexamethasone were loaded in preformed PLA filaments, while rapid release was recorded for 3D PLA scaffolds loaded after printing. The combination of the two proposed methods reported here opened the possibility of creating concentration gradients of different drugs in the same scaffold exhibiting distinct release patterns. Namely, the strand core contained an active ingredient to be slowly released, while the surface was covered with other active ingredient that could be rapidly delivered. The feasibility of this approach was confirmed through dual loading of dexamethasone in the filament and of prednisolone on the preformed scaffold. Drug-loaded scaffolds were characterized in terms of printability, structural characteristics (DSC, XRD), mechanical properties, biodegradation, and ability to promote cell attachment and proliferation. Finally, anti-inflammatory response and osteoinductive properties were verified in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xián Farto-Vaamonde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Giulia Auriemma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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48
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Araújo MRP, Sa-Barreto LL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M. The Digital Pharmacies Era: How 3D Printing Technology Using Fused Deposition Modeling Can Become a Reality. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030128. [PMID: 30893842 PMCID: PMC6471727 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is set to join the fourth industrial revolution with the 3D printing of medicines. The application of 3D printers in compounding pharmacies will turn them into digital pharmacies, wrapping up the telemedicine care cycle and definitively modifying the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of patients. Fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology melts extruded drug-loaded filaments into any dosage form; and allows the obtainment of flexible dosages with different shapes, multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients and modulated drug release kinetics—in other words, offering customized medicine. This work aimed to present an update on this technology, discussing its challenges. The co-participation of the pharmaceutical industry and compounding pharmacies seems to be the best way to turn this technology into reality. The pharmaceutical industry can produce drug-loaded filaments on a large scale with the necessary quality and safety guarantees; while digital pharmacies can transform the filaments into personalized medicine according to specific prescriptions. For this to occur, adaptations in commercial 3D printers will need to meet health requirements for drug products preparation, and it will be necessary to make advances in regulatory gaps and discussions on patent protection. Thus, despite the conservatism of the sector, 3D drug printing has the potential to become the biggest technological leap ever seen in the pharmaceutical segment, and according to the most optimistic prognostics, it will soon be within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa R P Araújo
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Livia L Sa-Barreto
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
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49
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Asikainen S, van Bochove B, Seppälä JV. Drug-releasing biopolymeric structures manufactured via stereolithography. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaf0e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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50
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Ma Z, Li S, Wang H, Cheng W, Li Y, Pan L, Shi Y. Advanced electronic skin devices for healthcare applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:173-197. [PMID: 32254546 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin, a kind of flexible electronic device and system inspired by human skin, has emerged as a promising candidate for wearable personal healthcare applications. Wearable electronic devices with skin-like properties will provide platforms for continuous and real-time monitoring of human physiological signals such as tissue pressure, body motion, temperature, metabolites, electrolyte balance, and disease-related biomarkers. Transdermal drug delivery devices can also be integrated into electronic skin to enhance its non-invasive, real-time dynamic therapy functions. This review summarizes the recent progress in electronic skin devices for applications in human health monitoring and therapy systems as well as several potential mass production technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. The opportunities and challenges in broadening the applications of electronic skin devices in practical healthcare are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
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