Controlled anti-cancer drug release through advanced nano-drug delivery systems: Static and dynamic targeting strategies

Targeted therapy of kidney disease with nanoparticle drug delivery materials

With the development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials have been widely used, offering specific drug delivery to target sites, minimal side effects, and significant therapeutic effects. The kidneys have filtration and reabsorption functions, with various potential target cell types and a complex structural environment, making the strategies for kidney function protection and recovery after injury complex. This also lays the foundation for the application of nanomedicine in kidney diseases. Currently, evidence in preclinical and clinical settings supports the feasibility of targeted therapy for kidney diseases using drug delivery based on nanomaterials. The prerequisite for nanomedicine in treating kidney diseases is the use of carriers with good biocompatibility, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, dendrimer polymers, adenoviruses, lysozymes, and elastin-like polypeptides. These carriers have precise renal uptake, longer half-life, and targeted organ distribution, protecting and improving the efficacy of the drugs they carry. Additionally, attention should also be paid to the toxicity and solubility of the carriers. While the carriers mentioned above have been used in preclinical studies for targeted therapy of kidney diseases both in vivo and in vitro, extensive clinical trials are still needed to ensure the short-term and long-term effects of nano drugs in the human body. This review will discuss the advantages and limitations of nanoscale drug carrier materials in treating kidney diseases, provide a more comprehensive catalog of nanocarrier materials, and offer prospects for their drug-loading efficacy and clinical applications.

Stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug nanocarriers by reversible-deactivation radical polymerization

Polymer prodrugs are based on the covalent linkage of therapeutic molecules to a polymer structure which avoids the problems and limitations commonly encountered with traditional drug-loaded nanocarriers in which drugs are just physically entrapped (e.g., burst release, poor drug loadings). In the past few years, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques have been extensively used to design tailor-made polymer prodrug nanocarriers. This synthesis strategy has received a lot of attention due to the possibility of fine tuning their structural parameters (e.g., polymer nature and macromolecular characteristics, linker nature, physico-chemical properties, functionalization, etc.), to achieve optimized drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. In particular, adjusting the nature of the drug-polymer linker has enabled the easy synthesis of stimuli-responsive polymer prodrugs for efficient spatiotemporal drug release. In this context, this review article will give an overview of the different stimuli-sensitive polymer prodrug structures designed by RDRP techniques, with a strong focus on the synthesis strategies, the macromolecular architectures and in particular the drug-polymer linker, which governs the drug release kinetics and eventually the therapeutic effect. Their biological evaluations will also be discussed.

Engineered nanoparticles as Selinexor drug delivery systems across the cell membrane and related signaling pathways in cancer cells

In the present work, molecular dynamics simulation is applied to evaluate the drug carrier efficiency of graphene oxide nanoflake (GONF) for loading of Selinexor (SXR) drug as well as the drug delivery by 2D material through the membrane in aqueous solution. In addition, to investigate the adsorption and penetration of drug-nanocarrier complex into the cell membrane, well-tempered metadynamics simulations and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were performed. Based on the obtained results, it is evident that intermolecular hydrogen bonds (HBs) and π-π interactions play a significant role in expediting the interaction between drug molecules and the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet, ultimately resulting in the formation of a stable SXR-GO complex. The Lennard-Jones (L-J) energy value for the interaction of SXR with GONF is calculated to be approximately -98.85 kJ/mol. In the SXR-GONF complex system, the dominant interaction between SXR and GONF is attributed to the L-J term, resulting from the formation of a strong π-π interaction between the drug molecules and the substrate surface. Moreover, our simulations show by decreasing the distance of GONF with respect to cell membrane, the interaction energy of GONF-membrane significantly decrease to -1500 kJ/mol resulting in fast diffusion of SXR-GONF complex toward the bilayer surface that is favored opening the way to natural drug nanocapsule.

Strategic disruption of cancer's powerhouse: precise nanomedicine targeting of mitochondrial metabolism

Mitochondria occupy a central role in the biology of most eukaryotic cells, functioning as the hub of oxidative metabolism where sugars, fats, and amino acids are ultimately oxidized to release energy. This crucial function fuels a variety of cellular activities. Disruption in mitochondrial metabolism is a common feature in many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative conditions and cardiovascular diseases. Targeting tumor cell mitochondrial metabolism with multifunctional nanosystems emerges as a promising strategy for enhancing therapeutic efficacy against cancer. This review comprehensively outlines the pathways of mitochondrial metabolism, emphasizing their critical roles in cellular energy production and metabolic regulation. The associations between aberrant mitochondrial metabolism and the initiation and progression of cancer are highlighted, illustrating how these metabolic disruptions contribute to oncogenesis and tumor sustainability. More importantly, innovative strategies employing nanomedicines to precisely target mitochondrial metabolic pathways in cancer therapy are fully explored. Furthermore, key challenges and future directions in this field are identified and discussed. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future potential of nanomedicine in targeting mitochondrial metabolism, offering insights for developing more effective cancer therapies.

Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy Against Melanoma through Exosomal Delivery of Hesperidin

Melanoma, characterized as the most aggressive and metastatic form of skin cancer, currently has limited treatment options, predominantly chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, the drawbacks associated with parenterally administered chemotherapy underscore the urgent need for alternative compounds to combat melanoma effectively. Hesperidin (HES), a flavonoid present in various citrus fruits, exhibits promising anticancer activity. Nevertheless, the clinical utility of HES is hindered by challenges such as poor water solubility, a short half-life, and low oral bioavailability. In response to these limitations, we introduced a novel approach by formulating HES-loaded exosomes (Exo-HES). Isolation of exosomes was achieved through the ultracentrifugation method, and HES was efficiently loaded using the sonication method. The resulting formulations displayed a desirable particle size (∼106 nm) and exhibited a spherical morphology, as confirmed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. In vitro studies conducted on B16F10 cell lines demonstrated higher cytotoxicity of Exo-HES compared to free HES, supported by enhanced cellular uptake validated through coumarin-6-loaded exosomes. This superior cytotoxicity was further evidenced by DNA fragmentation, increased generation of free radicals (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and effective inhibition of colony formation. The antimetastatic properties of Exo-HES were confirmed through wound healing and transwell migration assays. Oral pharmacokinetics studies revealed a remarkable increase of approximately 2.5 times in oral bioavailability and half-life of HES when loaded into exosomes. Subsequent in vivo experiments utilizing a B16F10-induced melanoma model in Swiss mice established that Exo-HES exhibited superior anticancer activity compared to HES after oral administration. Importantly, no biochemical, hematological, or histological toxicities were observed in tumor-bearing mice treated with Exo-HES. These findings suggest that exosomes loaded with HES represent a promising nanocarrier strategy to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of hesperidin in melanoma treatment.

Antibacterial and Osteogenic Doxycycline Imprinted Bioglass Microspheres to Combat Bone Infection

Currently, postoperative infection is a significant challenge in bone and dental surgical procedures, demanding the exploration of innovative approaches due to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aims to develop a strategy for controlled and smart antibiotic release while accelerating osteogenesis to expedite bone healing. In this regard, temperature-responsive doxycycline (DOX) imprinted bioglass microspheres (BGMs) were synthesized. Following the formation of chitosan-modified BGMs, poly N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAm) was used for surface imprinting of DOX. The temperature-responsive molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) exhibited pH and temperature dual-responsive adsorption and controlled-release properties for DOX. The temperature-responsive MIP was optimized by investigating the molar ratio of N,N'-methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBA, the cross-linker) to NIPAm. Our results demonstrated that the MIPs showed superior adsorption capacity (96.85 mg/g at 35 °C, pH = 7) than nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) and manifested a favorable selectivity toward DOX. The adsorption behavior of DOX on the MIPs fit well with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Drug release studies demonstrated a controlled release of DOX due to imprinted cavities, which were fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. DOX-imprinted BGMs also revealed comparable antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to the DOX (control). In addition, MIPs promoted viability and osteogenic differentiation of MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Overall, the findings demonstrate the significant potential of DOX-imprinted BGMs for use in bone defects. Nonetheless, further in vitro investigations and subsequent in vivo experiments are warranted to advance this research.

A Novel Fit-Flexible Fluorescence Soft Imager: Tri-Sensing of Intensity, Fall-Time, and Life Profile

Time-resolved fluorescence imaging techniques, like confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, are powerful photonic instrumentation tools of modern science with diverse applications, including: biology, medicine, and chemistry. However, complexities of the systems, both at specimen and device levels, cause difficulties in quantifying soft biomarkers. To address the problems, we first aim to understand and model the underlying photophysics of fluorescence decay curves. For this purpose, we provide a set of mathematical functions, called "life models", fittable with the real temporal recordings of histogram of photon counts. For each model, an equivalent electrical circuit, called a "life circuit", is derived for explaining the whole process. In confocal endomicroscopy, the components of excitation laser, specimen, and fluorescence-emission signal as the histogram of photon counts are modelled by a power source, network of resistor-inductor-capacitor circuitry, and multimetre, respectively. We then design a novel pixel-level temporal classification algorithm, called a "fit-flexible approach", where qualities of "intensity", "fall-time", and "life profile" are identified for each point. A model selection mechanism is used at each pixel to flexibly choose the best representative life model based on a proposed Misfit-percent metric. A two-dimensional arrangement of the quantified information detects some kind of structural information. This approach showed a potential of separating microbeads from lung tissue, distinguishing the tri-sensing from conventional methods. We alleviated by 7% the error of the Misfit-percent for recovering the histograms on real samples than the best state-of-the-art competitor. Codes are available online.

Charge-Switchable nanoparticles to enhance tumor penetration and accumulation

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems hold potential in chemotherapy, but their limited accumulation in tumor tissues hinders effective drug concentration for combating tumor growth. Hence, altering the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, particularly their surface charge, can enhance their performance. This study utilized a computational model to explore a nanoparticle drug delivery system capable of dynamically adjusting its surface charge. In the model, nanoparticles in the bloodstream were assigned a neutral or positive charge, which, upon reaching the tumor microenvironment, switched to a neutral or negative charge, and releasing chemotherapy drugs into the extracellular space. Results revealed that circulating nanoparticles with a positive surface charge, despite having a shorter circulation and high clearance rate compared to their neutral counterparts, could accumulate significantly in the tissue due to their high transvascular rate. After extravasation, neutralized surface-charged nanoparticles tended to accumulate only near blood microvessels due to their low diffusion rate, resulting in substantial released drug drainage back into the bloodstream. On the other hand, nanoparticles with a negative surface charge in the tumor's extracellular space, due to the reduction of nano-bio interactions, were able to penetrate deeper into the tumor, and increasing drug bioavailability by reducing the volume of drained drugs. Furthermore, the analysis suggested that burst drug release yields a higher drug concentration than sustained drug release, however their creation of bioavailability dependent on nanoparticle accumulation in the tissue. The study's findings demonstrate the potential of this delivery system and offer valuable insights for future research in this area.

Synthesis and drug release kinetics of ciprofloxacin from polyacrylamide/dextran/carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) hydrogels

Sustainable release of drug by utilizing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) based inclusion complex (IC) is the prime objective of the present work. Herein, polyacrylamide/dextran containing carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylamide. The incorporation of CQD triggers the change in orientation of the PAM/Dex polymeric chains to result the formation of stacked surface morphology of the hydrogel. The average particle size of CQD is found to be 4.13 nm from HRTEM analysis. As-synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel exhibits an optimum swelling ratio of 863 % in aqueous medium. The cytotoxicity study is conducted on HeLa cells by taking up to 2 μM concentration of the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrate 78 % cell viability. In present study, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is taken as model drug that achieves release of 64.15 % in 32 h from β-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD hydrogels in acidic medium. From theoretical study, release rate constants, R2, Akaike information criterion (AIC) and model selection criterion (MSC) are computed to determine the best fitted kinetics model. Peppas-Sahlin model is the best fitted kinetics model for β-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD and concluded that the release of Cipro follows Fickian drug diffusion mechanism in acidic medium.

Image-based predictive modelling frameworks for personalised drug delivery in cancer therapy

Personalised drug delivery enables a tailored treatment plan for each patient compared to conventional drug delivery, where a generic strategy is commonly employed. It can not only achieve precise treatment to improve effectiveness but also reduce the risk of adverse effects to improve patients' quality of life. Drug delivery involves multiple interconnected physiological and physicochemical processes, which span a wide range of time and length scales. How to consider the impact of individual differences on these processes becomes critical. Multiphysics models are an open system that allows well-controlled studies on the individual and combined effects of influencing factors on drug delivery outcomes while accommodating the patient-specific in vivo environment, which is not economically feasible through experimental means. Extensive modelling frameworks have been developed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug delivery and optimise effective delivery plans. This review provides an overview of currently available models, their integration with advanced medical imaging modalities, and code packages for personalised drug delivery. The potential to incorporate new technologies (i.e., machine learning) in this field is also addressed for development.

Self-Immolative Domino Dendrimers as Anticancer-Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

Worldwide cancer statistics have indicated about 20 million new cancer cases and over 10 million deaths in 2022 (according to data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer). One of the leading cancer treatment strategies is chemotherapy, using innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs). Self-immolative domino dendrimers (SIDendr) for triggered anti-cancer drugs appear to be a promising type of DDSs. The present review provides an up-to-date survey on the contemporary advancements in the field of SIDendr-based anti-cancer drug delivery systems (SIDendr-ac-DDSs) through an exhaustive analysis of the discovery and application of these materials in improving the pharmacological effectiveness of both novel and old drugs. In addition, this article discusses the designing, chemical structure, and targeting techniques, as well as the properties, of several SIDendr-based DDSs. Approaches for this type of targeted DDSs for anti-cancer drug release under a range of stimuli are also explored.

Nanocarrier-Integrated Microneedles: Divulging the Potential of Novel Frontiers for Fostering the Management of Skin Ailments

The various kinds of nanocarriers (NCs) have been explored for the delivery of therapeutics designed for the management of skin manifestations. The NCs are considered as one of the promising approaches for the skin delivery of therapeutics attributable to sustained release and enhanced skin penetration. Despite the extensive applications of the NCs, the challenges in their delivery via skin barrier (majorly stratum corneum) have persisted. To overcome all the challenges associated with the delivery of NCs, the microneedle (MN) technology has emerged as a beacon of hope. Programmable drug release, being painless, and its minimally invasive nature make it an intriguing strategy to circumvent the multiple challenges associated with the various drug delivery systems. The integration of positive traits of NCs and MNs boosts therapeutic effectiveness by evading stratum corneum, facilitating the delivery of NCs through the skin and enhancing their targeted delivery. This review discusses the barrier function of skin, the importance of MNs, the types of MNs, and the superiority of NC-loaded MNs. We highlighted the applications of NC-integrated MNs for the management of various skin ailments, combinational drug delivery, active targeting, in vivo imaging, and as theranostics. The clinical trials, patent portfolio, and marketed products of drug/NC-integrated MNs are covered. Finally, regulatory hurdles toward benchtop-to-bedside translation, along with promising prospects needed to scale up NC-integrated MN technology, have been deliberated. The current review is anticipated to deliver thoughtful visions to researchers, clinicians, and formulation scientists for the successful development of the MN-technology-based product by carefully optimizing all the formulation variables.

Neuropilin-1-Targeted Nanomedicine for Spatiotemporal Tumor Suppression through Photodynamic Vascular Damage and Antiangiogenesis

Antiangiogenic therapy is an effective way to disrupt nutrient supply and starve tumors, but it is restricted by poor efficacy and negative feedback-induced tumor relapse. In this study, a neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)-targeted nanomedicine (designated as FPPT@Axi) is reported for spatiotemporal tumor suppression by combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with antiangiogenesis. In brief, FPPT@Axi is prepared by utilizing an NRP-1-targeting chimeric peptide (Fmoc-K(PpIX)-PEG8-TKPRR) to encapsulate the antiangiogenic drug Axitinib (Axi). Importantly, the NRP-1-mediated targeting property enables FPPT@Axi to selectively concentrate at vascular endothelial and breast cancer cells, facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ for specific vascular disruption and enhanced cell apoptosis under light stimulation. Moreover, the codelivered Axi can further inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) to impair the negative feedback of PDT-induced tumor neovascularization. Consequently, FPPT@Axi spatiotemporally restrains the tumor growth through blocking angiogenesis, destroying tumor vessels, and inducing tumor apoptosis. Such an NRP-1-mediated targeting codelivery system sheds light on constructing an appealing candidate with translational potential by using clinically approved PDT and chemotherapy.

Preparation of PMMA-Based Temperature/pH Responsive Nanoparticles Encapsulating 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate In Situ by One-Pot Dispersion Photopolymerization

In order to achieve long-term and controllable release of anti-tumor drugs at specific sites, temperature/pH responsive nanoparticles encapsulating 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate in situ are prepared through dispersion photopolymerization under green LED irradiation. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. In vitro drug release at different temperatures and pH values is examined to ascertain the release pattern of two drugs, which can be well described by Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The cytotoxicity evaluation illustrates that the tumor cells could be more effectively killed by the drug-loaded nanoparticles, and the improved therapeutic effect is attributed to the controllable and sustainable drug release as well as the enhanced cellular uptake. The blood safety and good biocompatibility of nanoparticles are further confirmed by hemolysis assay, indicating the prepared nanoparticles are potential candidates for effective tumor treatment.

Ultrasound-Sensitive Intelligent Nanosystems: A Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Neurological diseases are a major global health challenge, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Ultrasound therapy plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of neurological diseases due to its noninvasive, highly focused, and strong tissue penetration capabilities. However, the complexity of brain and nervous system and the safety risks associated with prolonged exposure to ultrasound therapy severely limit the applicability of ultrasound therapy. Ultrasound-sensitive intelligent nanosystems (USINs) are a novel therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases that bring greater spatiotemporal controllability and improve safety to overcome these challenges. This review provides a detailed overview of therapeutic strategies and clinical advances of ultrasound in neurological diseases, focusing on the potential of USINs-based ultrasound in the treatment of neurological diseases. Based on the physical and chemical effects induced by ultrasound, rational design of USINs is a prerequisite for improving the efficacy of ultrasound therapy. Recent developments of ultrasound-sensitive nanocarriers and nanoagents are systemically reviewed. Finally, the challenges and developing prospects of USINs are discussed in depth, with a view to providing useful insights and guidance for efficient ultrasound treatment of neurological diseases.

Controlled Release of the Anticancer Drug Cyclophosphamide from a Superparamagnetic β-Cyclodextrin Nanosponge by Local Hyperthermia Generated by an Alternating Magnetic Field

A β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) nanosponge (NS) was synthesized using diphenyl carbonate (DPC) as a cross-linker to encapsulate the antitumor drug cyclophosphamide (CYC), thus obtaining the NSs-CYC system. The formulation was then associated with magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) to develop the MNPs-NSs-CYC ternary system. The formulations mentioned above were characterized to confirm the deposition of the MNPs onto the organic matrix and that the superparamagnetic nature of the MNPs was preserved upon association. The association of the MNPs with the NSs-drug complex was confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer. The superparamagnetic properties of the ternary system allowed the release of CYC by utilizing magnetic hyperthermia upon the exposure of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The drug release experiments were carried out at different frequencies and intensities of the magnetic field, complying with the "Atkinson-Brezovich criterion". The assays in AMF showed the feasibility of release by controlling hyperthermia of the drug, finding that the most efficient conditions were F = 280 kHz, H = 15 mT, and a concentration of MNPs of 5 mg/mL. CYC release was temperature-dependent, facilitated by local heat generation through magnetic hyperthermia. This phenomenon was confirmed by DFT calculations. Furthermore, the ternary systems outperformed the formulations without MNPs regarding the amount of released drug. The MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assays demonstrated that including CYC within the magnetic NS cavities reduced the effects on mitochondrial activity compared to those observed with the free drug. Finally, the magnetic hyperthermia assays showed that the tertiary system allows the generation of apoptosis in HeLa cells, demonstrating that the MNPs embedded maintain their properties to generate hyperthermia. These results suggest that using NSs associated with MNPs could be a potential tool for a controlled drug delivery in tumor therapy since the materials are efficient and potentially nontoxic.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Microparticles Based on Poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric Acid) Loaded with Norfloxacin

In recent years, increasing interest has been accorded to polyester-based polymer microstructures, driven by their promising potential as advanced drug delivery systems. This study presents the preparation and characterization of new polymeric microparticles based on poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) loaded with norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Polymacrolactone was synthesised in mild conditions through the emulsion polymerization of bio-based and renewable monomers, ethylene brassylate, and squaric acid. The microparticles were obtained using the precipitation technique and subsequently subjected to comprehensive characterization. The impact of the copolymer/drug ratio on various properties of the new system was systematically evaluated, confirming the structure of the copolymer and the encapsulation of norfloxacin. The microspheres are approximately spherical and predominantly homogeneously distributed. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the microparticles falls between 400 and 2000 nm, a decrease that is observed with the increase in norfloxacin content. All samples showed good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity, with the highest values obtained for microparticles synthesised using an equal ratio of copolymer and drug. In vitro drug release results disclose that norfloxacin molecules are released in a sustained biphasic manner for up to 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was also studied, with samples showing very good activity against E. coli and moderate activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. In addition, HDFA human fibroblast cell cultures demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the microparticles.

Composite Hydrogel Containing Collagen-Modified Polylactic Acid-Hydroxylactic Acid Copolymer Microspheres Loaded with Tetramethylpyrazine Promotes Articular Cartilage Repair

Articular cartilage defects pose a significant challenge due to the limited self-healing ability of cartilage. However, traditional techniques face limitations including autologous chondrocyte expansion issues. This study aims to investigate the effects of the polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) and collagen-surface modified polylactic acid-glycolic acid (CPLGA) microspheres loaded with tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on two cell types and the regeneration potential of articular cartilage. CPLGA microspheres are prepared by Steglich reaction and characterized. They evaluated the effect of TMP-loaded microspheres on HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) and examined the compatibility of blank microspheres with BMSCs (Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells) and their potential to promote cartilage differentiation. Subcutaneous implant immune tests and cartilage defect treatment are conducted to assess biocompatibility and cartilage repair potential. The results highlight the efficacy of CPLGA microspheres in promoting tissue regeneration, attributed to improved hydrophilicity and collagen-induced mitigation of degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, both CPLGA and PLGA TMP-loaded microspheres exhibit inhibitory effects on HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Notably, CPLGA microspheres show enhanced compatibility with BMSCs, facilitating chondrogenic differentiation. Moreover, the CPLGA microsphere-composite hydrogel exhibits potential for cartilage repair by modulating angiogenesis and promoting BMSC differentiation.

Sustained release gel based on CT image inspection for treatment of diabetes fundus macular lesions

Currently, slow-release gel therapy is considered to be an effective treatment for fundus macular disease, but the lack of effective evaluation methods limits its clinical application. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the application and clinical effect of slow-release gel based on CT image examination in the treatment of diabetic fundus macular disease. CT images of fundus macular lesions were collected in a group of diabetic patients. Then the professional image processing software is used to process and analyze the image and extract the key parameters. A slow-release gel was designed and prepared, and applied to the treatment of diabetic fundus macular disease. CT images before and after treatment were compared and analyzed, and the effect of slow-release gel was evaluated. In a certain period of time after treatment, the lesion size and lesion degree of diabetic fundus macular disease were significantly improved by using slow-release gel therapy with CT image examination. No significant adverse reactions or complications were observed during the treatment. This indicates that the slow-release gel based on CT image examination is a safe, effective and feasible treatment method for diabetic fundus macular disease. This method can help improve the vision and quality of life of patients, and provide a new idea and plan for clinical treatment.

Synthesis of quercetin-loaded hyaluronic acid-conjugated pH/redox dual-stimuli responsive poly(methacrylic acid)/mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles for breast cancer targeted therapy

In the current study, a combination of precipitation polymerization and modified sol-gel methods were developed to prepare the novel hyaluronic acid-decorated pH and redox dual-stimuli responsive poly(methacrylic acid)/mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with a core-shell structure for controlled drug release. The nanocarriers have a proper particle size of <200 nm, high negative zeta potential greater than -30 mV, controllable diameter, and tunable shell thickness. The prepared nanoparticles were able to entrap over 70 % of quercetin with a drug loading of >10 %, due to the mesoporous shell. In vitro drug release profiles indicated that the systems had good stability under normal physiological media, while the cumulative release was significantly accelerated at the simulated tumor tissue condition, which shows pH and redox-dependent drug release. In vitro cell viability and apoptosis assay proved that the obtained nanomaterials possess relatively good biocompatibility, and drug-loaded targeted nanoparticles exhibited greater cytotoxicity on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells than free drug and non-targeted nanocarriers due to the enhanced cellular uptake of nanoparticles via CD44 receptors overexpressed. All these findings demonstrated that proposed nanocarriers might be promising as a smart drug delivery system to improve the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Potential of the nanoplatform and PROTAC interface to achieve targeted protein degradation through the Ubiquitin-Proteasome system

In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in selectively breaking down specific proteins. The ability of the UPS to target proteins effectively and expedite their removal has significantly contributed to the evolution of UPS-based targeted protein degradation (TPD) strategies. In particular, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are an immensely promising tool due to their high efficiency, extensive target range, and negligible drug resistance. This breakthrough has overcome the limitations posed by traditionally "non-druggable" proteins. However, their high molecular weight and constrained solubility impede the delivery of PROTACs. Fortunately, the field of nanomedicine has experienced significant growth, enabling the delivery of PROTACs through nanoscale drug-delivery systems, which effectively improves the stability, solubility, drug distribution, tissue-specific accumulation, and stimulus-responsive release of PROTACs. This article reviews the mechanism of action attributed to PROTACs and their potential implications for clinical applications. Moreover, we present strategies involving nanoplatforms for the effective delivery of PROTACs and evaluate recent advances in targeting nanoplatforms to the UPS. Ultimately, an assessment is conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing PROTACs and nanoplatforms for UPS-based TPD. The primary aim of this review is to provide innovative, reliable solutions to overcome the current challenges obstructing the effective use of PROTACs in the management of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this is a promising technology for improving the treatment status of major diseases.

Approaches for reducing chemo/radiation-induced cardiotoxicity by nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are fascinating and encouraging carriers for cancer treatment due to their extraordinary properties and potential applications in targeted drug delivery, treatment, and diagnosis. Experimental studies including in vitro and in vivo examinations show that nanoparticles can cause a revolution in different aspects of cancer therapy. Normal tissue toxicity and early and late consequences are the major limitations of cancer therapy by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the delivery of drugs into tumors or reducing the accumulation of drugs in normal tissues can permit a more satisfactory response of malignancies to therapy with more inferior side effects. Cardiac toxicity is one of the major problems for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, several experimental studies have been performed to minimize the degenerative impacts of cancer treatment on the heart and also enhance the influences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy agents in cancers. This review article emphasizes the benefits of nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques, including minimizing the exposure of the heart to anticancer drugs, enhancing the accumulation of drugs in cancers, and expanding the effectiveness of radiotherapy. The article also discusses the challenges and problems accompanied with nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques such as toxicity, which need to be addressed through further research. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of developing safe and effective nanoparticle-based therapies that can be translated into clinical practice.

L-carnitine modified nanoparticles target the OCTN2 transporter to improve the oral absorption of jujuboside B

As a bioactive saponin derived from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, jujuboside B (JuB) shows great potential in anti-anxiety, anti-depression and improving learning and memory function. However, its oral bioavailability is very poor. In this study, a novel drug-loading nanoparticles system was prepared with polyethylene glycol and polylactic-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PEG-PLGA), and further modified with L-carnitine (LC) to target intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) to improve the oral absorption of JuB. Under the optimized preparation conditions, the particle sizes of obtained JuB-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (B-NPs) and LC modified B-NPs (LC-B-NPs) were 110.67 ± 11.37 nm and 134.00 ± 2.00 nm with the entrapment efficiency (EE%) 73.46 ± 1.26 % and 76.01 ± 2.10 %, respectively. The pharmacokinetics in SD rats showed that B-NPs and LC-B-NPs increased the bioavailability of JuB to 134.33 % and 159.04 % respectively. In Caco-2 cell model, the prepared nanoparticles significantly increased cell uptake of JuB, which verified the pharmacokinetic results. The absorption of LC-B-NPs mainly depended on OCTN2 transporter, and Na+ played an important role. Caveolin and clathrin were involved in the endocytosis of the two nanoparticles. In conclusion, both B-NPs and LC-B-NPs can improve the oral absorption of JuB, and the modification of LC can effectively target the OCTN2 transporter.

Programmable intratumoral drug delivery to breast cancer using wireless bioelectronic device with electrochemical actuation

OBJECTIVE

Breast cancer is a global health concern that demands attention. In our contribution to addressing this disease, our study focuses on investigating a wireless micro-device for intratumoral drug delivery, utilizing electrochemical actuation. Microdevices have emerged as a promising approach in this field due to their ability to enable controlled injections in various applications.

METHODS

Our study is conducted within a computational framework, employing models that simulate the behavior of the microdevice and drug discharge based on the principles of the ideal gas law. Furthermore, the distribution of the drug within the tissue is simulated, considering both diffusion and convection mechanisms. To predict the therapeutic response, a pharmacodynamic model is utilized, considering the chemotherapeutic effects and cell proliferation.

RESULTS

The findings demonstrate that an effective current of 3 mA, along with an initial gas volume equal to the drug volume in the microdevice, optimizes drug delivery. Microdevices with multiple injection capabilities exhibit enhanced therapeutic efficacy, effectively suppressing cell proliferation. Additionally, tumors with lower microvascular density experience higher drug concentrations in the extracellular space, resulting in significant cell death in hypoxic regions.

CONCLUSIONS

Achieving an efficient therapeutic response involves considering both the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and the frequency of injections within a specific time frame.

An effective treatment approach of liposomally encapsulated metformin in colon cancer

Metformin is a drug that is widely used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and its anticarcinogenic effect has been detected in many studies since the 2000s. Metformin has a short half-life and poor biocompatibility, which limits the activity of the drug. As a solution to this situation, our study aimed to increase the anticarcinogenic effects and reduce the side effects of metformin in colon cancer by liposomal encapsulation. For this purpose, in our study, liposome production was carried out using the thin film hydration method. The amount of metformin loaded in liposomes was determined by a standard absorbance curve at 237 nm. Size distributions and membrane zeta potentials of the liposomes were evaluated with Malvern Zetasizer ZS90. Transmission electron microscopy was performed by staining the liposomes negatively with uranyl acetate. Cultured HT-29 cells were treated with liposomal metformin or free metformin at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 40 mM for 24 and 48 h. At the end of the treatment period, cell viability was evaluated by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability test. The anticarcinogenic effects of liposomal and free metformin on HT-29 cells were compared. As a result, liposome encapsulated metformin treatment for 24 h was more effective on HT-29 cells at 20- and 40-mM concentrations causing significantly greater decrease in the IC-50 dose compared to the free metformin. The result suggests that liposomal encapsulated metformin may offer a promising approach to increase the efficacy of the drug in the treatment of colon cancer.

Localized radiotherapy of solid tumors using radiopharmaceutical loaded implantable system: insights from a mathematical model

Introduction

Computational models yield valuable insights into biological interactions not fully elucidated by experimental approaches. This study investigates an innovative spatiotemporal model for simulating the controlled release and dispersion of radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) using 177Lu-PSMA, a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted radiopharmaceutical, within solid tumors via a dual-release implantable delivery system. Local delivery of anticancer agents presents a strategic approach to mitigate adverse effects while optimizing therapeutic outcomes.

Methods

This study evaluates various factors impacting RPT efficacy, including hypoxia region extension, binding affinity, and initial drug dosage, employing a novel 3-dimensional computational model. Analysis gauges the influence of these factors on radiopharmaceutical agent concentration within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, spatial and temporal radiopharmaceutical distribution within both the tumor and surrounding tissue is explored.

Results

Analysis indicates a significantly higher total concentration area under the curve within the tumor region compared to surrounding normal tissue. Moreover, drug distribution exhibits notably superior efficacy compared to the radiation source. Additionally, low microvascular density in extended hypoxia regions enhances drug availability, facilitating improved binding to PSMA receptors and enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. Reductions in the dissociation constant (KD) lead to heightened binding affinity and increased internalized drug concentration. Evaluation of initial radioactivities (7.1×107, 7.1×108, and 7.1×109 [Bq]) indicates that an activity of 7.1×108 [Bq] offers a favorable balance between tumor cell elimination and minimal impact on normal tissues.

Discussion

These findings underscore the potential of localized radiopharmaceutical delivery strategies and emphasize the crucial role of released drugs relative to the radiation source (implant) in effective tumor treatment. Decreasing the proximity of the drug to the microvascular network and enhancing its distribution within the tumor promote a more effective therapeutic outcome. The study furnishes valuable insights for future experimental investigations and clinical trials, aiming to refine medication protocols and minimize reliance on in vivo testing.

Advances in Nanoarchitectonics: A Review of "Static" and "Dynamic" Particle Assembly Methods

Particle assembly is a promising technique to create functional materials and devices from nanoscale building blocks. However, the control of particle arrangement and orientation is challenging and requires careful design of the assembly methods and conditions. In this study, the static and dynamic methods of particle assembly are reviewed, focusing on their applications in biomaterial sciences. Static methods rely on the equilibrium interactions between particles and substrates, such as electrostatic, magnetic, or capillary forces. Dynamic methods can be associated with the application of external stimuli, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, light, or sound, to manipulate the particles in a non-equilibrium state. This study discusses the advantages and limitations of such methods as well as nanoarchitectonic principles that guide the formation of desired structures and functions. It also highlights some examples of biomaterials and devices that have been fabricated by particle assembly, such as biosensors, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and artificial organs. It concludes by outlining the future challenges and opportunities of particle assembly for biomaterial sciences. This review stands as a crucial guide for scholars and professionals in the field, fostering further investigation and innovation. It also highlights the necessity for continuous research to refine these methodologies and devise more efficient techniques for nanomaterial synthesis. The potential ramifications on healthcare and technology are substantial, with implications for drug delivery systems, diagnostic tools, disease treatments, energy storage, environmental science, and electronics.

Poly-β-thioester-Based Cross-Linked Nanocarrier for Cancer Cell Selectivity over Normal Cells and Cellular Apoptosis by Triggered Release of Parthenolide, an Anticancer Drug

Breast cancer is the most prevalent and aggressive type of cancer, causing high mortality rates in women globally. Many drawbacks and side effects of the current chemotherapy force us to develop a robust chemotherapeutic system that can deal with off-target hazards and selectively combat cancer growth, invasiveness, and cancer-initiating cells. Here, a pH-responsive cross-linked nanocarrier (140-160 nm) endowed with poly-β-thioester functionality (CBAPTL) has been sketched and fabricated for noncovalent firm encapsulation of anticancer drug, parthenolide (PTL) at physiological pH (7.4), which enables sustain release of PTL at relevant endosomal pH (∼5.0-5.3). For this, a bolaamphiphilic molecule integrated with β-thioester and acrylate functionality was synthesized to fabricate the pH-responsive poly-β-thioester-based cross-linked nanocarrier via Michael addition click reactions in water. The poly-β-thioester functionality of CBAPTL hydrolyzes at endosomal acidic conditions, thus leading to the selective release of PTL inside the cancer cell. Cross-linked nanocarriers exhibit high serum stability, dilution insensitivity, and targeted cellular uptake at tumor microenvironment (TME), contrasting normal cells. In vitro study using human MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated that CBAPTL exhibited selective cytotoxicity, reduced clonogenic potential, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and arrested the progression of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase efficiently. CBAPTL induced apoptosis via downregulating pro-proliferative protein Bcl-2 and upregulating proapoptotic proteins p53, BAD, p21, and cleaved PARP-1. CBAPTL inhibited proliferating signaling by suppressing AKT phosphorylation and p38 expression. CBAPTL also blocked the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. CBAPTL effectively inhibits primary and secondary mammosphere formation, thereby preventing cancer-initiating cells' growth. Conversely, CBAPTL has negligible effect on human red blood cells (RBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These findings highlight the superior efficacy of CBAPTL compared to PTL alone in suppressing cancer cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and preventing invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. Thus, CBAPTL could be considered a possible selective chemotherapeutic cargo against breast cancer without affecting normal cells.

Targeting ferroptosis unveils a new era for traditional Chinese medicine: a scientific metrology study

In the past 11 years, there has been a surge in studies exploring the regulatory effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) on ferroptosis. However, a significant gap persists in comprehensive scientometric analysis and scientific mapping research, especially in tracking the evolution, primary contributors, and emerging research focal points. This study aims to comprehensively update the advancements in targeting ferroptosis with various TCMs during the previous 11 years. The data, covering the period from 1 January 2012, to 30 November 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science database. For in-depth scientometric and visualized analyses, a series of advanced analytical instruments were employed. The findings highlight China's predominant role, accounting for 71.99% of total publications and significantly shaping research in this domain. Noteworthy productivity was observed at various institutions, including Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Zhejiang University. Thomas Efferth emerged as the foremost author within this field, while Frontiers in Pharmacology boasted the highest publication count. This study pinpointed hepatocellular carcinoma, chemical and drug-induced liver injury, mitochondrial diseases, acute kidney injury, and liver failure as the most critical disorders addressed in this research realm. The research offers a comprehensive bibliometric evaluation, enhancing our understanding of the present status of TCM therapy in managing ferroptosis-related diseases. Consequently, it aids both seasoned researchers and newcomers by accelerating access to vital information and fostering innovative concept extraction within this specialized field.

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of selenium-chitosan-loaded salicylic acid nanoparticles for the removal of emerging contaminants from bacterial pathogens

In this study salicylic acid loaded containing selenium nanoparticles was synthesized and called SA@CS-Se NPs. the chitosan was used as a natural stabilizer during the synthesis process. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe the physicochemical characteristics of the SA@CS-Se NPs. The PXRD examination revealed that the grain size was around 31.9 nm. TEM and FESEM techniques showed the spherical shape of SA@CS-Se NPs. Additionally, the analysis of experiments showed that SA@CS-Se NPs have antibacterial properties against 4 ATCC bacteria; So that with concentrations of 75, 125, 150, and 100 µg/ml, it inhibited the biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Also, at the concentration of 300 µg/ml, it removed 22.76, 23.2, 10.62, and 18.08% biofilm caused by E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus respectively. The synthesized SA@CS-Se NPs may find an application to reduce the unsafe influence of pathogenic microbes and, hence, eliminate microbial contamination.

A dual catalytic functionalized hollow mesoporous silica-based nanocarrier coated with bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides for targeted delivery of irinotecan to colorectal cancer cells

In this study, we introduced a multifunctional hollow mesoporous silica-based nanocarrier (HMSN) for the targeted delivery of irinotecan (IRT) to colorectal cancer cells. Due to their large reservoirs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles are suitable platforms for loading significant amounts of drugs for sustained drug release. To respond to pH and redox, HMSNs were functionalized with cerium and iron oxides. Additionally, they were coated with bacterial-derived exopolysaccharide (EPS) as a biocompatible polymer. In vitro analyses revealed that cytotoxicity induced in cancer cells through oxidative stress, mediated by mature nanocarriers (EPS.IRT.Ce/Fe.HMSN), was surprisingly greater than that caused by free drugs. Cerium and iron ions, in synergy with the drug, were found to generate reactive oxygen species when targeting the acidic pH within lysosomes and the tumor microenvironment. This, in turn, triggered cascade reactions, leading to cell death. In vivo experiments revealed that the proposed nanocarriers had no noticeable effect on healthy tissues. These findings indicate the selective delivery of the drug to cancerous tissue and the induction of antioxidant effects due to the dual catalytic properties of cerium in normal cells. Accordingly, this hybrid drug delivery system provides a more effective treatment for colorectal cancer with the potential for cost-effective scaling up.

A potential cure for tumor-associated immunosuppression by Toxoplasma gondii

BACKGROUND

Recently, immunotherapy has become very hopeful for cancer therapy. Cancer treatment through immunotherapy has excellent specificity and less toxicity than conventional chemoradiotherapy. Pathogens have been used in cancer immunotherapy for a long time. The current study aims to evaluate the possibility of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as a probable treatment for cancers such as melanoma, breast, ovarian, lung, and pancreatic cancer.

RECENT FINDINGS

Nonreplicating type I uracil auxotrophic mutants of T. gondii can stimulate immune responses against tumors by reverse immunosuppression at the cellular level. T. gondii can be utilized to research T helper 1 (Th1) cell immunity in intracellular infections. Avirulent T. gondii uracil auxotroph vaccine can change the tumor's immunosuppression and improve the production of type 1 helper cell cytokines, i.e., Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and activate tumor-related Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cells to identify and destroy cancer cells. The T. gondii profilin protein, along with T. gondii secreted proteins, have been found to exhibit promising properties in the treatment of various cancers. These proteins are being studied for their potential to inhibit tumor growth and enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Their unique mechanisms of action make them valuable candidates for targeted interventions in ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer treatments.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the study underscores the significant potential of harnessing T. gondii, including its diverse array of proteins and antigens, particularly in its avirulent form, as a groundbreaking approach in cancer immunotherapy.

Apigenin-7-glucoside-loaded nanoparticle alleviates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion by ATF3/SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis

Intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury (II/R injury) is a common and intractable pathophysiological process in critical patients, for which exploring new treatments and mechanisms is of great importance to improve treatment outcomes. Apigenin-7-O-Glucoside (AGL) is a sugar derivative of apigenin natural product with various pharmacological activities to protect against intestinal diseases. In this study, we synthesized two amphiphilic molecules, namely DTPA-N10-10 and mPEG-TK-DA, which can scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). They were successfully encapsulated AGL through self-assembly, resulting in the formation of multi-site ROS scavenging nanoparticles called PDN@AGL. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that PDN@AGL could protect intestinal tissues by reducing lipid peroxidation, lowering ROS levels and inhibiting ferroptosis during II/R injury. Furthermore, our study revealed, for the first time, that the regulation of the ATF3/SLC7A11 pathway by PDN@AGL may play a crucial role in mitigating II/R injury. In conclusion, our study confirmed the beneficial effects of PDN@AGL in combating II/R injury through the ATF3/SLC7A11-mediated regulation of ferroptosis and oxidative stress. These findings lay the groundwork for the potential application of PDN@AGL in the treatment of II/R injury.

Fighting against Drug-Resistant Tumor by the Induction of Excessive Mitophagy with Transferrin Nanomedicine

The effectiveness of chemotherapy is primarily hindered by drug resistance, and autophagy plays a crucial role in overcoming this resistance. In this project, a human transferrin nanomedicine contains quercetin (a drug to induce excessive autophagy) and doxorubicin is developed (HTf@DOX/Qu NPs). The purpose of this nanomedicine is to enhance mitophagy and combating drug-resistant cancer. Through in vitro studies, it is demonstrated that HTf@DOX/Qu NPs can effectively downregulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), leading to an excessive promotion of mitophagy and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction via the PENT-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin axis. Additionally, HTf@DOX/Qu NPs can upregulate proapoptotic proteins to induce cellular apoptosis, thereby effectively reversing drug resistance. Furthermore, in vivo results have shown that HTf@DOX/Qu NPs exhibit prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, enhanced drug accumulation in tumors, and superior therapeutic efficacy compared to individual chemotherapy in a drug-resistant tumor model. This study presents a promising strategy for combating multidrug-resistant cancers by exacerbating mitophagy through the use of transferrin nanoparticles.

Drug delivery systems for enhanced tumour treatment by eliminating intra-tumoral bacteria

Cancer remains one of the serious threats to human health. The relationship between bacteria and various tumours has been widely reported in recent years, and studies on intra-tumoral bacteria have become important as intra-tumoral bacteria directly affect the tumorigenesis, progression, immunity and metastatic processes. Therefore, eliminating these commensal intra-tumoral bacteria while treating tumour is expected to be a potential strategy to further enhance the clinical outcome of tumour therapy. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are widely used to deliver antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs for antibacterial and anticancer applications, respectively. Thus, this review firstly provides a comprehensive summary of the association between intra-tumoral bacteria and a host of tumours, followed by a description of advanced DDSs for improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment through the elimination of intra-tumoral bacteria. It is hoped that this review will provide guidelines for the therapeutic and "synergistic antimicrobial and antitumour" drug delivery strategy.

Model-Informed Drug Development: In Silico Assessment of Drug Bioperformance following Oral and Percutaneous Administration

The pharmaceutical industry has faced significant changes in recent years, primarily influenced by regulatory standards, market competition, and the need to accelerate drug development. Model-informed drug development (MIDD) leverages quantitative computational models to facilitate decision-making processes. This approach sheds light on the complex interplay between the influence of a drug's performance and the resulting clinical outcomes. This comprehensive review aims to explain the mechanisms that control the dissolution and/or release of drugs and their subsequent permeation through biological membranes. Furthermore, the importance of simulating these processes through a variety of in silico models is emphasized. Advanced compartmental absorption models provide an analytical framework to understand the kinetics of transit, dissolution, and absorption associated with orally administered drugs. In contrast, for topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, the prediction of drug permeation is predominantly based on quantitative structure-permeation relationships and molecular dynamics simulations. This review describes a variety of modeling strategies, ranging from mechanistic to empirical equations, and highlights the growing importance of state-of-the-art tools such as artificial intelligence, as well as advanced imaging and spectroscopic techniques.

Improving tumor treatment through intratumoral injection of drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles and low-intensity ultrasound

The intratumoral injection of therapeutic agents responsive to external stimuli has gained considerable interest in treating accessible tumors due to its biocompatibility and capacity to reduce side effects. For the first time, a novel approach is explored to investigate the feasibility of utilizing low-intensity ultrasound in combination with intratumoral injection of drug-loaded magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to thermal necrosis and chemotherapy with the objective of maximizing tumor damage while avoiding harm to surrounding healthy tissue. In this study, a mathematical framework is proposed based on a multi-compartment model to evaluate the effects of ultrasound transducer's specifications, MNPs size and distribution, and drug release in response to the tumor microenvironment characteristics. The results indicate that while a higher injection rate may increase interstitial fluid pressure, it also simultaneously enhances the concentration of the therapeutic agent. Moreover, by increasing the power and frequency of the transducer, the acoustic pressure and intensity can be enhanced. This, in turn, increases the impact on accumulated MNPs, resulting in a rise in temperature and localized heat generation. Results have demonstrated that smaller MNPs have a lower capacity to generate heat compared to larger MNPs, primarily due to the impact of sound waves on them. It is worth noting that smaller MNPs have been observed to have enhanced diffusion, allowing them to effectively spread within the tumor. However, their smaller size also leads to rapid elimination from the extracellular space into the bloodstream. To summarize, this study demonstrated that the local injection of MNPs carrying drugs not only enables localized chemotherapy but also enhances the effectiveness of low-intensity ultrasound in inducing tissue thermal necrosis. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable and reliable resource for future research in this field and contribute to the development of personalized medicine.

New anthracene-based Oxime-Palladium complexes loaded on albumin nanoparticles, in vitro cytotoxicity, mathematical release mechanism studies and biological macromolecules interaction investigation

In this research work, two new palladium complexes [trans-Pd(C15H10NOCH3)2]Cl2 (1) and [cis- Pd(C15H10NOCH3)(PPh3)2Cl]Cl (2) were synthesized using an alkoxyme ligand named isophethalaldoxime. Then structure characterization has been done by FT-IR and different NMR (1H, 13C and 31P) spectroscopy. Then, their interactions with biological macromolecules including deoxyribonucleic acid and bovine serum albumin were studied using various spectroscopic methods such as UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The results showed the binding of the prepared complexes to the deoxyribonucleic acid via grooves and different binding sites of bovine serum albumin. Fluorescence emission data showed that the mechanism of extinction of albumin emission by these compounds is static. Competitive titration was performed on albumin with eosin-Y, ibuprofen and digoxin as site markers I, II and III. The antitumor activity and toxicity of these compounds were evaluated on cancer cell lines A549 (leukemia) and K562 by in-vitro cytotoxicity test. The IC50 values showed the good activity of these complexes in inhibiting cancer cells. In the last section, the release mechanism of synthesized complexes from albumin nanoparticles (BNPs) was investigated and theoretical calculations were performed that showed Korsmeyer-Peppas mechanism for complex (1) and Quadratic mechanism for complex (2).

Fundamental properties of smart hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A review

Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering from lost or failed an organ or tissue to repair and regenerate damaged tissues that increase life expectancy. The biopolymers have been used to fabricate smart hydrogels to repair damaged tissue as they imitate the extracellular matrix (ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.

Ultrasound-mediated nano-sized drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: Multi-scale and multi-physics computational modeling

Computational modeling enables researchers to study and understand various complex biological phenomena in anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs), especially nano-sized DDSs (NSDDSs). The combination of NSDDSs and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS), that is, focused ultrasound and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, has made significant progress in recent years, opening many opportunities for cancer treatment. Multiple parameters require tuning and optimization to develop effective DDSs, such as NSDDSs, in which mathematical modeling can prove advantageous. In silico computational modeling of ultrasound-responsive DDS typically involves a complex framework of acoustic interactions, heat transfer, drug release from nanoparticles, fluid flow, mass transport, and pharmacodynamic governing equations. Owing to the rapid development of computational tools, modeling the different phenomena in multi-scale complex problems involved in drug delivery to tumors has become possible. In the present study, we present an in-depth review of recent advances in the mathematical modeling of TUS-mediated DDSs for cancer treatment. A detailed discussion is also provided on applying these computational models to improve the clinical translation for applications in cancer treatment. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Marine polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and silica for drug delivery systems: A review

Marine environments represent an incredible source of biopolymers with potential biomedical applications. Recently, drug delivery studies have received great attention for the increasing need to improve site specificity, therapeutic value, and bioavailability, reducing off-target effects. Marine polymers, such as alginate, carrageenan, collagen, chitosan, and silica, have reported unique biochemical features, allowing an efficient binding with drugs, and a controlled release to the target tissue, also obtainable through "green processes". In the present review, we i) analysed the last ten years of scientific peer-reviewed literature; ii) divided the articles based on the achieved experimental phases, tagged as chemistry, drug release, and drug delivery, and iii) compared the best performances among marine polymers extracted from micro- and macro-organisms. Many reviews describe drug carriers from marine organisms, focusing on a single biopolymer or a chemical class. Our study is a groundbreaking literature collection, representing the first thorough investigation of all marine biopolymers described. Most articles report experimental results on the chemical characterisation of marine biopolymers and their in vitro behaviour as drug carriers, although development processes and commercial applications are still in the early stages. Hence, the next efforts should be focused on the sustainable production of marine polymers and final product development.

Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by the Synergistic Effect of Reversan and Hyperthermia to Potentiate the Chemotherapeutic Response of Doxorubicin in Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Stem Cells

The glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) population in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) poses major complication in clinical oncology owing to increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby limiting treatment in patients with recurring glioblastoma. To completely eradicate glioblastoma, a single therapy module is not enough; therefore, there is a need to develop a multimodal approach to eliminate bulk tumors along with the CSC population. With an aim to target transporters associated with multidrug resistance (MDR), such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a small-molecule inhibitor, reversan (RV) was used along with multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for hyperthermia (HT) therapy and targeted drug delivery. Higher efflux of free doxorubicin (Dox) from the cells was stabilized by encapsulation in PPS-MnFe nanoparticles, whose physicochemical properties were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Treatment with RV also enhanced the cellular uptake of PPS-MnFe-Dox, whereas RV and magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) together showed prolonged retention of fluorescence dye, Rhodamine123 (R123), in glioblastoma cells compared with individual treatment. Overall, in this work, we demonstrated the synergistic action of RV and HT to combat MDR in GBM and GSCs, and chemo-hyperthermia therapy enhanced the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic drug Dox (with lower effective concentration) and induced a higher degree of apoptosis compared to single-drug dosage.

Co-delivering irinotecan and imiquimod by pH-responsive micelle amplifies anti-tumor immunity against colorectal cancer

Irinotecan (IRT), a classic clinical chemotherapeutic agent for treating colorectal cancer, has been found to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) while exerting cytotoxicity in tumor cells. This effect is likely to be amplified in combination with immune modulators. Unfortunately, free drugs without targeting capacity would receive poor outcomes and strong side effects. To address these issues, in this work, an acid-sensitive micelle based on an amphiphilic poly(β-amino ester) derivative was constructed to co-deliver IRT and the immune adjuvant imiquimod (IMQ), termed PII. PII kept stable under normal physiological conditions. After internalization by tumor cells, PII dissociated in acidic lysosomes and released IRT and IMQ rapidly. In the CT26 tumor mouse model, PII increased the intra-tumoral SN38 (the active metabolite of IRT) and IMQ concentrations by up to 9.39 and 3.44 times compared with the free drug solution. The tumor inhibition rate of PII achieved 87.29%. This might profit from that IRT induced ICD, which promoted dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and intra-tumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells. In addition, IMQ enhanced the antigen presenting ability of DCs and stimulated tumor associated macrophages to secrete tumor-killing cytokines. PII provided an effective strategy to combat colorectal cancer by synergy of chemotherapy and immunoregulation.

Micro- and nanoplastics in soil: Linking sources to damage on soil ecosystem services in life cycle assessment

Soil ecosystems are crucial for providing vital ecosystem services (ES), and are increasingly pressured by the intensification and expansion of human activities, leading to potentially harmful consequences for their related ES provision. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), associated with releases from various human activities, have become prevalent in various soil ecosystems and pose a global threat. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a tool for evaluating environmental performance of product and technology life cycles, has yet to adequately include MNPs-related damage to soil ES, owing to factors like uncertainties in MNPs environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects, and characterizing related damage on soil species loss, functional diversity, and ES. This study aims to address this gap by providing as a first step an overview of the current understanding of MNPs in soil ecosystems and proposing a conceptual approach to link MNPs impacts to soil ES damage. We find that MNPs pervade soil ecosystems worldwide, introduced through various pathways, including wastewater discharge, urban runoff, atmospheric deposition, and degradation of larger plastic debris. MNPs can inflict a range of ecotoxicity effects on soil species, including physical harm, chemical toxicity, and pollutants bioaccumulation. Methods to translate these impacts into damage on ES are under development and typically focus on discrete, yet not fully integrated aspects along the impact-to-damage pathway. We propose a conceptual framework for linking different MNPs effects on soil organisms to damage on soil species loss, functional diversity loss and loss of ES, and elaborate on each link. Proposed underlying approaches include the Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) for translating ecotoxicological effects associated with MNPs into quantitative measures of soil species diversity damage; trait-based approaches for linking soil species loss to functional diversity loss; and ecological networks and Bayesian Belief Networks for linking functional diversity loss to soil ES damage. With the proposed conceptual framework, our study constitutes a starting point for including the characterization of MNPs-related damage on soil ES in LCA.

Multi-Scale and Multi-Physics Models of the Transport of Therapeutic/Diagnostic Cancer Agents

The effectiveness of tumor treatment heavily relies on the successful delivery of anticancer drugs [...].

Kinetic modelling of ultrasound-triggered chemotherapeutic drug release from the surface of gold nanoparticles

Therapeutic ultrasound can be used to trigger the on-demand release of chemotherapeutic drugs from gold nanoparticles (GNPs). In the previous work, our group achieved doxorubicin (DOX) release from the surface of GNPS under low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) exposure. However, the specific release kinetics of ultrasound-triggered DOX release from GNPs is not known. Here, we present a release kinetics study of DOX from GNPs under ultrasound exposure for the first time. A novel dialysis membrane setup was designed to quantify DOX release from LIPUS-activated GNPs at 37.0 °C and 43.4 °C (hyperthermia temperature range). Contributions of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of LIPUS-triggered DOX release were also quantified. Non-thermal mechanisms accounted for 40 ± 7% and 34 ± 5% of DOX release for 37.0 °C and 43.4 °C trials, respectively. DOX release under LIPUS exposure was found to follow Korsmeyer-Peppas (K-P) kinetics, suggesting a shift from a Fickian (static) to a non-Fickian (dynamic) release profile with the addition of non-thermal interactions. DOX release was attributed to an anomalous diffusion release mechanism from the GNP surface. A finite element model was also developed to quantify the acoustic radiation force, believed to be the driving force of non-thermal DOX release inside the dialysis bag.

Stimuli-sensitive nano-drug delivery with programmable size changes to enhance accumulation of therapeutic agents in tumors

Nano-based drug delivery systems hold significant promise for cancer therapies. Presently, the poor accumulation of drug-carrying nanoparticles in tumors has limited their success. In this study, based on a combination of the paradigms of intravascular and extravascular drug release, an efficient nanosized drug delivery system with programmable size changes is introduced. Drug-loaded smaller nanoparticles (secondary nanoparticles), which are loaded inside larger nanoparticles (primary nanoparticles), are released within the microvascular network due to temperature field resulting from focused ultrasound. This leads to the scale of the drug delivery system decreasing by 7.5 to 150 times. Subsequently, smaller nanoparticles enter the tissue at high transvascular rates and achieve higher accumulation, leading to higher penetration depths. In response to the acidic pH of tumor microenvironment (according to the distribution of oxygen), they begin to release the drug doxorubicin at very slow rates (i.e., sustained release). To predict the performance and distribution of therapeutic agents, a semi-realistic microvascular network is first generated based on a sprouting angiogenesis model and the transport of therapeutic agents is then investigated based on a developed multi-compartment model. The results show that reducing the size of the primary and secondary nanoparticles can lead to higher cell death rate. In addition, tumor growth can be inhibited for a longer time by enhancing the bioavailability of the drug in the extracellular space. The proposed drug delivery system can be very promising in clinical applications. Furthermore, the proposed mathematical model is applicable to broader applications to predict the performance of drug delivery systems.

Recent advances of polymeric nanoplatforms for cancer treatment: smart delivery systems (SDS), nanotheranostics and multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibition

Nanotheranostics is a promising field that combines the benefits of diagnostic and treatment into a single nano-platform that not only administers treatment but also allows for real-time monitoring of therapeutic response, decreasing the possibility of under/over-drug dosing. Furthermore, developing smart delivery systems (SDSs) for cancer theranostics that can take advantage of various tumour microenvironment (TME) conditions (such as deformed tumour vasculature, various over-expressed receptor proteins, reduced pH, oxidative stress, and resulting elevated glutathione levels) can aid in achieving improved pharmacokinetics, higher tumour accumulation, enhanced antitumour efficacy, and/or decreased side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibition. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are being widely investigated in this regard due to their unique features such as small size, passive/active targeting possibility, better pharmaceutical kinetics and biological distribution, decreased adverse reactions of the established drugs, inherent inhibitory properties to MDR efflux pump proteins, as well as the feasibility of delivering numerous therapeutic substances in just one design. Hence in this review, we have primarily discussed PNPs based targeted and/or controlled SDSs in which we have elaborated upon different TME mediated nanotheranostic platforms (NTPs) including active/passive/magnetic targeting platforms along with pH/ROS/redox-responsive platforms. Besides, we have elucidated different imaging guided cancer therapeutic platforms based on four major cancer imaging techniques i.e., fluorescence/photo-acoustic/radionuclide/magnetic resonance imaging, Furthermore, we have deliberated some of the most recently developed PNPs based multimodal NTPs (by combining two or more imaging or therapy techniques on a single nanoplatform) in cancer theranostics. Moreover, we have provided a brief update on PNPs based NTP which are recently developed to overcome MDR for effective cancer treatment. Additionally, we have briefly discussed about the tissue biodistribution/tumour targeting efficiency of these nanoplatforms along with recent preclinical/clinical studies. Finally, we have elaborated on various limitations associated with PNPs based nanoplatforms.

Dual pH- and temperature-responsive poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a smart drug delivery system

A robust drug delivery system was created by grafting poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) onto silica nanoparticles with two different lengths using an in situ atom transfer radical polymerization, resulting in the formation of a pH- and temperature-sensitive shell. The high molecular weight PDMAEMA demonstrated effective controlled drug release, and prevented drug release in healthy cells. Drug release occurred through polymer shell protonation at pH 5. The critical temperature of 41 °C facilitated rapid solvation of the shell polymers in the blood, preventing tissue accumulation and reducing toxicity compared to systems with lower critical solution temperatures. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the nanoparticles have a fine network, mesoporous structure, and a mean size of around 17 nm that show their excellent capacity for loading drugs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that all the modification steps and polymerization were successfully implemented. Thermogravimetric analysis showed PDMAEMA chains with two different lengths grafted onto the nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also showed grafted polymer chains on the hybrid nanoparticles. The release profile of model cancer drugs (doxorubicin and methotrexate) varied with pH and temperature, with high molecular weight PDMAEMA shells effectively preventing drug release at neutral pH. In vitro analysis using the HeLa cell line showed minimal toxicity in blank samples and significant release profile in acidic environment.

A comparative study between conventional chemotherapy and photothermal activated nano-sized targeted drug delivery to solid tumor

Delivery of chemotherapeutic medicines to solid tumors is critical for optimal therapeutic success and minimal adverse effects. We mathematically developed a delivery method using thermosensitive nanocarriers activated by light irradiation. To assess its efficacy and identify critical events and parameters affecting therapeutic response, we compared this method to bolus and continuous infusions of doxorubicin for both single and multiple administrations. A hybrid sprouting angiogenesis approach generates a semi-realistic microvascular network to evaluate therapeutic drug distribution and microvascular heterogeneity. A pharmacodynamics model evaluates treatment success based on tumor survival cell percentage. The study found that whereas bolus injection boosted extracellular drug concentration levels by 90%, continuous infusion improved therapeutic response due to improved bioavailability. Cancer cell death increases by 6% with several injections compared to single injections due to prolonged chemotherapeutic medication exposure. However, responsive nanocarriers supply more than 2.1 times more drug than traditional chemotherapy in extracellular space, suppressing tumor development longer. Also, controlled drug release decreases systemic side effects substantial through diminishing the concentration of free drug in the circulation. The primary finding of this work highlights the significance of high bioavailability in treatment response. The results indicate that responsive nanocarriers contribute to increased bioavailability, leading to improved therapeutic benefits. By including drug delivery features in a semi-realistic model, this numerical study sought to improve drug-bio interaction comprehension. The model provides a good framework for understanding preclinical and clinical targeted oncology study outcomes.