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Carpanez TG, Carvalho de Lima E Silva N, Amaral MCS, Moreira VR. Reuse of wastewater and biosolids in soil conditioning: Potentialities, contamination, technologies for wastewater pre-treatment and opportunities for land restoration. CHEMOSPHERE 2025; 373:144185. [PMID: 39908843 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
This study reviews the potential use of various wastewaters-vinasse, swine, food industry, paper and pulp, municipal wastewaters, and biosolids-as soil conditioners for restoring degraded areas, focusing on the circular economy concept. Over 90 articles from 2013 to 2024 were analyzed to address current scientific concerns, including these effluents' resistance genes, hormones, and macro/micronutrients. The presence of contaminants was critically examined alongside the necessary treatment methods to prevent soil degradation and ensure soil quality improvement. These included contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), antibiotic resistance genes (AGRs), and pathogens. These contaminants can either be assimilated and degraded by the soil ecosystem or leach into groundwater, translocate to plants, or accumulate in surface soil, necessitating careful monitoring. Furthermore, the study critically evaluates the potential of various physical and biological treatment technologies, such as anaerobic digestion, composting, dewatering, stabilization ponds, biological reactors, membrane processes, rotating disks, and pelletizers, highlighting their effectiveness in mitigating contamination and enhancing soil quality. The long-term effects of wastewater reuse as soil conditioner depend on both wastewater characteristics and soil properties. The benefits of using wastewater as soil conditioners are found to be influenced by characteristics of both the soil and the wastewater, with improvements in soil physical properties (increased porosity and permeability) and chemical properties (increased soil organic carbon and nutrients). Overall, the literature suggests that while wastewaters hold promise as soil conditioners, their successful application depends on effective wastewater management strategies to optimize benefits and mitigate risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Girardi Carpanez
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Avenue, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nayara Carvalho de Lima E Silva
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Avenue, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
| | - Míriam Cristina Santos Amaral
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Avenue, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
| | - Victor Rezende Moreira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627 Antônio Carlos Avenue, Campus Pampulha, MG, Brazil.
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Petrilli R, Fabbretti A, Pucci K, Pagliaretta G, Napolioni V, Falconi M. Development and Characterization of Ammonia Removal Moving Bed Biofilms for Landfill Leachate Treatment. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2404. [PMID: 39770607 PMCID: PMC11677484 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 10/29/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Urbanization growth has intensified the challenge of managing and treating increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW). Landfills are commonly utilized for MSW disposal because of their low construction and operation costs. However, this practice produces huge volumes of landfill leachate, a highly polluting liquid rich in ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), organic compounds, and various heavy metals, making it difficult to treat in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In recent years, research has shown that microbial biofilms, developed on carriers of different materials and called "moving bed biofilm reactors" (MBBRs), may offer promising solutions for bioremediation. This study explored the biofilm development and the nitrification process of moving bed biofilms (MBBs) obtained from high ammonia-selected microbial communities. Using crystal violet staining and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, we followed the biofilm formation stages correlating nitrogen removal to metagenomic analyses. Our results indicate that MBBs unveiled a 10-fold more enhanced nitrification rate than the dispersed microbial community present in the native sludge of the Porto Sant'Elpidio (Italy) WWTP. Four bacterial families, Chitinophagaceae, Comamonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Nitrosomonadaceae, accumulate in structured biofilms and significantly contribute to the high ammonium removal rate of 80% in 24 h as estimated in leachate-containing wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Petrilli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (R.P.); (A.F.); (V.N.)
- Eco Control Laboratorio Ascolano s.r.l., 63900 Fermo, FM, Italy;
| | - Attilio Fabbretti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (R.P.); (A.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Kathleen Pucci
- Eco Elpidiense s.r.l., 63821 Porto Sant’Elpidio, FM, Italy;
| | - Graziella Pagliaretta
- Eco Control Laboratorio Ascolano s.r.l., 63900 Fermo, FM, Italy;
- Eco Elpidiense s.r.l., 63821 Porto Sant’Elpidio, FM, Italy;
| | - Valerio Napolioni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (R.P.); (A.F.); (V.N.)
| | - Maurizio Falconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (R.P.); (A.F.); (V.N.)
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Themeli E, Koumaki E, Kaperonis P, Michalaki S, Mamais D, Noutsopoulos C, Malamis S. Development of an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor treating landfill leachate for the biological nitrogen removal through nitritation-denitritation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121709. [PMID: 38968889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The current work investigated the performance of an Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (IFAS-SBR) for Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) from mature landfill leachate through the nitritation-denitritation process. During the experimental period two IFAS-SBR configurations were examined using two different biocarrier types with the same filling ratio (50%). The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration ranged between 2 and 3 mg/L and 4-6 mg/L in the first (baseline-IFAS) and the second (S8-IFAS) setup, respectively. Baseline-IFAS operated for 542 days and demonstrated a high and stable BNR performance maintaining a removal efficiency above 90% under a Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR) up to 0.45 kg N/m3-d, while S8-IFAS, which operated for 230 days, was characterized by a limited and unstable BNR performance being unable to operate sufficiently under an NLR higher than 0.20 kg N/m3-d. It also experienced a severe inhibition period, when the BNR process was fully deteriorated. Moreover, S8-IFAS suffered from extensive biocarrier stagnant zones and a particularly poor sludge settleability. The attached biomass cultivated in both IFAS configurations had a negligible content of nitrifying bacteria, probably attributed to the insufficient DO diffusion through the biofilm, caused by the low DO concentration in the liquid in the baseline case and the extensive stagnant zones in the S8-IFAS case. As a result of the high biocarrier filling ratio, the S8-IFAS was unstable and low. This was probably attributed to the mass transfer limitations caused by the biocarrier stagnant zones, which hinder substrate and oxygen diffusion, thus reducing the biomass activity and increasing its vulnerability to inhibitory and toxic factors. Hence, the biocarrier filling fraction is a crucial parameter for the efficient operation of the IFAS-SBR and should be carefully selected taking into consideration both the media type and the overall reactor configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Themeli
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Elena Koumaki
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Kaperonis
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Spiridoula Michalaki
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Daniel Mamais
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Noutsopoulos
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Simos Malamis
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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Gaur VK, Gautam K, Vishvakarma R, Sharma P, Pandey U, Srivastava JK, Varjani S, Chang JS, Ngo HH, Wong JWC. Integrating advanced techniques and machine learning for landfill leachate treatment: Addressing limitations and environmental concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124134. [PMID: 38734050 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This review article explores the challenges associated with landfill leachate resulting from the increasing disposal of municipal solid waste in landfills and open areas. The composition of landfill leachate includes antibiotics (0.001-100 μg), heavy metals (0.001-1.4 g/L), dissolved organic and inorganic components, and xenobiotics including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (10-25 μg/L). Conventional treatment methods, such as biological (microbial and phytoremediation) and physicochemical (electrochemical and membrane-based) techniques, are available but face limitations in terms of cost, accuracy, and environmental risks. To surmount these challenges, this study advocates for the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to strengthen treatment efficacy through predictive analytics and optimized operational parameters. It critically evaluates the risks posed by recalcitrant leachate components and appraises the performance of various treatment modalities, both independently and in tandem with biological and physicochemical processes. Notably, physicochemical treatments have demonstrated pollutant removal rates of up to 90% for various contaminants, while integrated biological approaches have achieved over 95% removal efficiency. However, the heterogeneous nature of solid waste composition further complicates treatment methodologies. Consequently, the integration of advanced ML algorithms such as Support Vector Regression, Artificial Neural Networks, and Genetic Algorithms is proposed to refine leachate treatment processes. This review provides valuable insights for different stakeholders specifically researchers, policymakers and practitioners, seeking to fortify waste disposal infrastructure and foster sustainable landfill leachate management practices. By leveraging AI and ML tools in conjunction with a nuanced understanding of leachate complexities, a promising pathway emerges towards effectively addressing this environmental challenge while mitigating potential adverse impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, India; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishna Gautam
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Upasana Pandey
- Dabur Research Foundation, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201010, India
| | | | - Sunita Varjani
- School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun-248 007, Uttarakhand, India; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW - 2007, Australia
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
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5
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Ishaq A, Said MIM, Azman SB, Dandajeh AA, Lemar GS, Jagun ZT. Utilization of microbial fuel cells as a dual approach for landfill leachate treatment and power production: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41683-41733. [PMID: 38012494 PMCID: PMC11219420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate, which is a complicated organic sewage water, presents substantial dangers to human health and the environment if not properly handled. Electrochemical technology has arisen as a promising strategy for effectively mitigating contaminants in landfill leachate. In this comprehensive review, we explore various theoretical and practical aspects of methods for treating landfill leachate. This exploration includes examining their performance, mechanisms, applications, associated challenges, existing issues, and potential strategies for enhancement, particularly in terms of cost-effectiveness. In addition, this critique provides a comparative investigation between these treatment approaches and the utilization of diverse kinds of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in terms of their effectiveness in treating landfill leachate and generating power. The examination of these technologies also extends to their use in diverse global contexts, providing insights into operational parameters and regional variations. This extensive assessment serves the primary goal of assisting researchers in understanding the optimal methods for treating landfill leachate and comparing them to different types of MFCs. It offers a valuable resource for the large-scale design and implementation of processes that ensure both the safe treatment of landfill leachate and the generation of electricity. The review not only provides an overview of the current state of landfill leachate treatment but also identifies key challenges and sets the stage for future research directions, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and effective solutions in the management of this critical environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Ishaq
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Ismid Mohd Said
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Shamila Binti Azman
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Aliyu Adamu Dandajeh
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Gul Sanga Lemar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kabul University, Jamal Mina, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Kabul University, Kart-e-Char, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Zainab Toyin Jagun
- Department of Real Estate, School of Built Environment Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, City Campus, Leeds, UK.
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6
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Al-Hazmi HE, Hassan GK, Kurniawan TA, Śniatała B, Joseph TM, Majtacz J, Piechota G, Li X, El-Gohary FA, Saeb MR, Mąkinia J. Technological solutions to landfill management: Towards recovery of biomethane and carbon neutrality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120414. [PMID: 38412730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Inadequate landfill management poses risks to the environment and human health, necessitating action. Poorly designed and operated landfills release harmful gases, contaminate water, and deplete resources. Aligning landfill management with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reveals its crucial role in achieving various targets. Urgent transformation of landfill practices is necessary to address challenges like climate change, carbon neutrality, food security, and resource recovery. The scientific community recognizes landfill management's impact on climate change, evidenced by in over 191 published articles (1998-2023). This article presents emerging solutions for sustainable landfill management, including physico-chemical, oxidation, and biological treatments. Each technology is evaluated for practical applications. The article emphasizes landfill management's global significance in pursuing carbon neutrality, prioritizing resource recovery over end-of-pipe treatments. It is important to note that minimizing water, chemical, and energy inputs in nutrient recovery is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Water reuse, energy recovery, and material selection during manufacturing are vital. The potential of water technologies for recovering macro-nutrients from landfill leachate is explored, considering feasibility factors. Integrated waste management approaches, such as recycling and composting, reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. It is conclusively evident that the water technologies not only facilitate the purification of leachate but also enable the recovery of valuable substances such as ammonium, heavy metals, nutrients, and salts. This recovery process holds economic benefits, while the conversion of CH4 and hydrogen into bioenergy and power generation through microbial fuel cells further enhances its potential. Future research should focus on sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies for landfill leachate. Improving landfill management can mitigate the adverse environmental and health effects of inadequate waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland.
| | - Gamal K Hassan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt.
| | | | - Bogna Śniatała
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Tomy Muringayil Joseph
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Donghua Univerisity, Dept Env. Room 4155, 2999 North Renmin Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fatma A El-Gohary
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
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Chen H, Xu H, Zhong C, Liu M, Yang L, He J, Sun Y, Zhao C, Wang D. Treatment of landfill leachate by coagulation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169294. [PMID: 38110093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a seriously polluted and hazardous liquid, which contains a high concentration of refractory organics, ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, inorganic salts, and various suspended solids. The favorable disposal of landfill leachate has always been a hot and challenging issue in wastewater treatment. As one of the best available technologies for landfill leachate disposal, coagulation has been studied extensively. However, there is an absence of a systematic review regarding coagulation in landfill leachate treatment. In this paper, a review focusing on the characteristics, mechanisms, and application of coagulation in landfill leachate treatment was provided. Different coagulants and factors influencing the coagulation effect were synthetically summarized. The performance of coagulation coupled with other processes and their complementary advantages were elucidated. Additionally, the economic analysis conducted in this study suggests the cost-effectiveness of the coagulation process. Based on previous studies, challenges and perspectives met by landfill leachate coagulation treatment were also put forward. Overall, this review will provide a reference for the coagulation treatment of landfill leachate and promote the development of efficient and eco-friendly leachate treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongni Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Carbon Neutralization, School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiaojie He
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chuanliang Zhao
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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8
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Martins Dos Santos J, Amaral LM, Martinho G. Effects of landfill age, climate, and size on leachate from urban waste landfills in Portugal: A statistics and machine learning analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:192-207. [PMID: 37922839 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The leachate generated by in urban waste landfills can cause environmental pollution if not controlled and treated. With different proportions of biodegradable waste, urban waste degrades over several phases in anaerobic conditions within a landfill. Using multivariate leachate data from 32 engineered landfills in Portugal, each with a similar waste composition, and all classified as non-hazardous waste landfills receiving urban waste, statistical inference was applied to categorise and deduce significant statistical differences in leachate volume and quality between landfill age, size, and climate, as well as the interactions and effects within these categories. The findings show that the effects of size and age on the leachate volume are prevalent over local, Mediterranean climate conditions; in larger landfills, waste may not be degrading as efficiently as in medium-sized landfills; hotter zones showed higher levels of COD and lower levels of BOD5 than warmer zones, indicating increased biological activity under higher temperature conditions; TN and NH4-N increase significantly with age and size; Cl- also significantly increases with age, showing higher levels, along with SO42-, in hotter zones as well as a concentration effect in the dry season, along with K+; heavy metals maintain levels as landfills age from intermediate to old, with only Cd2+ and Pb2+ showing significant reductions. High correlations between macro inorganics and between heavy metals were found. Cluster analysis showed two main branches, one representing the initial to intermediate stages of anaerobic degradation, and the other the interactions between leaching parameters in the later methanogenic phase of landfill stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Martins Dos Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / Associate Laboratory ARNET - Aquatic Research Network. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Leonor M Amaral
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Graça Martinho
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / Associate Laboratory ARNET - Aquatic Research Network. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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9
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Ciftcioglu-Gozuacik B, Ulutug FC, Denizli A, Dizge N, Karagunduz A, Keskinler B. Simultaneous production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from recovered volatile fatty acid with treatment of leachate by Pilot-Scale Mechanical Vapor Recompression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129743. [PMID: 37716573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Serious global problems faced due to many petroleum-based materials in the last century, which is called the plastic age, constitute the main motivation of this research. Considering wastewater treatment from this perspective, both the recovery of organic acids from wastewater and their conversion into bioplastics are extremely important in terms of reducing petroleum dependency. In this study, while the treatment of landfill leachate was provided with biological process integrated into Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR), simultaneously PHBV production was carried out with 84.9% recovered VFA as carbon source. The effects of C/N/P ratio and feeding regime on PHBV storage were investigated by Cupriavidus necator. PHBV storage of 96% (g PHBV/g DCW) was maximized by 2-stage feeding and nitrogen restriction. The ratio of 3HV to 3HB of PHBV was 45%. In addition, extracted PHBV was compared with standard PHA in terms of thermal and chemical properties with FTIR, XRD, TGA and DSC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma-Cansu Ulutug
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Aslı Denizli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karagunduz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Bulent Keskinler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey.
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Ciftcioglu-Gozuacik B, Sen G, Goze S, Ozbey-Unal B, Balcik C, Karagunduz A, Keskinler B. Evaluation of volatile fatty acids and ammonia recovery approach from landfill leachate using pilot-scale mechanical vapor recompression. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118720. [PMID: 37536140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of landfill leachate is still a current problem due to the high treatment costs in addition to the difficulty of meeting the discharge criteria. However, there is a more important issue that should be underlined; it is also valuable compounds that leachate contains. Conventional methods used for treatment of leachate such as membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, biological processes and their combinations have largely focused on treatment. However, the recovery of ammonia and volatile organic acids (VFA) in leachate is a promising approach both to overcome high treatment costs and to sustainably manage leachate. In this study, leachate treatment potential was investigated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) process, which offers an operational opportunity to recover high value-added products from leachate while providing an effective treatment for wastewater. Optimum operating conditions for the pilot-scale MVR process have been determined by laboratory-scale studies. VFAs were recovered as organic acid salts from the pilot-scale MVR distillate, while ammonia recovery was accomplished as ammonium sulfate from a highly contaminated concentrate stream. VFA and ammonia recovery rates were 89% and 99%, respectively. The treatment cost of leachate with MVR process was calculated according to the data obtained in pilot scale MVR studies considering the operating cost, chemical cost and economical contribution of value-added products. The results showed that the integrated MVR-crystallization process, all treatment costs are covered, with a net gain of 3.8 USD/m3. Consequently, MVR integrated crystallization process offers an economical and sustainable solution for the treatment of leachate by recovering valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gulisah Sen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Siyar Goze
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Bahar Ozbey-Unal
- Institute of Earth and Marine Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Balcik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karagunduz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Bulent Keskinler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey.
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11
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Yavuzturk Gul B, Gulhan H, Soyel S, Kaya R, Ersahin ME, Ovez S, Koyuncu I. Landfill leachate treatment with a full-scale membrane bioreactor: impact of leachate characteristics on filamentous bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91874-91886. [PMID: 37480541 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Bulking and foaming are extreme filamentous bacterial growths that present serious challenges for the biological leachate treatment process. The current study evaluates the performance of long-term full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating landfill leachate, specifically focusing on filamentous bacteria overgrowth in the bioreactors. The influence of the variation in leachate structure and operational conditions on floc morphology and filamentous bacteria overgrowth were analyzed for 11 months of operation of the full-scale MBR system. The average chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4-N removal efficiencies of the system were 87.8 ± 4% and 99.5 ± 0.7%. However, incomplete denitrification was observed when the F/M ratio was low. The high C/N ratio was observed to enhance the frequency of small flocs. Furthermore, a poor to medium diversity of the microbial community was observed. Haliscomenobacter hydrossis, Microthrix parvicella, and Type 021N were found as the most numerous filamentous organisms. Paramecium spp., Euplotes spp., and Aspidisca spp. were found in small quantities. The limited concentration of PO4-P in the leachate compared to high COD and NH4-N concentrations most probably caused phosphate deprivation and increased abundance of identified filamentous microorganisms. This work is the first study in Türkiye that investigates the bulking and foaming problem in full-scale MBR that treats landfill leachate. Hence, it may provide some pioneering perspectives into landfill leachate remediation by monitoring the hybrid biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Yavuzturk Gul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dincer Topacık National Research Center On Membrane Technologies (MEM-TEK), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hazal Gulhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Soyel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Kaya
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dincer Topacık National Research Center On Membrane Technologies (MEM-TEK), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Evren Ersahin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Dincer Topacık National Research Center On Membrane Technologies (MEM-TEK), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ovez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Dincer Topacık National Research Center On Membrane Technologies (MEM-TEK), Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Kundu A, Reddy CV, Singh RK, Kalamdhad AS. Critical review with science mapping on the latest pre-treatment technologies of landfill leachate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117727. [PMID: 36924707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent strategy for solid waste management, adopted across the globe is landfill. Through microbial decomposition municipal solid waste degrades, producing end products such as carbon dioxide, methane, volatile organic compounds, and leachate. High levels of organic waste and heavy metals content in leachate can cause pervasive damage to the ecosystem and contaminate groundwater. Leachate requires extensive treatment before being released into the environment because of its complex chemical composition and identifying the appropriate technologies for leachate treatment remains a key problem for municipal landfill operations. Given the possible harm caused by substantially contaminated leachate, it should adhere to stricter quality criteria for direct disposal of leachate and one treatment method cannot efficiently tackle all the pollutants. In order to reduce the landfill leachates high fouling power, pre-treatment of landfill leachate is necessary. The study provides a comprehensive review of pre-treatment technologies, as well as a critical assessment of strengths and limitations. Current review-based analysis was undertaken based on the filtered 395 papers published for science mapping and to evaluate the qualitative studies in the area of pre-treatment of Landfill Leachate till 2022. A three-step process was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, qualitative valuation, and identification of influential and productive journals, countries, researchers and articles, emerging technology, and outlining some of the major research gaps in the research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Kundu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | | | - Ratnesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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13
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Wijerathna WSMSK, Lindamulla LMLKB, Nanayakkara KGN, Rathnayake RMLD, Jegatheesan V, Jinadasa KBSN. Post-treatment of matured landfill leachate: Synthesis and evaluation of chitosan biomaterial based derivatives as adsorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:115018. [PMID: 36495958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Matured landfill leachate is complex in nature, hence, a single conventional treatment unit is insufficient to remove the contaminants of the leachate to achieve the discharge standards. Furthermore, high levels of organic matter, colour compounds, and iron-based materials form a dark black/brown colour in leachate which is not removed by the biological treatment units. Hence, an Anoxic-Oxic Membrane Bioreactor coupled with a tertiary adsorption unit composed of crosslinked-protonated chitosan was tested for effective removal of the colour of the permeate. Several operational parameters such a pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorptive removal of colour were quantified using sorption-desorption experiments. Furthermore, the biosorbent was characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET-specific surface area, and pHZPC. Response Surface analysis confirmed the optimization of operational parameters conducted through traditional batch experiments. Langmuir isotherm model fitted with equilibrium data (R2 = 0.979) indicating a monolayer homogeneous adsorption. Kinetic data followed the Pseudo-Second-Order model (R2 = 0.9861), showing that the adsorbent material has abundant active sites. The percentage removal values show that the colour removal increases with time of contact and dosage of adsorbent, but removal is mainly influenced by the solution pH levels. The experimental results manifested a colour removal efficiency of 96 ± 3.8% obtained at optimum conditions (pH = 2, adsorbent dosage = 20 g/L, contact time = 48 h) along with an adsorption capacity of 123.8 Pt-Co/g suggesting that the studied adsorbent can be used as an environmentally friendly biosorbent in a tertiary unit for colour removal in a treatment system which is used to treat matured landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S M S K Wijerathna
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - L M L K B Lindamulla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - K G N Nanayakkara
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - R M L D Rathnayake
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - V Jegatheesan
- School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - K B S N Jinadasa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
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14
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de Almeida R, Porto RF, Quintaes BR, Bila DM, Lavagnolo MC, Campos JC. A review on membrane concentrate management from landfill leachate treatment plants: The relevance of resource recovery to close the leachate treatment loop. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:264-284. [PMID: 35924944 PMCID: PMC9972246 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane filtration processes have been used to treat landfill leachate. On the other hand, closing the leachate treatment loop and finding a final destination for landfill leachate membrane concentrate (LLMC) - residual stream of membrane systems - is challenging for landfill operators. The re-introduction of LLMC into the landfill is typical; however, this approach is critical as concentrate pollutants may accumulate in the leachate treatment facility. From that, leachate concentrate management based on resource recovery rather than conventional treatment and disposal is recommended. This work comprehensively reviews the state-of-the-art of current research on LLMC management from leachate treatment plants towards a resource recovery approach. A general recovery train based on the main LLMC characteristics for implementing the best recovery scheme is presented in this context. LLMCs could be handled by producing clean water and add-value materials. This paper offers critical insights into LLMC management and highlights future research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and
Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Ronei de Almeida, School of Chemistry,
Inorganic Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 149
Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, laboratory I-124, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909,
Brazil.
| | - Raphael Ferreira Porto
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment
Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and
Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
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15
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Mishra S, Singh V, Ormeci B, Hussain A, Cheng L, Venkiteshwaran K. Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of wastewater and leachate: A review of process integration, system design, performance and associated energy revenue. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116898. [PMID: 36459783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid anaerobic-aerobic biological systems are an environmentally sustainable way of recovering bioenergy during the treatment of high-strength wastewaters and landfill leachate. This study provides a critical review of three major categories of anaerobic-aerobic processes such as conventional wetland, high-rate and integrated bioreactor systems applied for treatment of wastewaters and leachate. A comparative assessment of treatment mechanisms, critical operating parameters, bioreactor configurations, process control strategies, efficacies, and microbial dynamics of anaerobic-aerobic systems is provided. The review also explores the influence of wastewater composition on treatment performance, ammonium nitrogen removal efficacy, impact of mixing leachate, energy consumption, coupled bioenergy production and economic aspects of anaerobic-aerobic systems. Furthermore, the operational challenges, prospective modifications, and key future research directions are discussed. This review will provide in-depth understanding to develop sustainable engineering applications of anaerobic-aerobic processes for effective co-treatment of wastewaters and leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China.
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Mackenzie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Banu Ormeci
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Mackenzie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Mackenzie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Liu Cheng
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China; College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China.
| | - Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
- Department of Civil, Coastal and Environmental Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, AL 36688, USA
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16
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Selection, Identification and Functional Performance of Ammonia-Degrading Microbial Communities from an Activated Sludge for Landfill Leachate Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020311. [PMID: 36838276 PMCID: PMC9961800 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing amounts of municipal solid waste and their management in landfills caused an increase in the production of leachate, a liquid formed by the percolation of rainwater through the waste. Leachate creates serious problems to municipal wastewater treatment plants; indeed, its high levels of ammonia are toxic for bacterial cells and drastically reduce the biological removal of nitrogen by activated sludge. In the present work, we studied, using a metagenomic approach based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), the microbial composition of sludge in the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Porto Sant'Elpidio (Italy). Through activated sludge enrichment experiments based on the Repetitive Re-Inoculum Assay, we were able to select and identify a minimal bacterial community capable of degrading high concentrations of ammonium (NH4+-N ≅ 350 mg/L) present in a leachate-based medium. The analysis of NGS data suggests that seven families of bacteria (Alcaligenaceae, Nitrosomonadaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Rhodanobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae and Chitinophagaceae) are mainly responsible for ammonia oxidation. Furthermore, we isolated from the enriched sludge three genera (Klebsiella sp., Castellaniella sp. and Acinetobacter sp.) capable of heterotrophic nitrification coupled with aerobic denitrification. These bacteria released a trace amount of both nitrite and nitrate possibly transforming ammonia into gaseous nitrogen. Our findings represent the starting point to produce an optimized microorganisms's mixture for the biological removal of ammonia contained in leachate.
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17
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Ramalho M, Jovanović T, Afonso A, Baía A, Lopes A, Fernandes A, Almeida A, Carvalho F. Landfill leachate treatment by immediate one-step lime precipitation, carbonation, and phytoremediation fine-tuning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8647-8656. [PMID: 35060055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high pollutant load of sanitary landfill leachates poses a huge challenge in the search for efficient and environment friendly solutions for their treatment. The objective of this work was to study an integrated solution of environmentally friendly technologies - immediate one-step lime precipitation (IOSLP), carbonation (CB), and phytoremediation (Phyt) - to treat a sanitary landfill leachate. In the leachate sample treatment by IOSLP, the influence of CaO concentration (18.2-33.3 gCaO L-1) and stirring time (2-60 min) on the sludge sedimentability and pollutant removal was studied. Organic load and ammonia nitrogen (AN) removal increases with CaO added, as well as sludge volume. Stirring time has a small influence on organic load and AN removal, presenting a minimum for sludge volume. Thus, the best operational conditions were chosen as 27.6 gCaO L-1, and 40-min stirring time, with 64% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Sludge humidity was 2.1%, making dewatering needless. IOSLP supernatant was submitted to CB by atmospheric CO2, and 100% removals in AN and hardness were attained. Effluents from IOSLP and IOSLP + CB were utilized in Phyt tests, with Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). The best COD removal (37%) during Phyt was attained for the samples treated by IOSLP + CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ramalho
- Department of Technology and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800- 295, Beja, Portugal
| | - Toni Jovanović
- Department of Technology and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800- 295, Beja, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Afonso
- Department of Technology and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800- 295, Beja, Portugal
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Baía
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Lopes
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Annabel Fernandes
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Technology and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800- 295, Beja, Portugal
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carvalho
- Department of Technology and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800- 295, Beja, Portugal
- FibEnTech-UBI, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
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18
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Ilmasari D, Sahabudin E, Riyadi FA, Abdullah N, Yuzir A. Future trends and patterns in leachate biological treatment research from a bibliometric perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115594. [PMID: 35759967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leachate has become a great deal of concern due to its complex properties which are primarily caused by the high concentrations of organics and ammonia. Thus, proper leachate treatment is required prior to its discharge. Leachate can be treated in various ways, and biological treatment is one of the approaches. This treatment has been shown to be both effective and cost-efficient while offering the possibility of resource recovery in the form of bioenergy. In this study, the underlying patterns in publications related to leachate biological treatment were uncovered through bibliometric analysis. This study also lays the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the past, current, and future trends of the leachate biological treatment. Research publications from 1974 to 2021 were retrieved from the Scopus database, and it was identified that 2013 articles were published in the span of 47 years. From the analyzed publications, China played a leading role in publishing leachate biological treatment research articles as well as having the most productive institutions and authors. Meanwhile, the USA was found to be the most active country in initiating international collaborations with 33 countries. The research hotspots were also successfully identified using keyword co-occurrences analysis. Anaerobic digestion and constructed wetland were revealed to be the research hotspots. The critical role of biological treatment in removing nitrogen from leachate was also highlighted. Besides, numerous research gaps were identified in the application of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for leachate treatment. This can be a potential area for research in the future. Finally, future research should be encouraged to focus on the use of sustainable treatment systems in which energy recovery in the form of biogases is promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaneswara Ilmasari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eri Sahabudin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Azizah Riyadi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; UTM International, Aras 8 Menara Razak, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Yuzir
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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19
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Pu L, Xia Q, Wang Y, Bu Y, Zhang Q, Gao G. Tailored nanofiltration membranes with enhanced permeability and antifouling performance towards leachate treatment. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Gu Z, Chen W, He C, Li Q. Molecular insights into the transformation of refractory organic matter in landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrates during a flocculation and O 3/H 2O 2 treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128973. [PMID: 35650737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During leachate treatment, molecular information regarding the completely removed, partially removed, less-reactive, increased, and produced parts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) remains unknown. This study applied ESI FT-ICR MS to investigate the transformation characteristics of leachate nanofiltration concentrate (NFC) DOM during a combined flocculation-O3/H2O2 process. The NFC contained 5069 compounds in four main classes (CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS compounds). The DOM number decreased to 4489 during flocculation and to 2903 after the O3/H2O2 process. During flocculation, the completely and partially removed DOM was mainly low-oxygen unsaturated and phenolic compounds. Saturated DOM was produced and remained in the flocculated effluent. During the O3/H2O2 process, the completely and partially removed DOM were mainly low-oxygen unsaturated and phenolic compounds that were mainly in a reduced state. Flocculation can remove many (condensed) aromatic compounds, and methylation and hydrogenation reactions occurred during flocculation. In the O3/H2O2 process, dearomatization, demethylation, carboxylation, and carbonylation reactions further achieved the degradation of DOM that was resistant to flocculation. Overall, the combined flocculation-O3/H2O2 process collectively eliminated a broader range of DOM than the single processes could achieve. The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of DOM transformation in an NFC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, 611756, China.
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21
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Ilmasari D, Kamyab H, Yuzir A, Riyadi FA, Khademi T, Al-Qaim FF, Kirpichnikova I, Krishnan S. A Review of the Biological Treatment of Leachate: Available Technologies and Future Requirements for the Circular Economy Implementation. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Mohammad A, Singh DN, Podlasek A, Osinski P, Koda E. Leachate characteristics: Potential indicators for monitoring various phases of municipal solid waste decomposition in a bioreactor landfill. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114683. [PMID: 35180441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leachate is a contaminated liquid generated during the bio-chemical decomposition processes of municipal solid waste (MSW) that occurred at semi-solid or solid-state in a bioreactor landfill (BLF). Conceptually, leachate from a BLF is analogous to the urine generated in the 'human body', on which the medical practitioners rely to diagnose and remediate ailments. In line with this practice, to monitor the complex MSW decomposition processes, prolonged investigations were performed to establish the temporal variation of different chemical parameters (such as pH, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, organic- and inorganic carbon, nitrate- and ammonium-nitrogen, sugars and volatile fatty acids) of the leachate collected from different cells (age≈ 6-48 months) of a fully functional BLF in Mumbai, India. Furthermore, to understand the effect of the climate, MSW composition and landfill operating conditions on the rate of the decomposition process, chemical parameters of the leachate obtained from a landfill located in the central part of Poland were compared with the BLF. The study reveals that the chemical parameters, except for the pH, evince a rapid reduction with time and attain a constant value, which indicates the 'stabilized MSW'. Also, native microorganisms that are an integral part of MSW consume volatile fatty acids within a year in the BLF, which facilitate the rapid transformation of the decomposition process from acidogenesis and acetogenesis to the methanogenesis phase. It is worth iterating here that based on the long-term field study, a convenient and efficient methodology, which is currently missing from the literature, has been established to understand the kinetics of different phases of anaerobic decomposition. This study would be very helpful to the landfill operators, who are interested in accelerating MSW decomposition by augmenting leachate properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Mohammad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Devendra Narain Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Anna Podlasek
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Piotr Osinski
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Eugeniusz Koda
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
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23
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Paula Floriano Santos A, Gozzi F, Evaristo de Carvalho A, Roberta Ferreira de Oliveira K, Rodrigues Lima Caires A, Pereira Cavalcante R, Fabbro Cunha R, Antônio da Silva D, Roberto Vieira Guelfi D, de Melo da Silva L, Ferreira da Silva T, Antonio Casagrande G, César de Oliveira S, Machulek Junior A. Leachate degradation using solar photo-fenton like process: Influence of coagulation-flocculation as a pre-treatment step. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Abidli A, Huang Y, Ben Rejeb Z, Zaoui A, Park CB. Sustainable and efficient technologies for removal and recovery of toxic and valuable metals from wastewater: Recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133102. [PMID: 34914948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to their numerous effects on human health and the natural environment, water contamination with heavy metals and metalloids, caused by their extensive use in various technologies and industrial applications, continues to be a huge ecological issue that needs to be urgently tackled. Additionally, within the circular economy management framework, the recovery and recycling of metals-based waste as high value-added products (VAPs) is of great interest, owing to their high cost and the continuous depletion of their reserves and natural sources. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technologies developed for the removal and recovery of metal pollutants from wastewater by providing an in-depth understanding of their remediation mechanisms, while analyzing and critically discussing the recent key advances regarding these treatment methods, their practical implementation and integration, as well as evaluating their advantages and remaining limitations. Herein, various treatment techniques are covered, including adsorption, reduction/oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation technologies, solvents extraction, chemical precipitation/co-precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, flotation, and bioremediation. A particular emphasis is placed on full recovery of the captured metal pollutants in various reusable forms as metal-based VAPs, mainly as solid precipitates, which is a powerful tool that offers substantial enhancement of the remediation processes' sustainability and cost-effectiveness. At the end, we have identified some prospective research directions for future work on this topic, while presenting some recommendations that can promote sustainability and economic feasibility of the existing treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser Abidli
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Yifeng Huang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zeineb Ben Rejeb
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aniss Zaoui
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute for Water Innovation (IWI), Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 55 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
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25
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Ratnasari A, Syafiuddin A, Boopathy R, Malik S, Aamer Mehmood M, Amalia R, Dwi Prastyo D, Syamimi Zaidi N. Advances in pretreatment technology for handling the palm oil mill effluent: Challenges and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126239. [PMID: 34737137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The palm oil mill effluent (POME) from palm milling oil activities is discharged into various water bodies which poses several environmental problems including turbidity, increases COD and BOD, adds oil and grease, increases total nitrogen, and other pollutants. Therefore, it requires effective treatment to remove the pollutants before disposal. The objective was to critically discuss the performance of POME pretreatments along with their limitations. To offer a coverage on the present less efficient technologies, the opportunities and challenges of advanced pretreatments that combine magnetic materials and natural composites as adsorbents are comprehensively reviewed here. Moreover, potential of various magnetic materials for POME pretreatment has been described. Several existing pretreatment methods such as physical pretreatments, chemical pretreatments, coagulation-flocculation, and adsorption can remove pollutant content from POME with certain limitations and the use of magnetic composite adsorbents can enhance the treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Ratnasari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Syafiuddin
- Department of Public Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, 60237 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Raj Boopathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
| | - Sana Malik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rizki Amalia
- Institute of Research and Community Service (LPPM), Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, 60237 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dedy Dwi Prastyo
- Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nur Syamimi Zaidi
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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26
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Moravia WG, Moreira VR, Lebron YAR, Lange LC, Santos Amaral MC. Influence of humic substances on the landfill leachate biodegradability with a focus on temporal seasonality. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:3780-3790. [PMID: 34928843 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high resilience to biological treatments from the landfill leachate is generally associated with the presence of humic substances (HS). The brown color characteristic of this effluent is also related to these substances. Landfill leachate with low biodegradability can make biological treatments unfeasible, which can drive up the cost for the treatment of large leachate volumes. In this context, this research aimed to characterize the leachate in different seasonal periods, and verify the influence of HS species on the biodegradability of the effluent to assist in the selection of adequate treatment techniques. The HS quantification was performed using the modified Lowry method and speciation through fractionation according to the molar masses of the HS species. The tropical regions can be the precursor for the rapid stabilization of biodegradable organic matter. The warmer climate contributed to a reduced BOD/COD ratio (0.03) and the predominance of compounds of lower mass (e.g.: fulvic acids). The tests showed an HS concentration of 26.9% of the total COD in the raw leachate in the rainy season, which increased to 37.3% in the dry season. Approximately 70% of HS species refer to fulvic acids, a fraction identified as having the highest biologic treatment resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Guadagnin Moravia
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Amazonas, Av. 5.253 - Nova Suíça, 30.421-169, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Victor Rezende Moreira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Yuri Abner Rocha Lebron
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Liséte Celina Lange
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Míriam Cristina Santos Amaral
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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27
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Brasil YL, Silva AFR, Gomes RF, Amaral MCS. Technical and economic evaluation of the integration of membrane bioreactor and air-stripping/absorption processes in the treatment of landfill leachate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:110-119. [PMID: 34418741 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A membrane bioreactor inoculated with commercial baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (MBRy) integrated to an air-stripping/absorption (AS/AB) as pre-treatment (aiming ammonia recovery) or a post-treatment (polishment step) was assessed for the landfill leachate treatment. The effect of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen (N) ratio (C:N) on the performance of the MBRy was also investigated. At high COD/N ratio, high organic matter removal in terms of COD (71 ± 4%) and ammonia removal (97 ± 3%) was observed. Lower COD/N ratio favored yeast growth in the mixed liquor even under adverse conditions. The results of ammonia removal and recovery, and economic analysis demonstrated that the best way to integrate the AS/BS processes is as pre-treatment of MBRy. The ammonia concentration in the AS/AB process feed was a key factor to achieve the market specification. Although pH and temperature adjustment were adequate to promote ammonia removal/recovery, the AS operation at high temperatures showed the highest ammonia removal rate (99%). Therefore, the integration of AS/AB with MBRy allows obtaining a permeate with a final concentration of 2902 ± 374 mg L-1 of COD and 9 ± 7.5 mg L-1 of ammonia. Although it was possible to reach the Brazilian discharge standard for ammonia (20 mg L-1), it was not possible to reach the standard for COD, where the remaining fraction is recalcitrant organic matter, requiring the integration of a physico-chemical process. It should be noted that the proposed route allowed recovery 7 kg of ammonia per m3 of treated leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara L Brasil
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ana F R Silva
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosimeire F Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Míriam C S Amaral
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering - Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, ZIP 30.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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