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Kučera J, Brabcová KP, Němec M, Kameník J, Trubač J, Brychová V, Světlík I, John J, Garba R, Daňo M. Status report of the first AMS laboratory in the Czech Republic at the Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37362796 PMCID: PMC10264880 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The first accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratory in the Czech Republic has been established and put into routine operation in February 2022. Here we briefly describe the facilities available, namely a 300 kV multi-isotope low-energy AMS system (MILEA) capable of determination 10Be, 14C, 26Al, 41Ca, 129I, isotopes of U, especially 236U, Pu and other actinoids, and accessories for 14C measurements, which include a gas interface system, a preparative gas chromatography system for compound-specific radiocarbon dating analysis, and an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. The first results achieved for separation and measurement of the above radionuclides (except for 41Ca) are also reported, with the main focus on 14C measurements. A specimen breakdown of 729 graphitised samples analysed for 14C so far is presented, as well as a proof of measurement stability of the MILEA system obtained by analysis of radiocarbon standards and analytical blanks. For the other radionuclides, well proven or novel procedures for sample preparation and measurement are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kučera
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mojmír Němec
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Trubač
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Brychová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Světlík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jan John
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Garba
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež 130, 250 68 Husinec–Řež, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Letenská 123/4, 118 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Daňo
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
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2
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Determination of environmental gaseous 129I trapped in charcoal cartridges by ICP-MS/MS. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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3
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Grubel K, Rosenthal WS, Autrey T, Henson NJ, Koh K, Flowers S, Blake TA. An experimental, computational, and uncertainty analysis study of the rates of iodoalkane trapping by DABCO in solution phase organic media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6914-6926. [PMID: 36807434 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the rates of the first and second substitution reactions between iodoalkane (R = Me, 1-butyl) and DABCO in methanol, acetonitrile and DMSO. Most of the reactions were recorded at three different temperatures, which permitted calculation of the activation parameters from Eyring and Arrhenius plots. Additionally, the reaction rate and heat of reaction for 1-iodobutane + DABCO in acetonitrile and DMSO were also measured using calorimetry. To help interpret experimental results, ab initio calculations were performed on the reactant, product, and transition state entities to understand structures, reaction enthalpies and activation parameters. Markov chain Monte Carlo statistical sampling was used to determine a distribution of kinetic rates with respect to the uncertainties in measured concentrations and correlations between parameters imposed by a kinetics model. The reactions with 1-iodobutane are found to be slower in all cases compared to reactions under similar conditions for iodomethane. This is due to steric crowding around the reaction centre for the larger butyl group compared to methyl which results in a larger activation energy for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grubel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - W Steven Rosenthal
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Tom Autrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Neil J Henson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Katherine Koh
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Sarah Flowers
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA. .,Boston Heart Diagnostics, 31 Gage St., Needham, MA 02492, USA
| | - Thomas A Blake
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K4-13, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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4
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Thiry Y, Tanaka T, Bueno M, Pisarek P, Roulier M, Gallard H, Legout A, Nicolas M. Recycling and persistence of iodine 127 and 129 in forested environments: A modelling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154901. [PMID: 35364144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the source and behaviour of 129I compared to 127I isotopes have been described for a variety of surface environments, but little is known about the cycling rates of each isotope in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a compartment model of the iodine cycle in a forest ecosystem, with a labile and non-labile pool to simplify the complex fate of iodine in the forest floor and soil. Simulations were performed using atmospheric 127I and 129I inputs for sites differing in climate, vegetation, and soil. In general, considering dry deposition in addition to wet deposition improved model simulations. Model results support the view that soil is the sink for atmospheric iodine deposited in forest ecosystems, while tree vegetation has little influence on long-term iodine budgets. Modelling also showed that iodine cycling reaches equilibrium after a period of about 5000 years, mainly due to a gradual incorporation of iodine into the bulk stabilised soil organic matter. At steady state, this pool of non-labile iodine in soil can retain about 20% of total deposition with a mean residence time of 900 years, while the labile iodine pool is renewed after 90 years. The proportions of modern anthropogenic 129I in each modelled pool reflect those of stable 127I at least several decades after input to the forest; this result explains why isotopic disequilibrium is common in field data analysis. Volatilisation plays a central role in regulating iodine storage in soil and, therefore, its residence time, while drainage is a minor export pathway, except at some calcareous sites. Dynamic modelling has been particularly helpful for gaining insight into the long-term response of iodine partitioning to continuous, single or even varying deposition. Our modelling study suggested that better estimates of dry deposition of atmospheric iodine, weathering of parent rock, and volatilisation of the deposited iodine from soil and vegetation will be required for reliable predictions of iodine cycling in specific forests, because these processes remain insufficiently explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Paulina Pisarek
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France; Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Marine Roulier
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France; Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- IC2MP UMR 7285, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Legout
- INRAE Grand Est, UR 1138, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, F-54280 Nancy, France
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Zhang L, Hou X, Zhang T, Fang M, Kim H, Jiang H, Chen N, Liu Q. Ultra-Sensitive Determination of Particulate, Gaseous Inorganic and Organic Iodine-129 and Iodine-127 in Ambient Air. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9835-9843. [PMID: 35771968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric iodine cycling is of significance in climate change and environmental and health impacts. To better explore speciation transformation of atmospheric stable and radioactive iodine, an ultra-sensitive analytical method was established for determination of 129I and 127I in particulate, gaseous inorganic, and gaseous organic species, which was conducted with a self-designed cascade sampling apparatus, followed by their separation with a pyrolysis system and accelerator mass spectrometry and ICP-MS measurements. Combustion protocols for three sampling matrices and NaOH concentration for iodine trapping were optimized to achieve a safe analytical procedure with a high chemical yield of iodine. Based on the lowest concentrations of 129I and 127I, a suitable activated carbon product for adsorption of gaseous organic iodine was carefully selected. The detection limits of the three species were 0.30-2.21 ng m-3 for 127I and 0.05-0.22 × 105 atoms m-3 for 129I. This newly established method was successfully applied to analyze the levels and species of 129I and 127I in ambinet air from Xi'an, China, from May to August, 2020. Gaseous organic iodine was found to be the dominant species of 127I and 129I, accounting for about half of total iodine, and gaseous inorganic iodine and particulate iodine accounted for one-quarter each during the whole sampling period. Speciation variation of 129I and 127I indicates that speciation transformation apparently occurred at the turn of spring and summer, mainly between particulate and gaseous organic iodine. This study has implications on delicate tracing of the atmospheric behavior of iodine with long-lived anthropogenic 129I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.,Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.,Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.,Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Miao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hyuncheol Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Korea
| | - Huan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.,Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
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6
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Souza PC, Aguiar AS, Heimlich A, Lapa CMF, Lamego F. Short-Term Assessment of Radiological Impact and Potential Risk to Workers and Public from Argonaut Nuclear Reactor Accidental Release. NUCL TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2020.1846986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. Souza
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-906, Brazil
| | - André S. Aguiar
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-906, Brazil
| | - Adino Heimlich
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-906, Brazil
| | - Celso M. F. Lapa
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-906, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lamego
- Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear, Rua Hélio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-906, Brazil
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7
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Alotaibi FA, Cornett RJ, Herod MN. Rapid and efficient autoclave digestion for the extraction of iodine-129 from urine samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2021; 228:106528. [PMID: 33412479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new method was developed to extract 129I from urine samples and measure it using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The samples were pre-treated in an autoclave with hydrogen peroxide and were then acidified with nitric acid, followed by the precipitation of iodine as silver iodide (AgI) for measurement by AMS. This new procedure is substantially faster than previous methods for the extraction of iodine from urine and results in less chemical waste. The efficiency and reproducibility of this method were evaluated by using 125I as a yield tracer, eventually giving a recovery above 99%. To achieve this, several iterations of the method were required. The method was then successfully applied to measure 129I/127I isotopic ratios and 129I concentrations in 25 human urine samples. The AMS results for 129I in urine ranged 3.3 × 106 atoms/L to 884 × 106 atoms/L and the isotope ratio (129I/127I) in human urine ranged from 7.38 × 10-12 to 3.97 × 10-10 with a median of 1.29 × 10-10. This new method will be useful for investigations into the sources of iodine in the human diet and their relative importance for iodine sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Awwadh Alotaibi
- College of Public Health, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia; A. E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - R Jack Cornett
- A. E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Matthew N Herod
- A. E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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8
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Li M, Yuan G, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Liao J, Yang J, Liu N. Flexible surface-supported MOF membrane via a convenient approach for efficient iodine adsorption. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Zou H, Yi F, Song M, Wang X, Bian L, Li W, Pan N, Jiang X. Novel synthesis of Bi-Bi 2O 3-TiO 2-C composite for capturing iodine-129 in off-gas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:81-87. [PMID: 30412810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Bi-Bi2O3-TiO2-C composites were prepared by a sol-gel method and investigated for capturing iodine-129 (129I) in off-gas producing from spent fuel reprocessing. Firstly, the optimal process conditions were operated through the orthogonal experiments, showing that the capturing capacity of the optimal composite was calculated about 504.0 ± 19.5 mg/g, which is approximately 2.0-fold higher than that of the commercial silver-exchanged zeolites (AgX). Secondly, the structure and morphology of the Bi-Bi2O3-TiO2-C composite were characterized, suggesting that the Bi is regularly spherical in the shape, coating by the Bi2O3, TiO2 and amorphous carbon. Finally, the mechanism for the iodine adsorption in the Bi-Bi2O3-TiO2-C system was revealed, demonstrating that the iodine was captured by physisorption and chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zou
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China; Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Facheng Yi
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China.
| | - Mianxin Song
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China; Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Liang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China; Institute of Gem and Material Technology, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050000, PR China
| | - Weimin Li
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Ning Pan
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Jiang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China; Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, PR China
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10
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García-León M. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) in Radioecology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 186:116-123. [PMID: 28882579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) provides with an excellent sensitivity for the determination of radionuclides in the environment. In fact, conventional radiometric techniques can hardly compete with AMS in the solution of many problems involving the measurement of very low levels of radioactivity in Nature. For that reason, during the last years AMS has become a powerful tool for Radioecology studies. In this paper a review is done on the evolution of AMS applications to the measurement of environmental radioactivity and, therefore, its contribution to the understanding of radionuclide behavior in Nature. For that, the advantages of using AMS to determine key nuclides as 129I, 14C, Pu-isotopes and others in different natural compartments will be discussed. The content of the paper is illustrated with the contributions to these studies of the Spanish National Center for Accelerators (CNA) AMS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-León
- Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Avda. T. A. Edison, 7, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Sava Gallis DF, Ermanoski I, Greathouse JA, Chapman KW, Nenoff TM. Iodine Gas Adsorption in Nanoporous Materials: A Combined Experiment–Modeling Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorina F. Sava Gallis
- Nanoscale
Sciences Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Ivan Ermanoski
- Materials,
Devices, and Energy Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Greathouse
- Geochemistry
Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Karena W. Chapman
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, X-ray Science Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439 United States
| | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Physical,
Chemical and Nano Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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12
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Yeager CM, Amachi S, Grandbois R, Kaplan DI, Xu C, Schwehr KA, Santschi PH. Microbial Transformation of Iodine: From Radioisotopes to Iodine Deficiency. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 101:83-136. [PMID: 29050668 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is a biophilic element that is important for human health, both as an essential component of several thyroid hormones and, on the other hand, as a potential carcinogen in the form of radioiodine generated by anthropogenic nuclear activity. Iodine exists in multiple oxidation states (-1, 0, +1, +3, +5, and +7), primarily as molecular iodine (I2), iodide (I-), iodate [Formula: see text] , or organic iodine (org-I). The mobility of iodine in the environment is dependent on its speciation and a series of redox, complexation, sorption, precipitation, and microbial reactions. Over the last 15years, there have been significant advances in iodine biogeochemistry, largely spurred by renewed interest in the fate of radioiodine in the environment. We review the biogeochemistry of iodine, with particular emphasis on the microbial processes responsible for volatilization, accumulation, oxidation, and reduction of iodine, as well as the exciting technological potential of these fascinating microorganisms and enzymes.
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13
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Determination of 129I using volatilization method and liquid scintillation spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Liu D, Hou X, Du J, Zhang L, Zhou W. 129I and its species in the East China Sea: level, distribution, sources and tracing water masses exchange and movement. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36611. [PMID: 27849026 PMCID: PMC5111073 DOI: 10.1038/srep36611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic 129I as a long-lived radioisotope of iodine has been considered as an ideal oceanographic tracer due to its high residence time and conservative property in the ocean. Surface water samples collected from the East China Sea (ECS) in August 2013 were analyzed for 129I, 127I and their inorganic chemical species in the first time. The measured 129I/127I ratio is 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than the pre-nuclear level, indicating its dominantly anthropogenic sources. Relatively high 129I levels were observed in the Yangtze River and its estuary, as well as in the southern Yellow Sea, and 129I level in seawater declines towards the ECS shelf. In the open sea, 129I and 127I in surface water exists mainly as iodate, while in Yangtze River estuary and some locations, iodide is dominated. The results indicate that the Fukushima nuclear accident has no detectable effects in the ECS until August 2013. The obtained results are used for investigation of interaction of various water masses and water circulation in the ECS, as well as the marine environment in this region. Meanwhile this work provides essential data for evaluation of the possible influence of the increasing NPPs along the coast of the ECS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Cademy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Cademy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Risø Campus, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Cademy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Cademy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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15
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Herod MN, Li T, Pellerin A, Kieser WE, Clark ID. The seasonal fluctuations and accumulation of iodine-129 in relation to the hydrogeochemistry of the Wolf Creek Research Basin, a discontinuous permafrost watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1212-1223. [PMID: 27387807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The long lived radioisotope (129)I is a uranium fission product, and an environmental contaminant of the nuclear age. Consequently, it can trace anthropogenic releases of (129)I in watersheds, and has been identified as a potential means to distinguish water sources in discharge (Nimz, 1998). The purpose of this work was to identify the sources and mass input of (129)I and trace the transport, partitioning and mass balance of (129)I over time in a remote watershed. We monitored (129)I and other geochemical and isotope tracers (e.g. δ(14)CDIC, δ(13)CDIC, δ(2)H, δ(18)O, etc.) in precipitation and discharge from the Wolf Creek Research Basin (WCRB), a discontinuous permafrost watershed in the Yukon Territory, Canada, and evaluated the use of (129)I as a water end-member tracer. Radiocarbon and geochemical tracers of weathering show that discharge is comprised of (i) groundwater baseflow that has recharged under open system conditions, (ii) spring freshet meltwater that has derived solutes through closed-system interaction with saturated soils, and (iii) active layer drainage. The abundance of (129)I and the (129)I/(127)I ratio correlated with geochemical tracers suggests varying contributions of these three water end-members to discharge. The (129)I concentration was highest at the onset of freshet, reaching 17.4×10(6) atoms/L, and likely reflects the lack of interaction between meltwater and organic matter at that time. This peak in (129)I was followed by a decline over the summer to its lowest value. Mass balance calculations of the (129)I budget show that the input to the watershed via precipitation is nearly one order of magnitude higher than the output suggesting that such arctic watersheds accumulate nearly 90% of the annual input, primarily in soil organic matter. Temporal variations in discharge (129)I concentrations correlated with changes in discharge water sources suggesting that (129)I is a promising hydrologic tracer, particularly when used in concert with other stable and radioisotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Herod
- André Lalonde AMS Lab, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Tianjiao Li
- André Lalonde AMS Lab, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André Pellerin
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - William E Kieser
- André Lalonde AMS Lab, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ian D Clark
- André Lalonde AMS Lab, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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16
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Fan Y, Hou X, Zhou W, Liu G. (129)I record of nuclear activities in marine sediment core from Jiaozhou Bay in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 154:15-24. [PMID: 26821329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-129 has been used as a powerful tool for environmental tracing of human nuclear activities. In this work, a sediment core collected from Jiaozhou Bay, the east coast of China, in 2002 was analyzed for (129)I to investigate the influence of human nuclear activities in this region. Significantly enhanced (129)I level was observed in upper 70 cm of the sediment core, with peak values in the layer corresponding to 1957, 1964, 1974, 1986, and after 1990. The sources of (129)I and corresponding transport processes in this region are discussed, including nuclear weapons testing at the Pacific Proving Grounds, global fallout from a large numbers of nuclear weapon tests in 1963, the climax of Chinese nuclear weapons testing in the early 1970s, the Chernobyl accident in 1986, and long-distance dispersion of European reprocessing derived (129)I. The very well (129)I records of different human nuclear activities in the sediment core illustrate the potential application of (129)I in constraining ages and sedimentation rates of the recent sediment. The releases of (129)I from the European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague (France) and Sellafield (UK) were found to dominate the inventory of (129)I in the Chinese sediments after 1990, not only the directly atmospheric releases of these reprocessing plants, but also re-emission of marine discharged (129)I of these reprocessing plants in the highly contaminated European seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Fan
- Xi'an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Xi'an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Xi'an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guangshan Liu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Xu S, Zhang L, Freeman SPHT, Hou X, Shibata Y, Sanderson D, Cresswell A, Doi T, Tanaka A. Speciation of radiocesium and radioiodine in aerosols from Tsukuba after the Fukushima nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1017-1024. [PMID: 25522224 DOI: 10.1021/es504431w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected from Tsukuba, Japan, soon after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident and analyzed for speciation of radiocesium and radioiodine to explore their chemical behavior and isotopic ratios after the release. Most (134)Cs and (137)Cs were bound in organic matter (53–91%) and some in water-soluble fractions (5–15%), whereas a negligible proportion of radiocesium remained in minerals. This pattern suggests that sulfate salts and organic matter may be the main carrier of Cs-bearing particles. The (129)I in aerosol samples is contained in various proportions as soluble inorganic iodine (I(–) and IO3(–)), soluble organic iodine, and unextractable iodine. The measured mean (129)I/(131)I atomic ratio of 16.0 ± 2.2 is in good agreement with that measured from rainwater and consistent with ratios measured in surface soil samples. Together with other aerosols and seawater samples, an initial (129)I/(137)Cs activity ratio of ∼4 × 10(–7) was obtained. In contrast to the effectively constant (134)Cs/(137)Cs activity ratios (1.04 ± 0.04) and (129)I/(131)I atomic ratios (16.0 ± 2.2), the (129)I/(137)Cs activity ratios scattered from 3.5 × 10(–7) to 5 × 10(–6) and showed temporally and spatially different dispersion and deposition patterns between radiocesium and radioiodine. These findings confirm that (129)I, instead of (137)Cs, should be considered as a proxy for (131)I reconstruction.
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