Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Byrsocarpus coccineus

Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Calpurnia aurea: Benth Seed Different Extracts

Background

Calpurnia aurea is believed to have antidiarrheal potential but with limited scientific evidence. This study aimed investigating antidiarrheal and antibacterial activity of aqueous and 80% methanol seed extracts of the plant in mice and selected diarrhea-causing bacterial strains, respectively.

Methods

Castor oil-induced diarrhea, prostaglandin-induced enteropooling, and castor oil-induced charcoal meal test models in mice of either sex using three dose levels (60, 120, and 240 mg/kg) were applied to evaluate antidiarrheal activity. Parameters, including onset, number, wet stool weight, weight and volume of secretion, and intestinal motility, were taken into consideration. The antibacterial activity was assessed on Shigella soni, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using disk diffusion and microdilution techniques.

Results

Compared to controls, pretreatment of mice at the graded dose (60, 120, and 240 mg/kg) resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) drop in frequency of wet stools and watery content of diarrhea as well as in delaying onset of diarrhea. Both extracts exhibited inhibition of diarrhea in a dose-dependent manner in all models used. The extracts also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in intestinal motility in castor oil-induced models. Both extracts showed a marginal activity against the selected bacterial strains; a better effect was seen with 80% methanol seed extract.

Conclusion

Both extracts of the plant have beneficial effect in controlling diarrhea. This finding supports the use of the plant as a traditional antidiarrheal remedy.

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle: A critically endangered medicinal herb with rich potential for use in medicine

Aconitum heterophyllum (Patrees) is a critically endangered medicinal herb of the northwestern Himalayas and has enormous pharmacological potential. It is the only nonpoisonous member of the genus Aconitum, and has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times. A. heterophyllum is an important ingredient in many traditional systems of medicine. Mostly, it is harvested for its roots, and its medicinal properties are due to the presence of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, commonly known as aconites. Our understanding of the pharmacological properties of this intriguing genus is continuously growing due to its broad chemical diversity. The therapeutic uses identified by traditional medicinal practice are receiving extensive study. Multiple in vitro experimental investigations of A. heterophyllum have reported the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, antiparasitic and anticancer properties, as well as its effects on the central nervous system. In this review, we highlight the classification, distribution, commerce, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and conservation measures relevant to this species. Additionally, this review includes the biosynthetic pathways of A. heterophyllum's key constituents, which could be targeted to enhance the expression levels of desired metabolites via genetic interventions. Studying the genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomic aspects of this species would be helpful in developing highly designed genotypes and chemotypes of this species to be used in commercial production.

Larval Cytotoxic and Subacute Toxicity of Gardenia ternifolia, Rourea coccinea, and Cassytha filiformis Used in Traditional Medicine of Benin (West Africa)

The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or irrational use may pose a risk of toxicity to humans in the short and/or long term. Recent studies reported interesting ethnopharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical data on some medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of male infertility in Benin. Unfortunately, very little data exist on the long-repeated dose toxicity of these medicinal plants. This study was aimed at evaluating the larval cytotoxicity and subacute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Cassytha filiformis whole plant, Gardenia ternifolia roots, and Rourea coccinea leaves. The subacute toxicity of these plants was evaluated in male Wistar albino rats at three different doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) according to the OECD 407 guidelines. Hematological and biochemical examinations and the histological study of the liver and kidneys were carried out. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the studied plants extracts. The mean lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was determined by the probit method. Subacute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality or structural alterations of the liver and kidneys in the lot of treated animals. However, significant alterations in certain hematological and biochemical parameters (hematocrit, ASAT, and uremia) were noted. These abnormalities were observed in the lot of rats treated with Rourea coccinea and Cassytha filiformis extracts. Larval cytotoxicity data indicate that the studied plants extracts are not cytotoxic (LC₅₀ > 0.1 mg/mL). These data suggest that the use in traditional medicine of studied plants at high doses and repeated over a long period of time requires special attention.

Connaraceae: An updated overview of research and the pharmacological potential of 39 species

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

An interdisciplinary scientific investigation of biologically active agents is fundamental to search for natural substances with therapeutic action. This review collected the most relevant information on traditional knowledge related to the use of plants of the Connaraceae family. This work is the first to compile all the published ethnobotanical, chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological information about this important plant family.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our objective was to provide the scientific community with an up-to-date overview of the pharmacological potential of Connaraceae species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We searched NCBI Pubmed Central, Google Scholar, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Scopus databases to review the research on ethnobotanical, chemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies with Connaraceaes. Books that address the theme were also included.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The literature review indicated that 39 species of Connaraceaes have pharmacological potentiality. Ethnobotany reports listed 36 of the 39 species discussed. Pharmacognostical studies have been conducted with 23 species and isolates, and chemical compounds have been identified for only 15 species. At least one study has been published concerning the pharmacological activities for 20 of the 39 species analyzed. For Agelaea pentagyna, Cnestis ferruginea, Connars suberosus, and Rourea minor, pharmacological activity experiments were performed using isolated compounds, which have the highest current pharmacological potential. Studies employing a toxicological approach cover only 10 of the 39 Connaraceaes species. Thus, scientific community should conduct much more research for a broader understanding of this plant family.

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities of hydroethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae) in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae) is a woody tropical plant commonly found in southwest Nigeria. Ethnobotanical survey and literature revealed its application in the management of CNS disorders e.g. psychosis, insomnia, convulsions and associated anxiety and depression. This study evaluated the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the hydroethanol leaf extract of N. laevis in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The hole-board (HBT), elevated plus maze (EPMT), light/dark exploration (LDET), open field (OFT), social interaction (SIT) (anxiolytic activity), forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) (antidepressant property) tests were employed in this investigation. Mice randomly allotted to different groups were treated orally with distilled water (10 ml/kg), diazepam (1 and 3 mg/kg), imipramine (20 mg/kg) and N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg). The mice were subjected to the various tests 60 min post-treatment.

RESULTS

In the HBT, N. laevis (25 and 100 mg/kg) increased the number of sectional crossings significantly (p < 0.05). In the OFT, N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg) increased the number of general square crossings, centre square crossings, rearings and assisted rearings (p < 0.05). In the EPMT, the extract (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased the open arms time spent, number of head dips and entry (p < 0.05). In the LDET, N. laevis increased the number of transitions at 100 and 200 mg/kg (p < 0.05). For the SIT, N. laevis (25 and 200 mg/kg) increased the frequency and duration of interaction respectively (p < 0.05). In the FST and TST, N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg) increased the latency and reduced the total duration of immobility (p < 0.05). The effect of the extract on duration of immobility was significantly reversed by sulpiride (Dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist).

CONCLUSION

The hydroethanol leaf extract of N. laevis possesses anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities, the later possibly mediated by dopaminergic enhancement(s).

Therapeutic effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus root bark extract on bacterially and chemically induced diarrhea in the Wistar albino rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica)

BACKGROUND

Diarrhea can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms and chemicals. In view of this, Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum and Thonn (Connaraceae) was used to treat diarrhea induced by castor oil or bacteria in Wistar albino rats.

METHODS

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of an aqueous root back extract of B. coccineus were made and the acute toxicity, antidiarrhea properties, and in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of the extract were investigated in rats.

RESULTS

The phytochemical analysis of the root bark extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloid, saponins, tannins, and phenols. The quantitative analysis showed that saponins formed 10.6% of the extract, tannins 7.6%, flavonoids 6.2%, phenol 5.8% and alkaloids 4.4%. A dose limit of 5000 mg/kg was safe to use in the rats. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, the extract decreased distance travelled by activated charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract, frequency of defecation, and number of unformed faeces caused by castor oil-induced diarrhea, and led to 74.96% inhibition of the diarrhea effects. Escherichia coli and Salmonella pullorum were susceptible to higher concentrations of the extract with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL. E. coli-infected rats showed depression, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, and weakness, which was ameliorated by the extract on day 2 post treatment. Observed congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the liver, intestine and kidney following infection were improved by the extract.

CONCLUSION

B. coccineus extract can be used in the treatment of anaemia, and castor oil- and E. coli-induced diarrhea in rats.

Brysocarpus coccineus (Schum & Thonn) root reinstates sexual competence and testicular function in paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in male Wistar rats

The effects of aqueous extract of Brysocarpus coccineus roots (AEBCR) were studied on sexual behaviour and testicular function of paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction (SD) in male rats. Ninety, sexually matured male rats (150.88 ± 5.53 g) were assigned into two groups: A and B. Fifteen SD animals from group B were each allotted to B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 and received distilled water (DW), Powmax M (7.14 mg/kg body weight, b.w.) 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg b.w of AEBCR, respectively, for 7 days while the non-SD animals (group A) received DW. Eleven secondary metabolites were present in AEBCR. The lowered (p < .05) ejaculation frequency, penile erection index and penile grooming, higher mount and intromission frequencies, prolonged (p < .05) latencies of mount, intromission, ejaculation, and post-ejaculatory interval, reduced (p < .05) serum luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, nitric oxide and testicular function indices, degenerated seminiferous tubules and low luminal spermatozoa contents by paroxetine were significantly (p < .05) attenuated and/or reinstated by AEBCR and Powmax M. The restoration of androgen-dependent sexual and testicular functions in SD male rats by AEBCR validates its folkloric use as aphrodisiac. Clinical studies are desirable to ascertain the efficacy of AEBCR in SD.

Anti-diarrhea activity of the aqueous root bark extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus on castor oil-induced diarrhea in Wistar rats

AIM

The use of traditional medicine as an alternative source of cure for many ailments has played an important role in health care delivery in both developing and developed countries. Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum and Thonn (Connaraceae) is used in traditional medicine for treatment of various disease conditions, including diarrhea. The anti-diarrhea activity of the root bark aqueous extract of B. coccineus was investigated in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Acute toxicity evaluation of the aqueous extract of B. coccineus root bark was performed in exposed rats. Diarrhea was induced in exposed rats with castor oil, and the effect of the extract on castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility and enteropooling was consequently investigated.

RESULTS

In the acute toxicity study, the extract caused no death in treated rats nor produced signs of delayed toxicity, even at 5000 mg/kg. The aqueous root bark extract of B. coccineus also decreased the distance travelled by activated charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract of treated rats when compared to control rats. Results of castor oil-induced enteropooling revealed slight reduction in the weight of intestinal contents of treated rats compared to control rats. There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in the frequency of defecation as well as in the number of unformed feces produced by castor oil-induced diarrhea at 100 mg/kg dose with 74.96% inhibition of defecation.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated the anti-diarrheic property of the aqueous extract of B. coccineus root bark as currently exploited in our traditional herbal therapy.

Investigating Potential Modes of Actions of Mimusops kummel Fruit Extract and Solvent Fractions for Their Antidiarrheal Activities in Mice

Background

Fruits of Mimusops kummel A. DC. (Sapotaceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea. The present study aimed at investigating modes of actions of this fruits for antidiarrheal action to guide future drug development process.

Methods

Fractions of chloroform, n-butanol, and water were obtained from 80% methanol extract, which was prepared by maceration. Antidiarrheal activities and the modes of actions were investigated in mice.

Results

In castor oil induced diarrheal model, the extract delayed onset of diarrhea and reduced number and weight of feces at all tested doses significantly. In this model all fractions significantly delayed onset of diarrhea at all tested doses. Charcoal meal test showed that the extract and all the fractions produced a significant antimotility effect at all tested doses. Enteropooling test showed that the extract as well as n-butanol and aqueous fractions at all tested doses produced a significant decline in volume and weight of intestinal contents, whereas chloroform fraction had substantial effect only at high dose.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the extract and solvent fractions produced antidiarrheal activities due to dual inhibitory effect, intestinal motility, and fluid secretion, with the aqueous fraction being the most active among fractions in three models.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of eriosematin E isolated from the roots of Eriosema chinense Vogel

BACKGROUND

Roots of the plant Eriosema chinense Vogel (Fabaceae) is distributed mainly over the Eastern Himalayan region of India and China. The roots of the plant are used as a vegetable by the people of Northern Australia, China and North East India and are used traditionally by the tribal people of Meghalaya (India) for the treatment of diarrhoea. It has been reported to have significant antidiarrhoeal, cytotoxic and antimycobacterial activity.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE

The present investigation was undertaken to isolate a lead molecule responsible for the observed antidiarrhoeal activity.

METHODS

Eriosematin E, a prenylated flavanone, was isolated using column chromatography and was characterized by comparing its melting point and spectroscopic data (UV, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, Mass Spectra) from literature. Eriosematin E (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg p.o.) was then screened for normal faecal excretion rate and castor oil-induced diarrhoea models in rats. Further, it was examined for small intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation and PGE₂ induced enteropooling models in rats. Biochemical estimations and Na⁺ and K⁺ concentration in intestinal fluid were also determined along with colonic histopathological studies.

RESULTS

The results illustrated a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in normal faecal output at 10mg/kg p.o. after 5th and 7thh of treatment and also showed maximum protection of 69.43% from diarrhoea in the castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. Significant results were also observed at the maximum effective dose of eriosematin E (10mg/kg p.o.) in inhibiting peristaltic index (small intestinal transit) and reducing intestinal fluid volume of castor oil induced and PGE₂ induced enteropooling models. Further, eriosematin E restored all the alterations in biochemical parameters such as nitric oxide, protein, DNA, superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation. It also significantly recovered Na⁺ and K⁺ loss from body and confirmed its protective nature through the histopathological studies.

CONCLUSION

The study corroborates the antidiarrhoeal potential of eriosematin E which may be attributed to its antisecretory and antioxidant potential.

The effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus Linn. (Nymphaeaceae) in animal models of diarrhoea

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nymphaea lotus, which is widely distributed throughout tropical Africa, enjoys a number of ethnomedical uses in Nigeria. Traditionally, the rhizomes of N. lotus are used to cure diarrhoea.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aims to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus plant in laboratory animals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The extract was screened for activity against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea as well as effect on gastric transit time in mice. The effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus on the perfused isolated tissue preparation was also determined.

RESULTS

For castor oil-induced diarrhoea, the extract at doses of 200, 400 and 800mg/kg produced significant reduction in the frequency of diarrhoea (at p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). The extract at 800mg/kg produced a significant delay in onset of diarrhoea (p<0.05) comparable to loperamide (3mg/kg). The frequency of magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea was also significantly reduced in the groups treated with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg of the extract at p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively. At doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, the protection produced was comparable to loperamide, 3mg/kg. All treated groups produced significant reduction in the transit of charcoal meal along the intestinal tract at p<0.001. The extract at low concentration (4×10(-4)-6.4×10(-2)mg/ml) had contractile effect on the tone of contraction of the rabbit jejunum while at higher concentrations (8×10(-2)-512×10(-2)mg/ml) produced significant reduction in the tone and rate of spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum. The extract at lower concentrations (4×10(-4)-2×10(-2)mg/ml) has no effect on contraction of the guinea pig ileum while higher concentrations (4×10(-2)-512×10(-2)mg/ml) produced significant relaxant activity on guinea pig ileum.

CONCLUSION

This study has shown that the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus has antidiarrhoeal properties thus justifying its use by the local population for this purpose.

Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α₂ adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE₂. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE₂. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE₂. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smooth muscle and/or intestinal transit.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of leaf methanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal property of methanol extract of the leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina (R. serpentina) in experimental diarrhoea induced by castor oil in mice.

METHODS

Doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg R. serpentina leaf methanol extracts were administered to castor oil induced diarrhoea mice to determine its antidiarrhoeal activity.

RESULTS

All doses of the extract and the reference drug atropine sulphate (3 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent reduction in intestinal weight and fluid volume. The extracts also significantly reduced the intestinal transit in charcoal meal test when compared to diphenoxylate Hcl (5 mg/kg, p.o.).

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that the extract of R. serpentina leaves has a significant antidiarrhoeal activity and supports its traditional uses in herbal medicine.

Antisecretory and antimotility activity of Aconitum heterophyllum and its significance in treatment of diarrhea

Aim:

The roots of the plant Aconitum heterophyllum (EAH) are traditionally used for curing hysteria, throat infection, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diabetes, and diarrhea. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism involved in the anti-diarrheal activity of roots of A. heterophyllum.

Materials and Methods:

Ant-diarrheal activity of ethanol extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. was evaluated using fecal excretion and castor oil-induced diarrhea models, while optimized dose, that is, 100 mg/kg p.o. was further subjected to small intestinal transit, intestinal fluids accumulation, PGE₂-induced enteropooling and gastric emptying test. To elucidate the probable mechanism, various biochemical parameters and Na⁺, K⁺ concentration in intestinal fluids were also determined. Further, antibacterial activity of extract along with its standardization using aconitine as a marker with the help of HPLC was carried out.

Results:

The results depicted a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in normal fecal output at 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. of extract after 5^th and 7^th h of treatment. Castor oil-induced diarrhea model demonstrated a ceiling effect at 100 mg/kg p.o. with a protection of 60.185% from diarrhea. EAH at 100 mg/kg p.o. also showed significant activity in small intestinal transit, fluid accumulation, and PGE₂-induced enteropooling models, which also restored the altered biochemical parameters and prevented Na⁺ and K⁺ loss. The extract with 0.0833% w/w of aconitine depicted a potential antibacterial activity of extract against microbes implicated in diarrhea.

Conclusion:

The study concluded antisecretory and antimotility effect of A. heterophyllum, which mediates through nitric oxide path way.

Cryptocoryne spiralis, a substitute of Aconitum heterophyllum in the treatment of diarrhoea

OBJECTIVE

To scientifically validate the traditional substitution of roots of highly expensive Aconitum heterophyllum (AH) with rhizomes of Cryptocoryne spiralis (CS) in the treatment of diarrhoea.

METHODS

Different fractions from root/rhizome extract of both the plant were subjected to faecal excretion rate and castor oil-induced diarrhoea models. Further, bioactive fractions from both plants, i.e. chloroform (CAH) from AH at 50 mg/kg p.o. and ethyl acetate (EACS) from CS at 100 mg/kg p.o., were examined for small intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation and PGE2 -induced enteropooling models in rats. Biochemical estimations and Na(+) and K(+) concentration in intestinal fluid were also determined along with antibacterial studies. Phytochemical standardisation of AH and CS was performed by quantifying aconitine for the former and stigmasterol for the latter using HPLC.

KEY FINDINGS

CAH and EACS illustrated a significant reduction in faecal output rate and demonstrated a protection of 63.068% at CAH 50 and 59.090% at EACS 100 mg/kg p.o. in castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. The fractions also persuaded promising effects in all the other models, restored alterations in biochemical parameters and showed potential antibacterial activity.

CONCLUSION

The antidiarrhoeal potential of AH and CS may be attributed to an antimotility and antisecretory type of effect.

Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea Linn. Juss. (Amaranthaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pupalia lappacea is a medicinal plant found in savannah and woodland localities and forest path sides from Senegal to Southern Nigeria. It has been used in the management of diarrhoea in Nigerian traditional medicine. This study was designed to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea (PL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The antidiarrhoeal activity of PL was evaluated using the normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastric emptying and intestinal fluid accumulation tests in rodents.

RESULTS

PL (100-400mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit compared with the control group (distilled water 10ml/kg, p.o.). This effect was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited by pilocarpine (1mg/kg, s.c.) but not by yohimbine (10mg/kg, s.c.), prazosin (1mg/kg, s.c.), or propranolol (1mg/kg, i.p.). The extract produced a dose-dependent and significant increase in the onset of diarrhoea. PL (100-400mg/kg) also reduced the diarrhoea score, number and weight of wet stools. The in-vivo antidiarrhoeal index (ADIin vivo) of 56.95% produced by the extract at the dose of 400mg/kg was lower compared to that produced by loperamide 5mg/kg (77.75%). However, PL (400mg/kg) significantly increased gastric emptying in rats but significantly reduced the volume of intestinal content in the intestinal fluid accumulation test. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, and fixed oils and fats. The acute toxicity studies revealed that the extract is relatively safe when given orally; no death was recorded at a dose of 10g/kg.

CONCLUSION

Results showed that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea possesses antidiarrhoeal activity possibly mediated by antimuscarinic receptor activity.

The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants. Part I: uniqueness and chemotaxonomy

This review gives an in depth coverage of the natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.

Antidiarrheal potential of standardized extract of Rhododendron arboreum Smith flowers in experimental animals

OBJECTIVE

To investigate standardized ethyl acetate fraction of Rhododendron arboreum (EFRA) flowers for antidiarrheal activity in experimental animals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A simple sensitive high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used for the determination of hyperin in EFRA. The standardized fraction was investigated for castor oil, magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, measurement of gastrointestinal transit using charcoal and castor oil-induced enteropooling.

RESULTS

The concentration of hyperin in flowers of R. arboreum was found to be 0.148% by HPTLC. Oral administration of EFRA at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05-0.001) antidiarrheal potential in castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. EFRA at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg also produced significant (P<0.05-0.001) dose-dependent reduction in propulsive movement in castor oil-induced gastrointestinal transit using charcoal meal in rats. EFRA was found to possess an antienteropooling in castor oil-induced experimental animals by reducing both weight and volume of intestinal content significantly.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that standardized ethyl acetate fraction of R. arboreum flowers has potent antidiarrheal activity thus justifying its traditional use in diarrhea and have great potential as a source for natural health products.

Antidiarrheal mechanism of Carpolobia lutea leaf fractions in rats

CONTEXT

Carpolobia lutea G. Don (Polygalaceae) leaf is reputable as an antidiarrheal agent among the Efik and Ibibio tribe of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The crude extract is reported to show antidiarrheal and antiulcer effects in rodents.

OBJECTIVE

The isolation and characterization of drug molecules from the leaf fraction with antidiarrheal bioactivity and determination of mechanism of action are reported.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Gradient extraction by maceration yielding n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions (770 mg/kg) were used to establish the fractions suitable for drug discovery. The antidiarrheal effect of the leaf fractions of Carpolobia lutea was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced intestinal transit, and enteropooling.

RESULTS

Results indicate that all fractions produced a significant (p < 0.01-0.001) decrease in castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. This effect was not antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate (150 mg/kg, p.o), diphenoxylate (5 × 10⁻³ mg/kg p.o) and yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) except for the chloroform fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction produced 100% inhibition of intestinal transit, an effect greater than pure drug. Phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded polyphenolic compounds.

CONCLUSION

The leaf fractions contain two types of antidiarrheal agents, one mediating its effect through α₁-presynaptic adrenoceptor while the other does not. Polyphenols isolated may in part lend credence for observed antidiarrheal activity.

Antidiarrheal activity of Pyrenacantha staudtii Engl. (Icacinaceae) aqueous leaf extract in rodents

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pyrenacantha staudtii Engl. (Icacinaceae) is a plant which is traditionally used for the treatment of blemnorrhea, hernia, insomnia, intestinal pain and diarrhea in Nigeria. Therefore the core aim of the present study is to evaluate antidiarrheal activity of Pyrenacantha staudtii aqueous extract (PSE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea method. The effects of Pyrenacantha staudtii aqueous extract on gastrointestinal motility, intestinal transit and enteropooling were also examined in rodents. The acute toxicity effect of the aqueous extract of Pyrenacantha staudtii was also investigated.

RESULTS

Pyrenacantha staudtii aqueous extract (PSE, 100-400mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05-0.01) protection of rats and mice against castor oil-induced diarrhea, inhibited intestinal transit, and delayed gastric emptying. PSE, produced dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05-0.01) antimotility effect, caused dose-related inhibition of castor-oil-induced enteropooling in animals, comparable to atropine (1mg/kg, p.o.). Like loperamide (10mg/kg, p.o.), PSE, dose-dependently and significantly (P<0.05-0.01) delayed the onset of castor-oil induced diarrhea, decreased the frequency of defecation, and reduced the severity of diarrhea in the rodents. Compared with control animals, PSE, dose-dependently and significantly (P<0.05-0.01) decreased the volume of castor oil-induced intestinal fluid secretion, and reduced the number, weight and wetness of fecal droppings.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that PSE possesses antidiarrheal property in rats and mice. These findings confirm the ethnomedicinal use of Pyrenacantha staudtii leaf as a valuable natural remedy for the treatment, management and/or control of diarrhea.

Biological effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus in vitro

CONTEXT

Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) is a scandent shrub widely employed as a medicinal remedy for various disease conditions in West Africa.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated fractions of B. coccineus for modulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activity, cytokine production, and proliferation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The BROD (benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase) and BFCOD (benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin O-debenzyloxylase) assays were used to evaluate effect on CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activity. Effects on cytokine production and proliferation of HT29 cells were investigated using interferon expression assay and MTT (3-3[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2-5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay, respectively.

RESULTS

Fractions derived from the organic solvent extraction of B. coccineus produced significant (p<0.05) stimulation of human hepatic CYP2B1/2 activity in the BROD assay. The greatest effects were elicited at 1 ng/mL corresponding to ∼ 3-fold stimulation of enzyme activity. Enhancement of CYP3A4 enzyme activity was also observed in the BFCOD assay. Other fractions from the organic extract showed significant antiproliferative effects on HT29 cells at 100 μg/mL. Fractions obtained from the aqueous extract of B. coccineus (1 µg/µL) significantly stimulated the expression of IFNα2a and IFNβ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), causing a maximum 26-fold increase of IFNα2a-transcript.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The effect on CYP suggests that B. coccineus may reduce the therapeutic efficacy of co-administered drugs. This justifies the need for proper education of patients by healthcare practitioners on the outcomes of drug-herb interactions. This study identifies several in vitro activities that could underlie the attributed uses of this plant in traditional African medicine (TAM).

In Vivo Effects of Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica, DC.) Leaf Extracts on Diarrhea Treatment

Eugenia dysenterica is a plant typically found in the Cerrado biome and commonly used in popular medicine due to its pharmacological properties, which include antidiarrheal, skin healing, and antimicrobial activities. The effects of ethanolic extract, aqueous extract and infusion of E. dysenterica leaves on intestinal motility and antidiarrheal activity were evaluated using ricin oil-induced diarrhea in rats. At doses of 400 and 800 mg·Kg⁻¹, the ethanolic extract decreased intestinal motility while the other extracts showed no significant effects. Moreover, serum levels of chloride, magnesium, and phosphorus were also measured in rats. Histopathologic and enzymatic analyses were also performed to investigate any toxic effect. Animals treated with infusion, ethanolic extract, ricin oil, and loperamide presented morphological alterations in the small intestine, such as mucosa lesion, epithelial layer damage, and partial loss and/or morphological change of villi. Furthermore, the liver showed congestion and hydropic degeneration. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase increased significantly in all treatments, but none rose above reference values. In summary, our results suggest that compounds present in leaves of E. dysenterica may have therapeutic benefits on recovery from diarrhea despite their toxic effects.

Hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaf decoction of Byrsocarpus coccineus (Connaraceae) is drunk for the treatment of jaundice in West African traditional medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Group allotment in this study included vehicle, CCl(4), Byrsocarpus coccineus 1000 mg/kg alone, Byrsocarpus coccineus 200, 400, and 1000 mg/kg+CCl(4) and Livolin((R)) 20mg/kg+CCl(4), and treatment was carried out accordingly. On the 7th day, rats were sacrificed and blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture. The levels and activities of serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes were then assayed using standard procedures.

RESULTS

CCl(4) significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of ALT and AST and reduced total protein. In CCl(4) treated animals, Byrsocarpus coccineus (200, 400, and 1000 mg/kg) dose-dependently and significantly decreased ALT, AST and ALP levels with peak effect produced at the highest dose. Conversely, Byrsocarpus coccineus produced significant increases in albumin and total protein levels. The standard drug produced significant effects in respect of ALT (downward arrow), albumin (upward arrow), and total protein (upward arrow). CCl(4) also produced significant (P<0.05) reductions in the activity of catalase, SOD, peroxidase and GSH, and conversely increased MDA level. Byrsocarpus coccineus produced significant and dose-dependent reversal of CCl(4)-diminished activity of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced CCl(4)-elevated level of MDA. The standard drug also significantly increased CCl(4)-diminished antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced CCl(4)-elevated MDA level. In general, the effects of the standard drug were comparable and not significantly different from those of Byrsocarpus coccineus.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in this study suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effects. This finding justifies the use of this preparation in West African traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disease.

Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal effect of Sanseviera liberica Gerome & Labroy (Agavaceae) root extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The aqueous root extract of Sansevieraliberica (Agavaceae), SL, is used in Traditional African Medicine (TAM) for the treatment of diarrhoea. However, the scientific basis for this usage has not been established.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of SL using various pharmacological models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The intestinal transit, castor oil induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and gastric emptying methods were used in this study.

RESULTS

SL (25-400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent reduction in propulsive movement in both the normal and castor oil induced intestinal transit tests in mice. Peak effect was elicited at 200 mg/kg but this effect was lower than that produced by morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). The effect of SL on castor oil induced intestinal transit was antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate, IDN (150 mg/kg, p.o.) but not by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.). In the castor oil induced diarrhoea test, SL significantly delayed the onset and decreased the frequency and severity of diarrhoea. The effect at 200 mg/kg was comparable to that of morphine and was reversed by IDN. SL at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the volume of intestinal secretion induced by castor oil but produced no effect on gastric emptying. The extract was practically nontoxic administered p.o. The LD(50) was 631 mg/kg given i.p. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of oils, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, and tannins in the extract.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in this study suggest that the aqueous root extract of Sanseviera liberica possesses antidiarrhoeal property due to inhibition of gastrointestinal propulsion and fluid secretion, possibly mediated through inhibition of the nitric oxide pathway. This justifies the use of the plant extract in TAM for the treatment of diarrhoea.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida (Papilionaceae)

In our search for plants useful in the treatment of diarrhoea, we investigated the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida (BN) using intestinal transit, enteropooling and gastric emptying tests in mice and rats. In the castor oil intestinal transit test, BN produced a significant (P<0.05) dose dependent decrease in propulsion with peristaltic index (PI) values of 56.85+/-6.76, 36.84+/-3.04 and 31.98+/-2.60%, respectively at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg vs. 89.33+/-6.28% for control. The effect at 400mg/kg was significantly lower than that of morphine, 10mg/kg, s.c. (20.29+/-3.78%), and was antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate, IDN (150mg/kg, p.o.) but not by yohimbine (1mg/kg, s.c.). This effect was not potentiated by atropine (1mg/kg, s.c.). In the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test, BN produced a significant increase in onset of diarrhoea (103.40+/-8.74, 138.80+/-17.04 and 174.8+/-29.04min, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 47.60+/-8.76min for control and 226.10+/-12.57min for morphine). The severity of diarrhoea (diarrhoea score) was dose dependently reduced (19.00+/-2.26, 17.04+/-1.89, 15.00+/-2.05, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 31.40+/-2.11 for control and 7.7+/-2.2 for morphine). This effect was not antagonized by IDN or yohimbine. The effect on severity was, however, potentiated by atropine. BN also reduced the number and weight of wet stools but did not have any significant effect on intestinal fluid accumulation and gastric emptying. Results obtained suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida is endowed with antidiarrhoeal activity possibly mediated by interference with the l-arginine nitric oxide pathway and synergistic with antagonistic action on muscarinic receptors.