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Genome-wide identification of the NAC transcription factor family and regulation of metabolites under salt stress in Isatis indigotica. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124436. [PMID: 37068542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs) are a class of TFs families unique to plants, which not only play an important role in the growth and developmental stages of plants but also function in response to stress and regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, there are few studies on NAC genes in the medicinal plant Isatis indigotica. In this study, 96 IiNAC genes were identified based on the whole-genome data of I. indigotica, distributed in seven chromosomes and three contigs. IiNAC genes were structurally conserved and divided into 15 subgroups. Cis-elements were identified in the promoter region of the IiNAC gene in response to plant growth and development, abiotic stresses and hormones. In addition, transcriptome and metabolome data of I. indigotica leaves under salt stress were analyzed to construct a network of IiNAC gene co-expression and metabolite association. Ten differentially expressed IiNAC genes were co-expressed with 109 TFs, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that most of these genes were associated with plant growth and development and abiotic stress responses. Eleven IiNAC genes were positively associated with 72 metabolites. Eleven IiNAC genes were positively or negatively associated with 47 metabolites through 37 TFs. Commonly associated secondary metabolites include two terpenoids, abscisic acid and bilobalide, two flavonoids, dihydrokaempferol and syringaldehyde, a coumarin, 7-methoxycoumarin, an alkaloid, lupinine, and quinone dihydrotanshinone I. This study provides important data to support the identification of the NAC gene family in I. indigotica and the regulatory functions of IiNAC genes in metabolites under salt stress.
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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Identification and characterization of two Isatis indigotica O-methyltransferases methylating C-glycosylflavonoids. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac140. [PMID: 36072835 PMCID: PMC9437721 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica accumulates several active substances, including C-glycosylflavonoids, which have important pharmacological activities and health benefits. However, enzymes catalyzing the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoids in I. indigotica remain unknown. In this study, three O-methyltransferases (OMTs) were identified from I. indigotica that have the capacity for O-methylation of the C-glycosylflavonoid isoorientin. The Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 efficiently catalyze isoorientin to form isoscoparin, and decorate one of the aromatic vicinal hydroxyl groups on flavones and methylate the C6, C8, and 3'-hydroxyl positions to form oroxylin A, wogonin, and chrysoeriol, respectively. However, the Type I OMT IiOMT3 exhibited broader substrate promiscuity and methylated the C7 and 3'-hydroxyl positions of flavonoids. Further site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that five amino acids of IiOMT1/IiOMT2 (D121/D100, D173/D149, A174/A150R, N200/N176, and D248/D233) were critical residues for their catalytic activity. Additionally, only transient overexpression of Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 in Nicotiana benthamiana significantly increased isoscoparin accumulation, indicating that the Type II OMTs IiOMT1 and IiOMT2 could catalyze the methylation step of C-glycosylflavonoid, isoorientin at the 3'-hydroxyl position. This study provides insights into the biosynthesis of methylated C-glycosylflavonoids, and IiOMTs could be promising catalysts in the synthesis of bioactive compounds.
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Functional Characterization of UDP-Glycosyltransferases Involved in Anti-viral Lignan Glycosides Biosynthesis in Isatis indigotica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921815. [PMID: 35774804 PMCID: PMC9237620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica is a popular herbal medicine with its noticeable antiviral properties, which are primarily due to its lignan glycosides such as lariciresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside and lariciresinol-4,4'-bis-O-β-D-glucosides (also called clemastanin B). UDP-glucose-dependent glycosyltransferases are the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these antiviral metabolites. In this study, we systematically characterized the UGT72 family gene IiUGT1 and two UGT71B family genes, IiUGT4 and IiUGT71B5a, with similar enzymatic functions. Kinetic analysis showed that IiUGT4 was more efficient than IiUGT1 or IiUGT71B5a for the glycosylation of lariciresinol. Further knock-down and overexpression of these IiUGTs in I. indigotica's hairy roots indicates that they play different roles in planta: IiUGT71B5a primarily participates in the biosynthesis of coniferin not pinoresinol diglucoside, and IiUGT1 primarily participates in the biosynthesis of pinoresinol diglucoside, while IiUGT4 is responsible for the glycosylation of lariciresinol and plays a dominant role in the biosynthesis of lariciresinol glycosides in I. indigotica. Analysis of the molecular docking and site-mutagenesis of IiUGT4 have found that key residues for its catalytic activity are H373, W376, E397, and that F151 could be associated with substrate preference. This study elucidates the biosynthetic route of anti-viral lignan glycosides in I. indigotica, and provides the foundation for the production of anti-viral lignan glycosides via synthetic biology under the heterologous model.
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Medicinal plants with anti-SARS-CoV activity repurposing for treatment of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:199-224. [PMID: 36651508 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) has emerged as a significant threat to public health with startling drawbacks in all sectors globally. This study investigates the practicality of some medicinal plants for SARS-CoV-2 therapy using a systematic review and meta-analysis of their reported SARS-CoV-1 inhibitory potencies. Relevant data were systematically gathered from three databases, viz., Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. The information obtained included botanical information, extraction method and extracts concentrations, as well as the proposed mechanisms. Fourteen articles describing 30 different plants met our eligibility criteria. Random effects model and subgroup analysis were applied to investigate heterogeneity. According to subgroup analysis, the substantial heterogeneity of the estimated mean based on the IC 50 values reporting the most potent anti-SARS-CoV 3C--like protease (3CLpro) inhibitors (10.07 %, p < 0.0001), was significantly higher compared to the most active anti-SARS-CoV papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitors (6.12 %, p < 0.0001). More importantly, the literature analysis revealed that fruit extracts of Rheum palmatum L. and the compound cryptotanshinone isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (IC 50 = 0.8 ± 0.2 μmol L-1) were excellent candidates for anti--SARS-CoV targeting PLpro. Meanwhile, iguesterin (IC 50 = 2.6 ± 0.6 μmol L-1) isolated from the bark of Tripterygium regelii emerged as the most excellent candidate for anti-SARS--CoV targeting 3CLpro. The present systematic review and meta-analysis provide valuable and comprehensive information about potential medicinal plants for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. The chemotypes identified herein can be adopted as a starting point for developing new drugs to contain the novel virus.
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A Systemic Review for Ethnopharmacological Studies on Isatis indigotica Fortune: Bioactive Compounds and their Therapeutic Insights. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:161-207. [PMID: 35139772 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica Fortune is a biennial Chinese woad of the Cruciferae family. It is primarily cultivated in China, where it was a staple in indigo dye manufacture till the end of the 17th century. Today, I. indigotica is used primarily as a therapeutic herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The medicinal use of the plant is separated into its leaves (Da-Qing-Ye) and roots (Ban-Lan-Gen), whereas its aerial components can be processed into a dried bluish-spruce powder (Qing-Dai), following dehydration for long-term preservation. Over the past several decades, I. indigotica has been generally utilized for its heat-clearing effects and bodily detoxification in TCM, attributed to the presence of several classes of bioactive compounds, including organic acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, as well as lignans, anthraquinones, glucosides, glucosinolates, sphingolipids, tetrapyrroles, and polysaccharides. This paper aims to delineate I. indigotica from its closely-related species (Isatis tinctoria and Isatis glauca) while highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses of I. indigotica from the perspectives of modern and traditional medicine. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PMC, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was done for articles on all aspects of the plant, emphasizing those analyzing the bioactivity of constituents of the plant. The various key bioactive compounds of I. indigotica that have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-allergic properties, along with the protective effects against neuronal injury and bone fracture, will be discussed. Collectively, the review hopes to draw attention to the therapeutic potential of I. indigotica not only as a TCM, but also as a potential source of bioactive compounds for disease management and treatment.
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Isatidis Radix and Isatidis Folium: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114648. [PMID: 34543684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Isatidis Radix (called Banlangen, BLG in Chinese) and Isatidis Folium (called Daqingye, DQY in Chinese) are common traditional edible-medicinal herbs in detoxifying for thousands of years, have been traditionally applied in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Both of them are bitter in taste, coolness in nature, acting on the heart and stomach channels. They are often used to treat influenza and other viral infectious diseases in clinic, as well as could treat fever, dizziness, and cough and sore throat caused by lung heat. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review aimed at summarizing the latest and comprehensive information of BLG and DQY on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application to explore the therapeutic potential of them. In addition, outlooks and perspective for possible future researches that related are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related information concerning BLG and DQY were gathered from the internet database of Google Scholar, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, GeenMedical, CNKI and Web of Science, as well as other relevant textbooks, reviews, and documents (e.g., Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020 edition, Chinese herbal classic books and PhD and MSc thesis, etc.). Among of them with the keywords including "Isatis indigotica" "Isatidis Radix", "Isatidis Folium", "phytochemistry", "pharmacology", "toxicology", "clinical application" etc. and their combinations. RESULTS To date, 39 Chinese patent medicines containing BLG and/or DQY have been developed on basis of the data of NMPA. Besides, 304 and 142 compounds have been found in BLG and DQY, respectively. The main chemical differences between BLG and DQY were concentrated on alkaloids and lignans, such as indican, indirubin, (R, S)-epigoitrin, 4(3H)-quinazolinone, clemastanin B and isatindigotindolines A-D. In 2020 Edition ChP, (R, S)-goitrin and indirubin are now used as the official marker to monitor the quality of BLG and DQY, respectively. Modern pharmacology has mainly studied some monomer components such as 4(3H)-quinazolinone, clemastanin B, erucic acid and adenosine, etc., all of which have shown good effects. These active compounds can resist various viruses, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus, etc.. By regulating the level of immunity and a variety of inflammatory factors, inhibit the growth and reproduction of the virus. At the same time, it is worth noting that different components of BLG and DQY lead to BLG is more powerful in antiviral and immunomodulatory activity than DQY, while DQY possesses a higher intensity than BLG in anti-oxidant activity. CONCLUSION By collecting and collating a large number of literature and various data websites, we concluded that the common compounds are mainly alkaloids. Recent findings regarding the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of BLG and DQY have confirmed their traditional uses in antiviral, antibacterial and treatment immune diseases. Without doubt, their significant differences on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology can be used as evidence of separate list of BLG and DQY. For shortcomings, some comprehensive studies should be well designed for further utilization of BLG and DQY.
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Isatis indigotica: from (ethno) botany, biochemistry to synthetic biology. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:17. [PMID: 37789475 PMCID: PMC8668392 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad) is a species with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. It is often confused with Isatis tinctoria L. (European woad), a medicinal plant in Europe. Here, the differences between I. indigotica and I. tinctoria are systematically described. The usage development history, clinical applications and pharmacological activities, and chemical components of I. indigotica are also summarized. Lignans, indole alkaloids, and their corresponding derivatives have been identified as the major active ingredients of I. indigotica and are associated with anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and other health-promoting activities. Notable progress has been made in understanding the biosynthetic pathway and regulation mechanism of lignans and indole alkaloids in I. indigotica, the results from which should facilitate the process of targeted metabolic engineering or synthetic biology. Moreover, multiple biotechnology methods such as polyploid breeding and genetic engineering have been used with I. indigotica to result in, for example, greater yields, higher levels of bioactive component accumulation, and enhanced stress tolerance to salt, drought, and insects. Some issues require additional analyses, and suggestions for future research on I. indigotica are also discussed.
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Identification of key gene networks controlling vernalization development characteristics of Isatis indigotica by full-length transcriptomes and gene expression profiles. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2679-2693. [PMID: 34975240 PMCID: PMC8703213 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Isatis indigotica Fort., as a common Chinese medicinal raw material, will lose its medicinal value if it blooms early, so it is highly valuable to clarify the induction mechanism of the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature. In this study, the concentrations of soluble sugar, proline, glutathione and zeatin in two germplasms of I. indigotica with different degrees of low temperature tolerance (Y1 and Y2) were determined at 10 days, 20 days and 30 days of low-temperature treatment, and the full-length transcriptome of 24 samples was sequenced by Nanopore sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). After that, the data of transcripts involved in the vernalization of I. indigotica at low temperature were obtained, and these transcripts were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results revealed the massive accumulation of soluble sugar and proline in Y1 and Y2 after low temperature induction. A total of 18,385 new transcripts, 6168 transcription factors and 470 lncRNAs were obtained. Differential expression analysis showed that gibberellin, flavonoids, fatty acids and some processes related to low temperature response were significantly enriched. Eight key transcripts were identified by WGCNA, among which ONT.14640.1, ONT.9119.1, ONT.13080.2 and ONT.16007.1 encodes a flavonoid transporter, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (NCED3), growth factor gene and L-aspartate oxidase in plants, respectively. It indicated that secondary metabolites such as hormones and flavonoids play an important role in the vernalization of I. indigotica. qRT-PCR proved the reliability of transcriptome results. These results provide important insights on the low-temperature vernalization of I. indigotica, and provide a research basis for analyzing the vernalization mechanism of I. indigotica. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01110-2.
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Discovery of alkaloids from the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune with neuroprotective activity. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:680-685. [PMID: 34561079 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Seven alkaloids including five undescribed ones (1a/1b, 2, 3 and 5) were obtained from the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of compounds 1a, 1b, 3 and 5 were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Subsequently, the neuroprotective effects of all the isolates against H2O2-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated in vitro by MTT assay. Moreover, Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was performed, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) for compounds 1a and 1b were measured.
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Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1137-1150. [PMID: 33779758 PMCID: PMC8249990 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Isatis indigotica Fort. (I. indigotica) is an herbaceous plant belonging to Cruciferae family. Its leaf (IIL) and root (IIR) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with good clinical efficacies such as clearing away heat and detoxification, cooling blood and reducing swelling. This review aimed to provide a systematic summary on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications of I. indigotica. KEY FINDINGS This plant contains alkaloids, organic acids, flavonoids, lignans, nucleosides, amino acids, and steroids. Previous pharmacological researches indicated that I. indigotica possesses promising antivirus, antibacterial, immunoregulatory, anti-inflammation, and cholagogic effects. Importantly, it can inhibit various viruses, such as influenza, hepatitis B, mumps, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and coxsachievirus. Clinically, it is frequently used to treat various viral diseases like viral influenza, parotitis and viral hepatitis. Consequently, I. indigotica may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SUMMARY This paper reviewed the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of I. indigotica which may guide further research and application of this plant.
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Determination of Free Amino Acids in Banlangen Granule and its Fractions by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Ion-pair Hig-h Perfor mance Liquid Chromatography using a Corona-charged Aerosol Detector (SPE-HPLC-CAD). CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200526120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Banlangen granules are broad-spectrum effective antiviral drugs, and have a
large clinical demand in China. Free amino acid is one of the main antiviral active ingredients of Banlangen
granules. The pre-processing of samples by the existing pre-column derivatization reversed-
HPLC method is complicated. Therefore, the determination of free amino acids (AAs) by underivatized
ion-pair HPLC-CAD is advantageous for simplifying the preparation process and improving sensitivity.
Objective:
To better optimize AAs analysis methods, here a sensitive SPE-HPLC-CAD method with a
better resolution was established for the determination of underivatized AAs in Banlangen Granule for
the first time.
Method:
The analytes were separated only by HPLC using a Hypercarb column with gradient elution of solvent A (20
mM nonafluorovaleric Acid in water) and solvent B (0.3% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-0.3% trifluoroacetic acid
in water (1:9, v/v)) at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. N2 gas pressure and evaporation temperature of CAD were held at a
constant 58.6 psi and 60 ℃, respectively.
Results:
This method was linear over the respective concentration range of six amino acids. The precision, accuracy,
stability and recovery were satisfactory in all samples examined. And the method was successfully applied to
determination of free amino acids in Banlangen granules and its fractions. The total contents of six amino acids in 28
batches of Banlangen Granule were between 1.36 mg/g-11.62 mg/g.
Conclusion:
The proposed method could be a simple, accurate and sensitive alternative approach for the determination
of free AAs in Banlangen Granule.
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Anticancer potential of indirubins in medicinal chemistry: Biological activity, structural modification, and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113652. [PMID: 34161865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin is the crucial ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan and Qing-Dai, traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas used for the therapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia in China for hundreds of years. Although the monomeric indirubin has been used in China for the treatment human chronic myelocytic leukemia. However, due to low water solubility, poor pharmacokinetic properties and low therapeutic effects are the major obstacle, and had significantly limited its clinical application. Consequently, the attractive anticancer profile of indirubin has enthused numerous researchers to discover novel indirubin derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic activity as well as good pharmacokinetic property. In this paper, we comprehensively review the recent progress of anticancer potential of indirubins, structural modification and structure-activity relationship, which may provide useful direction for the further development of novel indirubins with improved pharmacological profiles for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Identification of natural compounds extracted from crude drugs as novel inhibitors of hepatitis C virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 567:1-8. [PMID: 34130179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural product-derived crude drugs are expected to yield an abundance of new drugs to treat infectious diseases. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an oncogenic virus that significantly impacts public health. In this study, we sought to identify anti-HCV compounds in extracts of natural products. A total of 110 natural compounds extracted from several herbal medicine plants were examined for antiviral activity against HCV. Using a Huh7-mCherry-NLS-IPS reporter system for HCV infection, we first performed a rapid screening for anti-HCV compounds extracted from crude drugs. The compounds threo-2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan-1-ol (#106) and medioresinol (#110), which were extracted from Crataegus cuneate, exhibited anti-HCV activity and significantly inhibited HCV production in a dose-dependent manner. Analyses using HCV pseudoparticle and subgenomic replicon systems indicated that compounds #106 and #110 specifically inhibit HCV RNA replication but not viral entry or translation. Interestingly, compound #106 also inhibited the replication and production of hepatitis A virus. Our findings suggest that C. cuneate is a new source for novel anti-hepatitis virus drug development.
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Tryptanthrin exerts anti-breast cancer effects both in vitro and in vivo through modulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:245-266. [PMID: 33151167 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline alkaloid from the indigo-bearing plants, such as Isatis indigotica Fort. Typically, this natural compound shows a variety of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study was conducted to assess the antitumor activity of tryptanthrin in breast cancer models both in vitro and in vivo, and to explore the important role of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) in the antitumor effects of tryptanthrin. Human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells were used to assess the antitumor effect of tryptanthrin in vitro. MTT assay and colony formation assay were carried out to monitor the antiproliferative effect of tryptanthrin (1.56~50.0 μmol L-1) on inhibiting the proliferation and colony formation of MCF-7 cells, respectively. The migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells were evaluated by wound healing assay and Transwell chamber assay, respectively. Moreover, the 4T1 murine breast cancer model was established to examine the pharmacological activity of tryptanthrin, and three groups with different doses of tryptanthrin (25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1) were set in study. Additionally, tumor volumes and organ coefficients were measured and calculated. After two weeks of tryptanthrin treatment, samples from serum, tumor tissue and different organs from tumor-bearing mice were collected, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to assess the regulation of inflammatory molecules in mouse serum. Additionally, pathological examinations of tumor tissues and organs from mice were evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of inflammatory proteins in tumor tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting. Tryptanthrin inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells, up-regulated the protein level of E-cadherin, and down-regulated those of MMP-2 and Snail, as suggested by the MCF-7 cell experiment. According to the results from in vivo experiment, tryptanthrin was effective in inhibiting tumor growth, and it showed favorable safety without inducing the fluctuations of body mass and organ coefficient (p > 0.05). In addition, tryptanthrin also suppressed the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2 and NF-κB in mouse tumor tissues, and regulated those of IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α in the serum of tumor cells-transplanted mice. Tryptanthrin exerted its anti-breast cancer activities through modulating the inflammatory TME both in vitro and in vivo.
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Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.
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Depicting the inhibitory potential of polyphenols from Isatis indigotica root against the main protease of SARS CoV-2 using computational approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4110-4121. [PMID: 33292085 PMCID: PMC7738210 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1858164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic disease COVID-19, caused by SARS CoV-2, has created a global crisis. Presently, researchers across the globe are in a quest to identify/develop drugs or vaccines by targeting different non-structural proteins (Nsps) of SARS CoV-2. One such important drug target is Nsp5/main protease (Mpro) which plays a critical role in the viral replication. This cysteine protease/Mpro of SARS CoV-2 has high sequence similarity with the same protease from SARS CoV-1. Previously, it has been shown experimentally that eight polyphenols derived from the root of Isatis indigotica show inhibitory effect on the cleavage/catalytic activity of the SARS CoV-1 Mpro. But whether these polyphenols exhibit any inhibitory effect on SARS CoV-2 Mpro is unclear. To explore this possibility, here, we have adopted various computational approaches. Polyphenols that qualified the pharmacological parameters (indigo, sinigrin, hesperetin and daidzein) and two well-known Mpro inhibitors (N3 and lopinavir) were subjected to molecular docking studies. Two of them (sinigrin and hesperetin) were selected by comparing their binding affinities with N3 and lopinavir. Sinigrin and hesperetin interacted with the two most important catalytic residues of Mpro (His41 and Cys145). Molecular dynamics studies further revealed that these two Mpro-polyphenol complexes are more stable and experience less conformational fluctuations than Mpro-N3/lopinavir complex. The Mpro-hesperetin complex was more compact and less expanded than Mpro-sinigrin complex. These findings were additionally validated by MM-GBSA analysis. As a whole, our study revealed that these two polyphenols may be potent SARS CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors and may possibly be considered for COVID-19 treatment.
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Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity during a Pandemic. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E313. [PMID: 33076514 PMCID: PMC7602650 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new effective anti-coronavirus drugs and therapies is important, but it requires significant human, financial and, most importantly, time expenditures. The current pandemic is neither the first nor the last. Humanity has already accumulated considerable survival experience. We cannot do without prevention and epidemiological protection measures. This study reviews medicinal plants that grow in Northeast Asia and whose antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics are already known, also in the framework of the prevention and treatment of pneumonia of various etiologies. The need for a comprehensive approach to maintaining immunodefences, including functional foods and positive emotions, is emphasized. In the period of pandemics, it is important to research various areas that allow to us accumulate a critical mass of information and cope with the next global disease.
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In vitro inhibition effects of hepatitis B virus by dandelion and taraxasterol. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:44. [PMID: 32647534 PMCID: PMC7336670 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes hepatitis, which progresses to fatal liver diseases and remains a global health problem. Current treatments for chronic hepatitis B are unable to cure hepatitis. Thus, new antiviral drugs must be developed. In this study, the viral inhibition effects of dandelion and taraxasterol were assessed in HepG2.2.15 cell line. Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. (compositae) with English name dandelion is used as a traditional herb for liver disorders and as a common antiviral agent. Taraxasterol is one of the active compounds of dandelion. The secretion of HBV DNA and HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBeAg was detected using fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA, respectively. Intracellular HBsAg was detected by immunofluorescence. In order to demonstrate the potential mechanism of anti-viral activity, the expression levels of host factors polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) were detected with Western blotting and qPCR. Dandelion and taraxasterol effectively reduced the secretion of HBsAg, HBeAg and the HBV DNA in cell supernatants, and significantly reduced the intracellular HBsAg as indicated by immunofluorescence results. Taraxasterol may be one of the main effective components of dandelion. It significantly decreased the protein expression levels of PTBP1 and SIRT1. The present study revealed that dandelion and its component taraxasterol could inhibit HBV and may be a potential anti-HBV drug, whose potential targets were the host factors PTBP1 and SIRT1.
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Polycyclic meroterpenoids, talaromyolides E − K for antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpureogenus. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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LINCS dataset-based repositioning of rosiglitazone as a potential anti-human adenovirus drug. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Discovery, synthesis, and optimization of an N-alkoxy indolylacetamide against HIV-1 carrying NNRTI-resistant mutations from the Isatis indigotica root. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112071. [PMID: 32004936 PMCID: PMC7111291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
From an aqueous decoction of the traditional Chinese medicine "ban lan gen" (the Isatis indigotica root), an antiviral natural product CI - 39 was isolated as an NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) (EC50 = 3.40 μM). Its novel structure was determined as methyl (1-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetamidobenzoate by spectroscopic data and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Through synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation of CI - 39 and 57 new derivatives (24 with EC50 values of 0.06-8.55 μM), two optimized derivatives 10f and 10i (EC50: 0.06 μM and 0.06 μM) having activity comparable to that of NVP (EC50 = 0.03 μM) were obtained. Further evaluation verified that 10f and 10i were RT DNA polymerase inhibitors and exhibited better activities and drug resistance folds compared to NVP against seven NNRTI-resistant strains carrying different mutations. Especially, 10i (EC50 = 0.43 μM) was more active to the L100I/K103N double-mutant strain as compared to both NVP (EC50 = 0.76 μM) and EFV (EC50 = 1.08 μM). The molecular docking demonstrated a possible binding pattern between 10i and RT and revealed activity mechanism of 10i against the NNRTI-resistant strains.
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Antiviral Action of Tryptanthrin Isolated from Strobilanthes cusia Leaf against Human Coronavirus NL63. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030366. [PMID: 32120929 PMCID: PMC7175275 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze is a Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of respiratory virus infections. The methanol extract of S. cusia leaf contains chemical components such as β-sitosterol, indirubin, tryptanthrin, betulin, indigodole A, and indigodole B that have diverse biological activities. However, the antiviral action of S. cusia leaf and its components against human coronavirus remains to be elucidated. Human coronavirus NL63 infection is frequent among immunocompromised individuals, young children, and in the elderly. This study investigated the anti-Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) activity of the methanol extract of S. cusia leaf and its major components. The methanol extract of S. cusia leaf effectively inhibited the cytopathic effect (CPE) and virus yield (IC50 = 0.64 μg/mL) in HCoV-NL63-infected cells. Moreover, this extract potently inhibited the HCoV-NL63 infection in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the six components identified in the methanol extract of S. cusia leaf, tryptanthrin and indigodole B (5aR-ethyltryptanthrin) exhibited potent antiviral activity in reducing the CPE and progeny virus production. The IC50 values against virus yield were 1.52 μM and 2.60 μM for tryptanthrin and indigodole B, respectively. Different modes of time-of-addition/removal assay indicated that tryptanthrin prevented the early and late stages of HCoV-NL63 replication, particularly by blocking viral RNA genome synthesis and papain-like protease 2 activity. Notably, tryptanthrin (IC50 = 0.06 μM) and indigodole B (IC50 = 2.09 μM) exhibited strong virucidal activity as well. This study identified tryptanthrin as the key active component of S. cusia leaf methanol extract that acted against HCoV-NL63 in a cell-type independent manner. The results specify that tryptanthrin possesses antiviral potential against HCoV-NL63 infection.
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Four pairs of alkaloid enantiomers from Isatis indigotica Fortune Ex Land with neuroprotective effects against H 2O 2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103650. [PMID: 32044515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, four pairs of new enantiomeric alkaloids (1a/1b-4a/4b) were obtained from the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune Ex Land. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic methods and quantum mechanical calculations. Biologically, all isolates were evaluated for their neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. As a result, 1a and 1b exhibited enantioselective neuroprotective effects, further Annexin V-FITC/PI analysis showed that apoptosis ratios of 1a and 1b were reduced to 20.93% and 17.87%, respectively.
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Virucidal activity of Garcinia parvifolia leaf extracts in animal cell culture. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:169. [PMID: 31291936 PMCID: PMC6617885 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Garcinia species contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, xanthones, triterpernoids, and benzophenones with antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. In addition, many of these compounds show interesting biological properties such as anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. Garcinia parvifolia is used in traditional medicine. Currently, the antiviral activity of G. parvifolia is not known. Methods This study was conducted to determine the effects of ethyl acetate (45 L Ea), ethanol (45 L Et), and hexane (45 L H) leaf extracts of G. parvifolia on the infectivity of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in Vero cells. The antiviral effects of the extracts were determined by cytopathic effect (CPE), inhibition, attachment, and virucidal assays. Results The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) values obtained were 237.5, 555.0, and < 1.25 μg/mL for 45 L Ea, 45 L Et, and 45 L H, respectively. The 45 L Ea showed the greatest viral inhibition potency of 75% at 125 μg/mL. Both 45 L Ea and 45 l Et caused 100% residual viral inhibition at 250 μg/mL. The selectivity index values for 45 L Ea, 45 L Et, and 45 L H were 2.65, 1.75, and 0.10 showing that 45 L Ea had the greatest antiviral activity among the three extracts. Conclusion This study showed that ethyl acetate is the best solvent to be used to obtain extract from G. parvifolia leaves with potent antiviral activities.
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Evaluation of medicinal herbs for Anti-CHIKV activity. Virology 2019; 533:45-49. [PMID: 31082733 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease is now a global public health problem. In tropical countries such as India, periodic chikungunya outbreaks can occur due the high prevalence of the mosquito vector, circulation of virus and the high population density. To curtail the virus in outbreak situation, a ready to use drug for chikungunya is necessary. Using the literature mentioned plant extracts, we used four assays to screen and identify indigenous plants with CHIKV inhibitory activity. Our results showed that the aqueous extract of five plant extracts exhibited anti-CHIKV activity by inhibiting viral attachment, four plant extracts exhibited replication inhibition through inhibition of helicase activity, two plants showed inhibition of protease activity. Two plant extracts showed both viral attachment inhibition and replication inhibition and also exhibited dose dependent response in virus replication inhibition assay. These findings warrant further investigation to standardize these plant extracts as antiviral formulation for chikungunya infection.
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Discovery of cycloneolignan enantiomers from Isatis indigotica Fortune with neuroprotective effects against MPP +-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102926. [PMID: 31005021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A pair of new cycloneolignan enantiomers (1a and 1b) were isolated from the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, MS/MS analysis, together with theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1a and 1b were then evaluated for their neuroprotective effects against MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. As a result, compounds 1a (77.64%) and 1b (78.62%) exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity at the concentration of 12.5 µM compared with that of MPP+ treated group (62.00% at 1 mM) by MTT assay. Furthermore, Annexin V-FITC/PI analysis showed that apoptosis ratios of 1a and 1b were reduced to 10.99% and 9.31%, respectively.
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Selection of reference genes for the quantitative real-time PCR normalization of gene expression in Isatis indigotica fortune. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30909859 PMCID: PMC6434783 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isatis indigotica, a traditional Chinese medicine, produces a variety of active ingredients. However, little is known about the key genes and corresponding expression profiling involved in the biosynthesis pathways of these ingredients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful, commonly-used method for gene expression analysis, but the accuracy of the quantitative data produced depends on the appropriate selection of reference genes. Results In this study, the systematic analysis of the reference genes was performed for quantitative real-Time PCR normalization in I. indigotica. We selected nine candidate reference genes, including six traditional housekeeping genes (ACT, α-TUB, β-TUB, UBC, CYP, and EF1-α), and three newly stable internal control genes (MUB, TIP41, and RPL) from a transcriptome dataset of I. indigotica, and evaluated their expression stabilities in different tissues (root, stem, leaf, and petiole) and leaves exposed to three abiotic treatments (low-nitrogen, ABA, and MeJA) using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comprehensive RefFind algorithms. The results demonstrated that MUB and EF1-α were the two most stable reference genes for all samples. TIP41 as the optimal reference gene for low-nitrogen stress and MeJA treatment, while ACT had the highest ranking for ABA treatment and CYP was the most suitable for different tissues. Conclusions The results revealed that the selection and validation of appropriate reference genes for normalizing data is mandatory to acquire accurate quantification results. The necessity of specific internal control for specific conditions was also emphasized. Furthermore, this work will provide valuable information to enhance further research in gene function and molecular biology on I. indigotica and other related species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0126-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Caerin1.1 Suppresses the Growth of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro via Direct Binding to the Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090507. [PMID: 30231560 PMCID: PMC6165370 DOI: 10.3390/v10090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has re-emerged in recent years and has already caused huge economic losses to the porcine industry all over the world. Therefore, it is urgent for us to find out efficient ways to prevent and control this disease. In this study, the antiviral activity of a cationic amphibian antimicrobial peptide Caerin1.1 against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was evaluated by an in vitro system using Vero cells. We found that even at a very low concentration, Caerin1.1 has the ability to destroy the integrity of the virus particles to block the release of the viruses, resulting in a considerable decrease in PEDV infections. In addition, Caerin1.1 showed powerful antiviral activity without interfering with the binding progress between PEDV and the receptor of the cells, therefore, it could be used as a potential antiviral drug or as a microbicide compound for prevention and control of PEDV.
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Isatindolignanoside A, a glucosidic indole-lignan conjugate from an aqueous extract of the Isatis indigotica roots. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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N-acylanthranilic acid derivatives with anti-Aβ1–42 aggregation activity from the leaves of Isatis indigotica fortune. Fitoterapia 2018; 128:169-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alkaloids with neuroprotective effects from the leaves of Isatis indigotica collected in the Anhui Province, China. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:132-139. [PMID: 29499466 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Six undescribed alkaloids, indiforine A-F, together with four known ones, were isolated from the leaves of Isatis indigotica Fortune. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of indiforine A and B were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra, as well as experimental and calculated optical rotations. The isolated alkaloids were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against H2O2-induced cell injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The results showed that in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury models, indiforine A and B exhibited potent neuroprotective activities. Further investigation of the most potent indiforine A by Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V/PI analysis demonstrated that it could protect SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative damage through inhibiting cell apoptosis.
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Transporter-mediated interaction of indican and methotrexate in rats. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:S133-S140. [PMID: 29703382 PMCID: PMC9326885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Indican (indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) is present in several Chinese herbs e.g. Isatis indigotica, Polygonum tinctorium and Polygonum perfoliatum. The major metabolite of indican was indoxyl sulfate (IS), an uremic toxin which was a known substrate/inhibitor of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT 3 and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 4. Methotrexate (MTX), an important immunosuppressant with narrow therapeutic window, is a substrate of OAT 1, 2, 3, 4 and MRP 1, 2, 3, 4. We hypothesized that IS, the major metabolite of oral indican, might inhibit the renal excretion of MTX mediated by OAT 1, OAT 3 and MRP 4. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of oral indican on the pharmacokinetics of MTX. Rats were orally given MTX with and without indican (20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg) in a parallel design. The serum MTX concentration was determined by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. For mechanism clarification, phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP, 5.0 mg/kg), a probe substrate of OAT 1, OAT 3, MRP 2 and MRP 4, was intravenously given to rats with and without a intravenous bolus of IS (10.0 mg/kg) to measure the effect of IS on the elimination of PSP. The results indicated that 20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg of oral indican significantly increased the area under concentration–time curve0-t (AUC0-t) of MTX by 231% and 259%, prolonged the mean residence time (MRT) by 223% and 204%, respectively. Furthermore, intravenous IS significantly increased the AUC0-t of PSP by 204% and decreased the Cl by 68%. In conclusion, oral indican increased the systemic exposure and MRT of MTX through inhibition on multiple anion transporters including OAT 1, OAT 3 and MRP 4 by the major metabolite IS.
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Retinoic acid receptor β, a potential therapeutic target in the inhibition of adenovirus replication. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:84-93. [PMID: 29421320 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) usually cause mild respiratory infections, but they can also lead to fatal outcomes for immunosuppressive patients. Unfortunately, there has been no specific anti-HAdV drug approved for medical use. A better understanding of the nature of virus-host interactions during infection is beneficial to the discovery of potential antiviral targets and new antiviral drugs. In this study, a time-course transcriptome analysis of HAdV-infected human lung epithelial cells (A549 cells) was performed to investigate virus-host interactions, and several key host molecules involved in the HAdV infection process were identified. The RARβ (retinoic acid receptor β) molecule, one of the upstream regulatory factors of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), played important roles in HAdV replication. The results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting showed that RARβ mRNA and protein were downregulated by HAdV infection in the A549 cells. The knockdown of RARβ by RARβ siRNA increased the HAdV production and the overexpression of RARβ decreased the HAdV production. Furthermore, FDA-approved Tazarotene, which is an RAR selective agonist with relatively more selectivity for RARβ, was found to inhibit HAdV replication in vitro. Taken together, our study presents a key host molecule in adenovirus infection, which could be developed as a potential host target to an anti-adenovirus drug. In addition, this study provides evidence for the re-exploitation of an FDA-approved small molecule for therapeutic applications in adenovirus replication.
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Isatindigodiphindoside, an alkaloid glycoside with a new diphenylpropylindole skeleton from the root of Isatis indigotica. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bioactive spiropyrrolizidine oxindole alkaloid enantiomers from Isatis indigotica Fortune. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9430-9439. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four pairs of new alkaloids, isatindigotindoline A–D, were isolated from Isatis indigotica, and were evaluated for their anti-Aβ1–42 aggregation effects.
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Indirubin, a bisindole alkaloid from Isatis indigotica, reduces H1N1 susceptibility in stressed mice by regulating MAVS signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105615-105629. [PMID: 29285277 PMCID: PMC5739664 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isatis indigotica has a long history in treating virus infection and related symptoms in China. Nevertheless, its antivirus evidence in animal studies is not satisfactory, which might be due to the lack of appropriate animal model. Previously, we had utilized restraint stress to establish mouse H1N1 susceptibility model which was helpful in evaluating the anti-virus effect of medicines targeting host factors, such as type I interferon production. In this study, this model was employed to investigate the effect and mechanism of indirubin, a natural bisindole alkaloid from Isatis indigotica, on influenza A virus susceptibility. In the in vitro study, the stress hormone corticosterone was used to simulate restraint stress. Our results demonstrated that indirubin decreased the susceptibility to influenza virus with lowered mortality and alleviated lung damage in restraint-stressed mice model. Moreover, indirubin promoted the expression of interferon-β and interferon inducible transmembrane 3. In addition, indirubin maintained the morphology and function of mitochondria following influenza A virus infection. Further study revealed that indirubin promoted interferon-β production through promoting mitochondrial antiviral signaling pathway. Our study indicated that indirubin could be a candidate for the therapy of influenza.
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8,4'-Oxyneolignane glucosides from an aqueous extract of "ban lan gen" ( Isatis indigotica root) and their absolute configurations. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:638-646. [PMID: 29159023 PMCID: PMC5687312 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three pairs of glycosidic 8,4'-oxyneolignane diastereoisomers, named isatioxyneolignosides A-F (1-6), were isolated from an aqueous extract of Isatis indigotica roots. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and enzyme hydrolysis. The validity of ΔδC8-C7 values to distinguish threo and erythro aryl glycerol units and Cotton effects at 235±5 nm to determine absolute configurations at C-8 in 1-6 and their aglycones (1a-6a) are discussed.
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Photosynthesis and metabolite responses of Isatis indigotica Fortune to elevated [CO 2 ]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Diglycosidic indole alkaloid derivatives from an aqueous extract of Isatis indigotica roots. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:529-540. [PMID: 28475367 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1320547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Six new indole alkaloid diglycosides named isatigotindolediosides A-F (1-6), along with three known analogs (7-9), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the Isatis indigotica roots (ban lan gen). Their structures including the absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, combined with enzyme or acid hydrolysis, and comparison of experimental circular dichroism (CD) and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. In the preliminary assays, compounds 3, 5, and 8 showed antiviral activity against Coxsackie virus B3.
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Indole alkaloid sulfonic acids from an aqueous extract of Isatis indigotica roots and their antiviral activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:334-341. [PMID: 28540170 PMCID: PMC5430897 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new indole alkaloid sulfonic acids (1-6), together with two analogues (7 and 8) that were previously reported as synthetic products, were isolated from an aqueous extract of the Isatis indigotica root. Their structures including the absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic data analysis, combined with enzyme hydrolysis and comparison of experimental circular dichroism and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. In the preliminary assay, compounds 2 and 4 showed antiviral activity against Coxsackie virus B3 and influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 (H3N2), respectively.
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Aromatic compounds from an aqueous extract of "ban lan gen" and their antiviral activities. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:179-184. [PMID: 28303224 PMCID: PMC5343108 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A pair of new diphenyl glycerol ether enantiomers (−)-1 and (+)-1 and two new methyl benzamidobenzoates 2 and 3, named (−)-(R)- and (+)-(S)-isatindigotrioic acid [(−)-1 and (+)-1] and isatindigoticamides A (2) and B (3), respectively, were isolated from an aqueous decoction of the roots of Isatis indigotica (ban lan gen). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis including 2D NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of (−)-1 and (+)-1 were assigned based on the CD exciton chirality method. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited antiviral activities against HSV-1 with IC50 values of 4.87 and 25.87 μmol/L, respectively. Compound 2 was also found active against Coxsackie virus B3 and LPS-induced NO production.
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[Antiviral activities against influenza virus (FM1) of bioactive fractions and representative compounds extracted from Banlangen (Radix Isatidis)]. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2016; 36:369-76. [PMID: 27468553 PMCID: PMC7147197 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(16)30051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the antiviral activities of clemastanin B (CB), epigoitrin, phenylpropanoids portion (PEP) and the mixture of phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and organic acid fractions (PEP + ALK + OA) from Banlangen (Radix Isatidis). Methods The experiment consisted of four parts: therapeutic action, prophylaxsis action, inhibition of virus attachment, and direct virucidal action. Cytopathic effect (CPE) and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) were used to assess antiviral activity. Results CB, epigoitrin, PEP and PEP + ALK + OA fractions from Banlangen (Radix Isatidis) extract significantly increased the viability of MDCK cells pre-infected with the virus compared with the virus control group in all the dilutions (P < 0.01). Pretreated with either pure compounds or chemical fractions of Banlangen (Radix Isatidis) extract in all the dilutions significantly improved the viability of MDCK cells (P < 0.01). The inhibition of virus absorption to the host cells by CB, epigoitrin and PEP was in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion CB, epigoitrin, PEP and PEP + ALK + OA exert their anti-influenza activity by inhibiting the virus multiplication, prophylaxsis and blocking the virus attachment. The primary mode of action of PEP and PEP + ALK + OA is the inhibition of virus replication. The inhibitory effects on virus attachment and multiplication are the main modes for epigoitrin.
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Antiviral and virucidal activities of Duabanga grandiflora leaf extract against Pseudorabies virus in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:139. [PMID: 27216794 PMCID: PMC4877979 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duabanga grandiflora or known in Malaysia as Berembang Bukit, Megawasih, or Pedada Bukit, is a native plant of the Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the anti-viral properties of D. grandiflora were investigated. METHODS The D. grandiflora leaf extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol as solvents and labelled 37 leaf ethyl acetate (37 L EA), 37 leaf hexane (37 L H), 37 leaf ethanol (37 L ET), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on Vero cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-Diamethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Among extracts, 37 L EA was most cytotoxic to Vero cells, followed by 37 L H and 37 L ET, with CC50 of 218, 833, and >1000 μg/mL, respectively. The cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction, inhibition, and virucidal assays and the selective index (SI) were employed to determine the effect of the extracts on infectivity and replication of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in Vero cells. The D. grandiflora leaf extracts showed dose-dependent antiviral activities, with higher activities at high doses. The 37 L ET and 37 L EA showed anti-viral effects through plaque formation and viral replication inhibitions, and virucidal property. The SI of the 37 L ET and 37 L EA by the viral replication inhibition assay was 8.3 and 1.9, respectively, and by the CPE reduction assay, 6.7 and 2.9, respectively. CONCLUSION Ethanol is the best solvent for the preparation of D. grandiflora leaf extract as an antiviral agent.
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Antiviral stereoisomers of 3,5-bis(2-hydroxybut-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole from the roots of Isatis indigotica. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Three pairs of alkaloid enantiomers from the root of Isatis indigotica. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:141-7. [PMID: 27006898 PMCID: PMC4788710 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three pairs of enantiomerically pure alkaloids with diverse structure features, named isatindigoticoic acid A and epiisatindigoticoic acid A [(−)-1 and (+)-1], phaitanthrin A and epiphaitanthrin A [(−)-2 and (+)-2], and isatindopyrromizol A and epiisatindopyrromizol A [(−)-3 and (+)-3], respectively, were isolated from an aqueous extract of the roots of Isatis indigotica. Racemic and scalemic mixtures of these enantiomers were separated by HPLC on a chiral semi-preparative column. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis in conjunction with the calculation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The enantiomer pairs possess parent structures of 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-carboxylic acid, indolo[2,1-b]quinazolinone, and 3-thioxohexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-1-one, respectively. Except for phaitanthrin A [(−)-2] which the configuration was previously undetermined, these compounds are new enantiomeric natural products.
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Modes of Antiviral Action of Chemical Portions and Constituents from Woad Root Extract against Influenza Virus A FM1. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2537294. [PMID: 26989425 PMCID: PMC4775799 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2537294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Woad root has been used for the prevention of influenza for hundreds of years in many Asian countries. In this study, the antiviral modes of clemastanin B (CB), epigoitrin, phenylpropanoid portion (PEP), and the mixture of phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and organic acid portions (PEP + ALK + OA) from wood root extract against influenza virus A FM1 were investigated. The results revealed that CB, epigoitrin, PEP, and PEP + ALK + OA exert their anti-influenza activity via inhibiting the virus multiplication, prophylaxis, and blocking the virus attachment. The primary mode of action of PEP and PEP + ALK + OA is the inhibition of virus replication. The inhibitory effect on virus attachment and multiplication is the main modes for epigoitrin. All the compounds or chemical portions from woad root extract tested in this study do not have direct virucidal activity. Our results provided the comprehensive analysis of the antiviral mechanism of wood root extract.
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Abstract
Five new indole alkaloid glucosides named isatindigotindolosides A-E (1-5), along with three known analogs (6-8), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the Isatis indigotica roots. Their structures including the absolute configurations were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, combined with chemical methods and electronic circular dichroism spectra calculations. In the preliminary assays, compounds 1, 6 and 7 showed antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 (H3N2) with IC50 values of 14.6-33.3 μM. Compound 1 also exhibited inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in microglial cell BV2 with an inhibition ratio of 93.0% at 10 μM.
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Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide: How Sharp Edged Structure and Charge Matter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21571-9. [PMID: 26370151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide and its derivatives have been widely explored for their antimicrobial properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratios and unique chemical and physical properties. However, little information is available on their effects on viruses. In this study, we report the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of GO against pseudorabies virus (PRV, a DNA virus) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV, an RNA virus). Our results showed that GO significantly suppressed the infection of PRV and PEDV for a 2 log reduction in virus titers at noncytotoxic concentrations. The potent antiviral activity of both GO and rGO can be attributed to the unique single-layer structure and negative charge. First, GO exhibited potent antiviral activity when conjugated with PVP, a nonionic polymer, but not when conjugated with PDDA, a cationic polymer. Additionally, the precursors Gt and GtO showed much weaker antiviral activity than monolayer GO and rGO, suggesting that the nanosheet structure is important for antiviral properties. Furthermore, GO inactivated both viruses by structural destruction prior to viral entry. The overall results suggest the potential of graphene oxide as a novel promising antiviral agent with a broad and potent antiviral activity.
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