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Wang Z, Fan H, Wu J. Food-Derived Up-Regulators and Activators of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12896-12914. [PMID: 38810024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), also serving as an amino acid transporter and a receptor for certain coronaviruses. Its primary role is to protect the cardiovascular system via the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR cascade. Given the critical roles of ACE2 in regulating numerous physiological functions, molecules that can upregulate or activate ACE2 show vast therapeutic value. There are only a few ACE2 activators that have been reported, a wide range of molecules, including food-derived compounds, have been reported as ACE2 up-regulators. Effective doses of bioactive peptides range from 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day when orally administered for 1 to 7 weeks. Protein hydrolysates require higher doses at 1000 mg/kg BW/day for 20 days. Phytochemicals and vitamins are effective at doses typically ranging from 10 to 200 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days to 6 months, while Traditional Chinese Medicine requires doses of 1.25 to 12.96 g/kg BW/day for 4 to 8 weeks. ACE2 activation is linked to its hinge-bending region, while upregulation involves various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators. Future studies are expected to explore novel roles of ACE2 activators or up-regulators in disease treatments and translate the discovery to bedside applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Hongbing Fan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
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Zhou Y, Yin Z, Cui J, Wang C, Fu T, Adu-Amankwaah J, Fu L, Zhou X. 16α-OHE1 alleviates hypoxia-induced inflammation and myocardial damage via the activation of β2-Adrenergic receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 587:112200. [PMID: 38518841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial injuries resulting from hypoxia are a significant concern, and this study aimed to explore potential protective strategies against such damage. Specifically, we sought to investigate the cardioprotective effects of 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1). METHODS Male Sprague‒Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to hypoxic conditions simulating high-altitude exposure at 6000 m in a low-pressure chamber for 7 days. Before and during hypoxic exposure, estradiol (E2) and various doses of 16α-OHE1 were administered for 14 days. Heart weight/body weight (HW/BW), myocardial structure, Myocardial injury indicators and inflammatory infiltration in rats were measured. H9C2 cells cultured under 5% O2 conditions received E2 and varying doses of 16α-OHE1; Cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory infiltration, and Myocardial injury indicators were determined. Expression levels of β2AR were determined in rat hearts and H9C2 cells. The β2AR inhibitor, ICI 118,551, was employed to investigate β2AR's role in 16α-OHE1's cardioprotective effects. RESULTS Hypoxia led to substantial myocardial damage, evident in increased heart HW, CK-MB, cTnT, ANP, BNP, structural myocardial changes, inflammatory infiltration, and apoptosis. Pre-treatment with E2 and 16α-OHE1 significantly mitigated these adverse changes. Importantly, the protective effects of E2 and 16α-OHE1 were associated with the upregulation of β2AR expression in both rat hearts and H9C2 cells. However, inhibition of β2AR by ICI 118,551 in H9C2 cells nullified the protective effect of 16α-OHE1 on myocardium. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that 16α-OHE1 can effectively reduce hypoxia-induced myocardial injury in rats through β2ARs, indicating a promising avenue for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yequan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
| | - Zeyuan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004; University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Junchao Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
| | - Tong Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
| | | | - Lu Fu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China, 221004.
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Han Y, Li S, Zhang Z, Ning X, Wu J, Zhang X. Bawei Chenxiang Wan ameliorates right ventricular hypertrophy in rats with high altitude heart disease by SIRT3-HIF1α-PDK/PDH signaling pathway improving fatty acid and glucose metabolism. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:190. [PMID: 38750550 PMCID: PMC11094862 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bawei Chenxiang Wan (BCW) is among the most effective and widely used therapies for coronary heart disease and angina pectoris in Tibet. However, whether it confers protection through a right-ventricle (RV) myocardial metabolic mechanism is unknown. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administrated with BCW, which was injected concurrently with a bolus of Sugen5416, and subjected to hypoxia exposure (SuHx; 5000 m altitude) for 4 weeks. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in high-altitude heart disease (HAHD) was assessed using Fulton's index (FI; ratio of RV to left ventricle + septum weights) and heart-weight-to-body-weight ratio (HW/BW). The effect of therapeutic administration of BCW on the RVH hemodynamics was assessed through catheterization (mean right ventricular pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mRVP and mPAP, respectively)). Tissue samples were used to perform histological staining, and confirmatory analyses of mRNA and protein levels were conducted to detect alterations in the mechanisms of RVH in HAHD. The protective mechanism of BCW was further verified via cell culture. RESULTS BCW considerably reduced SuHx-associated RVH, as indicated by macro morphology, HW/BW ratio, FI, mPAP, mRVP, hypertrophy markers, heart function, pathological structure, and myocardial enzymes. Moreover, BCW can alleviate the disorder of glucose and fatty acid metabolism through upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1ɑ, citrate synthase, and acetyl-CoA and downregulation of glucose transport-4, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate, which resulted in the reduced levels of free fatty acid and lactic acid and increased aerobic oxidation. This process may be mediated via the regulation of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) signaling pathway. Subsequently, the inhibition of SIRT3 expression by 3-TYP (a selective inhibitor of SIRT3) can reverse substantially the anti-RVH effect of BCW in HAHD, as indicated by hypertrophy marker and serum myocardial enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS BCW prevented SuHx-induced RVH in HAHD via the SIRT3-HIF1ɑ-PDK/PDH signaling pathway to alleviate the disturbance in fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Therefore, BCW can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of RVH in HAHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Han
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
| | - Shadi Li
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ning
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Wenhui Road East, Weicheng District, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China.
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China.
- Joint Laboratory for Research On Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, P.R. China.
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Rong W, Shi Q, Yang Y, Su W, Li M, Qin M, Bai S, Zhu Q, Wang A. Fructus choerospondiatis: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and clinical studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117696. [PMID: 38171468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fructus Choerospondiatis is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill. It has been used for a long time in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine, first recorded in the ancient Tibetan medicine book "Medicine Diagnosis of the King of the Moon" in the early 8th century. Fructus Choerospondiatis shows multiple pharmacological activities, especially in treating cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This paper reviews the progress in research on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, clinical studies, and quality control of Fructus Choerospondiatis. This review aims to summarize current research and provide a reference for further development and utilization of Fructus Choerospondiatis resources. METHOD The sources for this review include the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (2020), theses, and peer-reviewed papers (in both English and Chinese). Theses and papers were downloaded from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Springer, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.The search terms used were "Choerospondias axillaris", "C. axillaris", "Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill", "Fructus choerospondiatis", "Guangzao", "Lapsi", and "Lupsi". RESULTS Fructus Choerospondiatis contains polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, and other chemical components. These ingredients contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-myocardial fibrosis, heart rhythm regulation, anti-tumor, liver protection, and immunity enhancement. It also affects the central nervous system, with the ability to repair damaged nerve cells. CONCLUSION Fructus Choerospondiatis, with its various chemical compositions and pharmacological activities, is a promising medicinal resource. However, it remains under-researched, particularly in pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control. These areas require further exploration by researchers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qilin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuru Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiyi Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingna Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minni Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc., Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Andong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Li N, Su S, Xie X, Yang Z, Li Z, Lu D. Tsantan Sumtang, a traditional Tibetan medicine, protects pulmonary vascular endothelial function of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension rats through AKT/eNOS signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117436. [PMID: 37979813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tsantan Sumtang (TS), originated from the Four Tantras, is an empirical Tibetan medicine prescription, which has been widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases in the clinic in Qinghai Province of China. Our previous studies found that TS alleviated hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in rats. However, the effect and bioactive fractions of TS on hypoxia-injured pulmonary vascular endothelium are unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect, bioactive fractions and pharmacological mechanism of TS on hypoxia-injured pulmonary vascular endothelium in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo studies, HPH animal model was established, and TS was administrated for four weeks. Then, hemodynamic indexes, ex vivo pulmonary artery perfusion experiment, morphological characteristics, nitric oxide (NO) production, and the protein expression of protein kinase B (AKT)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/eNOS signaling were determined. In vitro studies, 1% O2-induced pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) injury model was applied for screening bioactive fractions of TS by cell proliferation assay and NO production measurement. The associated proteins of AKT/eNOS signaling were further measured to elucidate underlying mechanism of bioactive fraction of TS via using phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) was used to reveal the chemical profile of bioactive fraction of TS. RESULTS TS showed protective effect on the integrity of distal pulmonary arterial endothelium in HPH rats. Tsantan Sumtang dilated pulmonary arterial rings in HPH rats. TS enhanced NO bioavailability in lung tissue via regulating AKT/eNOS signaling. Furthermore, in the cellular level, cell viability as well as NO content of hypoxia-injured PAECs were elevated by fraction 17 of water extract of TS (WTS), through activating the AKT/eNOS signaling. Ellagic acid could be one of compositions in fraction 17 of WTS to produce NO in hypoxia-injured PAECs. CONCLUSION TS restored pulmonary arterial endothelial function in HPH rats. The bioactive fraction 17 was screened, which protected hypoxia-injured PAECs via upregulating AKT/eNOS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Technical Center of Xining Customs, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, 810003, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China
| | - Zhanting Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China.
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China; Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610086, PR China.
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Li X, Li X, Kang B, Eom Y, Lee HK, Kim DH, Zhong J, Song JS. Effects of particulate matter exposure on the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor in ocular surface tissues and cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8768-8780. [PMID: 38180673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be one of the risk factor for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, although the ocular surface is deeply affected by both PM exposure and SARS-COV-2 infection, no studies have investigated the effects of PM exposure on the ocular route of SARS-COV-2 infection. To this end, we explored the effects of PM on the expression of SARS-COV-2-associated receptors and proteins in ocular surface. Herein, short- and long-term PM-exposed rat models were established by topically administering PM for 3 and 10 days, respectively. Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjECs) were exposed to PM. ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD147, and ADAM17 expression levels were measured by western blot analysis. Our results show that short-term PM exposure had little effect on the expressions of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 in ocular surface tissues. However, long-term PM exposure decreased the ACE2 expression in conjunctival tissues and increased the CD147 expression in corneal or conjunctival tissues. PM exposure reduced the ACE2 expression by increasing the ADAM17 expression and ACE2 shedding level in HCECs and HCjECs. Our findings suggest that long-term PM exposure down-regulate the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in conjunctival tissues through ADAM17-dependent ACE2 shedding. However, long-term PM exposure up-regulates the expression of another SARS-CoV-2 receptor CD147 in ocular surface tissues, accompanied by ocular surface damage and cytotoxicity. This study provides a new insight into uncovering potential risk factors for infection with SARS-CoV-2 via the ocular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Boram Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
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Papavassiliou KA, Gogou VA, Papavassiliou AG. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Underpinning Mechanisms and Potential Targeting Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17441. [PMID: 38139269 PMCID: PMC10744156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a debilitating progressive disease characterized by excessive pulmonary vasoconstriction and abnormal vascular remodeling processes that lead to right-ventricular heart failure and, ultimately, death. Although our understanding of its pathophysiology has advanced and several treatment modalities are currently available for the management of PAH patients, none are curative and the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, further research is required to decipher the molecular mechanisms associated with PAH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role through its vasoprotective functions in cardiopulmonary homeostasis, and accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence shows that the upregulation of the ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor (Mas 1 receptor) signaling axis is implicated in the pathophysiology of PAH. Herein, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of ACE2 signaling in PAH and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A. Papavassiliou
- First University Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘Sotiria’ Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vassiliki A. Gogou
- First University Department of Respiratory Medicine, ‘Sotiria’ Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Su S, Nan X, Xie X, Li Z, Lu D. Kaempferol ameliorates pulmonary vascular remodeling in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension rats via regulating Akt-GSK3β-cyclin axis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 466:116478. [PMID: 36940862 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is considered a major contributor to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and a key mechanism of vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid compound and can be derived from numerous common medicinal herbs and vegetables, which exhibit antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties, however, the effects of kaempferol on vascular remodeling in HPH remain unexplored. In this study, SD rats were placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber for four weeks to establish a pulmonary hypertension model and given either kaempferol or sildenafil (an inhibitor of PDE-5) during days 1-28, after which the hemodynamic parameter and pulmonary vascular morphometry were assessed. Furthermore, primary rat PASMCs were exposed to hypoxic conditions to generate a cell proliferation model, then incubated with either kaempferol or LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K). Immunoblotting and real-time quantitative PCR assessed the protein and mRNA expression levels in HPH rat lungs and PASMCs. We found that kaempferol reduced pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and alleviated right ventricular hypertrophy in HPH rats. The mechanistic analysis demonstrated that kaempferol reduced the protein levels of phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β, leading to decreased expression of pro-proliferation (CDK2, CDK4, Cyclin D1, and PCNA) and anti-apoptotic related proteins (Bcl-2) and increased expression of pro-apoptosis proteins (Bax and cleaved caspase 3). These results collectively demonstrate that kaempferol ameliorates HPH in rats by inhibiting PASMC proliferation and pro-apoptosis via modulation of the Akt/GSK3β/CyclinD axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China; Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, China
| | - Zhanting Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Xining Customs Technical Center, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai, Xining 810003, China
| | - Xingmei Nan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China.
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China; Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610086, China.
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Ma K, Zheng ZR, Meng Y. Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease Is Closely Bound up with Alzheimer's Disease, Especially via the Renin-Angiotensin System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041459. [PMID: 36835994 PMCID: PMC9966558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome secondary to the definitive change in function and structure of the kidney, which is characterized by its irreversibility and slow and progressive evolution. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the extracellular accumulation of misfolded β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins into senile plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing hyperphosphorylated tau. In the aging population, CKD and AD are growing problems. CKD patients are prone to cognitive decline and AD. However, the connection between CKD and AD is still unclear. In this review, we take the lead in showing that the development of the pathophysiology of CKD may also cause or exacerbate AD, especially the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In vivo studies had already shown that the increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) produces a positive effect in aggravating AD, but ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) have protective effects against AD. Among the possible association of risk factors in CKD and AD, we mainly discuss the RAS in the systemic circulation and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zi-Run Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
- Institute of Nephrology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence:
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Gao AR, Li S, Tan XC, Huang T, Dong HJ, Xue R, Li JC, Zhang Y, Zhang YZ, Wang X. Xinyang Tablet attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced right ventricular remodeling via inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis. Chin Med 2022; 17:134. [PMID: 36471367 PMCID: PMC9720925 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is one of the fatal pathologies developed under hypobaric hypoxia and eventually leads to right ventricular (RV) remodeling and RV failure. Clinically, the mortality rate of RV failure caused by HPH is high and lacks effective drugs. Xinyang Tablet (XYT), a traditional Chinese medicine exhibits significant efficacy in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac dysfunction. However, the effects of XYT on chronic hypoxia-induced RV failure are not clear. METHODS The content of XYT was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were housed in a hypobaric chamber (equal to the parameter in altitude 5500 m) for 21 days to obtain the RV remodeling model. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and hemodynamic parameters were measured by iWorx Acquisition & Analysis System. Pathological morphological changes in the RV and pulmonary vessels were observed by H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Myocardial apoptosis was tested by TUNEL assay. Protein expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in the RV and H9c2 cells were detected by western blot. Meanwhile, H9c2 cells were induced by CoCl2 to establish a hypoxia injury model to verify the protective effect and mechanisms of XYT. A CCK-8 assay was performed to determine the viability of H9c2 cells. CoCl2-induced apoptosis was detected by Annexin-FITC/PI flow cytometry and Hoechst 33,258 staining. RESULTS XYT remarkably improved RV hemodynamic disorder and ECG parameters. XYT attenuated hypoxia-induced pathological injury in RV and pulmonary vessels. We also observed that XYT treatment decreased the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the numbers of myocardial apoptosis in RV. In H9c2 myocardial hypoxia model, XYT protected H9c2 cells against Cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced apoptosis. We also found that XYT could antagonize CoCl2-induced apoptosis through upregulating Bcl-2, inhibiting Bax and caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that XYT improved hypoxia-induced RV remodeling and protected against cardiac injury by inhibiting apoptosis pathway in vivo and vitro models, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical management of hypoxia-induced cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ran Gao
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China ,grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Cui Tan
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China ,grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Huang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China ,grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jin Dong
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Cao Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Qin X, Jiang X, Zhang J, Mao L, Jiang Z, Jiang Y, Liu G, Qiu J, Chen C, Qiu F, Zou Z. Recombinant ACE2 protein protects against acute lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. Crit Care 2022; 26:171. [PMID: 35681221 PMCID: PMC9178547 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Both clinical data and animal experiments suggest that the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced ALI. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and a crucial negative regulator of RAS. Recombinant ACE2 protein (rACE2) has been demonstrated to play protective role against SARS-CoV and avian influenza-induced ALI, and more relevant, rACE2 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 proliferation in vitro. However, whether rACE2 protects against SARS-CoV-2-induced ALI in animal models and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated.
Methods and Results
Here, we demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein aggravated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein directly binds and downregulated ACE2, leading to an elevation in angiotensin (Ang) II. AngII further increased the NOX1/2 through AT1R, subsequently causing oxidative stress and uncontrolled inflammation and eventually resulting in ALI/ARDS. Importantly, rACE2 remarkably reversed SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein-induced ALI by directly binding SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein, cleaving AngI or cleaving AngII.
Conclusion
This study is the first to prove that rACE2 plays a protective role against SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein-aggravated LPS-induced ALI in an animal model and illustrate the mechanism by which the ACE2-AngII-AT1R-NOX1/2 axis might contribute to SARS-CoV-2-induced ALI.
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12
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Chen T, Su S, Yang Z, Zhang D, Li Z, Lu D. Srolo Bzhtang reduces inflammation and vascular remodeling via suppression of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115572. [PMID: 35872290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Srolo Bzhtang (SBT), which consists of Solms-laubachia eurycarpa, Bergenia purpurascens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and lac secreted by Laccifer lacca Kerr (Lacciferidae Cockerell), is a well-known traditional Tibetan medicinal formula and was documented to cure "lung-heat" syndrome by eliminating "chiba" in the ancient Tibetan medical work Four Medical Tantras (Rgyud bzhi). Clinically, it is a therapy for pulmonary inflammatory disorders, such as pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, whether and how SBT participates in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to determine the role of SBT in attenuating pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular remodeling caused by monocrotaline (MCT) and hypoxia. To elucidate the potential mechanism underlying SBT-mediated PAH, we investigated the changes in inflammatory cytokines and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCT- and hypoxia-induced PAH rat models were used. After administering SBT for four weeks, the rats were tested for hemodynamic indicators, hematological changes, pulmonary arterial morphological changes, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum and lung tissues. Protein expression of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was determined using western blotting. RESULTS SBT reduced pulmonary arterial pressure, vascular remodeling, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by MCT and hypoxia in rats. Furthermore, SBT significantly suppressed the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that SBT alleviates MCT- and hypoxia-induced PAH in rats, which is related to its anti-inflammatory actions involving inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Technical Center of Xining Customs (Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research In Qinghai Province), Xining, 810003, PR China
| | - Zhanting Yang
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China
| | - Dejun Zhang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China.
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, PR China.
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Cheng J, Xue F, Cheng C, Sui W, Zhang M, Qiao L, Ma J, Ji X, Chen W, Yu X, Xi B, Xu F, Su G, Zhao Y, Hao P, Zhang Y, Zhang C. ADAM17 knockdown mitigates while ADAM17 overexpression aggravates cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction via regulating ACE2 shedding and myofibroblast transformation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997916. [PMID: 36313337 PMCID: PMC9613967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain family protein 17 (ADAM17) is a new member of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) but its role in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is obscure. To test the hypothesis that ADAM17 knockdown mitigates while ADAM17 overexpression aggravates cardiac fibrosis via regulating ACE2 shedding and myofibroblast transformation in diabetic mice, ADAM17 gene was knocked down and overexpressed by means of adenovirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) and adenovirus vector carrying ADAM17 cDNA, respectively, in a mouse model of DCM. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed in all mice and in vitro experiments conducted in primary cardiofibroblasts. The results showed that ADAM17 knockdown ameliorated while ADAM17 overexpression worsened cardiac dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis in diabetic mice. In addition, ADAM17 knockdown increased ACE2 while reduced AT1R expression in diabetic hearts. Mechanistically, ADAM17 knockdown decreased while ADAM17 overexpression increased cardiac fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation through regulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, ADAM17 knockdown attenuates while ADAM17 overexpression aggravates cardiac fibrosis via regulating ACE2 shedding and myofibroblast transformation through TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway in diabetic mice. Targeting ADAM17 may provide a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhai Sui
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoping Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Center, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guohai Su
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Shandong First Medical University, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Panpan Hao, ; Yun Zhang, ; Cheng Zhang,
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Shandong First Medical University, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Panpan Hao, ; Yun Zhang, ; Cheng Zhang,
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Shandong First Medical University, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Panpan Hao, ; Yun Zhang, ; Cheng Zhang,
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Yan T, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jia X, Liu J, Wang X, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Liu T, Dong Y. The application of proteomics and metabolomics to reveal the molecular mechanism of Nutmeg-5 in ameliorating cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154382. [PMID: 35963196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutmeg-5, an ancient and classic formula in traditional Mongolian medicine comprising five kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI, called heart "Heyi" disease in Mongolian medicine). Cardiac fibrosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of heart failure after MI. However, the material basis and pharmacological mechanisms of the effect of Nutmeg-5 on cardiac fibrosis after MI remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to first explore the potential material basis and molecular mechanism of action of Nutmeg-5 in improving cardiac fibrosis after MI via a multiomics approach. METHODS The constituents in Nutmeg-5 were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC)-based fingerprints of Nutmeg-5 were analysed, and characteristic peaks were identified by comparison to standard samples. A rat MI model was created by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery. The protective effect of Nutmeg-5 on cardiac fibrosis after MI was evaluated by tissue histology and measurement of the serum biomarkers of myocardial injury. Cardiac fibrosis levels were evaluated by Sirius red staining. Differentially expressed proteins in the myocardium and metabolites in the serum were explored by proteomic and untargeted metabolome analyses, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to explore the association between serum metabolites and myocardial proteins. RESULTS A total of 67 constituents were identified in Nutmeg-5 by UPLC-MS/MS. Sixteen components were identified in the fingerprint of Nutmeg-5 by comparison with a standard sample. Six lactones were isolated from Nutmeg-5 and quantified by HPLC and GC. MI was significantly alleviated in Nutmeg-5-treated rats compared to MI rats, as demonstrated by their decreased mortality, improved cardiac function, and attenuated cardiac fibrosis and myocardial injury. A total of 252 significant differential metabolites were identified in plasma between model and Nutmeg-5-treated rats by untargeted metabolome analysis. Among these, 36 critical metabolites were associated with Nutmeg-5 activity. Proteomic analysis identified 338 differentially expressed proteins in the rat myocardium between MI and Nutmeg-5-treated rats, including 204 upregulated and 134 downregulated proteins. Protein set enrichment analysis revealed that Nutmeg-5 treatment significantly inhibited the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, which was activated in the myocardium of MI rats. A significant decrease in collagen and alpha smooth muscle actin expression levels was found in the myocardium of Nutmeg-5-treated rats compared to MI rats. These results illustrated that Nutmeg-5 had a significant protective effect on cardiac fibrosis after MI. A significant correlation was found between the ECM-receptor interaction pathway in the myocardium and critical metabolites in the serum. In addition, there were positive correlations between the levels of critical metabolites and the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Smad2 in the rat myocardium. CONCLUSIONS Nutmeg-5 alleviated cardiac fibrosis after MI in rats by inhibiting the myocardial ECM-receptor interaction pathway and TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling, which was achieved by regulating plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Inner Mongolian International Mongolian Hospital, University East Street, Hohhot 010065, PR China
| | - Xueni Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Xianjue Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China.
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China.
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15
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Fang J, Wu Y, Gan C, Ruan S, He X, Wang B, Wang Y, Yu J, Sang C, Zeren D, Xiong T. Jia-ga-song-tang protection against alcoholic liver and intestinal damage. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981706. [PMID: 36225559 PMCID: PMC9549243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-liver axis and cellular homeostasis play key roles in alcohol liver disease (ALD). Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a stress-sensitive guarantor of cellular homeostasis. We investigated whether the beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms of Jia-ga-song Tang (JGST) against ALD were associated with gut-liver axis and cellular homeostasis. A predictive network depicting the relationship between Jia-Ga-Song-Tang (JGST) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was designed by Network pharmacology. Next, 5% v/v Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet was used to establish the ALD. JGST protected the liver damage, repaired the intestines to alleviate the Two-hit on the liver, and balanced the cellular homeostasis. It was manifested in repairing the liver and intestinal pathological structure, reducing serum ALT, AST, and liver TG, TC, MDA, CAT, and increasing liver GSH, and intestine GSH-Px. JGST mainly inhibited the liver mRNA levels of HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, FASN, and PPARα and activated the intestinal mRNA levels of HO-1 and NQO1, while inhibiting the liver protein levels of HO-1, NQO1. Furthermore, LPS and LBP in the plasma and the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, TGFβ1, CD14, and Myd88 were reduced after treatment to prove that JGST protects the liver from Two-hit. Ethanol was used to intervene in HepG2 and IEC-6 to establish an ALD cell model and treated by Germacrone, ML385, and TBHQ. repaired the intestinal barrier, and inhibited Nrf2 in IEC-6, but protect the HepG2 by activating Nrf2 to balance cellular homeostasis. Our results reinforce that JGST provides an effective protective method for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by regulating Gut-liver axis and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlian Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Ruan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bixia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingtao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanlan Sang
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianqin Xiong, ; Chuanlan Sang, ; Dawa Zeren,
| | - Dawa Zeren
- Research Department, University of Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, China
- *Correspondence: Tianqin Xiong, ; Chuanlan Sang, ; Dawa Zeren,
| | - Tianqin Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianqin Xiong, ; Chuanlan Sang, ; Dawa Zeren,
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Wang J, Xiang Y, Yang SX, Zhang HM, Li H, Zong QB, Li LW, Zhao LL, Xia RH, Li C, Bao LY, Zhang TC, Liao XH. MIR99AHG inhibits EMT in pulmonary fibrosis via the miR-136-5p/USP4/ACE2 axis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:426. [PMID: 36138468 PMCID: PMC9502606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Abnormally expressed lncRNA can be used as a diagnostic marker for cancer. In this study, we aim to investigate the clinical significance of MIR99AHG expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and its biological roles in LUAD progression. Methods The relative expression of MIR99AHG in LUAD tissues and cell lines was analyzed using public databases and RT-qPCR. The biological functions of MIR99AHG were investigated using a loss-of-function approach. The effect of MIR99AHG on lung fibrosis was assessed by scratch assay, invasion assay and lung fibrosis rat model. FISH, luciferase reporter assay and immunofluorescence were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results LncRNA MIR99AHG expression level was downregulated in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Low MIR99AHG levels were associated with poorer patient overall survival. Functional analysis showed that MIR99AHG is associated with the LUAD malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanistic studies showed that, MIR99AHG functions as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to antagonize miR-136-5p-mediated ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4) degradation, thereby unregulated the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a downstream target gene of USP4, which in turn affected alveolar type II epithelial cell fibrosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In summary, the MIR99AHG/miR-136-5p/USP4/ACE2 signalling axis regulates lung fibrosis and EMT, thus inhibiting LUAD progression. Conclusion This study showed that downregulated MIR99AHG leads to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, overexpression of MIR99AHG may provide a new approach to preventing LUAD progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03633-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Tongji Medical College, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Xi Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Bei Zong
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Wei Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Han Xia
- Yangtze University Health Science Center, Hubei, 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Le-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Nicolaou L, Steinberg A, Carrillo-Larco RM, Hartinger S, Lescano AG, Checkley W. Living at High Altitude and COVID-19 Mortality in Peru. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:146-158. [PMID: 35483043 PMCID: PMC10024074 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicolaou, Laura, Anne Steinberg, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Stella Hartinger, Andres G. Lescano, and William Checkley. Living at high altitude and COVID-19 mortality in Peru. High Alt Med Biol. 23:146-158, 2022. Background: Previous studies have reported a lower severity of COVID-19 infections at higher altitudes; however, this association may be confounded by various factors. We examined the association between living at altitude and COVID-19 mortality in Peru adjusting for population density, prevalence of comorbidities, indicators of socioeconomic status, and health care access. Methods: Utilizing administrative data across 196 provinces located at varying altitudes (sea level to 4,373 m), we conducted a two-stage analysis of COVID-19 deaths between March 19 and December 31, 2020, Peru's first wave. We first calculated cumulative daily mortality rate for each province and fit lognormal cumulative distribution functions to estimate total mortality rate, and start, peak, and duration of the first wave. We then regressed province-level total mortality rate, start, peak, and duration of the first wave as a function of altitude adjusted for confounders. Results: There were 93,528 recorded deaths from COVID-19 (mean age 66.5 years, 64.5% male) for a cumulative mortality of 272.5 per 100,000 population between March 19 and December 31, 2020. We did not find a consistent monotonic trend between living at higher altitudes and estimated total mortality rate for provinces at 500 - 1,000 m (-12.1 deaths per 100,000 population per 100 m, 95% familywise confidence interval -27.7 to 3.5) or > 1,000 m (-0.3, -2.7 to 2.0). We also did not find consistent monotonic trends for the start, peak, and duration of the first wave beyond the first 500 m. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that living at high altitude may not confer a lower risk of death from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nicolaou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Steinberg
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Hartinger
- UDIAS, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence in Climate Change and Health, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Clima, Latin American Center of Excellence in Climate Change and Health, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Emerge, Emerging Diseases, and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Rodriguez Lima DR, Pinzón Rondón ÁM, Rubio Ramos C, Pinilla Rojas DI, Niño Orrego MJ, Díaz Quiroz MA, Molano-González N, Ceballos Quintero JE, Arroyo Santos AF, Ruiz Sternberg ÁM. Clinical characteristics and mortality associated with COVID-19 at high altitude: a cohort of 5161 patients in Bogotá, Colombia. Int J Emerg Med 2022; 15:22. [PMID: 35597911 PMCID: PMC9123834 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-022-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are few data on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in cities over 1000 m above sea level (masl). Objectives To describe the clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with COVID-19 treated at a high complexity hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, at 2640 masl. Methods This was an observational study of a cohort including 5161 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection from 19 March 2020 to 30 April 2021. Demographic data, laboratory values, comorbidities, oxygenation indices, and clinical outcomes were collected. Data were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. An independent predictive model was performed for mortality and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) using classification and regression trees (CART). Results The median cohort age was 66 years (interquartile range (IQR) 53–77), with 1305 patients dying (25%) and 3856 surviving (75%). The intensive care unit (ICU) received 1223 patients (24%). Of 898 patients who received IMV, 613 (68%) of them perished. The ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fraction inspired oxygen (FiO2), or the P/F ratio, upon ICU admission was 105 (IQR 77–146) and 137 (IQR 91–199) in the deceased and survivors, respectively. The CART model showed that the need for IMV, age greater than 79 years, ratio of oxygen saturation (SaO2) to FiO2, or the S/F ratio, less than 259, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) greater than 617 U/L at admission were associated with a greater probability of death. Conclusion Among more than 5000 patients with COVID-19 treated in our hospital, mortality at hospital discharge was 25%. Older age, low S/F ratio, and high LDH at admission were predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rene Rodriguez Lima
- Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Méderi, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Ángela María Pinzón Rondón
- Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cristhian Rubio Ramos
- Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Méderi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Maria José Niño Orrego
- Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mateo Andrés Díaz Quiroz
- Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Molano-González
- Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ángela María Ruiz Sternberg
- Grupo de Investigación Clínica, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Gao F, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Xiao C, Sun Z, Gao Y, Dou X. Suppression of lncRNA Gm47283 attenuates myocardial infarction via miR-706/ Ptgs2/ferroptosis axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10786-10802. [PMID: 35485136 PMCID: PMC9208485 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2065743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of sudden death. Long non-doing RNAs (lncRNAs) were demonstrated to play crucial roles in multiple diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of lncNRAs in MI is unclear. In this study, we integrated bioinformatics and molecular biological experiments to identify the novel lncRNA transcripts and elucidated its regulatory mechanism in MI. First, we identified 10 dysregualted lncRNAs and found that lncRNA Gm47283 was the top risk factor in MI. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that lncRNA Gm47283 exerted function via targeting miR-706 and Ptgs2. Ptgs2 was also the known regulator of ferroptosis. Inhibition or overexpression of lncRNA Gm47283 could regulate Ptgs2 expression and downstream ferroptosis activity. Overexpression of miR-706 could inhibit the expression of Ptgs2 and the activity of ferroptosis, thereby attenuated cellular injury. Mechanically, co-transfection experiments showed that overexpression of miR-706 could reverse the damage effect that was caused by lncRNA Gm47283 overexpression, via inhibiting Ptgs2 and ferroptosis. Additionally, inhibition of lncRNA Gm47283 by stem cell membrane coated siRNA could attenuate MI in vivo. Our study elucidated a novel mechanism containing lncRNA Gm47283/miR-706/Ptgs2/ferroptosis in MI, which provided a potential therapeutic for MI. Graphical Abstract. Stem cell membrane coated siRNA of lncRNA Gm47283 inhibits cardiomyocyte ferroptosis in myocardial infarction rat. Stem cell membrane-coated siRNA of lncRNA Gm47283 increases miR-706, and then miR-706 suppresses the expression of Ptgs2 to reduce lipid peroxidation toxicity, and then inhibits cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongcheng Zhao
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunwei Xiao
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhanfa Sun
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueyong Dou
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Chen F, Li J, She J, Chen T, Yuan Z. Exosomal microRNA-16-5p from macrophage exacerbates atherosclerosis via modulating mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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An alternative perspective of an underutilized fruit tree Choerospondias axillaris in health promotion and disease prevention: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Shi P, Song C, Qi H, Ren J, Ren P, Wu J, Xie Y, Zhang M, Sun H, Cao Y. Up-regulation of IRF3 is required for docosahexaenoic acid suppressing ferroptosis of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in cardiac hypertrophy rat. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Souid I, Korchef A, Souid S. In silico evaluation of Vitis amurensis Rupr. polyphenol compounds for their inhibition potency against CoVID-19 main enzymes Mpro and RdRp. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:570-584. [PMID: 35250347 PMCID: PMC8883852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of the pneumonia (COVID-19) emerged as an entire worldwide health concern and it was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a consequence of the increasing reported infections number. COVID-19 disease is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, and unfortunatly no drugs are currently approved against this desease. Accordingly, it is of outmost importance to review the possible therapeutic effects of naturally-occuring compounds that showed approved antiviral activities. The molecular docking approach offers a rapid prediction of a possible inhibition of the main enzymes Mpro and RdRp that play crucial role in the SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription. In the present work, we review the anti-viral activities of polyphenol compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids and stilbene) derived from the traditional Chinese medicinal Vitis amurensis. Recent molecular docking studies reported the possible binding of these polyphenols on SARS-CoV-2 enzymes Mpro and RdRp active sites and showed interesting inhibitory effects. This antiviral activity was explained by the structure-activity relationships of the studied compounds. Also, pharmacokinetic analysis of the studied molecules is simulated in the present work. Among the studied polyphenol compounds, only five, namely caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, naringenin and catechin have drug-likeness characteristics. These five polyphenols derived from Vitis amurensis are promising drug candidates for the COVID-19 treatment.
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24
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Chi M, Wang H, Yan Z, Cao L, Gao X, Qin K. Magnetic Ligand Fishing Using Immobilized Cyclooxygenase-2 for Identification and Screening of Anticoronary Heart Disease Ligands From Choerospondias axillaris. Front Nutr 2022; 8:794193. [PMID: 35174196 PMCID: PMC8841743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.794193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity is an effective way for treatment of coronary heart disease. And as an important source of COX-2 inhibitors, bioactive compounds of Choerospondias axillaris and pharmacological mechanisms remained lacking in prospective researches. Therefore, for the purpose of accelerating the discovery of natural products targeting designed inhibitors, the COX-2 microreactor composed of functionalized microspheres and magnetic ligand fishing was developed and applied in Choerospondias axillaris, and the physicochemical properties of the COX-2 functionalized microspheres were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the bioactive compounds singled out from ethanol decoction without prepurification were dissociated and identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography plus Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS/MS). Consequently, 21 bioactive compounds consisting of 6 organic acids, 8 flavonoids, and 7 others were separated and characterized from Choerospondias axillaris, which were reported to participate in the COX-2 inhibitory pathway to varying degrees. Therefore, this method could provide a prospective solution for the extraction and identification of active pharmaceutical ingredients and the rapid screening of some enzyme inhibitors in the complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Jiangsu Original Drug Research and Development Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhankuan Yan
- Jiangsu Original Drug Research and Development Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Xun Gao
| | - Kunming Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Kunming Qin
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Bhullar S, Shah A, Dhalla N. Mechanisms for the development of heart failure and improvement of cardiac function by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed53-36256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, are well-known for the treatments of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Several of these inhibitors including captopril, enalapril, ramipril, zofenopril and imidapril attenuate vasoconstriction, cardiac hypertrophy and adverse cardiac remodeling, improve clinical outcomes in patients with cardiac dysfunction and decrease mortality. Extensive experimental and clinical research over the past 35 years has revealed that the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure are associated with full or partial prevention of adverse cardiac remodeling. Since cardiac function is mainly determined by coordinated activities of different subcellular organelles, including sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myofibrils, for regulating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ and myocardial metabolism, there is ample evidence to suggest that adverse cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in the failing heart are the consequence of subcellular defects. In fact, the improvement of cardiac function by different ACE inhibitors has been demonstrated to be related to the attenuation of abnormalities in subcellular organelles for Ca2+-handling, metabolic alterations, signal transduction defects and gene expression changes in failing cardiomyocytes. Various ACE inhibitors have also been shown to delay the progression of heart failure by reducing the formation of angiotensin II, the development of oxidative stress, the level of inflammatory cytokines and the occurrence of subcellular defects. These observations support the view that ACE inhibitors improve cardiac function in the failing heart by multiple mechanisms including the reduction of oxidative stress, myocardial inflammation and Ca2+-handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes.
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Zhu Y, Sun Y, Zhang S, Li C, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Li G. Xinmai 'an extract enhances the efficacy of sildenafil in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension via inhibiting MAPK signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:594-605. [PMID: 34010580 PMCID: PMC8143608 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1917629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Xinmai 'an tablet has been used to improve myocardial blood supply. Recently, some compounds from its formula have shown that they can treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of Xinmai 'an extract (XMA) on PAH and further tests the co-therapeutic enhancement with sildenafil (SIL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells were subjected to stimulation with SIL (12.5 μM) and XMA (250 μg/mL) for 48 h. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped into eight groups (n = 8 per group): (I) control group received saline; (II) MCT group received MCT (60 mg/kg); (III) SIL-Low group received MCT + SIL at 10 mg/kg/day; (IV) SIL-high group received MCT + SIL at 30 mg/kg/day; (V) XMA-High group received MCT + XMA at 251.6 mg/kg/day; (VI) SIL (Low)+XMA (Low) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 62.9 mg/kg/day; (VII) SIL (Low)+XMA (Medium) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 125.8 mg/kg/day; (VIII) SIL (Low)+XMA (High) group received SIL (10 mg/kg) + XMA at 251.6 mg/kg/day. Both XMA and SIL were given by gavage and were maintained daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS XMA could improve SIL's efficacy in the treatment of PAH by decreasing cell viability more effectively at non-cytotoxic concentrations (250 μg/mL) and reducing Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) in PAH rat. Potential mechanisms might at least in part be through activating the MAPK signalling pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The combination of XMA and SIL can improve the efficacy of pulmonary hypertension and reduce the dosage of SIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Rational Medication Evaluation and Drug Delivery Technology Lab, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabin Sun
- Modern Chinese Medicine Institute, Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Company Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Rational Medication Evaluation and Drug Delivery Technology Lab, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyuan Li
- Office of the General Manager, Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Company Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Rational Medication Evaluation and Drug Delivery Technology Lab, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Rational Medication Evaluation and Drug Delivery Technology Lab, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Rational Medication Evaluation and Drug Delivery Technology Lab, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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Chen Y, Li S, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Shi L. Aerobic training-mediated DNA hypermethylation of Agtr1a and Mas1 genes ameliorate mesenteric arterial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8033-8044. [PMID: 34743271 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The imbalance of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator axes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is observed in hypertension. Exercise regulates RAS level and improves vascular function. This study focused on the contribution of RAS axes in vascular function of mesenteric arteries and exercise-induced DNA methylation of the Agtr1a (AT1aR) and Mas1 (MasR) genes in hypertension. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats were randomized into exercise or sedentary group. Levels of plasma RAS components, vascular tone, and DNA methylation markers were measured. RESULTS Blood pressure of SHR was markedly reduced after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise. RAS peptides in plasma were all increased with an imbalanced upregulation of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in SHR, exercise revised the level of RAS and increased Ang-(1-7)/Ang II. The vasoconstriction response induced by Ang II was mainly via type 1 receptors (AT1R), while this contraction was inhibited by Mas receptor (MasR). mRNA and protein of AT1R and MasR were both upregulated in SHR, whereas exercise significantly suppressed this imbalanced increase and increased MasR/AT1R ratio. Exercise hypermethylated Agtr1a and Mas1 genes, associating with increased DNMT1 and DNMT3b and SAM/SAH. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise ameliorates vascular function via hypermethylation of the Agtr1a and Mas1 genes and restores the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator axes balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huirong Zhang
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Sahu S, Patil CR, Kumar S, Apparsundaram S, Goyal RK. Role of ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas axis in post-COVID-19 complications and its dietary modulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:225-240. [PMID: 34655418 PMCID: PMC8520076 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) virus uses Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a gateway for their entry into the human body. The ACE2 with cleaved products have emerged as major contributing factors to multiple physiological functions and pathogenic complications leading to the clinical consequences of the COVID-19 infection Decreased ACE2 expression restricts the viral entry into the human cells and reduces the viral load. COVID-19 infection reduces the ACE2 expression and induces post-COVID-19 complications like pneumonia and lung injury. The modulation of the ACE2-Ang (1–7)-Mas (AAM) axis is also being explored as a modality to treat post-COVID-19 complications. Evidence indicates that specific food components may modulate the AAM axis. The variations in the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and the post-COVID its complications are being correlated with varied dietary habits. Some of the food substances have emerged to have supportive roles in treating post-COVID-19 complications and are being considered as adjuvants to the COVID-19 therapy. It is possible that some of their active ingredients may emerge as the direct treatment for the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - C R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Subbu Apparsundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Ramesh K Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPDRU), PushpVihar Sector-3, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Exploring Functional Differences between the Right and Left Ventricles to Better Understand Right Ventricular Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9993060. [PMID: 34497685 PMCID: PMC8421158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9993060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The right and left ventricles have traditionally been studied as individual entities. Furthermore, modifications found in diseased left ventricles are assumed to influence on right ventricle alterations, but the connection is poorly understood. In this review, we describe the differences between ventricles under physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding the mechanisms that differentiate both ventricles would facilitate a more effective use of therapeutics and broaden our knowledge of right ventricle (RV) dysfunction. RV failure is the strongest predictor of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension, but at present, there are no definitive therapies directly targeting RV failure. We further explore the current state of drugs and molecules that improve RV failure in experimental therapeutics and clinical trials to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and provide evidence of their potential benefits in heart failure.
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Bhullar SK, Shah AK, Dhalla NS. Role of angiotensin II in the development of subcellular remodeling
in heart failure. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of heart failure under various pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension and diabetes are accompanied by adverse cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Since heart function is mainly determined by coordinated activities of different subcellular organelles including sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myofibrils for regulating the intracellular concentration of Ca2+, it has been suggested that the occurrence of heart failure is a consequence of subcellular remodeling, metabolic alterations and Ca2+-handling abnormalities in cardiomyocytes. Because of the elevated plasma levels of angiotensin II (ANG II) due to activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in heart failure, we have evaluated the effectiveness of treatments with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists in different experimental models of heart failure. Attenuation of marked alterations in subcellular activities, protein content and gene expression were associated with improvement in cardiac function in MI-induced heart failure by treatment with enalapril (an ACE inhibitor) or losartan (an AT1R antagonist). Similar beneficial effects of ANG II blockade on subcellular remodeling and cardiac performance were also observed in failing hearts due to pressure overload, volume overload or chronic diabetes. Treatments with enalapril and losartan were seen to reduce the degree of RAS activation as well as the level of oxidative stress in failing hearts. These observations provide evidence which further substantiate to support the view that activation of RAS and high level of plasma ANG II play a critical role in inducing subcellular defects and cardiac dys-function during the progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K. Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Anureet K. Shah
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the Context of Respiratory Diseases and Its Importance in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080805. [PMID: 34451902 PMCID: PMC8398530 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an 805 amino acid protein encoded by the ACE2 gene expressed in various human cells, especially in those located in the epithelia. The primary function of ACE2 is to produce angiotensin (1–7) from angiotensin II (Ang II). The current research has described the importance of ACE2 and Ang (1–7) in alternative routes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that promote the downregulation of fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress processes in a great variety of diseases, such as hypertension, acute lung injury, liver cirrhosis, and kidney abnormalities. Investigations into the recent outbreak of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have revealed the importance of ACE2 during infection and its role in recognizing viral binding proteins through interactions with specific amino acids of this enzyme. Additionally, the ACE2 expression in several organs has allowed us to understand the clinical picture related to the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to provide context for the functions and importance of ACE2 with regards to SARS-CoV-2 in the general clinical aspect and its impact on other diseases, especially respiratory diseases.
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Leon-Abarca JA, Portmann-Baracco A, Bryce-Alberti M, Ruiz-Sánchez C, Accinelli RA, Soliz J, Gonzales GF. Diabetes increases the risk of COVID-19 in an altitude dependent manner: An analysis of 1,280,806 Mexican patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255144. [PMID: 34343179 PMCID: PMC8330906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study is to analyze how the impact of Diabetes Mellitus [DM] in patients with COVID-19 varies according to altitudinal gradient. METHODS We obtained 1,280,806 records from adult patients with COVID-19 and DM to analyze the probability of COVID-19, development of COVID-19 pneumonia, hospitalization, intubation, admission to the Intensive Care Unit [ICU] and case-fatality rates [CFR]. Variables were controlled by age, sex and altitude of residence to calculate adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios. RESULTS Patients with DM had a 21.8% higher prevalence of COVID-19 and an additional 120.2% higher prevalence of COVID-19 pneumonia. The adjusted prevalence was also higher for these outcomes as well as for hospitalization, intubation and ICU admission. COVID-19 and pneumonia patients with DM had a 97.0% and 19.4% higher CFR, respectively. With increasing altitudes, the probability of being a confirmed COVID-19 case and the development of pneumonia decreased along CFR for patients with and without DM. However, COVID-19 patients with DM were more likely to require intubation when residing at high altitude. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that patients with DM have a higher probability of being a confirmed COVID-19 case and developing pneumonia. Higher altitude had a protective relationship against SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, it may be associated with more severe cases in patients with and without DM. High altitude decreases CFR for all COVID-19 patients. Our work also shows that women are less affected than men regardless of altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alonso Leon-Abarca
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Albero Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Arianna Portmann-Baracco
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Albero Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Mayte Bryce-Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Albero Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Albero Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Albero Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec [IUCPQ], Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (HAPPI-IPPA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Gustavo Francisco Gonzales
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo [LID], Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Alberto Cazorla Tálleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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Yu B, Chen H, Guo XQ, Hua H, Guan Y, Cui F, Tian YM, Zhang HX, Zhang XJ, Zhang Y, Ma HJ. CIHH protects the heart against left ventricular remodelling and myocardial fibrosis by balancing the renin-angiotensin system in SHR. Life Sci 2021; 278:119540. [PMID: 33930369 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to clarify the cardioprotection of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) and the underlying mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MAIN METHODS Adult male rats were divided into normal blood pressure Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) control (WKY-CON), WKY rats with CIHH treatment (WKY-CIHH), SHR control (SHR-CON) and SHR with CIHH treatment (SHR-CIHH) groups. SHR-CIHH and WKY-CIHH rats were subjected to hypobaric hypoxia simulating 4000-m altitude for 35 days, 5 h per day. Arterial blood pressure and cardiac function parameters, including ejection fraction, fractional shortening and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, were evaluated. Cardiac pathomorphology and myocardial fibrosis were determined. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Ang II, Ang1-7, AT1 receptor, Mas receptor, IL-6, TNF-α,IL-10, SOD and MDA were assayed in myocardium. KEY FINDINGS CIHH significantly decreased arterial blood pressure, alleviated LV hypertrophy, and improved cardiovascular function in SHR (P < 0.05-0.01). Also, CIHH protected SHR heart against morphological changes and fibrosis. In addition, CIHH significantly down-regulated the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis and up-regulated the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in SHR (P < 0.05-0.01). CIHH significantly reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA levels, but increased IL-10 and SOD in SHR myocardium (P < 0.05-0.01). SIGNIFICANCE The CIHH treatment protected the heart of SHR against LV remodelling and myocardial fibrosis, which might be carried out through a balance in the ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas axis of the RAS to reduce inflammation, and inhibit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Department of Emergency, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050011, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Coronary Care Unit, The Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, No.348, HepingWest Road, Hebei Province 050051, China
| | - Xin-Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Hong Hua
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Electron Microscope Laboratory Centre, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yan-Ming Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Hua-Xing Zhang
- Core Facilities and Centers, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiang-Jian Zhang
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Hui-Jie Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
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A 1H NMR spectroscopic metabolomic study of the protective effects of irbesartan in a rat model of chronic mountain sickness. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114235. [PMID: 34252817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a significant pathology in most high-altitude regions globally, affecting the cardiopulmonary system and its mechanism is largely unknown. A metabonomic approach using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows for detecting differential metabolites, which provides a global view and mechanisms during CMS development. In this study, we simulated a high-altitude environment to establish a rat model of CMS. Irbesartan was administered to CMS rats at three doses (6.75, 13.5, and 27 mg/kg) once a day for 15 days. HE staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the effect of changes on the lung. Based on 1H NMR spectra obtained from serum samples, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and its variant orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) models were applied to distinguish the different groups. Histopathological sections showed that the alveolar structure was abnormal, inflammatory infiltration occurred in CMS rats, and CMS induced notable metabolic disorder according to the 1H NMR result. However, irbesartan reversed the imbalanced metabolites via energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and taurine metabolism pathways, and its effect was also confirmed by the general signs and morphology of the lung. The results revealed that irbesartan as an effective therapeutic agent to improve CMS is warranted.
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Nijiati Y, Yang T, Aimaiti M, Maimaitiyiming D, Aikemu A. Irbesartan ameliorates chronic mountain sickness in a rat model via the cholesterol metabolism: An iTRAQ -based proteomics analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111802. [PMID: 34147903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of irbesartan on pulmonary artery lesions in a rat model with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and identify the biomarkers involved. METHODS In this study, we used a rat model of CMS to evaluate the therapeutic effect of irbesartan by measuring pulmonary artery pressure and evaluating the histopathology of the pulmonary artery. We also used proteomics technology to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the serum and performed bioinformatics analysis. Results were then verified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Irbesartan treatment induced a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the pulmonary artery pressure of CMS rats. Histopathological and electron microscope further confirmed that high altitude hypoxia induced changes in the structure of the pulmonary artery tissue and caused ultrastructural lesions. Proteomics analysis identified 40 DEPs; bioinformatics analysis further revealed that the cholesterol metabolism pathway plays a crucial role in the occurrence of CMS. ELISA and IHC verified that several DEPs (Apo-A1, Apo-C1, Apo-E, IGF-1, Profilin1, and Col1a1) represent critical biological markers in pulmonary artery disease caused by CMS. CONCLUSIONS Irbesartan significantly improved pulmonary artery damage in a rat model of CMS possibly by impacting on the cholesterol metabolism pathway and by reducing damage to vascular endothelial cells. Irbesartan also inhibited the expression levels of IGF-1, Profilin1 and Col1a1 to relieve pulmonary artery pressure and improve lung function by inhibiting vascular remodeling. Several proteins were identified as potential biomarkers of CMS, including Apo-A1, Apo-C1, Apo-E, IGF-1, Profilin1, and Col1a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliyaer Nijiati
- Department of Drug Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China; Central Laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Central Laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mutalifu Aimaiti
- Central Laboratory of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dilinuer Maimaitiyiming
- Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ainiwaer Aikemu
- Department of Drug Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Active Components of Xinjiang Natural Medicine and Drug Release Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China.
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Chong ZZ, Souayah N. SARS-CoV-2 Induced Neurological Manifestations Entangles Cytokine Storm That Implicates For Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2051-2074. [PMID: 33970839 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210506161543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can present with neurological symptoms and induce neurological complications. The involvement in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in COVID-19 patients has been associated with direct invasion of the virus and the induction of cytokine storm. This review discussed the pathways for the virus invasion into the nervous system and characterized the SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the immune responses and cytokine storm induction after SARS-CoV-2 infection were also discussed. Although some neurological symptoms are mild and disappear after recovery from infection, some severe neurological complications contribute to the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the insight into the cause of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm in context with neurological complications will formulate the novel management of the disease and further identify new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhong Chong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street Room Suite 8100, Newark, NJ 07101, United States
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Oz M, Lorke DE, Kabbani N. A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107750. [PMID: 33275999 PMCID: PMC7854082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.
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Key Words
- adam17, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17
- ace, angiotensin i converting enzyme
- ace-inh., angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitor
- ampk, amp-activated protein kinase
- ang-ii, angiotensin ii
- arb, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor blocker
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- at1-r, angiotensin ii type 1-receptor
- βarb, β-adrenergic receptor blockers
- bk, bradykinin
- ccb, calcium channel blockers
- ch25h, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- covid-19, coronavirus disease-2019
- dabk, [des-arg9]-bradykinin
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- 25hc, 25-hydroxycholesterol
- hs, heparan sulfate
- hspg, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- mrb, mineralocorticoid receptor blocker
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nsaid, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sh, spontaneously hypertensive
- s protein, spike protein
- sirt1, sirtuin 1
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tcm, traditional chinese medicine
- tmprss2, transmembrane protease, serine 2
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- ufh, unfractionated heparin
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Arias-Reyes C, Carvajal-Rodriguez F, Poma-Machicao L, Aliaga-Raduán F, Marques DA, Zubieta-DeUrioste N, Accinelli RA, Schneider-Gasser EM, Zubieta-Calleja G, Dutschmann M, Soliz J. Decreased incidence, virus transmission capacity, and severity of COVID-19 at altitude on the American continent. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0237294. [PMID: 33780470 PMCID: PMC8006995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in North, Central, and South America has become the epicenter of the current pandemic. We have suggested previously that the infection rate of this virus might be lower in people living at high altitude (over 2,500 m) compared to that in the lowlands. Based on data from official sources, we performed a new epidemiological analysis of the development of the pandemic in 23 countries on the American continent as of May 23, 2020. Our results confirm our previous finding, further showing that the incidence of COVID-19 on the American continent decreases significantly starting at 1,000 m above sea level (masl). Moreover, epidemiological modeling indicates that the virus transmission rate is lower in the highlands (>1,000 masl) than in the lowlands (<1,000 masl). Finally, evaluating the differences in the recovery percentage of patients, the death-to-case ratio, and the theoretical fraction of undiagnosed cases, we found that the severity of COVID-19 is also decreased above 1,000 m. We conclude that the impact of the COVID-19 decreases significantly with altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arias-Reyes
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Favio Carvajal-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Liliana Poma-Machicao
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Fernanda Aliaga-Raduán
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Danuzia A. Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Québec, Quebec City, Canada
- High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (HAPPI-IPPA), La Paz, Bolivia
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Hong L, Wang Q, Chen M, Shi J, Guo Y, Liu S, Pan R, Yuan X, Jiang S. Mas receptor activation attenuates allergic airway inflammation via inhibiting JNK/CCL2-induced macrophage recruitment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111365. [PMID: 33588264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective absorption of acute allergic airway inflammation is involved in the initiation and development of chronic asthma. After allergen exposure, there is a rapid recruitment of macrophages around the airways, which promote acute inflammatory responses. The Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis reportedly plays protective roles in various tissue inflammation and remodeling processes in vivo. However, the exact role of Mas receptor and their underlying mechanisms during the pathology of acute allergic airway inflammation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of Mas receptor in acute allergic asthma and explored its underlying mechanisms in vitro, aiming to find critical molecules and signal pathways. METHODS Mas receptor expression was assessed in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced acute asthmatic murine model. Then we estimated the anti-inflammatory role of Mas receptor in vivo and explored expressions of several known inflammatory cytokines as well as phosphorylation levels of MAPK pathways. Mas receptor functions and underlying mechanisms were studied further in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). RESULTS Mas receptor expression decreased in acute allergic airway inflammation. Multiplex immunofluorescence co-localized Mas receptor and EpCAM, indicated that Mas receptor may function in the bronchial epithelium. Activating Mas receptor through AVE0991 significantly alleviated macrophage infiltration in airway inflammation, accompanied with down-regulation of CCL2 and phosphorylation levels of MAPK pathways. Further studies in 16HBE showed that AVE0991 pre-treatment inhibited LPS-induced or anisomycin-induced CCL2 increase and THP-1 macrophages migration via JNK pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that Mas receptor activation significantly attenuated CCL2 dependent macrophage recruitments in acute allergic airway inflammation through JNK pathways, which indicated that Mas receptor, CCL2 and phospho-JNK could be potential targets against allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiujie Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianting Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimin Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanying Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Research Center of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruijian Pan
- Departments of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shanping Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Sun H, Su X, Huang L, Mu D, Qu Y. Research Progress on the Cardiac Injury from ACE2 Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 33573324 PMCID: PMC7911115 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic due to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global concern, posing a severe threat to the health of populations. At present, all countries in the world are stepping up the development of vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent the infection and further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An in-depth investigation of the target organs and pathogenesis regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection will be beneficial for virus therapy. Besides pulmonary injury, SARS-CoV-2 also causes cardiac injury, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the essential structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), describes the cardiac manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and explores the mechanisms of cardiac injury targeting ACE2 after the viral invasion. We aim to help the timely detection of related symptoms and implementation of therapeutic measures by clinicians for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
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Yang Z, Sun H, Su S, Nan X, Li K, Jin X, Jin G, Li Z, Lu D. Tsantan Sumtang Restored Right Ventricular Function in Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:607384. [PMID: 33536917 PMCID: PMC7848122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tsantan Sumtang originated from Four Tantras, which consisted of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B. L. Burtt and A. W. Hill, Santalum album L., and Myristica fragrans Houtt. The three herbs are in ratio 1:1:1. This medication is widely used for cardiovascular diseases. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Tsantan Sumtang on right ventricular (RV) function in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) rats and investigate the underlying mechanism. Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control, hypoxia, and hypoxia + Tsantan Sumtang (1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 g•kg−1•d−1) groups. Chronic hypoxia was induced by putting the rats inside a hypobaric chamber for four weeks and adjusting the inner pressure and oxygen content to match an altitude of 4500 m. Echocardiography was used to assess RV function and right ventricular-pulmonary arterial (RV-PA) coupling. The physiological parameters of the animals were also evaluated. Morphological characteristics of RV were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and TEM. Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and TUNEL assay were used to assess fibrosis and apoptosis levels. The antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties of Tsantan Sumtang were also evaluated. The effect of Tsantan Sumtang on ROCK signaling pathway was evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. Results: We established an HPH rat model as indicated by the significant increases in the physiological parameters of the rats. Tsantan Sumtang showed a significant cardiac-protective function and an improved effect on RV-PA coupling. Moreover, Tsantan Sumtang treatment inhibited fibrosis and alleviated apoptosis and oxidative stress in RV. In terms of mechanism, Tsantan Sumtang reduced the expression of ROCK (ROCK1, ROCK2) in RV, inhibited cardiac remodeling-related transcription factors (NFATc3, P-STAT3), and regulated apoptosis-related proteins. Conclusion: Tsantan Sumtang was able to restore RV function, improve RV-PA coupling, recover hemodynamic and hematological indexes, and protect RV against structural maladaptive remodeling in the HPH rats. These findings demonstrated that Tsantan Sumtang protects the function of RV in HPH rats. The antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties of Tsantan Sumtang may be responsible for inhibiting the ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanting Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Haixia Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Technical Center of Xining Customs, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Xingmei Nan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xueqin Jin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Guoen Jin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhanqiang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Dianxiang Lu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Impact of altitude on COVID-19 infection and death in the United States: A modeling and observational study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245055. [PMID: 33444357 PMCID: PMC7808593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic, sparing few regions. However, limited reports suggest differing infection and death rates across geographic areas including populations that reside at higher elevations (HE). We aimed to determine if COVID-19 infection, death, and case mortality rates differed in higher versus low elevation (LE) U.S. counties. Methods Using publicly available geographic and COVID-19 data, we calculated per capita infection and death rates and case mortality in population density matched HE and LE U.S. counties. We also performed population-scale regression analysis to investigate the association between county elevation and COVID-19 infection rates. Findings Population density matching of LA (< 914m, n = 58) and HE (>2133m, n = 58) counties yielded significantly lower COVID-19 cases at HE versus LE (615 versus 905, p = 0.034). HE per capita deaths were significantly lower than LE (9.4 versus 19.5, p = 0.017). However, case mortality did not differ between HE and LE (1.78% versus 1.46%, p = 0.27). Regression analysis, adjusted for relevant covariates, demonstrated decreased COVID-19 infection rates by 12.82%, 12.01%, and 11.72% per 495m of county centroid elevation, for cases recorded over the previous 30, 90, and 120 days, respectively. Conclusions This population-adjusted, controlled analysis suggests that higher elevation attenuates infection and death. Ongoing work from our group aims to identify the environmental, biological, and social factors of residence at HE that impact infection, transmission, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 in an effort to harness these mechanisms for future public health and/or treatment interventions.
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Li X, Xuan W, Chen D, Gao H, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang Y, Song H, Cai B. Research Progress of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Drugs: Based on Renin-Angiotensin System Axis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1315-1338. [PMID: 33164932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicate link to renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It is known that cerebrovascular disease has some connections with AD, but most of the studies are still conducted in parallel or independently. Although previous research came up with large number of hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD, it does not include the mechanism of RAS-related regulation of AD. It has been found that many components of RAS have been changed in AD. For example, the multifunctional and high-efficiency vasoconstrictor Ang II and Ang III with similar effects are changed under the action of other RAS signal peptides; these signal peptides are believed to help improve nerve injury and cognitive function. These changes may lead to neuropathological changes of AD, and progressive defects of cognitive function, which are association with some hypotheses of AD. The role of RAS in AD gradually attracts our attention, and RAS deserved to be considered carefully in the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses the mechanisms of RAS participating in the three current hypotheses of AD: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) hypothesis, as well as the drugs that regulate RAS systems already in clinical or in clinical trials. It further demonstrates the importance of RAS in the pathogenesis of AD, not only because of its multiple aspects of participation, which may be accidental, but also because of the availability of RAS drugs, which can be reused as therapies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiting Xuan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dabao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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Seclén SN, Nunez-Robles E, Yovera-Aldana M, Arias-Chumpitaz A. Incidence of COVID-19 infection and prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension according to altitude in Peruvian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 169:108463. [PMID: 32971150 PMCID: PMC7505740 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the cumulative incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and the prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension in regions with different altitude levels ranging from sea level to high altitude. METHODOLOGY: Analytical study in which we correlated secondary data obtained from reports of the Ministry of Health and National Institute for Statistics and Informatic. The cumulative incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in 25 peruvian regions is reported, together with its relationnship with altitude levels during March-July 2020 using Pearsońs correlation. We also aiming to assess the prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension with altitude according to the ENDES 2018 data using Gamma statistics. RESULTS: COVID-19 maintained an inverse correlation with higher rates in the coastal regions and lower rates with increasing altitude in the cumulative incidence (Pearson = -0.8, p < 0.000) and mortality (Pearson = -0.77, p < 0.000), adjusted gender and age. The prevalence of diabetes and obesity showed the same inverse correlation trend with altitude (Gamma p < 0.000) but not hypertension (Gamma p = 0.13) CONCLUSIONS: The data in Peru it is suggested that physiological adaptation in a hypoxic environment at high altitude may protect persons from the severe impact of acute infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The reduction in cumulative incidence and mortality rates with increasing altitude is the main finding. Possible mechanisms such as a decreased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and a lower virulence because of a high altitude environment, may explain this epidemiological features. In addition, the lower prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension may establish a protective epidemiology against these disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segundo N Seclén
- Unidad de Diabetes, Hipertensión y Lípidos (UDHYL), Instituto de Gerontologia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | | | - Arturo Arias-Chumpitaz
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informatica (National Institute for Statistics and Informatics), Peru.
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Cano-Pérez E, Torres-Pacheco J, Fragozo-Ramos MC, García-Díaz G, Montalvo-Varela E, Pozo-Palacios JC. Negative Correlation between Altitude and COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia: A Preliminary Report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2347-2349. [PMID: 33124543 PMCID: PMC7695107 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that high altitude can reduce the infectivity and case fatality rate of COVID-19. We investigated the relationship between altitude and the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. Epidemiological data included the number of positive cases, deaths, and the case fatality rate of COVID-19. In particular, we analyzed data from 70 cities with altitudes between 1 and 3,180 m. Correlations and linear regression models adjusted to population density were performed to examine the relationship and contribution of altitude to epidemiological variables. The case fatality rate was negatively correlated with the altitude of the cities. The incidence of cases and deaths from COVID-19 had an apparent correlation with altitude; however, these variables were better explained by population density. In general, these findings suggest that living at high altitude can reduce the impact of COVID-19, especially the case fatality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Cano-Pérez
- Molecular Research Unit Group (UNIMOL), Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Jaison Torres-Pacheco
- Molecular Research Unit Group (UNIMOL), Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | | | - Génesis García-Díaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Centro Especializado en Genética Médica (CEGEMED), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Montalvo-Varela
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Carlos Pozo-Palacios
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Centro Especializado en Genética Médica (CEGEMED), Quito, Ecuador
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Poduri R, Joshi G, Jagadeesh G. Drugs targeting various stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle: Exploring promising drugs for the treatment of Covid-19. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109721. [PMID: 32711111 PMCID: PMC7375293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the potentially lethal Covid-19 respiratory tract infection. It does so by binding to host cell angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, leading to endocytosis with the receptor, and subsequently using the host cell's machinery to replicate copies of itself and invade new cells. The extent of the spread of infection in the body is dependent on the pattern of ACE2 expression and overreaction of the immune system. Additionally, by inducing an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the loss of ACE2 would favour the progression of inflammatory and thrombotic processes in the lungs. No drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat human coronaviruses. Hundreds of clinical trials on existing approved drugs from different classes acting on a multitude of targets in the virus life cycle are ongoing to examine potential effectiveness for the prevention and treatment of the infection. This review summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 virus life cycle in the host cell and provides a biological and pathological point of view for repurposed and experimental drugs for this novel coronavirus. The viral life cycle provides potential targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramarao Poduri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India.
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India.
| | - Gowraganahalli Jagadeesh
- Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Srivastava S, Garg I, Bansal A, Kumar B. SARS-CoV-2 infection: physiological and environmental gift factors at high altitude. Virusdisease 2020; 31:450-452. [PMID: 32953947 PMCID: PMC7485422 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has emerged as a global pandemic. This viral disease primarily causes lung pneumonia and has a wide range of clinical manifestations. The severity of infection ranges from those who are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms which do not require hospital admission, to those who require ventilator support and eventually die, depending on immunity, age and other comorbidities existing with the patients. The present report is an attempt to study the effect of physiological and environmental factors existing at high altitudes (HA) with spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of existing data revealed that HA natives do possess certain physiological advantages such as (1) improved hypoxic ventilatory response, (2) higher concentration of oxygen carrying molecules, haemoglobin, (3) increased production of Vitamin D, due to intense solar radiation, (4) lower rates of comorbidities such as lung infections, obesity etc. and (5) most importantly reduced production of angiotensin converting enzyme 2, a carrier molecule for SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into the host cell; all of which can collectively account for improved tolerance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in HA natives. In addition, environmental factors at HA such as (6) dry and chilly winds, (7) low air density and (8) intense UV radiations may further inhibit viral growth and spread into the atmosphere. We thus conclude that, high altitude natives may posses physiological and environmental advantage over low landers in terms of reduced severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its limited spread. Graphic abstract Gift factors associated with COVID-19 spread at high altitude.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Genomics Group, Defence Research and Development organization (DRDO), Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIPAS), Ist floor, Cafeteria Building, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Iti Garg
- Genomics Group, Defence Research and Development organization (DRDO), Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIPAS), Ist floor, Cafeteria Building, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Anju Bansal
- Genomics Group, Defence Research and Development organization (DRDO), Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIPAS), Ist floor, Cafeteria Building, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Genomics Group, Defence Research and Development organization (DRDO), Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science (DIPAS), Ist floor, Cafeteria Building, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
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Oxidative Stress, Kinase Activity and Inflammatory Implications in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure under Hypobaric Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176421. [PMID: 32899304 PMCID: PMC7503689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) triggers several mechanisms to compensate for the decrease in oxygen bioavailability. One of them is pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and its subsequent pulmonary arterial remodeling. These changes can lead to pulmonary hypertension and the development of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), right heart failure (RHF) and, ultimately to death. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent molecular pathways involved in the above conditions under this type of hypobaric hypoxia, including oxidative stress, inflammation, protein kinases activation and fibrosis, and the current therapeutic approaches for these conditions. This review also includes the current knowledge of long-term chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Furthermore, this review highlights the signaling pathways related to oxidative stress (Nox-derived O2.- and H2O2), protein kinase (ERK5, p38α and PKCα) activation, inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-kB) and hypoxia condition (HIF-1α). On the other hand, recent therapeutic approaches have focused on abolishing hypoxia-induced RVH and RHF via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory (IL-1β, MCP-1, SDF-1 and CXCR-4) pathways through phytotherapy and pharmacological trials. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary.
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Soliz J, Schneider-Gasser EM, Arias-Reyes C, Aliaga-Raduan F, Poma-Machicao L, Zubieta-Calleja G, Furuya WI, Trevizan-Baú P, Dhingra RR, Dutschmann M. Coping with hypoxemia: Could erythropoietin (EPO) be an adjuvant treatment of COVID-19? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 279:103476. [PMID: 32522574 PMCID: PMC7275159 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A very recent epidemiological study provides preliminary evidence that living in habitats located at 2500 m above sea level (masl) might protect from the development of severe respiratory symptoms following infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. This epidemiological finding raises the question of whether physiological mechanisms underlying the acclimatization to high altitude identifies therapeutic targets for the effective treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome pivotal to the reduction of global mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article compares the symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) with those of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explores overlapping patho-physiological mechanisms of the respiratory system including impaired oxygen transport, pulmonary gas exchange and brainstem circuits controlling respiration. In this context, we also discuss the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on oxygen sensing in the carotid body. Finally, since erythropoietin (EPO) is an effective prophylactic treatment for AMS, this article reviews the potential benefits of implementing FDA-approved erythropoietin-based (EPO) drug therapies to counteract a variety of acute respiratory and non-respiratory (e.g. excessive inflammation of vascular beds) symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soliz
- Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute IPPA, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - Edith M Schneider-Gasser
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Switzerland
| | - Christian Arias-Reyes
- Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fernanda Aliaga-Raduan
- Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Liliana Poma-Machicao
- Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Werner I Furuya
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Victoria, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
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