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Wang W, Jin X, Shao Q, Liu T, Liu T, Zhao X, Xu L, Gao W, Hu L, Chen Z. The Chinese herbal prescription JZ-1 promotes extracellular vesicle production and protects against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in vitro. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27019. [PMID: 38495169 PMCID: PMC10940933 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Genital herpes, primarily caused by HSV-2 infection, remains a widespread sexually transmitted ailment. Extracellular vesicles play a pivotal role in host-virus confrontation. Recent research underscores the influence of Chinese herbal prescriptions on extracellular vesicle production and composition. This study aims to probe the impact of JieZe-1 (JZ-1) on extracellular vesicle components, elucidating its mechanisms against HSV-2 infection via extracellular vesicles. Methods The JZ-1's anti-HSV-2 effects were assessed using CCK-8 assay. Extracellular vesicles were precisely isolated utilizing ultracentrifugation and subsequently characterized through TEM, NTA, and Western Blot analyses. The anti-HSV-2 activity of extracellular vesicles was gauged using CCK-8, Western Blot, and immunofluorescence. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing was employed to detect miRNAs from extracellular vesicles, unraveling the potential antiviral mechanisms of JZ-1. Results Antiviral efficacy of JZ-1 was shown in VK2/E6E7, HeLa, and Vero cells. The samples extracted from cell supernatant by ultracentrifugation were identified as extracellular vesicles. In VK2/E6E7 cells, extracellular vesicles from JZ-1 group enhanced cell survival rates and diminished the expression of intracellular viral protein gD, contrasting with the inert effect of control group vesicles. Extracellular vesicles from JZ-1 treated Vero cells demonstrated a weaker yet discernible anti-HSV-2 effect. Conversely, extracellular vesicles of HeLa cells exhibited no anti-HSV-2 effect from either group. High-throughput sequencing of VK2/E6E7 cell extracellular vesicles unveiled significant upregulation of miRNA-101, miRNA-29a, miRNA-29b, miRNA-29c, and miRNA-637 in JZ-1 group vesicles. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these miRNAs may inhibit PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and induce autophagy of host cells to protect against HSV-2. Western blot confirmed the induction of autophagy and inhibition of AKT/mTOR in VK2/E6E7 cells with JZ-1 group extracellular vesicles treatment. Conclusion JZ-1 had an anti-HSV-2 efficacy. After JZ-1 stimulation, VK2/E6E7 cells secreted extracellular vesicles which protect host cells from HSV-2 infection. High-throughput sequencing showed that these extracellular vesicles contained a large number of miRNAs targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. JZ-1 group extracellular vesicles could inhibit the activation of AKT/mTOR pathway and induce the host cells autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ximing Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liu Hu
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Banerjee A, Dass D, Dhotre K, Wakchoure P, More A, Rana S, Khan AA, Mukherjee A. Combinatorial Effects of miRNAs in HSV-2 Infection of Macrophages: An In Silico and In Vitro Integration Approach. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1488. [PMID: 37766164 PMCID: PMC10537408 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising issues of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 drug ramifications have encouraged the researchers to look for new and alternative approaches that pose minimum adversities in the host while efficiently reducing the HSV-2 infection. Although microRNAs (miRNAs), as unorthodox approaches, are gaining popularity due to eliciting highly reduced immunogenic reactions, their implications in HSV-2 research have been rarely explored. In this study, a pool of cellular miRNAs with significance in HSV-2-induced inflammatory and immune responses have been identified. Computationally recognizing the host targets of these miRNAs through network biology and machine learning, in vitro validation has been addressed along with the identification of their regulation in the HSV-2 infection. To signify the role of these identified miRNAs, they have been individually ectopically expressed in macrophages. The ectopic expression of the individual miRNAs was able to suppress HSV-2 viral gene expression. Taking a step forward, this study also highlights the Box-Behnken design-based combinatorial effect of ectopically expressed miRNAs on maximum suppression of HSV-2 infectivity. Therefore, the concentrations of each of the miRNAs optimized in a combination, predicted through expert systems biology tools were validated in vitro to not only recover the target expressions but also inhibit the HSV-2 infection in the macrophages. Overall, the study offers miRNAs as intriguing alternatives to commercially available medications against HSV-2. Moreover, the study illuminates the prophylactic potentiality of the miRNAs, which is significant since there are currently no vaccines available for HSV-2. Moving forward, the miRNAs are employed in an innovative strategy that incorporates intricate biological system models and in vitro confirmation methods to deliver a prospective combinatorial miRNA therapeutic against HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Banerjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India; (A.B.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Debashree Dass
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India; (A.B.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Kishore Dhotre
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India; (A.B.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Pooja Wakchoure
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India;
| | - Ashwini More
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India; (A.B.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Santanu Rana
- Department of Zoology, RPMC-University of Calcutta, Uttarpara 712258, WB, India;
| | - Abdul A. Khan
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India;
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, MH, India; (A.B.); (D.D.); (K.D.); (A.M.)
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Kim JM, Dziobaka S, Yoon YE, Lee HL, Jeong JH, Lee IR, Weidinger D, Yang C, Kim D, Gulperi Y, Lee CK, Sohn J, Song G, Hatt H, Lee SJ. OR2H2 Activates CAMKKβ-AMPK-Autophagy Signaling Axis and Suppresses Senescence in VK2/E6E7 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1221. [PMID: 37765029 PMCID: PMC10535153 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are expressed in multiple extra-nasal tissues and these ectopic olfactory receptors mediate tissue-specific functions and regulate cellular physiology. Ectopic olfactory receptors may play key roles in tissues constantly exposed to odorants, thus the functionality of these receptors in genital tissues is of particular interest. The functionality of ectopic olfactory receptors expressed in VK2/E6E7 human vaginal epithelial cells was investigated. OR2H2 was the most highly expressed olfactory receptor expressed in VK2/E6E7 cells, and activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13, a ligand of OR2H2, increased the intracellular calcium and cAMP concentrations. Immunoblotting demonstrated that activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 stimulated the CAMKKβ-AMPK-mTORC1-autophagy signaling axis, and that these effects were negated by OR2H2 knockdown. AMPK is known to regulate senescence; consequently, we investigated further the effect of aldehyde 13-13 on senescence. In H2O2-induced senescent cells, activation of OR2H2 by aldehyde 13-13 restored proliferation, and reduced the expression of senescence markers, P16 and P19. Additionally, aldehyde 13-13 induced apoptosis of H2O2-induced senescent cells, compared with non-senescent normal cells. In vivo, aldehyde 13-13 increased the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans and budding yeast. These findings demonstrate that OR2H2 is a functional receptor in VK2/E6E7 cells, and that activation of OR2H2 activates the AMPK-autophagy axis, and suppresses cellular aging and senescence, which may increase cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Sina Dziobaka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Ye Eun Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Ji Hyun Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - In-Ryeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Daniel Weidinger
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalcin Gulperi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea;
- Korea Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.M.K.); (Y.E.Y.); (H.L.L.); (J.H.J.); (I.-R.L.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (Y.G.); (C.-K.L.)
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (S.D.); (D.W.)
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
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Wu L, Zhou L, An J, Shao X, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao G, Chen S, Cui X, Zhang X, Yang F, Li X, Zhang X. Comprehensive profiling of extracellular vesicles in uveitis and scleritis enables biomarker discovery and mechanism exploration. J Transl Med 2023; 21:388. [PMID: 37322475 PMCID: PMC10273650 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis and posterior scleritis are sight-threatening diseases with undefined pathogenesis and accurate diagnosis remains challenging. METHODS Two plasma-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations, small and large EVs, obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, Behcet's disease uveitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and posterior scleritis were subjected to proteomics analysis alongside plasma using SWATH-MS. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed on the proteomic profiles of sEVs, lEVs, and plasma. Candidate biomarkers were validated in a new cohort using ELISA. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between clinical parameters and proteomic data. Connectivity map database was used to predict therapeutic agents. RESULTS In total, 3,668 proteins were identified and over 3000 proteins were quantified from 278 samples. When comparing diseased group to healthy control, the proteomic profiles of the two EV subgroups were more correlated with disease than plasma. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis highlighted potential pathogenic mechanisms for these diseases. Potential biomarker panels for four diseases were identified and validated. We found a negative correlation between plasma endothelin-converting enzyme 1 level and mean retinal thickness. Potential therapeutic drugs were proposed, and their targets were identified. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a proteomic landscape of plasma and EVs involved in ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, Behcet's disease uveitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and posterior scleritis, offers insights into disease pathogenesis, identifies valuable biomarker candidates, and proposes promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, School of Optometry, Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | | | - Shuang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xuexue Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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Mao B, Yuan W, Wu F, Yan Y, Wang B. Autophagy in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:115. [PMID: 37019879 PMCID: PMC10076300 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a major complication of liver resection or liver transplantation that can seriously affect patient's prognosis. There is currently no definitive and effective treatment strategy for HIRI. Autophagy is an intracellular self-digestion pathway initiated to remove damaged organelles and proteins, which maintains cell survival, differentiation, and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is involved in the regulation of HIRI. Numerous drugs and treatments can change the outcome of HIRI by controlling the pathways of autophagy. This review mainly discusses the occurrence and development of autophagy, the selection of experimental models for HIRI, and the specific regulatory pathways of autophagy in HIRI. Autophagy has considerable potential in the treatment of HIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Mao
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bailin Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? Autophagy Rep 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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Chen H, Xu K, Sun C, Gui S, Wu J, Wang S. Inhibition of ANGPT2 activates autophagy during hypertrophic scar formation via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:26-35. [PMID: 36272879 PMCID: PMC9837657 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scar (HS), a fibroproliferative disorder caused by aberrant wound healing following skin injuries such as burns, lacerations and surgery, is characterized by invasive proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. The dysregulation of autophagy is the pathological basis of HS formation. Previously, angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) was found to be overexpressed in HS fibroblasts (HSFs) compared with normal skin fibroblasts. However, whether ANGPT2 participates in the process of HS formation and the potential molecular mechanisms are not clear. OBJECTIVE This study is intended to figure out the role of ANGPT2 and ANGPT2-mediated autophagy during the development of HS. METHODS RT-qPCR was used to detect ANGPT2 expression in HS tissues and HSFs. HSFs were transfected with sh-ANGPT2 to knock down ANGPT2 expression and then treated with MHT1485, the mTOR agonist. The effects of sh-ANGPT2 or MHT1485 on the proliferation, migration, autophagy and ECM accumulation of HSFs were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay and western blotting. The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway-related molecules (p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR) was assessed by western blotting. RESULTS ANGPT2 expression was markedly upregulated in HS tissues and HSFs. ANGPT2 knockdown decreased the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR. ANGPT2 knockdown activated autophagy and inhibited the proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation of HSFs. Additionally, the treatment of MHT1485, the mTOR agonist, on ANGPT2-downregulated HSFs, partially reversed the influence of ANGPT2 knockdown on HSFs. STUDY LIMITATIONS The study lacks the establishment of more stable in vivo animal models of HS for investigating the effects of ANGPT2 on HS formation in experimental animals. CONCLUSIONS ANGPT2 downregulation represses growth, migration, and ECM accumulation of HSFs via autophagy activation by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our study provides a novel potential therapeutic target for HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Chen
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Sun
- The Sixth Resignation Cadre Sanatorium of Shandong Province Military Region, Qingdao, China
| | - Si Gui
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Song Wang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Tumor and Intervention, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Corresponding author.
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Ripa I, Andreu S, López-guerrero JA, Bello-morales R. Interplay between Autophagy and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1: ICP34.5, One of the Main Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13643. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally may spread to the central nervous system (CNS), being the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. One of the main neurovirulence factors of HSV-1 is the protein ICP34.5, which although it initially seems to be relevant only in neuronal infections, it can also promote viral replication in non-neuronal cells. New ICP34.5 functions have been discovered during recent years, and some of them have been questioned. This review describes the mechanisms of ICP34.5 to control cellular antiviral responses and debates its most controversial functions. One of the most discussed roles of ICP34.5 is autophagy inhibition. Although autophagy is considered a defense mechanism against viral infections, current evidence suggests that this antiviral function is only one side of the coin. Different types of autophagic pathways interact with HSV-1 impairing or enhancing the infection, and both the virus and the host cell modulate these pathways to tip the scales in its favor. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the interplay between autophagy and HSV-1, focusing on the intricate role of ICP34.5 in the modulation of this pathway to fight the battle against cellular defenses.
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Zhang H, Li Z, Li C, Chen R, Liu T, Jiang Y. Antiviral Effect of Polyphenolic Substances in Geranium wilfordii Maxim against HSV-2 Infection Using in vitro and in silico Approaches. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022:7953728. [PMID: 35646147 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7953728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infestation was the most widespread STD (sexually transmitted diseases) among humans and was the leading cause of infectious recurrent genital herpes. Existing therapies against HSV-2 did incompletely restrain the comeback of activated HSV-2 infestation. Geranium wilfordii Maxim had long been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treating the diseases owing to its anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Herein, the study was designed to investigate the antiviral activity of G.wilfordii and its potential effect in regulating the host's immune response. Methods To identify the stage of infection at which the compounds inhibited HSV-2, we performed virucidal, therapeutic, and prophylactic assays. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by the analysis of viral components HSV-2 gD and VP16. The antiviral activities of these compounds were also evaluated by phenotypic analysis, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Molecular docking studies on candidate compounds were done to indicate binding interactions between the compounds and adopted compound targets. Results Quercetin, corilagin, and geraniin inhibited the replication of HSV-2, with geraniin showing greater TI. The obtained IC50 value of quercetin was 204.7 μM and TI (IC50/EC50) was 5.1, whereas the obtained IC50 value of corilagin was 118.0 μg/ml and TI was 4.05. Geraniin exhibited prominent antiviral activity with an IC50 of 212.4 μM and an EC50 of 18.37 μM, resulting in a therapeutic index (TI) of 11.56. Geraniin showed important in vitro virucidal activity through blocking viral attachment. Compared with the virus group, the apoptosis rates in quercetin-, corilagin-, and geraniin-treated groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.001).The expressions at the transcription genes of virus own replication key factors (including HSV-2 gD and VP16) and cytokines (including TBK1) of infected cells treated with quercetin, corilagin, and geraniin were inhibited. The in silico approaches demonstrated a high number of potential strong intermolecular interactions as hydrogen bonds between geraniin, corilagin, and the activity site of HSV-2 gD. Molecular docking studies demonstrated the effects of corilagin by targeting TBK1. Conclusions Together, these results highlighted the importance of G.wilfordii treatment in HSV-2 infection and underscored its therapeutic potential. However, additional in vitro and in vivo research was required to validate our findings.
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Shao Q, Wu F, Liu T, Wang W, Liu T, Jin X, Xu L, Ma Y, Huang G, Chen Z. JieZe-1 Alleviates HSV-2 Infection-Induced Genital Herpes in Balb/c Mice by Inhibiting Cell Apoptosis via Inducing Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775521. [PMID: 34803718 PMCID: PMC8595469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Genital herpes (GH) is a common sexually transmitted disease mainly caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). JieZe-1 (JZ-1) is an in-hospital prescription that has been used in Tongji Hospital for many years to treat various lower female genital tract infectious diseases. Our previous study showed that JZ-1 can protect against HSV-2 infection in vitro by inducing autophagy. However, whether JZ-1 can protect against HSV-2 infection in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms involved still remain unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to address above questions. Methods: 8-week-old female balb/c mice were injected intravaginally with HSV-2 to establish GH model. The symptom score, body weight, and histological examination were recorded to assess the animal model of HSV-2 infected and the therapeutic effect of JZ-1. Inflammatory response was determined by detecting inflammatory cells infiltration and local cytokines levels. After then, under autophagy inhibitor chloroquine application, we measured the levels of cell apoptosis and autophagy and investigated the relationship between enhanced autophagy and cell apoptosis. Next, the classic PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis was examined, and in vitro experiment was carried out for further verification. Results: Our results showed that JZ-1 administration significantly reduces symptom score, increases weight gain and alleviates histological damage in HSV-2 infection-induced GH in balb/c mice. JZ-1 administration obviously ameliorates inflammatory responses with reduced T-lymphocytes, T helper cells, macrophages and neutrophils infiltration, and local IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CCL2 levels. HSV-2 infection leads to massive cell apoptosis, which was also restored by JZ-1. Meanwhile, we found that HSV-2 infection blocks autophagic flux in vivo and JZ-1 administration induces autophagy. After chloroquine application, it was observed that the inhibition of autophagy is strongly associated with increased cell apoptosis, whereas the promotion of autophagy remarkedly decreases apoptosis. These results suggested that JZ-1 inhibits cell apoptosis in GH by inducing autophagy, which was further supported in later in vitro experiment. Additionally, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was also downregulated by JZ-1 administration. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that JZ-1 can alleviate HSV-2 infection-induced GH in balb/c mice by inhibiting cell apoptosis via inducing autophagy, and the underlying mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximing Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangying Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhu H, Dai O, Zhou F, Yang L, Liu F, Liu Y, He YL, Bu L, Guo L, Peng C, Xiong L. Discovery of bletillain, an unusual benzyl polymer with significant autophagy-inducing effects in A549 lung cancer cells through the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105449. [PMID: 34736136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumors with the highest mortality and morbidity. The tubers of Bletilla striata are known as "an excellent medicine for lung diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine. This study performed a targeted study to explore compounds with anti-lung cancer activity and the molecular mechanisms using A549 cells. Eighteen bibenzyl derivatives, including four new compounds (13, 14, 16, and 18), were isolated from the tubers of B. striata. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship indicated that the cytotoxicity of the bibenzyls against A549 cells increased gradually as the number of the benzyl groups in the structures increased. Bletillain (18), an unusual benzyl polymer, was found to be the most active compound. Further flow cytometric analysis, dual-luciferase assays, real-time PCR assays, and western blot assays revealed that bletillain induced autophagy in A549 cells by regulating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Beclin 1, LC3, and p62 are downstream autophagy factors of Akt, and Beclin 1 was the key autophagy factor. These results suggested that bibenzyls of B. striata play important roles in the treatment of lung cancer and provided scientific evidence illustrating why the tubers of B. striata are a suitable medicine for the treatment of lung cancer in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ou Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu-Lin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Duan Q, Liu T, Huang C, Shao Q, Ma Y, Wang W, Liu T, Sun J, Fang J, Huang G, Chen Z. The Chinese Herbal Prescription JieZe-1 Inhibits Membrane Fusion and the Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway in a Genital Herpes Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707695. [PMID: 34630083 PMCID: PMC8497740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 is effective for genital herpes with no visible adverse effects clinically. It showed an excellent anti-HSV-2 effect in vitro. However, its mechanism of anti-HSV-2 effect in vivo remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-HSV-2 effect of JieZe-1 and berberine in a genital herpes mouse model and explore the underlying mechanism. The fingerprint of JieZe-1 was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. First, we optimized a mouse model of genital herpes. Next, the weight, symptom score, morphological changes, viral load, membrane fusion proteins, critical proteins of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokines, and immune cells of vaginal tissue in mice at different time points were measured. Finally, we treated the genital herpes mouse model with JieZe-1 gel (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 g/ml) and tested the above experimental indexes at 12 h and on the 9th day after modeling. JieZe-1 improved the symptoms, weight, and histopathological damage of genital herpes mice, promoted the keratin repair of tissues, and protected organelles to maintain the typical morphology of cells. It downregulated the expression of membrane fusion proteins, critical proteins of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokines, and immune cells. The vaginal, vulvar, and spinal cord viral load and vaginal virus shedding were also significantly reduced. In summary, JieZe-1 shows significant anti-HSV-2 efficacy in vivo. The mechanism is related to the inhibition of membrane fusion, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, inflammatory cytokines, and cellular immunity. However, berberine, the main component of JieZe-1 monarch medicine, showed no efficacy at a concentration of 891.8 μM (0.3 mg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Duan
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangying Huang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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