Prospects of using nanotechnology for food preservation, safety, and security

Enhancing post-harvest quality of tomato fruits with chitosan oligosaccharide-zinc oxide nanocomposites: A study on biocompatibility, quality improvement, and carotenoid enhancement

In this study, a new composite with combination of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), termed Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites (COS-ZnO NC), was designed to enhance the quality of tomato fruits during postharvest storage. SEM analysis showed a uniform distribution of COS-ZnO NC films on tomato surfaces, indicating high biocompatibility, while the FTIR spectrum confirmed the interaction of COS and ZnO NPs via hydrogen bonds. The COS-ZnO NC exerts positive effects on post-harvest quality of tomato fruits, including significantly reduced water loss, fewer skin wrinkles, increased sugar-acid ratio, and enhanced vitamin C and carotenoids accumulation. Furthermore, COS-ZnO NC induces transcription of carotenoid biosynthesis genes and promotes carotenoids storage in the chromoplast. These results suggest that the COS-ZnO NC film can significantly improve the quality traits of tomato fruits, and therefore is potential in post-harvest storage of tomato fruits.

Carbon nanotubes: a novel innovation as food supplements and biosensing for food safety

Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as an extensively growing field. Several important fabricated products including Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of great importance and hold significance in several industrial sectors, mainly food industry. Recent developments have come up with methodologies for the prevention of health complications like lack of adequate nutrition in our diet. This review delves deeper into the details of the food supplementation techniques and how CNTs function in this regard. This review includes the challenges in using CNTs for food applications and their future prospects in the industry. Food shortage has become a global issue and limiting food resources put an additional burden on the farmers for growing crops. Apart from quantity, quality should also be taken into consideration and new ways should be developed for increasing nutritional value of food items. Food supplementation has several complications due to the biologically active compounds and reaction in the in vivo environment, CNTs can play a crucial role in countering this problem through the supplementation of food by various processes including; nanoencapsulation and nanobiofortification thus stimulating crop growth and seed germination rates. CNTs also hold a key position in biosensing and diagnostic application for either the quality control of the food supplements or the detection of contagions like toxins, chemicals, dyes, pesticides, pathogens, additives, and preservatives. Detection such pathogens can help in attaining global food security goal and better production and provision of food resources. The data used in the current review was collected up to date as of March 31, 2024 and contains the best of our knowledge. Data collection was performed from various reliable and authentic literatures comprising PubMed database, Springer Link, Scopus, Wiley Online, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Research related to commercially available CNTs has been added for the readers seeking additional information on the use of CNTs in various economic sectors.

Blood cell alterations in Colossoma macropomum juveniles caused by silver nanoparticles

This study evaluated the median lethal concentration of silver nanoparticles and their effects in fish tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Therefore, an acute toxicity assay was carried out in completely randomized design evaluating six different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on blood parameters of tambaqui. The silver nanoparticles were produced by chemical reduction with polyvinyl alcohol (AgNP-PVA). The lethal concentration 50% (LC50) was estimated using probit regression. The blood was collected, analyzed and the data were submitted to T-test (dying x surviving fish) and Tukey test (surviving fish). An increase in glucose, hematocrit, total plasma protein, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils as well as reduced MCV (mean corpuscular volume) in dying fish compared to surviving fish were observed. Survived fish exposed to 187.5 µg/L showed an increase in hematocrit, MCV, and MCH and a reduction in erythrocytes, total numbers of leukocyte, thrombocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil. The fish exposed to concentrations below 125 µg/L, had returned the blood parameter to baselines compared to control. The estimated LC50 was 165.09 µg/L and was classified as highly toxic for the fish tambaqui. In higher concentrations, it causes an acute respiratory toxicity, but in concentrations below 125 µg/L, the fish can adapt to the stressing agent.

Inkjet-printed sub-zero temperature sensor for real-time monitoring of cold environments

Real-time monitoring of low temperatures (usually below 0 °C) or cold environments is a specific requirement that finds its high demand in the aerospace, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries to maintain the temperature at high altitudes or in refrigerators and cold storage. In general, this purpose is achieved by using a sub-zero temperature sensor coupled with a control system. However, the market available such temperature sensors are very expensive, and bulky, thus not being suitable for portable operation, and also they suffer from poor accuracy. Therefore, the development of high-performance, low-cost, lightweight, and portable sub-zero temperature sensors is highly desired. In our recent work, we developed such sensors and integrated them with auxiliary electronics to demonstrate their wireless operation for the continuous and real-time monitoring of cold environments. So, in order to obtain low-cost sensors a cost-effective inkjet printing technology was employed for the fabrication of devices. A lightweight polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the substrate and an electrically conducting graphene nanocomposite was used as the temperature-sensing material. To obtain a functional graphene nanocomposite film with a thickness of 530 nm and a conductivity of ~189 S m-1, the printed graphene nanocomposite was photonically sintered using a xenon flash lamp. This step was crucial for obtaining a sensor on the soft PDMS platform. The graphene nanocomposite film exhibited a positive temperature coefficient resistance value of approximately 0.119 %/°C, and its resistance values varied almost linearly (with an Adjusted R2 value (model accuracy) of 0.99) with temperature within the operating range of -30 °C to 80 °C. The sensor was properly encapsulated for protection without significantly affecting its performance. The sensors demonstrated sufficient flexibility, with a bending radius of 20 mm, and sustained 500 continuous bending cycles. Finally, the real-time operation of the sensors was demonstrated by wirelessly transmitting and monitoring the temperature over a smartphone platform.

A robust electrochemical sensor based on AgNWs@MoS2 for highly sensitive detection of thiabendazole residues in food samples

Thiabendazole (TBZ), a highly toxic phosphorothioate insecticide commonly used in postharvest fruit management, has the potential to cause detrimental effects on human health as an endocrine disruptor. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed to detect TBZ by modifying MoS2 on silver nanowires (Ag NWs@MoS2) and integrating them onto a glassy carbon surface. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that TBZ underwent an irreversible, diffusion-controlled process on Ag NWs@MoS2, leading to a two-fold increase in peak current compared to unmodified MoS2. Square wave voltammetry facilitated TBZ detection, and the sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.05-10 μM with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9958) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.75 nM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). The sensor's applicability for food safety monitoring was verified through TBZ analysis in pear and apple samples, achieving recoveries of 95.5-103.6% with RSDs in the range of 1.98-3.25%.

Nanocoating and its application as antimicrobials in the food industry: A review

Nanocoatings are ultra-thin layers on the nanoscale (<100 nm) that are deposited on the substrate to improve their properties and functionality. These nanocoatings provide significant advantages compared to traditional coating, including stain resistance, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, odor control and delivery of active agents, and liquid repellence properties. In the food industry, nanocoating is widely used in the food packaging sector. In this regard, nanocoating offers antimicrobials and antioxidant properties to active food packaging by incorporating active bioactive compounds into materials used in already existing packaging. The application of nanocoating is applied to these kinds of food packaging with nano coating to improve shelf life, safety, and quality of food packaging. In smart/intelligent packaging, the active packaging coating is promising food packaging, which is designed by releasing preservatives and nanocoating as an antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, barrier coating, and self-cleaning food contact surfaces. In addition, nanocoating can be used for food contact surfaces, kitchen utensils, and food processing equipment to create antimicrobial, antireflective, and dirt-repellent properties. These are critical properties for food processing, especially for meat and dairy processing facilities, which can reduce biofilm formation and prevent cross-contamination. Recently, appreciable growth in the development of the application of nanocoating as edible films for coating food products has emerged to improve food safety issues. In this regard, much scientific research in the area of nanocoating fruits and vegetables, and other food products was performed to address food safety issues. Hence, this promising technology can be a great addition to the agricultural and food industries. Thus, this review addresses the most relevant information about this technology and the applications of nanocoating in the food industry.

A review of the bioactive properties of Mongolian plants, with a focus on their potential as natural food preservatives

Consumers have recently preferred food that is easy to make and of excellent quality, as well as food that is safe, natural, and minimally processed, but has a longer shelf life. Food deteriorates over time as a result of microbiological, chemical, or physical changes. Phytochemicals derived from medicinal and food plants have long been recognized for their biological activity to protect plants. These bioactivities are designed to increase the shelf life of food while inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. The use of natural plant food preservatives containing bioactive compounds as health-promoting agents is particularly intriguing. Furthermore, due to their effectiveness against food spoilage and foodborne pathogens, natural plant-origin antimicrobial compounds have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial compounds for preserving food quality. This review focused on the plant composition and properties that can be utilized as a natural food preservative, as well as the possibilities of using Mongolian medicinal plants.

Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds: nanodelivery through polysaccharide-based systems to improve the biological properties

Plant-derived polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds widely distributed in plants. They have received greater attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their potential health benefits, reducing the risk of some chronic diseases due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuro-action properties. Polyphenolic compounds orally administered can be used as adjuvants in several treatments but with restricted uses due to chemical instability. The review discusses the different structural compositions of polyphenols and their influence on chemical stability. Despite the potential and wide applications, there is a need to improve the delivery of polyphenolics to target the human intestine without massive chemical modifications. Oral administration of polyphenols is unfeasible due to instability, low bioaccessibility, and limited bioavailability. Nano-delivery systems based on polysaccharides (starch, pectin, chitosan, and cellulose) have been identified as a viable option for oral ingestion, potentiate biological effects, and direct-controlled delivery in specific tissues. The time and dose can be individualized for specific diseases, such as intestinal cancer. This review will address the mechanisms by which polysaccharides-based nanostructured systems can protect against degradation and enhance intestinal permeation, oral bioavailability, and the potential application of polysaccharides as nanocarriers for the controlled and targeted delivery of polyphenolic compounds.

Multidimensional applications and potential health implications of nanocomposites

This study reviews the concept, classifications, and techniques involved in the synthesis of nanocomposites. The environmental and health implications of nanoparticles and composite materials were detailed, as well as the applications of nanocomposites in water remediation, antibacterial application, and printed circuit boards. The study gave insights into the challenges of water pollution treatment and provided a broad list of nanocomposites that have been explored for water remediation. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistance to many antibiotics has made current antibiotics inadequate in the treatment of disease. This has engineered the development of alternative strategies in the drug industries for the production of effective therapeutic agents, comprising nanocomposites with antibacterial agents. The new therapeutic agents known as nanoantibiotics are more efficient and have paved the way to handle the challenges of antibiotic resistance. In printed circuit boards, nanocomposites have shown promising applications because of their distinct mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. The uniqueness of the write-up is that it provides a broad explanation of the concept, synthesis, application, toxicity, and harmful effects of nanocomposites. Thus, it will provide all-inclusive awareness to readers to identify research gaps and motivate researchers to synthesize novel nanocomposites for use in various fields.

Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation

The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.

Sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper nanocomposites (Ag-CuO NCs) using Ocimum americanum L. as an effective regime against antibacterial, anticancer, photocatalytic dye degradation and microalgae toxicity

In this study, a sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper oxide nanocomposites (Ag-CuO NCs) was accomplished utilizing Ocimum americanum L. by one pot green chemistry method. The multifarious biological and environmental applications of the green fabricated Ag-CuO NCs were evaluated through their antibacterial, anticancer, dye degradation, and microalgae growth inhibition activities. The morphological features of the surface functionalized hybrid Ag-CuO NCs were confirmed by FE-SEM and HR-TEM techniques. The surface plasmon resonance λ_max peak appeared at 441.56 nm. The average hydrodynamic size distribution of synthesized nanocomposite was 69.80 nm. Zeta potential analysis of Ag-CuO NCs confirmed its remarkable stability at -21.5 mV. XRD and XPS techniques validated the crystalline structure and electron binding affinity of NCs, respectively. The Ag-CuO NCs demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity against Vibrio cholerae (19.93 ± 0.29 mm) at 100 μg/mL. Anticancer efficacy of Ag-CuO NCs was investigated against the A549 lung cancer cell line, and Ag-CuO NCs exhibited outstanding antiproliferative activity with a low IC₅₀ of 2.8 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Furthermore, staining and comet assays substantiated that the Ag-CuO NCs hindered the progression of the A549 cells and induced apoptosis as a result of cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase. Concerning the environmental applications, the Ag-CuO NCs displayed efficient photocatalytic activity against eosin yellow degradation up to 80.94% under sunlight irradiation. Microalgae can be used as an early bio-indicator/prediction of environmental contaminants and toxic substances. The treatment of the Ag-CuO NCs on the growth of marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica demonstrated the dose and time-dependent growth reduction and variations in the chlorophyll content. Therefore, the efficient multifunctional properties of hybrid Ag-CuO NCs could be exploited as a regime against infective diseases and cancer. Further, the findings of our investigation witness the remarkable scope and potency of Ag-CuO NCs for environmental applications.

Carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsions produced with a natural emulsifier for lettuce sanitization

Carvacrol is an antimicrobial agent that shows potential for eliminating microorganisms in vegetables, increasing food safety. However, intense odor and low water solubility of carvacrol are limiting factors for its application for fresh vegetables sanitization, which can be overcome by nanotechnology. Two different nanoemulsions containing carvacrol (11 mg/mL) were developed by probe sonication: carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS) and carvacrol-polysorbate 80 nanoemulsion (CNP). Formulations presented appropriate droplet sizes (from 74.7 nm to 168.2 nm) and high carvacrol encapsulation efficiency (EE) (from 89.5 % to 91.5 %). CNS showed adequate droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.22) and high zeta potential values (around -30 mV) compared to CNP, with saponin chosen for the following experiments. Carvacrol nanoemulsions presented Bacterial Inactivation Concentration (BIC) against the Salmonella cocktail from 5.51 to 0.69 mg/mL and for the E. coli cocktail from 1.84 to 0.69 mg/mL. Among all tested nanoemulsions, CNS1 presented the lowest BIC (0.69 mg/mL) against both bacterial cocktails. Damage to bacterial cells in lettuce treated with nanoemulsion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. For lettuce sanitization, CNS1 showed a similar effect to unencapsulated carvacrol, with a high bacterial reduction (>3 log CFU/g) after lettuce immersion for 15 min at 2 × BIC. Using the same immersion time, the CNS1 (2 × BIC) demonstrated equal or better efficacy in reducing both tested bacterial cocktails (>3 log CFU/g) when compared to acetic acid (6.25 mg/mL), citric acid (25 mg/mL), and sodium hypochlorite solution (150 ppm). Lettuce immersed in CNS1 at both concentrations (BIC and 2 × BIC) did not change the color and texture of leaves, while the unencapsulated carvacrol at 2 × BIC darkened them and reduced their firmness. Consequently, carvacrol-saponin nanoemulsion (CNS1) proved to be a potential sanitizer for lettuce.

Comparing the Effect of Moringa Aqueous Extract and Selenium Nanoparticles Against Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Plant extracts were widely used to maintain postprandial levels and minimize diabetes complications. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of selenium nanoparticles and aqueous extract of the <i>Moringa</i> plant against diabetes mellitus complications and compare their therapeutic effects. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Fifty six Wistar male rats were divided randomly into 8 groups (7 rats each): (i) Control, (ii): Received corn oil, (iii): Treated with Se-NPs, (iv): Injected orally with <i>Moringa</i> aqueous extract (MAE), (v): Treated with a single i.p., dose of streptozotocin (STZ), (vi): Single i.p., dose of STZ followed by Se-NPs, (vii): Treated with a single i.p., dose of STZ then MAE orally and (viii): Injected with STZ and then received Se-NPs. After 4 weeks the blood sera were isolated and stored at -20°C for investigation of values of insulin, GSH, MDA, SOD, GSH-PX, triglycerides, T-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. <b>Results:</b> The STZ treatment decreased insulin, HDL cholesterol and body weight values while increasing glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and mild degeneration of islets of Langerhans. The single treatment of diabetic rats with either MAE or Se-NPs exhibited a decline in the levels of serum glucose, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, MDA and GSH, improving the HDL-cholesterol, insulin level and body weight. <b>Conclusion:</b> The co-administration of diabetic rats with MAE and Se-NPs resulted in a prominent improvement that was revealed by restoring beta-cell function, reducing blood glucose levels and stimulating insulin production rather than their single therapeutic use.

Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles' Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems

In the last four decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum with no sign of slowing down. The application of inventions or products from nanotechnology has revolutionised all aspects of everyday life ranging from medical applications to its impact on the food industry. Nanoparticles have made it possible to significantly extend the shelf lives of food product, improve intracellular delivery of hydrophobic drugs and improve the efficacy of specific therapeutics such as anticancer agents. As a consequence, nanotechnology has not only impacted the global standard of living but has also impacted the global economy. In this review, the characteristics of nanoparticles that confers them with suitable and potentially toxic biological effects, as well as their applications in different biological fields and nanoparticle-based drugs and delivery systems in biomedicine including nano-based drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are discussed. The possible consequence of continuous exposure to nanoparticles due to the increased use of nanotechnology and possible solution is also highlighted.

Gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol)-based functional films integrated with spent coffee ground-derived carbon dots and grapefruit seed extract for active packaging application

Nanoparticles are attractive, functional additives with great potential to be applied in biomaterial and food packaging. However, these particles are not soluble in water, thus limiting their widespread application. Here, we report a facile fabrication of carbon dots (CDs) using the spent coffee ground as the carbon source through a hydrothermal method. The CD was added to the gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Gel/PVA) film and grapefruit seed extract (GSE) to prepare multifunctional packaging films. The functional films' physiochemical and functional properties and packaging application were investigated. The composite film showed good UV protection properties with a slight decrease in transparency. The composite film containing CD/GSE showed strong antioxidant activity, scavenging >38 % DPPH and 100 % ABTS radicals. The film also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, completely eradicating the growth of these bacteria within 9 h of exposure. The CD/GSE-incorporated Gel/PVA films were used for pork packaging. The films were able to enhance the pork shelf life by reducing the L. monocytogenes bacterial growth in meat by 2 Log CFU/mL lower than the control wrapping film. The multifunctional Gel/PVA films are expected to be used for the active packaging of meat products.

Nanomaterials in agriculture for plant health and food safety: a comprehensive review on the current state of agro-nanoscience

In the modern epoch, nanotechnology took forward the agriculture and food industry with new tools that promise to increase food production sustainably. It also anticipated that it would become a driving economic force shortly. Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce agricultural inputs, enrich the soil by absorbing nutrients, manage plant diseases, and detect diseases. The aim of the present review is to cover the potential aspects of nanoscience and its trend-setting appliances in modern agriculture and food production. This review focuses on the impact of various nanomaterials on plant health to improve agricultural production and its cooperative approach to food production. Nanotechnology has great potential compared to conventional approaches. The appealing path of nanotrends in the farming sector raises hopes and illuminates the route of innovative technologies to overcome various diseases in plants with an enhanced yield to meet the growing global population's need for food security.

Recent innovation and impacts of nano-based technologies for wastewater treatment on humans: a review

Sustainable wastewater management requires environment-friendly, efficient, and cost-effective methods of water treatment. The ever-growing list of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater requires advanced, efficient, and cost-effective techniques for its treatment to combat the increasing water demand. The nano-based technologies hold great potential in improving water treatment efficiency and augmenting the water supply. However, the environmental effects of these technologies are still questionable among the public and scientific community. The present review discusses risks to human health due to the use of nano-based technology for the removal of emerging contaminants in water. The discussion will be about the impacts of these technologies on humans. Recommendations about safe and environmentally friendly options for nano-based technology for water treatment have been included. Safest options of nano-based technologies for water treatment and steps to minimize the risk associated with them have also been incorporated in this article. Since all biological systems are different, separate risk analyses should be performed at the environmentally relevant concentration for different durations. There is little/no information on the quantitative impact on humans and requires more understanding. The quantitative measurement of the cellular uptake of nanoparticles is usually difficult. We hope this article will serve its purpose for water researchers, medical researchers, environmentalists, policymakers, and the government.

Nanotechnology - A new frontier of nano-farming in agricultural and food production and its development

The potential of nanotechnology for the development of sustainable agriculture has been promising. The initiatives to meet the rising food needs of the rapidly growing world population are mainly powered by sustainable agriculture. Nanoparticles are used in agriculture due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics. The interaction of nanomaterials with soil components is strongly determined in terms of soil quality and plant growth. Numerous research has been carried out to investigate how nanoparticles affect the growth and development of plants. Nanotechnology has been applied to improve the quality and reduce post-harvest loss of agricultural products by extending their shelf life, particularly for fruits and vegetables. This review assesses the latest literature on nanotechnology, which is used as a nano-biofertilizer as seen in the agricultural field for high productivity and better growth of plants, an important source of balanced nutrition for the crop, seed germination, and quality enrichment. Additionally, post-harvest food processing and packaging can benefit greatly from the use of nanotechnology to cut down on food waste and contamination. It also critically discusses the mechanisms involved in nanoparticle absorption and translocation within the plants and the synthesis of green nanoparticles.

Synthesis and Catalytic Study of NiAg Bimetallic Core-Shell Nanoparticles

This publication presents the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles, where the core was Ni, and the shell was a Ag-Ni nano alloy. The synthesis was based on the reduction of Ni and Ag ions with sodium borohydride in the presence of trisodium citrate as a stabilizer. In order to determine the phase composition of the obtained nanoparticles, an XRD study was performed, and in order to identify the oxidation states of the nanoparticle components, an XPS spectroscopic study was performed. The composition and shape of the particles were determined using the HR-TEM EDS test. The obtained nanoparticles had a size of 11 nm. The research on catalytic properties was carried out in the model methylene blue reduction system. The investigation of the catalytic activity of colloids was carried out with the use of UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The Ag-Ni alloy was about ten times more active than were pure silver nanoparticles of a similar size.

Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry

Nanotechnology, contrary to its name, has massively revolutionized industries around the world. This paper predominantly deals with data regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the modernization of several industries. A comprehensive research strategy is adopted to incorporate the latest data driven from major science platforms. Resultantly, a broad-spectrum overview is presented which comprises the diverse applications of nanotechnology in modern industries. This study reveals that nanotechnology is not limited to research labs or small-scale manufacturing units of nanomedicine, but instead has taken a major share in different industries. Companies around the world are now trying to make their innovations more efficient in terms of structuring, working, and designing outlook and productivity by taking advantage of nanotechnology. From small-scale manufacturing and processing units such as those in agriculture, food, and medicine industries to larger-scale production units such as those operating in industries of automobiles, civil engineering, and environmental management, nanotechnology has manifested the modernization of almost every industrial domain on a global scale. With pronounced cooperation among researchers, industrialists, scientists, technologists, environmentalists, and educationists, the more sustainable development of nano-based industries can be predicted in the future.

Current trends in nano-delivery systems for functional foods: a systematic review

Background

Increased awareness of the relationship between certain components in food beyond basic nutrition and health has generated interest in the production and consumption. Functional foods owe much of their health benefits to the presence of bioactive components. Despite their importance, their poor stability, solubility, and bioavailability may require the use of different strategies including nano-delivery systems (NDS) to sustain delivery and protection during handling, storage, and ingestion. Moreover, increasing consumer trend for non-animal sourced ingredients and interest in sustainable production invigorate the need to evaluate the utility of plant-based NDS.

Method

In the present study, 129 articles were selected after screening from Google Scholar searches using key terms from current literature.

Scope

This review provides an overview of current trends in the use of bioactive compounds as health-promoting ingredients in functional foods and the main methods used to stabilize these components. The use of plant proteins as carriers in NDS for bioactive compounds and the merits and challenges of this approach are also explored. Finally, the review discusses the application of protein-based NDS in food product development and highlights challenges and opportunities for future research.

Key Findings

Plant-based NDS is gaining recognition in food research and industry for their role in improving the shelf life and bioavailability of bioactives. However, concerns about safety and possible toxicity limit their widespread application. Future research efforts that focus on mitigating or enhancing their safety for food applications is warranted.

Recent insights into metallic nanoparticles in shelf-life extension of agrifoods: Properties, green synthesis, and major applications

Nanotechnology emerged as a revolutionary technology in various fields of applied sciences, such as biomedical engineering and food technology. The pivotal roles of nanocompounds have been explored in various fields, such as food protection, preservation, and enhancement of shelf life. In this sequence, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are proven to be useful in developing products with antimicrobial activity and subsequently improve the shelf life of agrifoods. The major application of MNPs has been observed in the packaging industry due to the combining ability of biopolymers with MNPs. In recent years, various metal nanoparticles have been explored to formulate various active food packaging materials. However, the method of production and the need for risk evaluation are still a topic of discussion among researchers around the world. In general, MNPs are synthesized by various chemical and physical means, which may pose variable health risks. To overcome such issues, the green synthesis of MNPs using microbial and plant extracts has been proposed by various researchers. In this review, we aimed at exploring the green synthesis of MNPs, their properties and characterization, various ways of utilizing MNPs to extend their shelf life, and, most importantly, the risk associated with these along with their quality and safety considerations.

Perinatal exposure to foodborne inorganic nanoparticles: A role in the susceptibility to food allergy?

Food allergy (FA) is an inappropriate immune response against dietary antigens. Various environmental factors during perinatal life may alter the establishment of intestinal homeostasis, thereby predisposing individuals to the development of such immune-related diseases. Among these factors, recent studies have emphasized the chronic dietary exposure of the mother to foodborne inorganic nanoparticles (NP) such as nano-sized silicon dioxide (SiO₂), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) or silver (Ag). Indeed, there is growing evidence that these inorganic agents, used as food additives in various products, as processing aids during food manufacturing or in food contact materials, can cross the placental barrier and reach the developing fetus. Excretion in milk is also suggested, hence continuing to expose the neonate during a critical window of susceptibility. Due to their immunotoxical and biocidal properties, such exposure may disrupt the host-intestinal microbiota's beneficial exchanges and may interfere with intestinal barrier and gut-associated immune system development in fetuses then the neonates. The resulting dysregulated intestinal homeostasis in the infant may significantly impede the induction of oral tolerance, a crucial process of immune unresponsiveness to food antigens. The current review focuses on the possible impacts of perinatal exposure to foodborne NP during pregnancy and early life on the susceptibility to developing FA.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Multifunctional Bimetallic Ag-CuO Nanohybrids and Their Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiproliferative Potential

The rapidly growing global problem of infectious pathogens acquiring resistance to conventional antibiotics is an instigating reason for researchers to continue the search for functional as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Hence, we aimed in this study to synthesis silver-copper oxide (Ag-CuO) nanohybrids as a function of Ag concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g) via the one-step hydrothermal method. The bimetallic Ag-CuO nanohybrids Ag-C-1, Ag-C-2, Ag-C-3 and Ag-C-4 were characterized for their physico-chemical properties. The SEM results showed pleomorphic Ag-CuO crystals; however, the majority of the particles were found in spherical shape. TEM results showed that the Ag-CuO nanohybrids in formulations Ag-C-1 and Ag-C-3 were in the size range of 20-35 nm. Strong signals of Ag, Cu and O in the EDX spectra revealed that the as-synthesized nanostructures are bimetallic Ag-CuO nanohybrids. The obtained Ag-C-1, Ag-C-2, Ag-C-3 and Ag-C-4 nanohybrids have shown their MICs and MBCs against E. coli and C. albicans in the range of 4-12 mg/mL and 2-24 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, dose-dependent toxicity and apoptosis process stimulation in the cultured human colon cancer HCT-116 cells have proven the Ag-CuO nanohybrids as promising antiproliferative agents against mammalian cancer.

Application of nanotechnology in food: processing, preservation, packaging and safety assessment

Even though nanotechnology is extensively applied in agriculture, biochemistry, medicine and many other sectors, it is a developing field that conforms to new and more complex applications in food systems as compared to other technologies. It offers a viable strategy for integrating cutting-edge technology into a wide range of operations related to the production, development, fabrication, packaging, storage and distribution of food. The most fundamentally sophisticated technology in nano-based food science, nanoparticles deal with a wide range of nanostructured materials and nano methods, including nanofood, nanotubes, nanocomposites, nano packaging, nanocapsules, nanosensors, liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles and nanoencapsulation. This method is developed to increase food solubility and shelf life, availability of bioactive chemical, the protection of food constituents, nutritional supplementation, fortification and food or constituent delivery. Additionally, it serves as an antibacterial agent by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause bacterial DNA damage, protein denaturation and cell damage. Although the use of nanotechnology in food applications is advancing, there are certain negative or dangerous effects on health related to the toxicity and dangers of ingesting nanoparticles in food. The use of nanotechnology in the food industry, notably in processing, preservation and packaging, with its promising future, was addressed in this study. The toxicity of nanoparticles in food as well as its development in food safety assessments with certain areas of concern were also reviewed.

Tunable metasurfaces via the humidity responsive swelling of single-step imprinted polyvinyl alcohol nanostructures

The application of hydrogels in nanophotonics has been restricted due to their low fabrication feasibility and refractive index. Nevertheless, their elasticity and strength are attractive properties for use in flexible, wearable-devices, and their swelling characteristics in response to the relative humidity highlight their potential for use in tunable nanophotonics. We investigate the use of nanostructured polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a one-step nanoimprinting technique for tunable and erasable optical security metasurfaces with multiplexed structural coloration and metaholography. The resolution of the PVA nanoimprinting reaches sub-100 nm, with aspect ratios approaching 10. In response to changes in the relative humidity, the PVA nanostructures swell by up to ~35.5%, providing precise wavefront manipulation of visible light. Here, we demonstrate various highly-secure multiplexed optical encryption metasurfaces to display, hide, or destroy encrypted information based on the relative humidity both irreversibly and reversibly.

PVA is a hydrogel that has attractive swelling properties for use in tunable photonic applications. Here, the authors exploit PVA with nanoimprint lithography to realize multiplexed optical encryption metasurfaces to display, hide, and destroy encrypted information.

The Green Era of Food Packaging: General Considerations and New Trends

Recently, academic research and industries have gained awareness about the economic, environmental, and social impacts of conventional plastic packaging and its disposal. This consciousness has oriented efforts towards more sustainable materials such as biopolymers, paving the way for the “green era” of food packaging. This review provides a schematic overview about polymers and blends of them, which are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional plastics. Focus was dedicated to biopolymers from renewable sources and their applications to produce sustainable, active packaging with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In particular, the incorporation of plant extracts, food-waste derivatives, and nano-sized materials to produce bio-based active packaging with enhanced technical performances was investigated. According to recent studies, bio-based active packaging enriched with natural-based compounds has the potential to replace petroleum-derived materials. Based on molecular composition, the natural compounds can diversely interact with the native structure of the packaging materials, modulating their barriers, optical and mechanical performances, and conferring them antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Overall, the recent academic findings could lead to a breakthrough in the field of food packaging, opening the gates to a new generation of packaging solutions which will be sustainable, customised, and green.

Recent advances in electrochemical-based sensors amplified with carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) for sensing pharmaceutical and food pollutants

Foodborne-related infections due to additives and pollutants pose a considerable task for food processing enterprises. Therefore, the competent, cost-effective, and quick investigation of nutrition additives and contaminants is essential to reduce the threat of public fitness problems. The electrochemical sensor (ECS) shows facile and potent analytical approaches desirable for food protection and quality inspection over traditional methods. The consequence of a broad display of nanomaterials has paved the path for their relevance in designing high-performance ECSs appliances for medical diagnostics and conditions and food protection. This review article has discussed the importance of electrochemical-based sensors amplified with carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs). Initially, we have demonstrated the types of pharmaceutical and food/agriculture pollutants (such as pesticides, heavy metals, antibiotics and other medical drugs) present in water. Subsequently, we have compiled the information on electrochemical techniques (such as voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and their crucial parameters for detecting pollutants. Further, the applications of CNMs for sensing pharmaceutical and food pollutants have been demonstrated in detail. Finally, the topic has been concluded with existing challenges and future prospects.

Microbe-fabricated nanoparticles as potent biomaterials for efficient food preservation

In recent years, cutting-edge nanotechnology research has revolutionized several facets of the food business, including food processing, packaging, transportation, preservation, and functioning. Nanotechnology has beginning to loom large in the food business as the industry's demand for biogenic nanomaterial grows. The intracellular and extracellular synthesis of metal, metal oxide, and other essential NPs has recently been explored in a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts, microalgae, and viruses. These microbes produce a variety extracellular material, exopolysaccharides, enzymes, and secondary metabolites which play key roles in synthesizing as well as stabilizing the nanoparticle (NPs). Furthermore, genetic engineering techniques can help them to improve their capacity to generate NPs more efficiently. As a result, using microorganisms to manufacture NPs is unique and has a promising future. Microbial-mediated synthesis of NPs has lately been popular as a more environmentally friendly alternative to physical and chemical methods of nanomaterial synthesis, which require higher prices, more energy consumption, and more complex reaction conditions, as well as a potentially dangerous environmental impact. It is critical to consider regulatory measures implemented at all stages of the process, from production through refining, packaging, preservation, and storage, when producing bionanomaterials derived from culturable microbes for efficient food preservation. The current review discusses the synthesis, mechanism of action, and possible food preservation uses of microbial mediated NPs, which can assist to minimize food deterioration from the inside out while also ensuring that food is safe and free of contaminants. Despite the numerous benefits, there are looming debates concerning their usage in food items, particularly regarding its aggregation in human bodies and other risks to the environment. Other applications and impacts of these microbe-fabricated NPs in the context of future food preservation prospects connected with regulatory problems and potential hazards are highlighted.

Cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks and derivatives: recent developments and applications

While there is a tremendous amount of scientific research on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas storage/separation, catalysis and energy storage, the development and application of biocompatible MOFs still poses major challenges. In general, they can be synthesised from various biocompatible linkers and metal ions but particularly cyclodextrins (CDs) as cyclic oligosaccharides are an astute choice for the former. Although the field of CD-MOF materials is still in the early stages and their design and fabrication comes with many hurdles, the benefits coming from CDs built in a porous framework are exciting. Versatile host-guest complexation abilities, high encapsulation capacity and hydrophilicity are among the valuable properties inherent to CDs and offer extended and novel applications to MOFs. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art synthesis, design, properties and applications of these materials. Initially, a rationale for the preparation of CD-based MOFs is provided, based on the chemical and structural properties of CDs and including their advantages and disadvantages. Further on, the review exhaustively surveys CD-MOF based materials by categorising them into three sub-classes, namely (i) CD-MOFs, (ii) CD-MOF hybrids, obtained via combination with external materials, and (iii) CD-MOF-derived materials prepared under pyrolytic conditions. Subsequently, CD-based MOFs in practical applications, such as drug delivery and cancer therapy, sensors, gas storage, (enantiomer) separations, electrical devices, food industry, and agriculture, are discussed. We conclude by summarizing the state of the art in the field and highlighting some promising future developments of CD-MOFs.

Application of Functional and Edible Coatings and Films as Promising Strategies for Developing Dairy Functional Products—A Review on Yoghurt Case

Edible coatings and films appear to be a very promising strategy for delivering bioactive compounds and probiotics in food systems when direct incorporation/inoculation is not an option. The production of dairy products has undergone radical modifications thanks to nanotechnology. Despite being a relatively new occurrence in the dairy sector, nanotechnology has quickly become a popular means of increasing the bioavailability and favorable health effects of a variety of bioactive components. The present review describes, in detail, the various processes being practiced worldwide for yoghurt preparation, microencapsulation, and nanotechnology-based approaches for preserving and/or enriching yoghurt with biologically, and its effect on health and in treating various diseases. In the case of yoghurt, as a perfect medium for functional ingredients supplementation, different gums (e.g., alginate, xanthan gum, and gum arabic), alone or in combination with maltodextrin, seem to be excellent coatings materials to encapsulate functional ingredients. Edible coatings and films are ideal carriers of bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavors, and probiotics, to improve the quality of dairy food products. Yoghurt is regarded as a functional superfood with a variety of health benefits, especially with a high importance for women’s health, as a probiotic. Consumption of yoghurt with certain types of probiotic strains which contain γ-linolenic acid or PUFA can help solve healthy problems or alleviate different symptoms, and this review will be shed light on the latest studies that have focused on the impact of functional yoghurt on women’s health. Recently, it has been discovered that fermented milk products effectively prevent influenza and COVID-19 viruses. Bioactive molecules from yoghurt are quite effective in treating various inflammations, including so-called “cytokine storms” (hypercytokinaemia) caused by COVID-19.

Biodistribution and toxicity of antimicrobial ionic silver (Ag+) and silver nanoparticle (AgNP+) species after oral exposure, in Sprague-Dawley rats

Although antimicrobial nanosilver finds numerous applications in the health and food industries, the in vivo toxicity of positively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs⁺) and relevant controls are largely unexplored. This study investigates the relationship between the biodistribution and toxicity of the well-known cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-capped AgNPs⁺ in 6-weeks old female Sprague-Dawley rats, at sublethal doses. Amounts comparative to those leaked from food products or considered for animal feed were administered through daily water intake, for an 18-day period: AgNPs⁺ (40 μg mL^-1), Ag⁺ (40 μg mL^-1), antimicrobial CTAB⁺ (24 μg mL^-1) and tap water. All exposures except for the water control had adverse effects on the health and systemic functions of rats (e.g., lethargy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, impediment of bone development, and/or heightened immune response). Although the total Ag accumulation in tissues (1.4-1.6 μg of Ag/g of liver, spleen, jejunum, and brain) was comparable for the two Ag species, AgNPs⁺ were generally more toxic than Ag⁺, particularly in spleen (0.8 μg Ag/g). Significantly reduced euthanasia time, alopecia, inflammatory responses in spleen, fragile veins, and enhanced lymphocytosis were observed only for AgNPs⁺. Overall, this study raises health concerns about the ingestion of capped-AgNPs⁺ or Ag⁺ by first-hand consumers and industry workers.

Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging

Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.

New analytical strategies amplified with carbon-based nanomaterial for sensing food pollutants

The most significant topic currently under the moonlight is Nanobiotechnology and engineered nanomaterials. The novel characteristics displayed by engineered Nanomaterials, especially carbon-based nanomaterials, have spurred interest in its potential application in the food industry. It has provided opportunities for finding solutions to the long-standing challenges in the food industry to assess food safety, maintain food quality, extend the shelf life of produce, and efficiently deliver nutrients. Nanomaterials can be incorporated in food sensors facilitating efficient monitoring of crop maturity and detecting biological and chemical contaminants. When integrated into food packages, nanomaterials could aid in assessing the freshness and improving the quality of packaged foods. In addition, more efficient delivery of nutrients could be possible in foods fortified using nano compounds. The initial section of this review gives an overview of the broad application of nanotechnology in the food industry and carbon-based nanomaterials. The latter part focuses on nanotechnology in biosensors for food safety and quality monitoring.

Three Millennia of Nanocrystals

The broad deployment of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in modern society is increasing day by day to the point that some have seen in this process the transition from the Silicon Age to a new Nano Age. Nanocrystals─a distinct class of nanomaterials─are forecast to play a pivotal role in the next generation of devices such as liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and luminescent solar concentrators. However, it is not to be forgotten that this cutting-edge technology is rooted in empirical knowledge and craftsmanship developed over the millennia. This review aims to span the major applications in which nanocrystals were consistently employed by our forebears. Through an analysis of these examples, we show that the modern-age discoveries stem from multimillennial experience passed on from our proto-chemist ancestors to us.

Directed transformation of food raw materials - as a key factor in the transition to “personalized nutrition”

In the article, based on the results of the analysis of the relationship between public health and the nutrition structure of the Russian population, the main problems are identified and tasks in the field of personalized dietetics, functional and specialized nutrition are updated. The key points in solving these problems, taking into account scientific and technological achievements in the field of biochemistry, nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and nutrimicrobiome in the 21st century, is the transition to "personalized nutrition". The main fundamental tasks in the field of agricultural science are determined, aimed primarily at identifying the patterns of transformation of food raw materials throughout the life cycle in order to create modern forms of food. On the example of pectin, it is shown that the study of the mechanisms and patterns of transformation of pectincontaining raw materials under the influence of physical, chemical, biotechnological methods in cooperation with scientists and specialists in the field of medicine and computer science makes it possible to create pectins with different chemical composition and structure and intended, in particular, for the prevention of intoxication heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides.

Nanotechnology‐enhanced edible coating application on climacteric fruits

Climacteric fruits continue to ripen after harvest and produce ethylene, coupled with an increase in respiration rate, which contributes to more rapid perishability. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis has been shown to be an efficient way to delay the onset of ripening and lengthen shelf life. The use of edible materials as coatings presents an efficient approach in preserving the quality of fruits. Edible coatings have many benefits, such as affordability, ease of application, and use of natural ingredients. Nanotechnology provides interesting approaches to the management of fruit shelf life after harvest. Nanotechnology has the capacity of producing new materials by minimizing the size of components to a nanometric level. These kinds of nanomaterials possess distinct and improved properties for delaying fruit ripening and decay. The main goal of adding nanoparticles to edible coatings is to enhance the biopolymer's mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. Nanoparticles also contain biopolymer‐like features and are thought to have superior antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties than edible coatings. This review is aimed at summarizing recent findings on the application of edible coatings in the form of nanoparticles, and their effect on quality parameters and shelf life extension of climacteric fruits. Peer‐reviewed articles were obtained by using Scopus and science direct. The current materials widely used for coating climacteric fruits are zinc, silver and chitosan nanoparticles. Zinc nanoparticles have been shown to be more effective in delaying ripening significantly by reducing weight and moisture loss and ensuring retention of fruit firmness. Further research is needed to understand their effect on other physicochemical properties of fruits.

The Influence of Diamond Nanoparticles on Fibroblast Cell Line L929, Cytotoxicity and Bacteriostaticity of Selected Pathogens

The main problem with using modified allotrophic forms of carbon with nanodiamond particles in the production of food packaging is establishing the boundary between safety, as it affects the human body, and the adequate and effective action of the substances. One vital area of concern is the transmission of pathogens in food into the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and bacteriostatic biological activity of two different modifications of diamond nanoparticles: pure detonation nanodiamond particles (DND) obtained by Danienko and plasma-chemically modified detonation nanodiamond particles obtained by the microwave plasma activated chemical vapor deposition method in a rotary chamber (MDP1) An indirect method was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity effect in accordance with ISO 10993–5. The viability of the L929 fibroblast cell line used as a control was 98.5%, for DND 95.14%, and the lowest level of viability for MDP1 was 88.63%. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used in bacteriostatic tests and the degree of cytotoxicity of the tested materials was classified as low. The in vitro cytotoxicity results indicate no toxic effect on L929 cells nor any effect on any of the samples tested against the bacterial strains us

Performance of Thyme Oil@Na-Montmorillonite and Thyme Oil@Organo-Modified Montmorillonite Nanostructures on the Development of Melt-Extruded Poly-L-lactic Acid Antioxidant Active Packaging Films

Today, the use of natural biodegradable materials in the production processes is more and more adopted by industry to achieve cyclic economy targets and to improve environmental and human health indexes. Active packaging is the latest trend for food preservation. In this work, nanostructures were prepared by incorporation of thyme oil with natural natrium-montmorillonite and organo-montmorillonite with two different techniques, direct impregnation and the green evaporation–adsorption process. Such nanostructures were mixed with poly-L-lactic-acid for the first time via an extrusion molding process to develop a new packaging film. Comparisons of morphological, mechanical, and other basic properties for food packaging were carried out via XRD, FTIR, TG, SEM/EDS, oxygen and water vapor permeation, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity for the first time. Results showed that poly-L-lactic-acid could be modified with clays and essential oils to produce improved active packaging films. The final product exhibits food odor prevention characteristics and shelf-life extension capabilities, and it could be used for active packaging. The films based on OrgMt clay seems to be more promising, while the thyme oil addition improves their behavior as active packaging. The PLLA/3%TO@OrgMt and PLLA/5%TO@OrgMt films were qualified between the tested samples as the most promising materials for this purpose.

Recent advancement in improvement of properties of polysaccharides and proteins based packaging film with added nanoparticles: A review

Innovations and research on packaging materials are in a fast-growing stage to make them suitable for advanced packaging innovations and sustainability efforts. Biological macromolecules like algal polysaccharides, chitosan, gelatin and others like starch are explored for developing eco-friendly packaging alternatives. Compared to conventional synthetic polymers they have performance limitations that are tried to be overcome with added fillers. The unique properties of fillers in the nano range are explored for this. They can improve the overall property of polymer matrixes by improving barrier properties to oxygen and water vapour, increasing stability and mechanical strength. Exploring the possibilities of new nanoparticle-polymer combinations can bring novel properties in the packaging industry that can be used in smart and intelligent packaging areas. Thus studies on nanocomposite films from polysaccharides, protein compounds and nanoparticles can help to overcome the limitations of bio-polymers for novel packaging applications. This review covers the effect of nanoparticles on the optical, morphological, barrier, thermal and mechanical properties of polysaccharides and proteins based packaging film, along with the types of nanoparticles used in the composite films.

Ultrasensitive Aptasensors for the Detection of Viruses Based on Opto-Electrochemical Readout Systems

Viral infections are becoming the foremost driver of morbidity, mortality and economic loss all around the world. Treatment for diseases associated to some deadly viruses are challenging tasks, due to lack of infrastructure, finance and availability of rapid, accurate and easy-to-use detection methods or devices. The emergence of biosensors has proven to be a success in the field of diagnosis to overcome the challenges associated with traditional methods. Furthermore, the incorporation of aptamers as bio-recognition elements in the design of biosensors has paved a way towards rapid, cost-effective, and specific detection devices which are insensitive to changes in the environment. In the last decade, aptamers have emerged to be suitable and efficient biorecognition elements for the detection of different kinds of analytes, such as metal ions, small and macro molecules, and even cells. The signal generation in the detection process depends on different parameters; one such parameter is whether the labelled molecule is incorporated or not for monitoring the sensing process. Based on the labelling, biosensors are classified as label or label-free; both have their significant advantages and disadvantages. Here, we have primarily reviewed the advantages for using aptamers in the transduction system of sensing devices. Furthermore, the labelled and label-free opto-electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of various kinds of viruses have been discussed. Moreover, numerous globally developed aptasensors for the sensing of different types of viruses have been illustrated and explained in tabulated form.