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Zheng F, Fu Y, Yu P, Qin C, Guo T, Xu H, Chen J, Ahammed GJ, Liu A, Chen S. Flavonoid synthesis is crucial for Trichoderma asperellum-induced systemic resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108706. [PMID: 38776824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. can enhance plant resistance against a wide range of biotic stressors. However, the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma enhances plant resistance against Meloidogyne incognita, known as root-knot nematodes (RKNs), are still unclear. Here, we identified a strain of Trichoderma asperellum (T141) that could effectively suppress RKN infestation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Nematode infestation led to an increase in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in roots but pre-inoculation with T141 significantly decreased oxidative stress. The reduction in ROS and MDA was accompanied by an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of flavonoids and phenols. Moreover, split root test-based analysis showed that T141 inoculation in local roots before RKN inoculation increased the concentration of phytohormone jasmonate (JA) and the transcripts of JA synthesis and signaling-related genes in distant roots. UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics analysis identified 1051 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) across 4 pairwise comparisons in root division test, including 81 flavonoids. Notably, 180 DAMs were found in comparison between RKN and T141-RKN, whereas KEGG annotation and enrichment analysis showed that the secondary metabolic pathways, especially the flavonoid biosynthesis, played a key role in the T141-induced systemic resistance to RKNs. The role of up-regulated flavonoids in RKN mortality was further verified by in vitro experiments with the exogenous treatment of kaempferol, hesperidin and rutin on J2-stage RKNs. Our results revealed a critical mechanism by which T141 induced resistance of tomato plants against the RKNs by systemically promoting secondary metabolism in distant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Yalun Fu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Congrui Qin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Tianmeng Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Huihang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Jingying Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Shuangchen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
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Ito H, Ito M. Recent trends in ginseng research. J Nat Med 2024; 78:455-466. [PMID: 38512649 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng, the dried root of Panax ginseng, contains ginsenosides and has long been used in Korea, China, and Japan to treat various symptoms. Many studies on the utility of ginseng have been conducted and in this paper we investigate recent trends in ginseng research. P. ginseng studies were collected from scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFindern) using the keywords "Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer", "ginsenosides", "genetic diversity", "biosynthesis", "cultivation", and "pharmacology". We identified 1208 studies up to and including September 2023: 549 studies on pharmacology, 262 studies on chemical components, 131 studies on molecular biology, 58 studies on cultivation, 71 studies on tissue culture, 28 studies on clinical trials, 123 reviews, and 49 studies in other fields. Many researchers focused on the characteristic ginseng component ginsenoside to elucidate the mechanism of ginseng's pharmacological action, the relationship between component patterns and cultivation areas and conditions, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Fan Y, Shi B. Endophytic Fungi from the Four Staple Crops and Their Secondary Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6057. [PMID: 38892244 PMCID: PMC11173346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are present in every plant, and crops are no exception. There are more than 50,000 edible plant species on the planet, but only 15 crops provide 90 percent of the global energy intake, and "the big four"-wheat, rice, maize and potato-are staples for about 5 billion people. Not only do the four staple crops contribute to global food security, but the endophytic fungi within their plant tissues are complex ecosystems that have been under scrutiny. This review presents an outline of the endophytic fungi and their secondary metabolites in four staple crops: wheat, rice, maize and potato. A total of 292 endophytic fungi were identified from the four major crops, with wheat having the highest number of 157 endophytic fungi. Potato endophytic fungi had the highest number of secondary metabolites, totaling 204 compounds, compared with only 23 secondary metabolites from the other three crops containing endophytic fungi. Some of the compounds are those with specific structural and pharmacological activities, which may be beneficial to agrochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baobao Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China;
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Al-Shuaibi BK, Kazerooni EA, Al-Maqbali D, Al-Kharousi M, Al-Yahya’ei MN, Hussain S, Velazhahan R, Al-Sadi AM. Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma Ghanense and Trichoderma Citrinoviride toward Pythium aphanidermatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:284. [PMID: 38667955 PMCID: PMC11051229 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pythium-induced damping-off of cucumber is a major constraint to cucumber production in different parts of the world. Although chemical fungicides are used for managing this disease, they have many drawbacks to the environment. The ability of the antagonistic fungi isolated from the rhizosphere and endosphere of Dactyloctenium robecchii and Moraea sisyrinchium in the control of soilborne pathogen Pythium aphanidermatum was inspected. Native Trichoderma isolates, Trichoderma ghanense and Trichoderma citrinoviride, were isolated from plant stem and soil samples collected from Al-Seeb, Oman. Using a dual culture technique, the antagonistic activity of the fungal isolates against P. aphanidermatum was examined in vitro. Among Trichoderma isolates, T. ghanense was more efficient in restraining the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum, causing an inhibition percentage of 44.6%. Further, T. citrinoviride induced significantly lower cessation of P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth (31.3%). Microscopic and electrolyte leakage inspection of the pathogen mycelia depicted extreme morphological malformations in their mycelium, which can be attributed to the antifungal metabolites of antagonists. Greenhouse studies demonstrated the effectivity of T. ghanense in controlling Pythium damping-off of cucumber plants, where the number of surviving plants was over 90% when the biocontrol agents were used compared to 0 in the control plants. Furthermore, treatment of the plants with the antagonists promoted growth characteristics of plants compared to uninoculated plants. This included improvements in shoot and root lengths, leaf length and width, and dry weight. These findings suggest that T. ghanense and T. citrinoviride can be developed as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides to manage soilborne pathogens of cucumber. This research is also the first to clarify the biocontrol ability of T. citrinoviride and T. ghanense against cucumber damping-off caused by P. aphanidermatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriya Khalfan Al-Shuaibi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Elham Ahmed Kazerooni
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Dua’a Al-Maqbali
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Moza Al-Kharousi
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Mohamed N. Al-Yahya’ei
- Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center (Mawarid), Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 82, Muscat 112, Oman; (D.A.-M.); (M.A.-K.); (M.N.A.-Y.)
| | - Shah Hussain
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Rethinasamy Velazhahan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman; (B.K.A.-S.); (E.A.K.); (S.H.); (R.V.)
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Hu Y, Yang X, Tai B, Wang G, Zhang X, Yin Y, Xing F. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A-1 inhibiting fungal spoilage in agricultural products is improved by metabolic engineering of enhancing surfactin yield. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113752. [PMID: 38129052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and subsequent mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products have caused enormous losses and great harm to human and animal health. Biological control has attracted the attention of researchers due to its advantages, including mild conditions, low cost, high efficiency and low nutrient loss. In this study, a newly isolated strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens A-1 (A-1), was screened for its ability to inhibit the growth and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357. Electron microscopy results revealed that mycelium and conidia of A. flavus were destroyed by A-1, affecting hyphae, cell walls, cell membranes and organelles. RNA-seq analysis indicated disturbance in gene expression profiles of A. flavus, including amino acid degradation and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. Importantly, the biosynthesis of AFB1 was significantly inhibited by the down-regulation of key regulatory genes, aflR and aflS, and the simultaneous down-regulation of most structural genes. Genome analysis predicted six secondary metabolites biosynthetic gene clusters. Then, four surfactin synthesized by cluster C were identified as the main active substance of A-1 using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The addition of alanine, threonine, Fe2+ increased surfactin production. Notably, the overexpression of comX also improved surfactin production. The vivo test results indicated that A-1 could significantly inhibit the decay of pear by Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and the mildew of maize and peanuts. Especially, the overexpression of comX in A-1 could enhance the inhibitory activity. In conclusion, the inhibition mechanism of A-1 was revealed, and comX was found can improve the production of surfactin and subsequent activities, which provides the scientific basis for the development of biocontrol agents to reduce spoilage in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- Shandong Xinfurui Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Yixuan Yin
- Shandong Xinfurui Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Nacoon S, Seemakram W, Gateta T, Theerakulpisut P, Sanitchon J, Kuyper TW, Boonlue S. Accumulation of Health-Promoting Compounds in Upland Black Rice by Interacting Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1152. [PMID: 38132753 PMCID: PMC10744396 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in finding eco-friendly and safe approaches to increase agricultural productivity and deliver healthy foods. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and endophytic fungi (EPF) are important components of sustainable agriculture in view of their ability to increase productivity and various plant secondary metabolites with health-promoting effects. In a pot experiment, our main research question was to evaluate the additive and synergistic effects of an AMF and four root-endophytic fungi on plant performance and on the accumulation of health-promoting secondary compounds. Plant growth varied between the treatments with both single inoculants and co-inoculation of an AMF and four EPF strains. We found that inoculation with a single EPF positively affected the growth and biomass production of most of the plant-endophyte consortia examined. The introduction of AMF into this experiment (dual inoculation) had a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield. AMF, Rhizophagus variabilis KS-02 co-inoculated with EPF, Trichoderma zelobreve PBMP16 increased the highest biomass, exceeding the growth rate of non-inoculated plants. Co-inoculated R. variabilis KS-02 and T. zelobreve PBMP16 had significantly greater beneficial effects on almost all aspects of plant growth, photosynthesis-related parameters, and yield. It also promoted root growth quality and plant nutrient uptake. The phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacity in rice seeds harvested from plants co-inoculated with AMF and EPF were dramatically increased compared with those from non-inoculated plants. In conclusion, our results indicated that EPF and AMF contributed to symbiosis in Maled Phai cultivar and were coordinately involved in promoting plant growth performance under a pot trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabaiporn Nacoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Wasan Seemakram
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Thanawan Gateta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Piyada Theerakulpisut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Salt-Tolerant Rice Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jirawat Sanitchon
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Sophon Boonlue
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.S.); (T.G.)
- Salt-Tolerant Rice Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Ren B, Wang Y, Chen H, Diao L, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yin R, Wang Y. A Portable Nucleic Acid Sensor Based on PCR for Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Testing of Botrytis cinerea in Ginseng. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3362-3369. [PMID: 37202217 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1839-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous pathogen that can infect at least 200 dicotyledonous plant species including many agriculturally and economically important crops. In Ginseng, the fungus may cause ginseng gray mold disease, causing great economic losses in the ginseng industry. Therefore, the early detection of B. cinerea in the process of ginseng production is necessary for the disease prevention and control of the pathogen's spread. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction-nucleic acid sensor (PCR-NAS) rapid detection technique was established, and it can be used for field detection of B. cinerea through antipollution design and portable integration. The present study showed that the sensitivity of PCR-NAS technology is 10 times higher than that of traditional PCR-electrophoresis, and there is no need for expensive detection equipment or professional technicians. The detection results of nucleic acid sensors can be read by the naked eye in under 3 min. Meanwhile, the technique has high specificity for the detection of B. cinerea. The testing of 50 field samples showed that the detection results of PCR-NAS were consistent with those of the real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method. The PCR-NAS technique established in this study can be used as a novel nucleic acid field detection technique, and it has a potential application in the field detection of B. cinerea to achieve early warning of the pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairu Ren
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Diao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Laboratory for Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shuoyuan Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Yin
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, Jilin, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Laboratory for Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130118, China
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Bamisile BS, Afolabi OG, Siddiqui JA, Xu Y. Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi-host plant-herbivore mutualism: elucidating the mechanisms involved in the tripartite interactions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:326. [PMID: 37776438 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Various techniques used by crop plants to evade insect pests and pathogen attacks have been documented. Among these, plant defense strategies induced by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi are arguably one of the most discussed. Endophytic fungi frequently colonize plants and inhabit their internal tissues for a portion of their lifespan without producing visible symptoms of the disease. This phenomenon is widespread and diverse in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, and is present in almost all plant organs. Many fungi can obtain nutrients by infecting and killing insects, and this ability has been developed numerous times in different fungal lineages. These species mainly consist of those in the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota), where the generalist insect pathogens, Beauveria sp. (Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium sp. (Clavicipitaceae) are two of the most studied endophytic entomopathogenic fungal genera. However, most fungi that kill insects do not survive in the tissues of living plants. The data published thus far show a high degree of variability and do not provide consistent explanations for the underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects. This implies that available knowledge regarding the colonization of plant tissues by endophytic insect pathogenic fungi, the effects of colonization on plant metabolism, and how this contributes to a decrease in herbivore and pathogens damage is limited. To adequately utilize fungal-based products as biological control agents, these products must be effective and the reduction of pests and infection must be consistent and similar to that of chemical insecticides after application. This article discusses this possibility and highlights the benefits and the specific techniques utilized by endophytically challenged plants in invading insect pests and disease pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005, China
| | | | - Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Kim J, Yun Y, Huh J, Um Y, Shim D. Comparative transcriptome analysis on wild-simulated ginseng of different age revealed possible mechanism of ginsenoside accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107870. [PMID: 37442050 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most famous pharmaceutical plants in Asia. Ginseng plants grown in mountain have longer longevity which ensures higher accumulation of ginsenoside components than those grown in farms. However, wild-simulated ginseng over certain age cannot be easily distinguished in morphology. To identify transcriptomic mechanism of ginsenoside accumulation in older wild-simulated ginseng without large phenotype change, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis for leaf, shoot, and root tissues of 7-yr-old and 13yr-old wild-simulated ginseng. Of 559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparison between 7-yr-old and 13yr-old wild-simulated ginseng, 280 leaf-, 103 shoot-, and 164 root-mainly expressing genes were found to be changed in transcript level according to age. Functional analysis revealed that pentose-phosphate shunt and abscisic acid responsive genes were up-regulated in leaf tissues of 7-yr-old ginseng while defense responsive genes were up-regulated in root tissues of 13-yr-old ginseng. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that jasmonic acid responsive genes, ERDL6, and some UGTs were up-regulated in 13-yr-old ginseng in higher order lateral root tissues. These data suggest that bacterial stimulation in mountain region can enhance the expression of several genes which might support minor ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongbae Yun
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Huh
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurry Um
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Kumar A, de los Santos-Villalobos S, Parra-Cota FI, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, Fadiji AE, Hyder S, Babalola OO, Santoyo G. Trichoderma Species: Our Best Fungal Allies in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030432. [PMID: 36771517 PMCID: PMC9921048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocontrol agents (BCA) have been an important tool in agriculture to prevent crop losses due to plant pathogens infections and to increase plant food production globally, diminishing the necessity for chemical pesticides and fertilizers and offering a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are among the most used and studied microorganisms as BCA due to the variety of biocontrol traits, such as parasitism, antibiosis, secondary metabolites (SM) production, and plant defense system induction. Several Trichoderma species are well-known mycoparasites. However, some of those species can antagonize other organisms such as nematodes and plant pests, making this fungus a very versatile BCA. Trichoderma has been used in agriculture as part of innovative bioformulations, either just Trichoderma species or in combination with other plant-beneficial microbes, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, we review the most recent literature regarding the biocontrol studies about six of the most used Trichoderma species, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, highlighting their biocontrol traits and the use of these fungal genera in Trichoderma-based formulations to control or prevent plant diseases, and their importance as a substitute for chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Fannie I. Parra-Cota
- Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ciudad Obregón 85000, Mexico
| | | | - Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
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12
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Yao X, Guo H, Zhang K, Zhao M, Ruan J, Chen J. Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160551. [PMID: 37206337 PMCID: PMC10189891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. Trichoderma can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant growth, improves nutrient utilization efficiency, enhances plant resistance, and improves agrochemical pollution environment. Trichoderma spp. also behaves as a safe, low-cost, effective, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for different crop species. In this study, we introduced the biological control mechanism of Trichoderma in plant fungal and nematode disease, including competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanism of promoting plant growth and inducing plant systemic resistance between Trichoderma and plants, and expounded on the application and control effects of Trichoderma in the control of various plant fungal and nematode diseases. From an applicative point of view, establishing a diversified application technology for Trichoderma is an important development direction for its role in the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Development Center of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjun Ruan,
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jie Chen,
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Wang H, Wang Y, Kang C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Yang G, Zhou L, Xiang Z, Huang L, Liu D, Guo L. Drought stress modifies the community structure of root-associated microbes that improve Atractylodes lancea growth and medicinal compound accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032480. [PMID: 36531372 PMCID: PMC9756954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atractylodes lancea is an important medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine, its rhizome is rich of volatile secondary metabolites with medicinal values and is largely demanded in modern markets. Currently, supply of high-yield, high-quality A. lancea is mainly achieved via cultivation. Certain soil microbes can benefit plant growth, secondary metabolism and induce resistance to environmental stresses. Hence, studies on the effects of soil microbe communities and isolates microorganisms on A. lancea is extremely meaningful for future application of microbes on cultivation. Here we investigated the effects of the inoculation with an entire soil microbial community on the growth, resistance to drought, and accumulation of major medicinal compounds (hinesol, β-eudesmol, atractylon and atractylodin) of A. lancea. We analyzed the interaction between A. lancea and the soil microbes at the phylum and genus levels under drought stress of different severities (inflicted by 0%, 10% and 25% PEG6000 treatments). Our results showed that inoculation with soil microbes promoted the growth, root biomass yield, medicinal compound accumulation, and rendered drought-resistant traits of A. lancea, including relatively high root:shoot ratio and high root water content under drought. Moreover, our results suggested drought stress was more powerful than the selectivity of A. lancea in shaping the root-associated microbial communities; also, the fungal communities had a stronger role than the bacterial communities in protecting A. lancea from drought. Specific microbial clades that might have a role in protecting A. lancea from drought stress were identified: at the genus level, the rhizospheric bacteria Bacillus, Dylla and Actinomadura, and rhizospheric fungi Chaetomium, Acrophialophora, Trichoderma and Thielava, the root endophytic bacteria Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Dylla and Actinomadura, and the root endophytic fungus Fusarium were closely associated with A. lancea under drought stress. Additionally, we acquired several endophytic Paenibacillus, Paraburkholderia and Fusarium strains and verified they had differential promoting effects on the medicinal compound accumulation in A. lancea root. This study reports the interaction between A. lancea and soil microbe communities under drought stress, and provides insights for improving the outcomes in A. lancea farming via applying microbe inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanzhi Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zengxu Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Pharmacy Faculty, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Cultivation of Herb Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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14
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Molecular Traits Underlying the Growth Promotion and Metabolite Accumulation in Rheum palmatum Inoculated with Endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113132. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are an important plant-growth-promoting fungi. Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1 was isolated from Rheum palmatum root, which has beneficial effects on growth and metabolite accumulation. However, the improvement mechanisms for growth and metabolite accumulation of T. citrinoviride HT-1 are unclear. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to measure the effect of different concentrations of conidial suspension of the HT-1 strain on the growth promotion and metabolite accumulation of R. palmatum seedlings. The results showed that the highest biomass and metabolites of R. palmatum seedlings were obtained through treatment with the HT-1 strain at a final spore concentration of 107 spores/mL. RNA sequencing indicated that 1662 genes were upregulated and 2155 genes were downregulated after inoculation with 107 spores/mL of the HT-1 strain. This strain induced significant upregulation of related genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, plant hormone signal transduction pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathway, and plant–pathogen interaction pathway in R. palmatum. The gene expression trends were revealed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and were consistent with those determined by RNA-seq. Our results will help us to understand the growth-promoting mechanisms of the HT-1 strain on R. palmatum and provide a theoretical basis for the application of T. citrinoviride HT-1 as a biological fertilizer.
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Sa R, He S, Han D, Liu M, Yu Y, Shang R, Song M. Isolation and identification of a new biocontrol bacteria against Salvia miltiorrhiza root rot and optimization of culture conditions for antifungal substance production using response surface methodology. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:231. [PMID: 36180825 PMCID: PMC9524000 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S. miltiorrhiza root rot is a soil-borne disease mainly caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, which has spread rapidly in China in recent years. To reduce the amount of pesticides to control this plant fungal disease, biological control using endophytic bacteria is a promising method. Many endophytic bacteria show good biocontrol potential against various plant fungal diseases. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria with antifungal activity from Salvia miltiorrhiza plant tissue. In order to increase antifungal substances production, the culture conditions of the isolated DS-R5 strain were optimized through response surface methodology. Results Thirteen endophytic bacteria with antifungal activity against the target pathogenic fungus were successfully screened. The DS-R5 strain that had the strongest antifungal activity was identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA and gyrB sequence analysis.The results of response surface methodology experiments showed that the optimal values of the three significant factors were as follows: medium volume, 51.0 ml; initial pH, 6.7; fermentation temperature, 33.1 °C. Under these optimal culture conditions, the titer of antifungal substances produced by the DS-R5 strain was 77.6% higher than that under the initial culture conditions. Conclusions The antifungal activity of endophytic bacteria from Salvia miltiorrhiza has been demonstrated for the first time, which may benefit future crop quality and production. In addition, response surface methodology can be well applied the optimization of culture conditions for antifungal substance, which lays the foundation for further research on strain DS-R5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Sa
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Song He
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Dongdong Han
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yunxia Yu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Rongen Shang
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Meimei Song
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.
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Li X, Li M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhao D, Gao J, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Chen C. RNA-Seq Provides Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Ilyonectria robusta Responding to Secondary Metabolites of Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080779. [PMID: 35893148 PMCID: PMC9332032 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ilyonectria robusta can cause ginseng to suffer from rusty root rot. Secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 can inhibit the mycelial growth of I. robusta. However, the molecular mechanism of the inhibition and response remains unclear. (2) Methods: Through an in vitro trial, the effect of B. methylotrophicus NJ13’s SMs on the hyphae and conidia of I. robusta was determined. The change in the physiological function of I. robusta was evaluated in response to NJ13’s SMs by measuring the electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glucose content. The molecular interaction mechanism of I. robusta’s response to NJ13’s SMs was analyzed by using transcriptome sequencing. (3) Results: NJ13’s SMs exhibited antifungal activity against I. robusta: namely, the hyphae swelled and branched abnormally, and their inclusions leaked out due to changes in the cell membrane permeability and the peroxidation level; the EC50 value was 1.21% (v/v). In transcripts at 4 dpi and 7 dpi, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2(fold change)| > 1, p adj ≤ 0.05) was 1960 and 354, respectively. NJ13’s SMs affected the glucose metabolism pathway, and the sugar-transporter-related genes were downregulated, which are utilized by I. robusta for energy production. The cell wall structure of I. robusta was disrupted, and chitin-synthase-related genes were downregulated. (4) Conclusions: A new dataset of functional responses of the ginseng pathogenic fungus I. robusta was obtained. The results will benefit the development of targeted biological fungicides for I. robusta and the study of the molecular mechanisms of interaction between biocontrol bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Mengtao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiangkai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Yilin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Agro-Tech Extension Center, Changchun 130031, China;
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Changqing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
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17
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Changes in Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities from Fresh to Fermented Red Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144550. [PMID: 35889423 PMCID: PMC9322814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated changes in nutrients (fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals), ginsenosides, and volatile flavors, and antioxidant activities during food processing of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) with the cocktail lactic acid bacteria. Fatty acid content increased, but the free amino acid content decreased, and minerals were practically unaffected during processing. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and maillard reaction products increased markedly according to processing stage. The total ginsenosides levels increased from 31.25 mg/g (DMCG) to 32.36 mg/g (red MCG, RMCG) and then decreased (27.27 mg/g, at fermented RMCG) during processing. Particularly, the contents of F2 (0.31 → 1.02 → 2.27 mg/g), Rg3 (0.36 → 0.77 → 1.93 mg/g), and compound K (0.5 → 1.68 → 4.13 mg/g) of ginsenosides and β-panasinsene (17.28 → 22.69 → 31.61%), biocycloelemene (0.11 → 0.84 → 0.92%), δ-cadinene (0.39 → 0.5 → 0.94%), and alloaromadendrene (1.64 → 1.39 → 2.6%) of volatile flavor compounds increased during processing, along with to the antioxidant effects (such as DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and FRAP). This study may provide several choices for the use of ginseng in functional foods and functional cosmetics.
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Verma A, Shameem N, Jatav HS, Sathyanarayana E, Parray JA, Poczai P, Sayyed RZ. Fungal Endophytes to Combat Biotic and Abiotic Stresses for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:953836. [PMID: 35865289 PMCID: PMC9294639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural sustainability concept considers higher food production combating biotic and abiotic stresses, socio-economic well-being, and environmental conservation. On the contrary, global warming-led climatic changes have appalling consequences on agriculture, generating shifting rainfall patterns, high temperature, CO2, drought, etc., prompting abiotic stress conditions for plants. Such stresses abandon the plants to thrive, demoting food productivity and ultimately hampering food security. Though environmental issues are natural and cannot be regulated, plants can still be enabled to endure these abnormal abiotic conditions, reinforcing the stress resilience in an eco-friendly fashion by incorporating fungal endophytes. Endophytic fungi are a group of subtle, non-pathogenic microorganisms establishing a mutualistic association with diverse plant species. Their varied association with the host plant under dynamic environments boosts the endogenic tolerance mechanism of the host plant against various stresses via overall modulations of local and systemic mechanisms accompanied by higher antioxidants secretion, ample enough to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) hence, coping over-expression of defensive redox regulatory system of host plant as an aversion to stressed condition. They are also reported to ameliorate plants toward biotic stress mitigation and elevate phytohormone levels forging them worthy enough to be used as biocontrol agents and as biofertilizers against various pathogens, promoting crop improvement and soil improvement, respectively. This review summarizes the present-day conception of the endophytic fungi, their diversity in various crops, and the molecular mechanism behind abiotic and biotic resistance prompting climate-resilient aided sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Verma
- Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nowsheen Shameem
- Department of Environmental Science, S.P. College, Srinagar, India
| | - Hanuman Singh Jatav
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Javid A. Parray
- Department of Environmental Science, Government Degree College Eidgah, Srinagar, India
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s SI Patil Arts, GB Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, India
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Tran THM, Puja AM, Kim H, Kim YJ. Nanoemulsions prepared from mountain ginseng-mediated gold nanoparticles and silydianin increase the anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212814. [PMID: 35929253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the bioavailability of mountain ginseng (MG), gold nanoparticles (MG-AuNPs) were biologically synthesized from MG extract, and an oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion (SMG-AuNEs) was prepared from MG-AuNPs and a phytochemical silydianin. The physical stability of SMG-AuNEs were monitored and optimized in terms of particle size, pH value, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The chemicostructural properties of the prepared MG-AuNPs and SMG-AuNEs were characterized using various spectrometric and microscopic analyses, such as EDX spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and TEM. The effect of both nanomaterial samples on the anti-inflammatory activity and their underlying mechanism was compared in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. SMG-AuNEs did not show toxic effects against RAW 264.7 macrophages, HaCaT keratinocytes, and normal dermal fibroblasts. SMG-AuNEs exhibited significantly higher inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, compared with those of MG-AuNPs and silydianin. Western blotting analysis revealed that the MAPK and NF-κB signalings were highly inhibited by SMG-AuNEs treatment. Hence, this study shows that nano-emulsification of gold nanoparticles prepared from MG is a useful method for augmenting the anti-inflammatory potential of MG. This study may serve as a foundation for using MG as a functional ingredient in anti-inflammatory agents. Our results may implicate the use of nanoemulsions to develop new anti-inflammatory products using MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hoa My Tran
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Aditi Mitra Puja
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Singh D, Thapa S, Mahawar H, Kumar D, Geat N, Singh SK. Prospecting potential of endophytes for modulation of biosynthesis of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:699-730. [PMID: 35460457 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants possess pharmacological properties (antidiabetes, anticancer, antihypertension, anticardiovascular, antileprosy, etc.) because of their potential to synthesize a wide range of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites. The concentration of bioactive secondry metabolites depends on plant species, local environment, soil type and internal microbiome. The internal microbiome of medicinal plants plays the crucial role in the production of bioactive secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketones, flavonoids, quinols and phenols. In this review, the host specific secondry metabolites produced by endophytes, their therapeutic properties and host-endophytes interaction in relation to production of bioactive secondry metaboloites and the role of endophytes in enhancing the production of bioactive secondry metabolites is discussed. How biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, micronutrient uptake, phytohormone production, disease suppression, etc. can play a vital role in enhacing the plant growth and development.The role of endophytes in enhancing the plant growth and content of bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in a sustainable mode is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
| | - Shobit Thapa
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Himanshu Mahawar
- ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research (DWR), Maharajpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482004, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- ICAR- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Neelam Geat
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342304, India
| | - S K Singh
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India
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Silica Nanoparticles Enhance the Disease Resistance of Ginger to Rhizome Rot during Postharvest Storage. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091418. [PMID: 35564127 PMCID: PMC9099806 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) offer an ecofriendly and environmentally safe alternative for plant disease management. However, the mechanisms of SiNPs-induced disease resistance are largely unknown. This research evaluated the application of SiNPs in controlling the postharvest decay of ginger rhizomes inoculated with Fusarium solani. In vitro study showed that SiNP had little inhibitory effect on mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani and did not significantly change mycelium’s MDA content and SDH activity. In vivo analysis indicated that SiNPs decreased the degree of decay around the wounds and decreased the accumulation of H2O2 after long-term pathogenic infection through potentiating the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, APX, PPO, and CAT. SiNP150 increased the CHI, PAL, and GLU activity at the onset of the experiment. Moreover, SiNP150 treatment increased total phenolics contents by 1.3, 1.5, and 1.2-times after 3, 5, and 7 days of treatment, and increased total flavonoids content throughout the experiment by 9.3%, 62.4%, 26.9%, 12.8%, and 60.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of selected phenylpropanoid pathway-related genes was generally enhanced by SiNPs when subjected to F. solani inoculation. Together, SiNPs can effectively reduce the fungal disease of ginger rhizome through both physical and biochemical defense mechanisms.
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Chen D, Hou Q, Fan B, Zhang H, Jia L, Sun K. Biocontrol potential of endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1 against root rot of Rheum palmatum through both antagonistic effects and induced systemic resistance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:88. [PMID: 35416541 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some Trichoderma species have been used as biocontrol agents in agriculture. The effectiveness of T. citrinoviride HT-1, a beneficial endophyte isolated from Rheum palmatum root was explored for control of root rot and its mechanisms of induced systemic resistance. The results showed that the inhibition rate of F. oxysporum was 71.85% in dual culture. The fermentation metabolites (FM) of the T. citrinoviride HT-1 strain suppressed mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, recording an inhibition rate of 79.07%. Conidial suspensions of T. citrinoviride HT-1(1 × 107 spores/mL) can suppress the root rot of R. palmatum caused by F. oxysporum to a low disease index (17.60) and had significant control effects on root rot (72.53%). The activities of induced defense-related enzymes in R. palmatum plants were significantly increased following T. citrinoviride HT-1 treatment. The RT-PCR analysis of the defense-related genes showed that T. citrinoviride HT-1 can increase the defense response-related gene expression. This study has contributed to our understanding of the biocontrol potential of T. citrinoviride HT-1 and provided a theoretical basis for the application as a bio-fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaWei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - QinZheng Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - BaoLi Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - LingYun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Goodwin PH. The Endosphere Microbiome of Ginseng. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030415. [PMID: 35161395 PMCID: PMC8838582 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The endosphere of ginseng contains a variety of fungal, bacterial, archaeal and viral endophytes. Bacterial endophytes are primarily members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and fungal endophytes are primarily members of the Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. Although archaea and viruses have been detected in symptomless ginseng plants, little is known about them. Many but not all studies have shown roots having the highest abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes, with some endophytes showing specificity to above or belowground tissues. Abundance often increases with root age, although diversity can decrease, possibly related to increases in potential latent fungal pathogen infections. The descriptions of many endophytes that can metabolize ginsenosides indicate an adaptation of the microbes to the unique combination of secondary metabolites found in ginseng tissues. Most research on the benefits provided by bacterial and fungal endophytes has concentrated on improved plant nutrition, growth promotion and increased disease resistance, but little on their ability to increase abiotic stress resistance. Some other areas where more research is needed is field trials with endophyte-treated plants grown in various environments, genomic/metagenomic analysis of endophytes, and the effects of endophytes on induced disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Chu LL, Bae H. Bacterial endophytes from ginseng and their biotechnological application. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:1-10. [PMID: 35035239 PMCID: PMC8753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been well-known as a medicinal plant for thousands of years. Bacterial endophytes ubiquitously colonize the inside tissues of ginseng without any disease symptoms. The identification of bacterial endophytes is conducted through either the internal transcribed spacer region combined with ribosomal sequences or metagenomics. Bacterial endophyte communities differ in their diversity and composition profile, depending on the geographical location, cultivation condition, and tissue, age, and species of ginseng. Bacterial endophytes have a significant effect on the growth of ginseng through indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation. Moreover, bacterial endophytes can protect ginseng by acting as biocontrol agents. Interestingly, bacterial endophytes isolated from Panax species have the potential to produce ginsenosides and bioactive metabolites, which can be used in the production of food and medicine. The ability of bacterial endophytes to transform major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides using β-glucosidase is gaining increasing attention as a promising biotechnology. Recently, metabolic engineering has accelerated the possibilities for potential applications of bacterial endophytes in producing beneficial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Bioresource Research Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Zelaya-Molina LX, Sanchez-Lima AD, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Bustamante-Brito R, Vásquez-Murrieta MS, Martínez-Romero E, Ramos-Garza J. Functional characterization of culturable fungi from microbiomes of the "conical cobs" Mexican maize (Zea mays L.) landrace. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:57. [PMID: 34939131 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mexican maize landraces, produced for local consumption, are adapted to different environmental conditions, and their yield is affected by abiotic and biotic factors, including the use of agrochemicals. The search for sustainable alternatives to agrochemicals includes the study of the culturable microbial communities. In this study, the fungal communities associated with 2 Mexican maize landraces reddish and bluish "conical cobs" were found to be comprised of Ascomycota fungi, represented by 89 strains within 6 orders (Pleosporales, Hypocreales, Onygenales, Capnodiales, Helotiales, and Eurotiales) and 16 genera. Cellulases and metallophores production were the primary enzymatic products and plant growth-promoting activities were detected among the isolates. Penicillium, Didymella, and Fusarium strains had the most active enzymatic and plant growth promoting activities, however, Aspergillus sp. HES2-2.2, Talaromyces sp. RS1-7, and Penicillium sp. HFS3-3 showed antagonistic activity against the four phytopathogenic Fusarium strains Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti and also a high and diverse production of enzymatic and plant growth promoting activities; here we identified fungal strains as candidates to promote maize growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily X Zelaya-Molina
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandra D Sanchez-Lima
- Laboratorio de Microbiología 314, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec. Observatorio No. 400, C.P. 11810, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón I Arteaga-Garibay
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Rafael Bustamante-Brito
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - María S Vásquez-Murrieta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Juan Ramos-Garza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología 314, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec. Observatorio No. 400, C.P. 11810, Ciudad de México, México. .,Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México.
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Piegza M, Szura K, Łaba W. Trichoderma citrinoviride: Anti-Fungal Biosurfactants Production Characteristics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:778701. [PMID: 34888302 PMCID: PMC8650307 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.778701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of direct impact of Trichoderma fungi on other organisms is a multilayer process. The level of limiting the growth of other microorganisms is determined by the strain and often by the environment. Confirmation of the presence of extracellular biosurfactants in certain strains of Trichoderma considered as biocontrol agents was regarded as a crucial topic complementing the characterization of their interactive mechanisms. Selected strains of T. citrinoviride were cultured in media stimulating biosurfactant biosynthesis, optionally supplemented with lytic enzyme inducers. Results confirmed the anti-fungal properties of surface-active compounds in the tested culture fluids. Preparations that displayed high fungal growth inhibition presented marginal enzymatic activities of both chitinases and laminarinases, implying the inhibitory role of biosurfactants. Fractions from the foam of the culture fluid of the C1 strain, cultured on Saunders medium, and HL strain on MGP medium, without an additional carbon source, exhibited the most prominent ability to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. Filamentous fungi capable of producing fungicidal compounds, including surfactants, may find applications in protecting the plants against agri-food pathogenic molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Piegza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Scinces, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Szura
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Scinces, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łaba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Scinces, Wrocław, Poland
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Trichoderma spp. from Pine Bark and Pine Bark Extracts: Potent Biocontrol Agents against Botryosphaeriaceae. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pinus sylvestris bark represents a rich source of active compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of P. sylvestris bark against Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella sarmentorum, and Neofusicoccum parvum (Botryosphaeriaceae) through its chemical (water extracts) and biological (Trichoderma spp. isolated from the bark) components. The water bark extracts were prepared at two temperatures (80 and 120 °C) and pH regimes (7 and 9). The presence of bark extracts (30%) caused inhibition of mycelial growth of B. dothidea and D. sarmentorum for 39 to 44% and 53 to 60%, respectively. Moreover, we studied the antagonistic effect of three Trichoderma isolates originating from the pine bark. Trichoderma spp. reduced growth of B. dothidea by 67%–85%, D. sarmentorum by 63%–75% and N. parvum by 55%–62%. Microscopic examination confirmed typical mycoparasitism manifestations (coiling, parallel growth, hook-like structures). The isolates produced cellulase, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The volatile blend detected the emission of several volatile compounds with antimicrobial activity, including nonanoic acid, cubenene, cis-α-bergamotene, hexanedioic acid, and verticillol. The present study confirmed in vitro potential of P. sylvestris bark extracts and Trichoderma spp. against the Botryosphaeriaceae. The study is an important step towards the use of environmentally friendly methods of Botryosphaeriaceae disease control.
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Cao P, Wei X, Wang G, Chen X, Han J, Li Y. Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 14:58-69. [PMID: 36120127 PMCID: PMC9476822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To find a suitable ecological cultivation measure to solve the problem of root-knot nematode disease of Panax quinquefolium (Panacis Quinquefolii Radix) and the heavy metals accumulating in its roots. Methods Three-year-old P. quinquefolium was treated with four different combinations of microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage fermentation liquid (GFL) [the joint application of ‘TuXiu’ MI and Fifty potassium MI (TF), the combination use of ‘No. 1′ MI and Fifty potassium MI (NF), ‘Gulefeng’ poly-γ-glutamic acid MI (PGA), GFL], and the untreated control (CK). Here, high-throughput sequencing, ICP-MS and UPLC were employed to systematically characterize changes of microbial diversity and structure composition, heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) content and ginsenoside content among different treatments. Results The results revealed that different MIs and GFL could increase the root dry weight of P. quinquefolium, PGA enhanced it by 83.24%, followed by GFL (49.93%), meanwhile, PGA and GFL were able to lessen root-knot nematode disease incidence by 57.25% and 64.35%. The treatment of PGA and GFL can also effectively reduce heavy metals in roots. The As content in GFL and PGA was decreased by 52.17% and 43.48% respectively, while the Cd and Pb contents of GFL and PGA was decreased somewhat. Additionally, the content of total ginsenosides was increased by 42.14% and 42.07%, in response to TF and NF, respectively. Our metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of particular soil microbial community members related to the biocontrol of root-knot nematode disease and plant pathogen (i.e., Chaetomium in NF, Xylari in GFL, and Microascus in PGA), heavy metal bioremediation (Hyphomacrobium in PGA and Xylaria in GFL), and nitrogen fixation (Nordella and Nitrospira in TF) was significantly increased; notably, potential harmful microflora, such as Plectosaphaerella and Rhizobacter, were more abundant in the control group. Conclusion MI and GFL could improve the quality of P. quinquefolium by modifying its rhizosphere microbial community structure and composition, both of them are beneficial to the development of ecological cultivation of P. quinquefolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemin Wei
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Changes in nutritional compositions of processed mountain-cultivated ginseng sprouts (Panax ginseng) and screening for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. Mechanisms of silicon-induced fungal disease resistance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:200-206. [PMID: 34052681 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) acts as a beneficial element for plant growth and provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite numerous reports on the beneficial role of Si in enhancing plant resistance to fungal pathogens, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Silicon shows antifungal activity; however, Si-induced improved disease resistance is partly manifested by the formation of Si polymerized mechanical obstruction under the cuticle and in cell walls, which prevents fungal ingress. Moreover, rapid production of defense compounds through secondary metabolic pathways is thought to be a key mechanism of Si-induced chemical defense against fungal pathogens beyond the physical barrier. Besides, improved mineral nutrition assures the healthy status of Si-supplied plants and a healthy plant exhibits better photosynthetic potential, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance. Multiple plant hormones and their crosstalk mediate the Si-induced basal as well as induced resistance; nonetheless, how root uptake of Si systemically modulates resistance to foliar diseases in low Si accumulating plants, needs in-depth investigation. Recent studies also indicate that Si influences effector-triggered immunity by affecting host recognition and/or limiting receptor-effector interactions. Here we review the role of Si in plant response to fungal pathogens. We also discuss and propose potential mechanisms of Si-induced enhanced disease resistance in plants. Finally, we identify some limitations of research approaches in addressing the beneficial roles of Si in biotic stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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31
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Sánchez-Montesinos B, Santos M, Moreno-Gavíra A, Marín-Rodulfo T, Gea FJ, Diánez F. Biological Control of Fungal Diseases by Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum and Its Compatibility with Fungicides. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:598. [PMID: 34436137 PMCID: PMC8397002 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as a biological control agent against diseases from fungal phytopathogens. Twelve isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum were obtained from several substrates used for Agaricus bisporus cultivation from farms in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Growth rates of the 12 isolates were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Mycosphaerella melonis, and all isolates had high growth rates. T. aggressivum f. europaeum showed high antagonistic activity for different phytopathogens, greater than 80%, except for P. aphanidermatum at approximately 65%. The most effective isolate, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1, inhibited B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, and M. melonis growth by 100% in detached leaves assay and inhibited germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. Disease incidence and severity in plant assays for pathosystems ranged from 22% for F. solani to 80% for M. melonis. This isolate reduced the incidence of Podosphaera xanthii in zucchini leaves by 66.78%. The high compatibility by this isolate with fungicides could allow its use in combination with different pest management strategies. Based on the results, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1 should be considered for studies in commercial greenhouses as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Mila Santos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Teresa Marín-Rodulfo
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
| | - Francisco J. Gea
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Quintanar del Rey, 16220 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - Fernando Diánez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (B.S.-M.); (A.M.-G.); (T.M.-R.)
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Wang R, Wang C, Zuo B, Liang X, Zhang D, Liu R, Yang L, Lu B, Wang X, Gao J. A Novel Biocontrol Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS6 for Excellent Control of Gray Mold and Seedling Diseases of Ginseng. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1926-1935. [PMID: 33289407 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1593-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS6 against seedling diseases and gray mold of ginseng (Panax ginseng), as well as application techniques, were evaluated in a series of field trials. FS6 fermentation broth showed a strong antagonistic effect against the ginseng fungal pathogens, and the inhibition rates on mycelial growth and spore germination were 84 to 88% and 71 to 72%, respectively. Field evaluation showed that combination of seed and soil treatments exhibited better protection than that of individual treatment alone. FS6 wettable powder soil treatment in combination with thiamethoxam plus metalaxyl-M plus fludioxonil for seed coating performed the best, with >83% overall control efficacy for seedling diseases. FS6 had a long-acting effect of >78% control efficacy on ginseng gray mold at 30 days after the last application, almost 2.5- and 2-fold better than that of B. amyloliquefaciens B7900 wettable powder and cyprodinil, respectively. In addition, FS6 reduced the diversity and relative abundance of fungi and affected the fungi and bacterial composition in the rhizosphere soil of ginseng. Therefore, FS6 can be used to effectively control seedling diseases and gray mold in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Bing Zuo
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinyuan Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Danni Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Renxuan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Baohui Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
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Chen D, Jia L, Hou Q, Zhao X, Sun K. Analysis of Endophyte Diversity of Rheum palmatum from Different Production Areas in Gansu Province of China and the Association with Secondary Metabolite. Microorganisms 2021; 9:978. [PMID: 33946518 PMCID: PMC8147242 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the differences in the metabolites of medicinal plants have typically focused on the effects of external environmental factors. However, little is known about the relationship between endophytes diversity and host metabolites. We used high-throughput sequencing methods to compare the endophyte diversity of Rheum palmatum from eight different production areas in Gansu Province of China and to analyze the association between those areas and five secondary metabolites (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion). The results show that the diversity and OTUs (Operational taxonomic units) abundance of endophytic fungi and bacteria of R. palmatum differed according to production area. Spearman analysis showed that the five secondary metabolites of R. palmatum were positively correlated with the diversity and abundance of endophytic fungi. Comparing both space and environmental differences to determine influences on community structure, VPA analysis revealed that geographic factors explained more difference in community composition of fungal and bacterial endophytes than climate factors. PICRUSt and FUNGuild predictive analysis indicated that metabolites were the primary components of endophytic bacteria in all samples, while the function of endophytic fungi was composed of dominant trophic modes (saprotroph and pathotroph), and relative abundances were different. Our results help elucidate the correlation of plant-microbe interactions and offer pivotal information to reveal the role of endophytes in the production of R. palmatum and its important secondary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kun Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (D.C.); (L.J.); (Q.H.); (X.Z.)
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Fungal Endophytes from Orchidaceae: Diversity and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Kouipou Toghueo RM, Youmbi DY, Boyom FF. Endophytes from Panax species. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytic Fungi from Different Habitats and Their Potential Applications in Agriculture. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Rees HJ, Bashir N, Drakulic J, Cromey MG, Bailey AM, Foster GD. Identification of native endophytic Trichoderma spp. for investigation of in vitro antagonism towards Armillaria mellea using synthetic- and plant-based substrates. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:392-403. [PMID: 33219581 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate endophytic Trichoderma species and investigate the potential for biological control of the root rot pathogen Armillaria mellea. METHODS AND RESULTS In all, 40 Trichoderma isolates were obtained from a range of host plants and identities were confirmed by ITS, rpb2 and tef1 sequence. When tested in dual culture assays for antagonism against A. mellea, Trichoderma isolates overgrew the A. mellea colonies within four days and by eight days 38 Trichoderma isolates significantly reduced A. mellea colony size. Armillaria mellea was unable to be recovered from five of eight co-cultivations tested, suggesting Trichoderma had killed the A. mellea in these cases. Pre-colonized hazel disks were used to determine what happens in a more heterogeneous situation with A. mellea and a refined set of eight Trichoderma isolates. Similar to plate-based assays, Trichoderma quickly covered A. mellea stopping any further growth and two Trichoderma isolates were able to eradicate A. mellea. CONCLUSIONS Of the Trichoderma spp. tested, endophytic isolates of Trichoderma virens and T. hamatum offered the greatest antagonism towards A. mellea. Using pre-colonized hazel disks was of great importance for this work to demonstrate the fungal interactions in plant material. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Controlling Armillaria root rot is difficult with chemical treatments, thus an environmentally benign and cost-effective alternative is required. This study highlights the prospect of biological control as an effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Rees
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - N Bashir
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J Drakulic
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - M G Cromey
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - A M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - G D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Jin X, Guo L, Jin B, Zhu S, Mei X, Wu J, Liu T, He X. Inhibitory mechanism of 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one secreted by Trichoderma atroviride T2 against Cylindrocarpon destructans. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104683. [PMID: 32980051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root rot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans is one of the most devastating diseases of Panax notoginseng, and Trichoderma species are potential agents for the biocontrol of fungal diseases. Thus, we screened a total of 10 Trichoderma isolates against C. destructans and selected Trichoderma atroviride T2 as an antagonistic strain for further research. 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP) was identified as an important active metabolite in the fermentation broth of the strain and exhibited antifungal activity against C. destructans. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that 6PP significantly disturbed the metabolic homeostasis of C. destructans, particularly the metabolism of amino acids. By constructing a gene coexpression network, ECHS1 was identified as the hub gene correlated with 6PP stress. 6PP significantly downregulated the expression of ECHS1 at the transcriptional level and combined with the ECHS1 protein. Autophagy occurred in C. destructans cells under 6PP stress. In conclusion, 6PP may induce autophagy in C. destructans by downregulating ECHS1 at the transcriptional level and inhibiting ECHS1 protein activity. 6PP is a potential candidate for the development of new fungicides against C. destructans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Baihui Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Jiaqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China.
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201 Kunming, China; School of Landscape and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, 650224 Kunming, China.
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Wang R, Liang X, Long Z, Wang X, Yang L, Lu B, Gao J. An LCI-like protein APC 2 protects ginseng root from Fusarium solani infection. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:165-178. [PMID: 32639629 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to purify an antimicrobial protein from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS6 culture supernatant, verify its antimicrobial activity against Fusarium solani and evaluate its biocontrol potential for ginseng root rot. METHODS AND RESULTS The antimicrobial protein was purified from FS6 culture supernatant using ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange and gel chromatography. Based on mass spectrometry results, the purified protein was identified as an antimicrobial protein of the LCI family and was designated APC2 . The APC2 recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21) significantly inhibited F. solani and decreased the infection and spread of F. solani in ginseng root. An overexpressing APC2 strain FS6-APC2 was constructed and shown to have enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the wild-type strain FS6. CONCLUSIONS The APC2 protein shows strong antimicrobial activity against F. solani, reduces the incidence and severity of ginseng root rot caused by F. solani and exhibits a great biocontrol potential. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports the inhibitory activity of APC2 protein (LCI family) against F. solani and its protective efficacy on ginseng root rot. These findings provide a scientific basis for future research on the biocontrol mechanism, as well as the development and application of FS6.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - X Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Z Long
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - X Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - L Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - B Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - J Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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40
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Vignolle GA, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR, Derntl C. Novel approach in whole genome mining and transcriptome analysis reveal conserved RiPPs in Trichoderma spp. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:258. [PMID: 32216757 PMCID: PMC7099791 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a highly diverse group of secondary metabolites (SM) of bacterial and fungal origin. While RiPPs have been intensively studied in bacteria, little is known about fungal RiPPs. In Fungi only six classes of RiPPs are described. Current strategies for genome mining are based on these six known classes. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of theses RiPPs are normally organized in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) in fungi. Results Here we describe a comprehensive strategy to mine fungal genomes for RiPPs by combining and adapting existing tools (e.g. antiSMASH and RiPPMiner) followed by extensive manual curation based on conserved domain identification, (comparative) phylogenetic analysis, and RNASeq data. Deploying this strategy, we could successfully rediscover already known fungal RiPPs. Further, we analysed four fungal genomes from the Trichoderma genus. We were able to find novel potential RiPP BGCs in Trichoderma using our unconventional mining approach. Conclusion We demonstrate that the unusual mining approach using tools developed for bacteria can be used in fungi, when carefully curated. Our study is the first report of the potential of Trichoderma to produce RiPPs, the detected clusters encode novel uncharacterized RiPPs. The method described in our study will lead to further mining efforts in all subdivisions of the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Vignolle
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Astrid R Mach-Aigner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria.
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41
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Sun ZB, Li SD, Ren Q, Xu JL, Lu X, Sun MH. Biology and applications of Clonostachys rosea. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:486-495. [PMID: 32115828 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-B Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S-D Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Ren
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - J-L Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - X Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - M-H Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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42
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El Mansy SM, Nouh FAA, Mousa MK, Abdel-Azeem AM. Endophytic Fungi: Diversity, Abundance, and Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Role of Algae–Fungi Relationship in Sustainable Agriculture. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Gomes EN, Elsherbiny EA, Aleem B, Bennett JW. Beyond Classical Biocontrol: New Perspectives on Trichoderma. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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45
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Zanne AE, Abarenkov K, Afkhami ME, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Bates S, Bhatnagar JM, Busby PE, Christian N, Cornwell WK, Crowther TW, Flores-Moreno H, Floudas D, Gazis R, Hibbett D, Kennedy P, Lindner DL, Maynard DS, Milo AM, Nilsson RH, Powell J, Schildhauer M, Schilling J, Treseder KK. Fungal functional ecology: bringing a trait-based approach to plant-associated fungi. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:409-433. [PMID: 31763752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungi play many essential roles in ecosystems. They facilitate plant access to nutrients and water, serve as decay agents that cycle carbon and nutrients through the soil, water and atmosphere, and are major regulators of macro-organismal populations. Although technological advances are improving the detection and identification of fungi, there still exist key gaps in our ecological knowledge of this kingdom, especially related to function. Trait-based approaches have been instrumental in strengthening our understanding of plant functional ecology and, as such, provide excellent models for deepening our understanding of fungal functional ecology in ways that complement insights gained from traditional and -omics-based techniques. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of fungal functional ecology, taxonomy and systematics and introduce a novel database of fungal functional traits (FunFun ). FunFun is built to interface with other databases to explore and predict how fungal functional diversity varies by taxonomy, guild, and other evolutionary or ecological grouping variables. To highlight how a quantitative trait-based approach can provide new insights, we describe multiple targeted examples and end by suggesting next steps in the rapidly growing field of fungal functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Michelle E Afkhami
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, U.S.A
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Trigueros
- Freie Universität-Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott Bates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Westville, IN, 46391, U.S.A
| | | | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, U.S.A
| | - Natalie Christian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, U.S.A.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, U.S.A
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, and Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Dimitrios Floudas
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Romina Gazis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, U.S.A
| | - David Hibbett
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, U.S.A
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, 53726, U.S.A
| | - Daniel S Maynard
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amy M Milo
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, U.S.A
| | - Rolf Henrik Nilsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jeff Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Mark Schildhauer
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Schilling
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, U.S.A
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Ponpandian LN, Rim SO, Shanmugam G, Jeon J, Park YH, Lee SK, Bae H. Phylogenetic characterization of bacterial endophytes from four Pinus species and their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12457. [PMID: 31462655 PMCID: PMC6713757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, bacterial endophytes (BEs) have gained importance in the agricultural sector for their use as biocontrol agents to manage plant pathogens. Outbreak of the pine wilt disease (PWD) in Korea has led researchers to test the feasibility of BEs in controlling the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, we have reported the diversity and biocontrol activity of BEs against the PWN. By employing a culture-dependent approach, 1,622 BEs were isolated from the needle, stem, and root tissues of P. densiflora, P. rigida, P. thunbergii, and P. koraiensis across 18 sampling sites in Korea. We classified 389 members based on 16S rDNA analysis and taxonomic binning, of which, 215 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were determined. Using Shannon’s indices, diversity across the Pinus species and tissues was estimated to reveal the composition of BEs and their tissue-specific preferences. When their ethyl acetate crude extracts were analysed for biocontrol activity, 44 candidates with nematicidal activity were obtained. Among these, Stenotrophomonas and Bacillus sp. exhibited significant inhibitory activity against PWN during their developmental stages. Altogether, our study furnishes a basic comprehension of bacterial communities found in the Pinus species and highlights the potential of BEs as biocontrol agents to combat PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soon Ok Rim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Gnanendra Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Park
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Keun Lee
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Ponpandian LN, Kim H, Jeon J, Hwang BS, Lee SK, Park SC, Bae H. Distribution and diversity of bacterial endophytes from four Pinus species and their efficacy as biocontrol agents for devastating pine wood nematodes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12461. [PMID: 31462658 PMCID: PMC6713764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated a total of 238 culturable putative bacterial endophytes from four Pinus species (Pinus densiflora, P. koraiensis, P. rigida, and P. thunbergii) across 18 sampling sites in Korea. The samples were cultured in de Man Rogosa Sharpe and humic acid-vitamin agar media. These selective media were used to isolate lactic acid bacteria and Actinobacteria, respectively. Analysis using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing grouped the isolated putative bacterial endophytes into 107 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 48 genera. Gamma-proteobacteria were the most abundant bacteria in each sampling site and three tissues (needle, stem and root). The highest OTU richness and diversity indices were observed in the roots, followed by stem and needle tissues. Total metabolites extracted from three isolates (two isolates of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) showed significant nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Our findings demonstrated the potential use of bacterial endophytes from pine trees as alternative biocontrol agents against pine wood nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunran Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hoki Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Buyng Su Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Gyeongbuk, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Keun Lee
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Chul Park
- Crop Biotechnology Institute, Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Kangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma S, Kour D, Rana KL, Dhiman A, Thakur S, Thakur P, Thakur S, Thakur N, Sudheer S, Yadav N, Yadav AN, Rastegari AA, Singh K. Trichoderma: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Industrial Applications. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH FUNGI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10480-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Gao Y, Liang J, Xiao R, Zang P, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Effect of four trace elements on Paenibacillus polymyxa Pp-7250 proliferation, activity and colonization in ginseng. AMB Express 2018; 8:164. [PMID: 30311028 PMCID: PMC6182021 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are essential nutrients for the growth of microorganisms and play an important role in their proliferation. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to explore the optimal C and N sources for large-scale culture of Paenibacillus polymyxa, and to screen trace elements that can promote their proliferation and improve the activity. First, the concentration of Paenibacillus polymyxa Pp-7250, the number of spores were used as evaluation index. It was found that the four trace elements Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ could promote the proliferation of Paenibacillus polymyxa at their optimal concentrations. Next, when using wheat starch as carbon source and soybean meal as nitrogen source, it was most suitable for large-scale culture. Finally, field experiments were carried out, and it was discovered that the combination of four trace elements plus the wheat soybean meal group could significantly improve the disease prevention, growth promotion ability of Pp-7250 and its colonization in ginseng. Moreover, the ability of Pp-7250 to transform ginseng roots and leaf saponins were also significantly improved. The group also affected the rhizosphere bacterial community of ginseng and the number showed a significant promotion or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Jing Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Ruxue Xiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
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