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Nan N, Yan Z, Zhang Y, Chen R, Qin G, Sang N. Overview of PM 2.5 and health outcomes: Focusing on components, sources, and pollutant mixture co-exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138181. [PMID: 36806809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 varies in source and composition over time and space as a complicated mixture. Consequently, the health effects caused by PM2.5 varies significantly over time and generally exhibit significant regional variations. According to numerous studies, a notable relationship exists between PM2.5 and the occurrence of many diseases, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases, as well as cancer. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of PM2.5 on human health is critical. The toxic effects of various PM2.5 components, as well as the overall toxicity of PM2.5 are discussed in this review to provide a foundation for precise PM2.5 emission control. Furthermore, this review summarizes the synergistic effect of PM2.5 and other pollutants, which can be used to draft effective policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Nan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, PR China; Beijing City University, Beijing, 11418, PR China.
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, PR China
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2
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Non-traditional stable isotopic analysis for source tracing of atmospheric particulate matter. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Bound n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Hong Kong Suburban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at Tung Chung (TC), Hong Kong, during four nonconsecutive months in 2011/2012 to determine the concentrations, seasonal variations, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-C15-n-C35). Samples were analyzed using the thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The concentrations of particulate PAHs ranged from 1.26–13.93 ng/m3 with a mean value of 2.57 ng/m3, dominated by 4-ring species. Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Flu) were the two most abundant species, accounting for 13% and 18%, respectively. The dominant sources of PAHs were coal and biomass burning. The inhalation cancer risk value in our study exceeded 1 × 10−6 but was below 1 × 10−4, implying that the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs at the TC site is acceptable. The average concertation of n-alkanes was 103.21 ng/m3 (ranging from 38.58 to 191.44 ng/m3), and C25 was the most abundant species. Both PAHs and n-alkanes showed higher concentrations in autumn and winter whilst these values were lowest in summer. The carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes showed that biogenic sources were the major sources. The annual average contributions of higher plant wax to n-alkanes at TC were over 40%.
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Inobeme A, Nayak V, Mathew TJ, Okonkwo S, Ekwoba L, Ajai AI, Bernard E, Inobeme J, Mariam Agbugui M, Singh KR. Chemometric approach in environmental pollution analysis: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114653. [PMID: 35176568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing global population and industrialization, it has become a call of the hour to start taking care of the environment to balance the ecosystem. For this, effective monitoring and assessment are required, which involves collecting and measuring environmental details, temporal and spatial readings of environmental data, and parameters. However, assessment of the environment is very tedious as it includes monitoring target analytes, identifying their sources, and reporting, which invariably implies that detailed environmental monitoring would be an intricate and expensive process. The traditional protocols in environmental measures are often manual and time demanding, which makes it further difficult. Moreover, several changes also occur within the environment, which could be chemical, physical, or biological, and since these environmental impacts are often cumulative, it becomes difficult to measure an isolated system. Furthermore, the chances of skipping significant results and trends become high. Also, experimental data obtained from the environmental analysis are usually non-linear and multi-variant due to different associations among various contributing variables. Therefore, it is implied that accurate measurements and environment monitoring are not using traditional analytical protocols. Thus, the need for a chemometric approach in environmental pollution analysis becomes paramount due to the inherent limitations associated with the conventional approach of analyzing environmental datasets. Chemometrics has appeared as a potential technique, which enhances the particulars of the chemical datasets by using statistical and mathematical analysis methods to analyze chemical data beyond univariate analysis. Utilizing chemometrics to study the environmental data is a revolutionary idea as it helps identify the relationship between sources of contaminations, environmental drivers, and their impact on the environment. Hence, this review critically explores the concept of chemometrics and its application in environmental pollution analysis by briefly highlighting the idea of chemometrics, its types, applications, advantages, and limitations in the environmental domain. An attempt is also made to present future trends in applications of chemometrics in environmental pollution analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Inobeme
- Department of Chemistry, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria.
| | - Vanya Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Tsado John Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida University Lapai, Nigeria
| | - Stanley Okonkwo
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lucky Ekwoba
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | | | - Esther Bernard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria
| | | | - M Mariam Agbugui
- Department of Biological Science, Edo University Iyamho, Nigeria
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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5
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Chow WS, Huang XHH, Leung KF, Huang L, Wu X, Yu JZ. Molecular and elemental marker-based source apportionment of fine particulate matter at six sites in Hong Kong, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152652. [PMID: 34954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on chemical speciation data from 24-h filters collected throughout 2015 at six sampling sites of varying urban influences in Hong Kong. The input data include major inorganic ions, organic and elemental carbon, elements, and organic tracers. Nine factors were resolved, including (1) secondary sulfate formation process, (2) secondary nitrate formation process, (3) industrial emissions, (4) biomass burning, (5) primary biogenic emissions, (6) vehicle emissions, (7) residual oil combustion, (8) dust, and (9) aged sea salt. The PMF-resolved factor contributions in conjunction with air mass back trajectories showed that the two major sources for PM2.5 mass, secondary sulfate (annual: 41%) and secondary nitrate (annual: 9.9%), were dominantly associated with regional and super-regional pollutant transport. Vehicular emissions are the most important local source, and its contributions exhibit a clear spatial variation pattern, with the highest (6.9 μg/m3, 24% of PM2.5) at a downtown roadside location and the lowest (0.4 μg/m3, 2.0% PM2.5) at two background sites away from city centers. The ability of producing a more reliable source separation and identifying new sources (e.g. primary biogenic source in this study) was a direct advantageous result of including organic tracers in the PMF analysis. PMF analysis conducted on the same dataset in this study but without including the organic tracers failed to separate the biomass burning emissions and industrial/coal combustion emissions. PMF analysis without the organic tracers would also over-apportion the contribution of vehicular emissions to PM2.5, which would bias the evaluation of the effectiveness of vehicle-related control measures. This work demonstrates the importance of organic markers in achieving more comprehensive and less biased source apportionment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sze Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fung Leung
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
Air pollution with fluidity can influence a large area for a long time and can be harmful to the ecological environment and human health. Haze, one form of air pollution, has been a critical problem since the industrial revolution. Though the actual cause of haze could be various and complicated, in this paper, we have found out that many gases’ distributions and wind power or temperature are related to PM2.5/10’s concentration. Thus, based on the correlation between PM2.5/PM10 and other gaseous pollutants and the timing continuity of PM2.5/PM10, we propose a multilayer long short-term memory haze prediction model. This model utilizes the concentration of O3, CO, NO2, SO2, and PM2.5/PM10 in the last 24 h as inputs to predict PM2.5/PM10 concentrations in the future. Besides pre-processing the data, the primary approach to boost the prediction performance is adding layers above a single-layer long short-term memory model. Moreover, it is proved that by doing so, we could let the network make predictions more accurately and efficiently. Furthermore, by comparison, in general, we have obtained a more accurate prediction.
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7
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Liu Y, Chen H, Gao J, Li Y, Dave K, Chen J, Federici M, Perricone G. Comparative analysis of non-exhaust airborne particles from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126626. [PMID: 34273888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper evaluates the effect of the electrification of the small, medium, and large internal combustion engine (ICE) passenger cars on the levels of total particulate matter (PM). The total mean PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) on urban, rural, and motorway roads are in the range of 26.13 - 39.57 mg km-1 veh-1 and 13.39 - 18.44 mg km-1 veh-1, respectively, from small to large ICE passenger cars. Correspondingly, the total mean PM10 and PM2.5 non-exhaust EFs on urban, rural, and motorway roads range from 27.76 to 43.43 mg km-1 veh-1 and 13.17 -19.24 mg km-1 veh-1 from equivalent small to large electric vehicles (EVs) without regenerative braking. These results show that the total non-exhaust PM from the equivalent EVs may exceed all PM from ICE passenger cars, including exhaust particle emissions, which are dependent mainly on the extent of regenerative braking, followed by passenger car type and road type. PM10 EFs for equivalent EVs without regenerative braking on urban, rural, and motorway roads are all higher than those from ICE cars. As for PM2.5, most of the equivalent EVs require different extents of regenerative braking to reduce brake emissions to be in line with all particle emissions from relative ICE cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jianbing Gao
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Ying Li
- Dynnoteq, 1 Bridge Street, Kington HR5 3DJ, UK
| | - Kaushali Dave
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Junyan Chen
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Sun J, Yu J, Shen Z, Niu X, Wang D, Wang X, Xu H, Chuang HC, Cao J, Ho KF. Oxidative stress-inducing effects of various urban PM 2.5 road dust on human lung epithelial cells among 10 Chinese megacities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112680. [PMID: 34418851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 Road dust samples were collected from 10 representative cities in southern and northern China for examination of chemical components and oxidative stress levels in A549 cells. Downtown road dust was abundance of heavy metals, EC and PAHs compared to nondowntown road dust. Source apportionment also revealed the relative higher contribution of vehicle emission to downtown (35.8%) than nondowntown road dust (25.5%). Consequently, downtown road dust induced much higher intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels than that from nondowntown (p < 0.05). This study highlights that the ROS-inducing capacity of road dust in China is lower at lower latitudes, which resulted in a significantly higher ROS-inducing capacity of road dust from northern cities than southern ones. Hotspot analysis demonstrated that heavy metals (i.e., Cr, Zn, Cu and Pb) in road dust were the most closely associated with ROS production in A549 cells. Vehicle emission and combustion emission in road dust were identified to be correlated with cellular ROS production. The findings highlight the ROS-inducing effect of PM2.5 road dust and also serve as a reference to make the targeted solutions for urban road dust pollution control, especially from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Chen XC, Chuang HC, Ward TJ, Sarkar C, Webster C, Cao J, Hsiao TC, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of personal exposure to fine particles in adult residents of Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116633. [PMID: 33561752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have demonstrated the associations between fine particle (PM2.5) components and various cytotoxic endpoints. However, few studies have investigated the toxicological effects of source-specific PM2.5 at the individual level. To investigate the potential impact of source-specific PM2.5 on cytotoxic effects, we performed repeated personal PM2.5 monitoring of 48 adult participants in Hong Kong during the winter and summer of 2014-2015. Quartz filters were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosols and water-soluble ions in PM2.5. Teflon filters were collected to determine personal PM2.5 mass and metal concentrations. The toxicological effects of personal PM2.5 exposure-including cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production-were measured using A549 cells in vitro. Personal PM2.5 samples collected in winter were more effective than those collected in summer at inducing cytotoxicity and the expression of proinflammation cytokine IL-6. By contrast, summer personal PM2.5 samples induced high ROS production. We performed a series of statistical analyses, Spearman correlation and a source apportionment approach with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, to explore the sources contributing most significantly to personal PM2.5 bioreactivity. Secondary inorganic species and transition metals were discovered to be weak-to-moderately associated with cytotoxicity (rs: 0.26-0.55; p < 0.01) and inflammatory response (rs: 0.26-0.44; p < 0.05), respectively. Carbonaceous aerosols (i.e., organic and elemental carbon; rs: 0.23-0.27; p < 0.05) and crustal material (Mg and Ca) was positively associated with ROS generation. The PMF-MLR models revealed that tailpipe exhaust and secondary sulfate contributed to ROS generation, whereas secondary nitrate was the major contributor to PM2.5 cytotoxicity and inflammation. These results improve and variate the arguments for practical policies designed to mitigate the risks posed by air pollution sources and to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Webster
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Galvão ES, de Cassia Feroni R, D'Azeredo Orlando MT. A review of the main strategies used in the interpretation of similar chemical profiles yielded by receptor models in the source apportionment of particulate matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128746. [PMID: 33153846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor models have been widely used for the source apportionment of airborne particulate matter. However, in the last 10 years, the use of factor analysis-based models, such as PMF and UNMIX, has increased significantly. The results yielded by these models must be interpreted by users who must know all variables influencing the modeling, and without this knowledge, the probability of incorrect interpretation of the source profiles may increase, especially when two or more sources have similar chemical profiles. Concerning the quality of data, this work shows that a broad characterization of PM composition, including inorganic, organic, and mineralogical species can improve this process, avoiding misinterpretation and the attribution of mixed or unidentified sources. This work aims to provide readers with some answers for a question often risen during source apportionment studies: Which source markers should be used for better separation and interpretation of source profiles? This review shows there is no right answer for this because different strategies can be used for this purpose. Therefore, this review aims to compile and highlight qualitatively the key strategies already used by several experienced receptor models users, combining the use of inorganic, organic, and mineralogical markers of PM for better separation and interpretation of the profiles yielded by receptor models. Also, this work presents a compilation in tables of the main chemical species reported in the literature as markers for interpreting the source profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Física, Vitória, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cassia Feroni
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharias e Tecnologia, São Mateus, ES, Brazil
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Chen XC, Cao JJ, Ward TJ, Tian LW, Ning Z, Gali NK, Aquilina NJ, Yim SHL, Qu L, Ho KF. Characteristics and toxicological effects of commuter exposure to black carbon and metal components of fine particles (PM 2.5) in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140501. [PMID: 32622166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated significant associations between traffic-related air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Personal exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in transport microenvironments and their toxicological properties remain to be investigated. Commuter exposures were investigated in public transport systems (including the buses and Mass Transit Railway (MTR)) along two sampling routes in Hong Kong. Real-time sampling for PM2.5 and black carbon (BC), along with integrated PM2.5 sampling, were performed during the warm and cold season of 2016-2017, respectively. Commuter exposure to BC during 3-hour commuting time exhibited a wider range, from 3.4 to 4.6 μg/m3 on the bus and 5.5 to 8.7 μg/m3 in MTR cabin (p < .05). PM2.5 mass and major chemical constituents (including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metals) were analyzed. Cytotoxicity, including cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was determined in addition to acellular ROS generation. PM2.5 treatment promoted the ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent diurnal variations were observed for commuter exposure to BC and PM2.5 components, along with cellular and acellular ROS generation, which marked with two peaks during the morning (08:00-11:00) and evening rush hours (17:30-20:30). Commuter exposures in the MTR system were characterized by higher levels of PM2.5 and elemental components (e.g., Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ba) compared to riding the bus, along with higher cellular and acellular ROS production (p < .01). These metals were attributed to different sources: rail tracks, wheels, brakes, and crustal origin. Weak to moderate associations were shown for the analyzed transition metals with PM2.5-induced cell viability and cellular ROS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ti, and Co attributed to cytotoxicity and ROS generation. These findings underscore the importance of commuter exposures and their toxic effects, urging effective mitigating strategies to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Lin-Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nirmal Kumar Gali
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Steve Hung-Lam Yim
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheng Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of PM2.5, PM10, and AOD over Canal Head Taocha Station, Henan Province. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12203432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, spatio-temporal characteristics of particulate matter (PMx; x = 2.5 and 10) mass concentrations and aerosol optical properties were analyzed over the water source area of the South–North Water Diversion Central Line. For this purpose, PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were collected at the Taocha(TC)station from October 2018 to September 2019, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) was obtained from the Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite from 2007 to 2019. The monthly, seasonal, and daily statistical analyses and related comparisons were conducted in the present study. The results showed that the PM10 concentrations meet China’s ambient air secondary quality standard (100 μg/m3 annual mean), whereas PM2.5 did not meet China’s ambient air secondary quality standard (35 μg/m3 annual mean) at the TC station, no obvious seasonal and diurnal variations are observed, and these particulates are caused by local emissions and outside sources. A significant positive correlation of PM2.5 and PM10 was observed with relative humidity and temperature, whereas no relationship was found with wind direction. The results also showed low (~0.1) AOD in spring, autumn, and winter, whereas slightly higher AOD (~0.3) was observed in summer. This may be caused by straw burning from long-distance transportation. This study may provide new data support for comprehensive ecological measures such as strengthening the ecological environment and water quality protection in the Middle Route Project of the South–North Water Diversion.
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13
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Dupont MF, Elbourne A, Cozzolino D, Chapman J, Truong VK, Crawford RJ, Latham K. Chemometrics for environmental monitoring: a review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4597-4620. [PMID: 32966380 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is necessary to ensure the overall health and conservation of an ecosystem. However, ecosystems (e.g. air, water, soil), are complex, involving numerous processes (both native and external), inputs, contaminants, and living organisms. As such, monitoring an environmental system is not a trivial task. The data obtained from natural systems is often multifaceted and convoluted, as a multitude of inputs can be intertwined within the matrix of the information obtained as part of a study. This means that trends and important results can be easily overlooked by conventional and single dimensional data analysis protocols. Recently, chemometric methods have emerged as a powerful method for maximizing the details contained within a chemical data set. Specifically, chemometrics refers to the use of mathematical and statistical analysis methods to evaluate chemical data, beyond univariant analysis. This type of analysis can provide a quantitative description of environmental measurements, while also having the capacity to reveal previously overlooked trends in data sets. Applying chemometrics to environmental data allows us to identify and describe the inter-relationship of environmental drivers, sources of contamination, and their potential impact upon the environment. This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of chemometric techniques, how they are currently used in environmental monitoring, and how these techniques can be used to improve current practices. An enhanced ability to monitor environmental conditions and to predict trends would be greatly beneficial to government and research agencies in their ability to develop environmental policies and analytical procedures.
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14
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Xu HM, He KL, Feng R, Shen ZX, Cao JJ, Liu SX, Ho KF, Huang RJ, Guinot B, Wang QY, Zhou JM, Shen MX, Xiao S, Zhou BH, Sonke JE. Metallic elements and Pb isotopes in PM 2.5 in three Chinese typical megacities: spatial distribution and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1718-1730. [PMID: 32672296 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00174k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a serious environmental and health concern in China, particularly during winter. Here, we detected 40 elements in 24 h integrated daily PM2.5 samples collected in January 2014 from three typical Chinese metropolises (Beijing, Changchun, and Chengdu) to reflect elemental spatial variations, local sources, and regional transport. The measured elemental concentrations in Changchun were 11.1% and 48.4% higher than those in Beijing and Chengdu, respectively. Thus, PM2.5 from Changchun exhibited high levels and diversity in the elemental profile (characterized by high concentrations of industrial emission elemental markers). The results of elemental ratios and Pb isotopes proved that, except for a coal combustion source, vehicular emissions contributed more to PM2.5 heavy metals in Beijing than in the other two cities; Changchun PM2.5 elements received large contributions from industrial sources, including iron and steel manufacturing, and automobile industry. Moreover, crustal dust from long-range transport of regional air masses from the northwest regions of China played a crucial role in determining elemental levels in Beijing and Changchun, accounting for more than 50% of source intensity. However, a specific dominant source was not determined in Chengdu; the contribution of anthropogenic dust, mainly from construction activities, needs to be paid attention in Chengdu eastern area. This study contributed to enhancing our understanding of elemental spatial distribution characteristics and sources and to setting more judicious standards and strategies for PM2.5 bound heavy metals in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Liu X, Bai X, Tian H, Wang K, Hua S, Liu H, Liu S, Wu B, Wu Y, Liu W, Luo L, Wang Y, Hao J, Lin S, Zhao S, Zhang K. Fine particulate matter pollution in North China: Seasonal-spatial variations, source apportionment, sector and regional transport contributions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109368. [PMID: 32192990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Large areas of mainland China have been suffering frequently from heavy haze pollution during the past years, which feature high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) and low visibility. Moreover, these areas manifested strong regional complex pollution characteristics, particularly in North China including Beijing and the five surrounding provinces (BSFP). In this study, by using the localized comprehensive emission inventory of BSFP region in 2012 as an input, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions-Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology (CAMx/PSAT) was used to assess the seasonal variations and source apportionment of PM2.5 in the highly polluted BSFP region, with a specific focus on the sectoral and sub-regional contributions to PM2.5 in Beijing during winter and summer. Results showed that the PM2.5 concentrations of BSFP region was higher in winter than that in summer. And the heavily polluted area in BSFP region shrinked noticeably in summer, compared with winter. As for source apportionment of PM2.5, residential and remaining industrial sectors constituted the top two sources of PM2.5 mass concentrations in Beijing. In addition, agricultural source represented a major contributor to ammonium, whereas transportation and power sectors constituted major sources to nitrates. In terms of contributions from sub-regions, the local sources ranked as the dominant contributors to PM2.5 in Beijing, while the main external contributions originated from the surrounding areas, such as Hebei and Shandong. Results of daily source apportionment to PM2.5 in Beijing showed that sub-regional long-distance transport became stronger when haze pollution was severe, in which contribution from remaining industrial sector would be higher than that of other periods. The results will allow for an improved understanding of the causes and origins of heavy regional PM2.5 pollution, and thus will benefit the development of effective joint control policies and identification of key polluting emission categories in North China and ultimately serve as references for other highly polluted megacities in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Shenbing Hua
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Huanjia Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lining Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Compositional Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosols during a Consecutive High Concentration Episode in Seoul, Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the temporal variation in the compositional characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in Seoul, South Korea, during the consecutive high aerosol concentration episode from 30 December 2013 to 2 January 2014. The temporal variations in the observed physical, optical, and chemical properties show that there were three distinct episodes during the period: haze, mixed haze/Asian dust, and Asian dust episodes. For the haze period, the concentration of secondary inorganic aerosols increased and both secondary inorganic aerosols and calcium species exhibited simultaneously high concentrations during the mixed haze/Asian dust period. The neutralization factors by ammonia in the haze periods were higher as 1.03 than the other periods, meanwhile the neutralization contribution by calcium carbonate was relatively higher as 1.39 during the Asian dust episode. The backward trajectory analysis showed that concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ were relatively high when air masses moved over East China. Principal component analysis showed that water-soluble components originated from soil dust/incineration, secondary aerosols/biomass burning, and road dust from the haze aerosol. For the mixed haze/Asian dust episode, the major source of aerosols was estimated to have originated from soil dust, pollutants from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and sea-salt emissions. Furthermore, the main sources of ionic species in the Asian dust aerosols were estimated to be sea-salt/soil dust, secondary aerosols/coal combustion, and road dust.
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17
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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) over Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas of Hong Kong. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In urban areas, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with local vehicle emissions can cause respiratory and cardiorespiratory disease and increased mortality rates, but less so in rural areas. However, Hong Kong may be a special case, since the whole territory often suffers from regional haze from nearby mainland China, as well as local sources. Therefore, to understand which areas of Hong Kong may be affected by damaging levels of fine particulates, PM2.5 data were obtained from March 2005 to February 2009 for urban, suburban, and rural air quality monitoring stations; namely Central (city area, commercial area, and urban populated area), Tsuen Wan (city area, commercial area, urban populated, and residential area), Tung Chung (suburban and residential area), Yuen Long (urban and residential area), and Tap Mun (remote rural area). To evaluate the relative contributions of regional and local pollution sources, the study aimed to test the influence of weather conditions on PM2.5 concentrations. Thus, meteorological parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind directions were obtained from the Hong Kong Observatory. The results showed that Hong Kong’s air quality is mainly affected by regional aerosol emissions, either transported from the land or ocean, as similar patterns of variations in PM2.5 concentrations were observed over urban, suburban, and rural areas of Hong Kong. Only slightly higher PM2.5 concentrations were observed over urban sites, such as Central, compared to suburban and rural sites, which could be attributed to local automobile emissions. Results showed that meteorological parameters have the potential to explain 80% of the variability in daily mean PM2.5 concentrations—at Yuen Long, 77% at Tung Chung, 72% at Central, 71% at Tsuen Wan, and 67% at Tap Mun, during the spring to summer part of the year. The results provide not only a better understanding of the impact of regional long-distance transport of air pollutants on Hong Kong’s air quality but also a reference for future regional-scale collaboration on air quality management.
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18
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Liu T, Zhou L, Liu Q, Lee BP, Yao D, Lu H, Lyu X, Guo H, Chan CK. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Urban Roadside Air in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3001-3009. [PMID: 30790521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor vehicle emissions are an important but poorly constrained source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here, we investigated in situ SOA formation from urban roadside air in Hong Kong during winter time using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR), with equivalent atmospheric oxidation ranging from several hours to several days. The campaign-average mass enhancement of OA, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium upon OFR aging was 7.0, 7.2, 0.8, and 2.6 μg m-3, respectively. To investigate the sources of SOA formation potential, we performed multilinear regression analysis between measured peak SOA concentrations from OFR and the concentrations of toluene that represent motor vehicle emissions and cooking OA from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of ambient OA. Traffic-related SOA precursors contributed 92.3%, 92.4%, and 83.1% to the total SOA formation potential during morning rush hours, noon and early afternoon, and evening meal time, respectively. The SOA production factor (PF) was approximately 5.2 times of primary OA (POA) emission factor (EF) and the secondary particulate matter (PM) PF was approximately 2.6 times of primary particles EF. This study highlights the potential benefit of reducing secondary PM production from motor vehicle emissions in mitigating PM pollutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Berto P Lee
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Dawen Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Haoxian Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , China
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19
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang L, Lei Y, Gong X, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Xu H, Cui S, Wang Q, Cao J, Tao J, Zhang N, Zhang R. Chemical source profiles of urban fugitive dust PM 2.5 samples from 21 cities across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1045-1053. [PMID: 30184520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urban fugitive (road and construction) dust PM2.5 samples were collected in 21 cities of seven regions in China. Seven water-soluble ions, eight sub-fractions of carbonaceous components, and 19 elements were determined to investigate the chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust. Among the analyzed chemical compositions and on regional average, the elemental compositions showed the highest proportion (12.5-28.9% in road dust (RD) and 13.1-38.0% in construction dust (CD)), followed by water-soluble ions (5.1-19.0% in RD and 4.2-16.4% in CD) and carbonaceous fractions (5.4-9.6% in RD and 4.9-9.3% in CD). Chemical compositions measured in CD were all slightly lower than those in RD although statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Soil dust, which was estimated from Fe concentration, was proved to be the biggest contributor to urban fugitive dust PM2.5 mass. While, it showed a higher contribution in Northern China (71.5%) than in Southern China (52.1%). Higher enrichment factors were found for elemental S, Zn and Pb in RD than CD, reflecting stronger anthropogenic sources (i.e. vehicle exhaust) in RD. Low NO3-/SO42- and high SO42-/K+ ratios both indicated that fugitive dust was strongly influenced by stationary sources (e.g. coal combustion), and this influence was especially strong in Northern China. Coefficients of divergence proved that dust profiles within the same region were more similar than across regions, reflecting that urban fugitive dust was influenced more by local sources than long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuesong Gong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Pollutants, School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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20
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Zhu Y, Huang L, Li J, Ying Q, Zhang H, Liu X, Liao H, Li N, Liu Z, Mao Y, Fang H, Hu J. Sources of particulate matter in China: Insights from source apportionment studies published in 1987-2017. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:343-357. [PMID: 29653391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere has adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and visibility. It also plays an important role in meteorology and climate change. A good understanding of its sources is essential for effective emission controls to reduce PM and to protect public health. In this study, a total of 239 PM source apportionment studies in China published during 1987-2017 were reviewed. The documents studied include peer-reviewed papers in international and Chinese journals, as well as degree dissertations. The methods applied in these studies were summarized and the main sources in various regions of China were identified. The trends of source contributions at two major cities with abundant studies over long-time periods were analyzed. The most frequently used methods for PM source apportionment in China are receptor models, including chemical mass balance (CMB), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principle component analysis (PCA). Dust, fossil fuel combustion, transportation, biomass burning, industrial emission, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are the main source categories of fine PM identified in China. Even though the sources of PM vary among seven different geographical areas of China, SIA, industrial, and dust emissions are generally found to be the top three source categories in 2007-2016. A number of studies investigated the sources of SIA and SOA in China using air quality models and indicated that fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions were the most important sources of SIA (total contributing 63.5%-88.1% of SO42-, and 47.3%-70% NO3-), and agriculture emissions were the dominant source of NH4+ (contributing 53.9%-90%). Biogenic emissions were the most important source of SOA in China in summer, while residential and industrial emissions were important in winter. Long-term changes of PM sources at two megacities of Beijing and Nanjing indicated that the contributions of fossil fuel and industrial sources have been declining after stricter emission controls in recent years. In general, dust and industrial contributions decreased and transportation contributions increased after 2000. PM2.5 emissions are predicted to decline in most regions during 2005-2030, even though the energy consumptions except biomass burning are predicted to continue to increase. Industrial, residential, and biomass burning sources will become more important in the future in the businuess-as-usual senarios. This review provides valuable information about main sources of PM and their trends in China. A few recommendations are suggested to further improve our understanding the sources and to develop effective PM control strategies in various regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 77803, USA
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenxin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuhao Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
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21
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Li X, Feng YJ, Liang HY. The Impact of Meteorological Factors on PM2.5 Variations in Hong Kong. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/78/1/012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Li Z, Wen Q, Zhang R. Sources, health effects and control strategies of indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5): A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:610-622. [PMID: 28216030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is directly influenced by indoor PM2.5. Short-term and long-term exposure of PM2.5 in the micro environment would severely detriment the health of both humans and animals. The researches both at home and abroad dating from 2000 were analyzed and summarized mainly in the following 3 sections: source apportionment, health effects and control methods. Health effects were illustrated in both epidemiology and toxicology. The epidemiology was explicated in morbidity and mortality, the toxicology was illuminated in inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Control methods were showed in two aspects (sources and means of transmission), of which each was resolved by corresponding control strategy. Abundant investigations indicated that comprehensive control strategies were needed for sources decrement and health burden mitigation of indoor PM2.5. Based on the increasingly wide research of indoor PM2.5, the concept of indoors was essentially expanded, and on the basis of the summary of all the aspects mentioned above, both the scope and depth of indoor PM2.5 research were found insufficiently. Meantime, the potential direction of development in indoor PM2.5 research were projected, in hope of contributing to further relevant study of engineers in ambient environment and building environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmei Wen
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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23
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Liu B, Li T, Yang J, Wu J, Wang J, Gao J, Bi X, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Yang H. Source apportionment and a novel approach of estimating regional contributions to ambient PM 2.5 in Haikou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:334-345. [PMID: 28161268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach was developed to estimate regional contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Haikou, China. In this paper, the investigation was divided into two main steps. The first step: analysing the characteristics of the chemical compositions of ambient PM2.5, as well as the source profiles, and then conducting source apportionments by using the CMB and CMB-Iteration models. The second step: the development of estimation approaches for regional contributions in terms of local features of Haikou and the results of source apportionment, and estimating regional contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Haikou by this new approach. The results indicate that secondary sulphate, resuspended dust and vehicle exhaust were the major sources of ambient PM2.5 in Haikou, contributing 9.9-21.4%, 10.1-19.0% and 10.5-20.2%, respectively. Regional contributions to ambient PM2.5 in Haikou in spring, autumn and winter were 22.5%, 11.6% and 32.5%, respectively. The regional contribution in summer was assumed to be zero according to the better atmospheric quality and assumptions of this new estimation approach. The higher regional contribution in winter might be mainly attributable to the transport of polluted air originating in mainland China, especially from the north, where coal is burned for heating in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tingkun Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jixin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haihang Yang
- Haikou Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Haikou, 570102, China
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Hayakawa K. Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:83-94. [PMID: 26833435 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been collected at four cities in Japan starting in the late 1990s, at five or more major cities in China, Korea and Russia starting in 2001 and at the Noto Peninsula starting in 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections, respectively. Annual concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were in the order, China>Russia≫Korea=Japan, with seasonal change (winter>summer). During the observation period, concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in Japanese cities significantly decreased but the increases in the PAH concentration were observed in Chinese and Russian cities. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were higher in the Northern China than those in the Southern China. At the Noto peninsula, which is in the main path of winter northwest winds and a year-round jet stream that blow from the Asian continent to Japan, the concentrations were high in winter and low in summer every year. A cluster analysis and back trajectory analysis indicated that PAHs and NPAHs were long-range transported from Northeastern China, where coal burning systems such as coal-heating boilers are considered to be the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs. A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in East Asia. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs is necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences/Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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Zhang Y, Ji X, Ku T, Li G, Sang N. Heavy metals bound to fine particulate matter from northern China induce season-dependent health risks: A study based on myocardial toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:380-390. [PMID: 27341017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Substantial epidemiological evidence has consistently reported that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes. PM2.5 is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets composed of multiple components, and there has been high interest in identifying the specific health-relevant physical and/or chemical toxic constituents of PM2.5. In the present study, we analyzed 8 heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Co) in the PM2.5 collected during four different seasons in Taiyuan, a typical coal-burning city in northern China. Our results indicated that total concentrations of the 8 heavy metals differed among the seasons. Zn and Pb, which are primarily derived from the anthropogenic source, coal burning, were the dominant elements, and high concentrations of these two elements were observed during the spring and winter. To clarify whether these heavy metals in the locally collected PM2.5 were associated with health effects, we conducted health risk assessments using validated methods. Interestingly, Pb was responsible for greater potential health risks to children. Because cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a main contributor to the mortality associated with PM2.5 exposure, we performed experimental assays to evaluate the myocardial toxicity. Our in vitro experiments showed that the heavy metal-containing PM2.5 induced season-dependent apoptosis in rat H9C2 cells through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammatory response. Our findings suggested that heavy metals bound to PM2.5 produced by coal burning play an important role in myocardial toxicity and contribute to season-dependent health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Tingting Ku
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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26
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Shi Y, Lau KKL, Ng E. Developing Street-Level PM2.5 and PM10 Land Use Regression Models in High-Density Hong Kong with Urban Morphological Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8178-8187. [PMID: 27381187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring street-level particulates is essential to air quality management but challenging in high-density Hong Kong due to limitations in local monitoring network and the complexities of street environment. By employing vehicle-based mobile measurements, land use regression (LUR) models were developed to estimate the spatial variation of PM2.5 and PM10 in the downtown area of Hong Kong. Sampling runs were conducted along routes measuring a total of 30 km during a selected measurement period of total 14 days. In total, 321 independent variables were examined to develop LUR models by using stepwise regression with PM2.5 and PM10 as dependent variables. Approximately, 10% increases in the model adjusted R(2) were achieved by integrating urban/building morphology as independent variables into the LUR models. Resultant LUR models show that the most decisive factors on street-level air quality in Hong Kong are frontal area index, an urban/building morphological parameter, and road network line density and traffic volume, two parameters of road traffic. The adjusted R(2) of the final LUR models of PM2.5 and PM10 are 0.633 and 0.707, respectively. These results indicate that urban morphology is more decisive to the street-level air quality in high-density cities than other cities. Air pollution hotspots were also identified based on the LUR mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kevin Ka-Lun Lau
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability (IEES), The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Edward Ng
- School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability (IEES), The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR China
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Abstract
Heavy metal determination in ambient air is an important task for environmental researchers because of their toxicity to human beings. Some heavy metals (hexavalent chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)) have been listed as carcinogens. Furthermore, heavy metals in the atmosphere can accumulate in various plants and animals and enter humans through the food chain. This article reviews the determination of heavy metals in the atmosphere in different areas of the world since 2006. The results showed that most researchers concentrated on toxic metals, such as Cr, Cd, Ni, As and lead. A few studies used plant materials as bio-monitors for the atmospheric levels of heavy metals. Some researchers found higher concentrations of heavy metals surrounding industrial areas compared with residential and/or commercial areas. Most studies reported the major sources of the particulate matter and heavy metals in the atmosphere to be industrial emissions, vehicular emissions and secondary aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Ok Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
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Yotova GI, Tsitouridou R, Tsakovski SL, Simeonov VD. Urban air quality assessment using monitoring data of fractionized aerosol samples, chemometrics and meteorological conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:544-552. [PMID: 26942452 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1141620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present article deals with assessment of urban air by using monitoring data for 10 different aerosol fractions (0.015-16 μm) collected at a typical urban site in City of Thessaloniki, Greece. The data set was subject to multivariate statistical analysis (cluster analysis and principal components analysis) and, additionally, to HYSPLIT back trajectory modeling in order to assess in a better way the impact of the weather conditions on the pollution sources identified. A specific element of the study is the effort to clarify the role of outliers in the data set. The reason for the appearance of outliers is strongly related to the atmospheric condition on the particular sampling days leading to enhanced concentration of pollutants (secondary emissions, sea sprays, road and soil dust, combustion processes) especially for ultra fine and coarse particles. It is also shown that three major sources affect the urban air quality of the location studied-sea sprays, mineral dust and anthropogenic influences (agricultural activity, combustion processes, and industrial sources). The level of impact is related to certain extent to the aerosol fraction size. The assessment of the meteorological conditions leads to defining of four downwind patterns affecting the air quality (Pelagic, Western and Central Europe, Eastern and Northeastern Europe and Africa and Southern Europe). Thus, the present study offers a complete urban air assessment taking into account the weather conditions, pollution sources and aerosol fractioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I Yotova
- a Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Roxani Tsitouridou
- b Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Stefan L Tsakovski
- a Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Vasil D Simeonov
- a Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
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Brimblecombe P, Ning Z. Effect of road blockages on local air pollution during the Hong Kong protests and its implications for air quality management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 536:443-448. [PMID: 26245533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Roadside air quality in urban areas is largely affected by the traffic emissions. Changes in emissions and transport control policy are often assumed to yield benefits in air quality, but have often not always been effective in producing perceptible improvements due to the complexity of meteorological conditions. This study evaluates the air quality before, during and after a temporary roadway blockage event in Hong Kong that took place during Hong Kong protests from late September to mid-December, 2014. The local regulatory air quality monitoring data from both roadside and general ambient stations were used to assess the impact of roadway blockages on the air quality. There was a public perception of improved air quality, but analysis of the data shows the changes can be difficult to discern. This study showed some benefits deriving from road blockages on the local air quality, but the impact was not always apparent because of seasonal variation in meteorological conditions and synoptic transport of pollutants. The finding suggests care is required before making policy changes based on claimed benefits of shifting transport routes. The study highlights the needs to remove seasonal and meteorological change when examining air pollution data to develop strategies to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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30
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Xu J, Jin T, Miao Y, Han B, Gao J, Bai Z, Xu X. Individual and population intake fractions of diesel particulate matter (DPM) in bus stop microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:161-167. [PMID: 26378967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is associated with adverse human health effects. This study aims to investigate the relationship between DPM exposure and emissions by estimating the individual intake fraction (iFi) and population intake fraction (iFp) of DPM. Daily average concentrations of particulate matter at two bus stops during rush hours were measured, and then they were apportioned to DPM due to heavy-duty diesel bus emissions using Chemical Mass Balance Model. The DPM emissions of diesel buses for different driving conditions (idling, creeping and traveling) were estimated on the basis of field observations and published emission factors. The median iFi of DPM was 0.67 and 1.39 per million for commuters standing at the bus stop and pedestrians/cyclists passing through the bus stop during rush hours, respectively. The median iFp of DPM was 94 per million. Estimations of iFi and iFp of DPM are potentially significant for exposure assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Taosheng Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yaning Miao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiajia Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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31
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Jiang SY, Kaul DS, Yang F, Sun L, Ning Z. Source apportionment and water solubility of metals in size segregated particles in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:347-355. [PMID: 26172602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have been associated with various adverse health effects. Different factors contributing to the characterization and distribution of atmospheric metals in urban environments lead to uncertainty of the understanding of their impact on public health. However, few studies have provided a comprehensive picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of metal concentration, solubility and size distribution, all of which have important roles in their contribution to health effects. This study presents an experimental investigation on the characteristics of metals in PM2.5 and coarse PM in two seasons from four urban sites in Hong Kong. The PM samples were extracted separately with aqua regia and water, and a total of sixteen elements were analyzed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES to determine the size segregated concentration and solubility of metals. The concentrations of major metals were distributed in similar patterns with the same order of magnitude among different urban sites. Source apportionment using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) indicated that three sources namely road dust, vehicular exhaust and ship emission are major contributors to the urban atmospheric metal concentrations in Hong Kong with distinctly different profiles between coarse PM and PM2.5 fractions. The individual metals were assigned to different sources, consistent with literature documentation, except potassium emerging with substantial contribution from vehicle exhaust emission. Literature data from past studies on both local and other cities were compared to the results from the present study to investigate the impact of different emission sources and control policies on metal distribution in urban atmosphere. A large variation of solubility among the metals reflected that the majority of metals in PM2.5 were more soluble than those in coarse PM indicating size dependent chemical states of metals. The data from this study provides a rich dataset of metals in urban atmosphere and can be useful for targeted emission control to mitigate the adverse impact of metallic pollution on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daya S Kaul
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fenhuan Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Sun
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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32
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Fan Q, Yu W, Fan S, Wang X, Lan J, Zou D, Feng Y, Chan PW. Process analysis of a regional air pollution episode over Pearl River Delta region, China, using the MM5-CMAQ model. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:406-18. [PMID: 24843912 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.816387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study focuses on the influences of a warm high-pressure meteorological system on aerosol pollutants, employing the simulations by the Models-3/CMAQ system and the observations collected during October 10-12, 2004, over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The results show that the spatial distributions of air pollutants are generally circular near Guangzhou and Foshan, which are cities with high emissions rates. The primary pollutant is particulate matter (PM) over the PRD. MM5 shows reasonable performance for major meteorological variables (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, wind direction) with normalized mean biases (NMB) of 4.5-38.8% and for their time series. CMAQ can capture one peak of all air pollutant concentrations on October 11, but misses other peaks. The CMAQ model systematically underpredicts the mass concentrations of all air pollutants. Compared with chemical observations, SO2 and O3 are predicted well with a correlation coefficient of 0.70 and 0.65. PM2.5 and NO are significantly underpredicted with an NMB of 43% and 90%, respectively. The process analysis results show that the emission, dry deposition, horizontal transport, and vertical transport are four main processes affecting air pollutants. The contributions of each physical process are different for the various pollutants. The most important process for PM10 is dry deposition, and for NO(x) it is transport. The contributions of horizontal and vertical transport processes vary during the period, but these two processes mostly contribute to the removal of air pollutants at Guangzhou city, whose emissions are high. For this high-pressure case, the contributions of the various processes show high correlations in cities with the similar geographical attributes. According to the statistical results, cities in the PRD region are divided into four groups with different features. The contributions from local and nonlocal emission sources are discussed in different groups. IMPLICATIONS The characteristics of aerosol pollution episodes are intensively studied in this work using the high-resolution modeling system MM5/SMOKE/CMAQ, with special efforts on examining the contributions of different physical and chemical processes to air concentrations for each city over the PRD region by a process analysis method, so as to provide a scientific basis for understanding the formation mechanism of regional aerosol pollution under the high-pressure system over PRD.
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Contini D, Cesari D, Genga A, Siciliano M, Ielpo P, Guascito MR, Conte M. Source apportionment of size-segregated atmospheric particles based on the major water-soluble components in Lecce (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:248-61. [PMID: 24295746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have potential effects on human health, on the radiation balance, on climate, and on visibility. The understanding of these effects requires detailed knowledge of aerosol composition and size distributions and of how the different sources contribute to particles of different sizes. In this work, aerosol samples were collected using a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). Measurements were taken between February and October 2011 in an urban background site near Lecce (Apulia region, southeast of Italy). Samples were analysed to evaluate the concentrations of water-soluble ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), NH4(+), Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) and of water-soluble organic and inorganic carbon. The aerosols were characterised by two modes, an accumulation mode having a mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.35 ± 0.02 μm, representing 51 ± 4% of the aerosols and a coarse mode (MMD=4.5 ± 0.4 μm), representing 49 ± 4% of the aerosols. The data were used to estimate the losses in the impactor by comparison with a low-volume sampler. The average loss in the MOUDI-collected aerosol was 19 ± 2%, and the largest loss was observed for NO3(-) (35 ± 10%). Significant losses were observed for Ca(2+) (16 ± 5%), SO4(2-) (19 ± 5%) and K(+) (10 ± 4%), whereas the losses for Na(+) and Mg(2+) were negligible. Size-segregated source apportionment was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which was applied separately to the coarse (size interval 1-18 μm) and accumulation (size interval 0.056-1 μm) modes. The PMF model was able to reasonably reconstruct the concentration in each size-range. The uncertainties in the source apportionment due to impactor losses were evaluated. In the accumulation mode, it was not possible to distinguish the traffic contribution from other combustion sources. In the coarse mode, it was not possible to efficiently separate nitrate from the contribution of crustal/resuspension origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy.
| | - D Cesari
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Genga
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Ielpo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, IRSA-CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - M R Guascito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Kameda T, Toriba A. Atmospheric Behaviors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in East Asia. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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35
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Zhou S, Yuan Q, Li W, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W. Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: spatial variations, sources, and health implications. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:205-13. [PMID: 24649708 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals in PM2.5 were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5 samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals (i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid (i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5 (130 microg/m3) and trace metals (4.03 microg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 microg/m 3 at the urban site and 2.41 microg/m3 at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular traffic and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have different toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Fricker M, Kaminski U, Chen Y, Chai F, Wang S, Yu Y, Cen K. Spatio-temporal variations of black carbon concentrations in the Megacity Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:392-401. [PMID: 23978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution and the flux of black carbon (BC) concentration in Beijing were continuously investigated over a two-year period at five sites to highlight the relative influence of contributing sources. The results demonstrate firstly that there is significant spatio-temporal variability of BC in Beijing. Highest concentrations occurred during winter primarily due to stagnant meteorological conditions, and seasonal BC sources, such as coal combustion for heating purposes. Biomass burning was identified as a minor seasonal source during the summer months. BC also varied spatially with higher concentrations in the SE of Beijing and lower concentrations in the NW, due to the differing emission intensity of various local BC sources such as traffic and industry. Frequently, overnight BC concentrations were higher due to specific meteorological conditions, such as the lower urban mixing layer height and various anthropogenic activities, such as exclusive night-time heavy duty vehicle traffic in the inner-city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Farmaki EG, Thomaidis NS, Simeonov V, Efstathiou CE. A comparative chemometric study for water quality expertise of the Athenian water reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7635-7652. [PMID: 22270597 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to compare the application of unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition techniques for the quality assessment and classification of the reservoirs used as the source for the domestic and industrial water supply of the city of Athens, Greece. A new optimization strategy for sampling, monitoring, and water management is proposed. During the period of October 2006 to April 2007, 89 samples were collected from the three water reservoirs (Iliki, Mornos, and Marathon), and 13 parameters (metals and metalloids) were analytically determined. Generally, all the elements were found to fluctuate at very low levels, especially for Mornos that comprises the main water reservoir of Athens. Iliki and Marathon showed relatively elevated values, compared to Mornos, but below the legislative limits. Multivariate unsupervised statistical techniques, such as factor analysis/principal components analysis, and cluster analysis and supervised ones, like discriminant analysis and classification trees, were applied to the data set, and their classification abilities were compared. All the chemometric techniques successfully revealed the critical variables and described the similarities and dissimilarities among the sampling points, emphasizing the individual characteristics in every sample and revealing the sources of elements in the region. New data from posterior samplings (November and December 2007) were used for the validation of the supervised techniques. Finally, water management strategies were proposed concerning the sampling points and representative parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni G Farmaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Khan MF, Hirano K, Masunaga S. Assessment of the sources of suspended particulate matter aerosol using US EPA PMF 3.0. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:1063-1083. [PMID: 21472386 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper was to carry out a source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples using positive matrix factorization procedure. The central and local Government of Japan introduced strict emission regulations in 2002/10 and 2003/10, respectively, in curbing SPM pollution from major metropolitans. This paper also highlighted the impact of the measures taken by the central and local Government of Japan on the reduction of SPM and the contributions of sources. SPM samples were collected for 6 years starting from 1999 to 2005 at two sites, i.e., site A (urban) and site B (suburban) of Yokohama, Japan. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were employed to measure Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and Bi, while water soluble ions (Na(+), NH₄⁺, K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cl(-), NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ as well as carbonaceous mass (EC and OC) were analyzed using ion chromatograph and CHN analyzer, respectively. The sources identified at two sites were automobile, soil dust, marine aerosol, mixed sources, and secondarily formed aerosol. Also, source quantification was performed. Automobile and soil dust were striking contributors at site A. Automobile and soil dust of SPM aerosol might be produced from local origin at current study areas. Besides, Asian dust had an impact on high concentrations of SPM aerosol in some certain period of the year due to the outflows of East Asian emission. In contrast, secondary aerosol in the form of sulfate and ammonium as well as mixed sources (coal, long-transported Cs, and other unknown sources) were remarkable at site B. Stationary/industrial combustion has apparently more impact on the release of SPM components at site B than A. Automobile regulations in 2002 and 2003, respectively, resulted in reduction of SPM by 28% for site A and 16% for site B. There was also net reduction of automobile contribution at both sites due to the above measures being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Firoz Khan
- Graduate School of Environment & Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
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Contini D, Belosi F, Gambaro A, Cesari D, Stortini AM, Bove MC. Comparison of PM10 concentrations and metal content in three different sites of the Venice Lagoon: an analysis of possible aerosol sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1954-1965. [PMID: 23534229 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Venice Lagoon is exposed to atmospheric pollutants from industrial activities, thermoelectric power plants, petrochemical plants, incinerator, domestic heating, ship traffic, glass factories and vehicular emissions on the mainland. In 2005, construction began on the mobile dams (MOSE), one dam for each channel connecting the lagoon to the Adriatic Sea as a barrier against high tide. These construction works could represent an additional source of pollutants. PM10 samples were taken on random days between 2007 and 2010 at three different sites: Punta Sabbioni, Chioggia and Malamocco, located near the respective dam construction worksites. Chemical analyses of V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in PM10 samples were performed by Inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) and results were used to identify the main aerosol sources. The correlation of measured data with meteorology, and source apportionment, failed to highlight a contribution specifically associated to the emissions of the MOSE construction works. The comparison of the measurements at the three sites showed a substantial homogeneity of metal concentrations in the area. Source apportionment with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that a four principal factors model could describe the sources of metals in PM10. Three of them were assigned to specific sources in the area and one was characterised as a source of mixed origin (anthropogenic and crustal). A specific anthropogenic source of PM10 rich in Ni and Cr, active at the Chioggia site, was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy.
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Kwok RHF, Fung JCH, Lau AKH, Fu JS. Numerical study on seasonal variations of gaseous pollutants and particulate matters in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cheng Y, Lee SC, Ho KF, Chow JC, Watson JG, Louie PKK, Cao JJ, Hai X. Chemically-speciated on-road PM(2.5) motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1621-7. [PMID: 20036415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PM(2.5) (particle with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5microm) was measured in different microenvironments of Hong Kong (including one urban tunnel, one Hong Kong/Mainland boundary roadside site, two urban roadside sites, and one urban ambient site) in 2003. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and up to 40 elements (Na to U) were determined. The average PM(2.5) mass concentrations were 229+/-90, 129+/-95, 69+/-12, 49+/-18microg m(-3) in the urban tunnel, cross boundary roadside, urban roadside, and urban ambient environments, respectively. Carbonaceous particles (sum of organic material [OM] and EC) were the dominant constituents, on average, accounting for approximately 82% of PM(2.5) emissions in the tunnel, approximately 70% at the three roadside sites, and approximately 48% at the ambient site, respectively. The OC/EC ratios were 0.6+/-0.2 and 0.8+/-0.1 at the tunnel and roadside sites, respectively, suggesting carbonaceous aerosols were mainly from vehicle exhausts. Higher OC/EC ratio (1.9+/-0.7) occurred at the ambient site, indicating contributions from secondary organic aerosols. The PM(2.5) emission factor for on-road diesel-fueled vehicles in the urban area of Hong Kong was 257+/-31mg veh(-1) km(-1), with a composition of approximately 51% EC, approximately 26% OC, and approximately 9% SO(4)(=). The other inorganic ions and elements made up approximately 11% of the total PM(2.5) emissions. OC composed the largest fraction (approximately 51%) in gasoline and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) emissions, followed by EC (approximately 19%). Diesel engines showed higher emission rates than did gasoline and LPG engines for most pollutants, except for V, Br, Sb, and Ba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China.
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Contini D, Donateo A, Cesari D, Belosi F, Francioso S. Identification and characterisation of local aerosol sources using high temporal resolution measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1709-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c000642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Samuelsen M, Cecilie Nygaard U, Løvik M. Particles from wood smoke and road traffic differently affect the innate immune system of the lung. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:943-51. [PMID: 19552530 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802590499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of particles from road traffic and wood smoke on the innate immune response in the lung was studied in a lung challenge model with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Female Balb/cA mice were instilled intratracheally with wood smoke particles, particles from road traffic collected during winter (studded tires used; St+), and during autumn (no studded tires; St-), or diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Simultaneously with, and 1 or 7 days after particle instillation, 10(5) bacteria were inoculated intratracheally. Bacterial numbers in the lungs and spleen 1 day after Listeria challenge were determined, as an indicator of cellular activation. In separate experiments, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected 4 h and 24 h after particle instillation. All particles tested reduced the numbers of bacteria in the lung 24 h after bacterial inoculation. When particles were given simultaneously with Listeria, the reduction was greatest for DEP, followed by St+ and St-, and least for wood smoke particles. Particle effects were no longer apparent after 7 days. Neutrophil numbers in BAL fluid were increased for all particle exposed groups. St+ and St- induced the highest levels of IL-1beta, MIP-2, MCP-1, and TNF-alpha, followed by DEP, which induced no TNF-alpha. In contrast, wood smoke particles only increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, indicating a cytotoxic effect of these particles. In conclusion, all particles tested activated the innate immune system as determined with Listeria. However, differences in kinetics of anti-Listeria activity and levels of proinflammatory mediators point to cellular activation by different mechanisms.
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Samuelsen M, Nygaard UC, Løvik M. Allergy adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic. Toxicology 2008; 246:124-31. [PMID: 18289765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that in addition to augmenting the severity of asthma and allergic diseases, particulate air pollution also increases the incidence of allergy and asthma. We studied the adjuvant effect of particles from wood smoke and road traffic on the immune response to the allergen ovalbumin (OVA). OVA with and without particles was injected into one hind footpad of Balb/cA mice. All particles together with OVA significantly increased the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum, compared to groups given OVA or particles alone. Reference diesel exhaust particles (DEP) with OVA induced the highest levels of IgE, whereas no clear difference was observed between particles from road traffic and wood smoke. Road traffic particles collected in the autumn induced higher IgE values with OVA than corresponding particles collected during the winter season when studded tires are used, suggesting that studded tire-generated road pavement particles have less allergy adjuvant activity than exhaust particles. Compared to OVA or particles alone, all particles with OVA increased popliteal lymph node cell numbers, cell proliferation, ex vivo secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 after ConA stimulation, and the expression of several cell surface molecules (CD19, MHC class II, CD86 and CD23). Wood smoke particles with OVA induced somewhat higher cellular responses than road traffic particles, but less than DEP with OVA which seemed to be the most potent particle in inducing cellular as well as antibody responses. Thus, wood smoke particles had about the same capacity to enhance allergic sensitization as road traffic particles, but less than diesel exhaust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Samuelsen
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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