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Zhang T, Zhang J, Yang G, Hu J, Wang H, Jiang R, Yao G. Long non-coding RNA PWRN1 affects ovarian follicular development by regulating the function of granulosa cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103697. [PMID: 38430661 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the role of Prader-Willi region non-protein coding RNA 1 (PWRN1) in ovarian follicular development and its molecular mechanism? DESIGN The expression and localization of PWRN1 were detected in granulosa cells from patients with different ovarian functions, and the effect of interfering with PWRN1 expression on cell function was detected by culturing granulosa cells in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of interfering with PWRN1 expression on ovarian function of female mice were explored through in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. RESULTS The expression of PWRN1 was significantly lower in granulosa cells derived from patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) compared with patients with normal ovarian function. By in-vitro culturing of primary granulosa cells or the KGN cell line, the results showed that the downregulation of PWRN1 promoted granulosa cell apoptosis, caused cell cycle arrested in S-phase, generated high levels of autophagy and led to significant decrease in steroidogenic capacity, including inhibition of oestradiol and progesterone production. In addition, SIRT1 overexpression could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of PWRN1 downregulation on cell proliferation. The results of in-vitro culturing of newborn mouse ovary showed that the downregulation of PWRN1 could slow down the early follicular development. Further, by injecting AAV-sh-PWRN1 in mouse ovarian bursa, the oestrous cycle of mouse was affected, and the number of oocytes retrieved after ovulation induction and embryos implanted after mating was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION This study systematically elucidated the novel mechanism by which lncRNA PWRN1 participates in the regulation of granulosa cell function and follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junya Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ran Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guidong Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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He T, Zou J, Sun K, Yang J. Global research status and frontiers on autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive bibliometric and visualized analysis. Int J Surg 2024; 110:2788-2802. [PMID: 38376850 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of research has explored the role of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), revealing its critical involvement in the disease's pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic targeting. However, there is a discernible deficit in quantitative, analytical studies concerning autophagy in the context of HCC. Accordingly, this investigation endeavored to meticulously assess the evolution of autophagy research, employing bibliometric citation analysis to offer a comprehensive evaluation of the findings in this field. METHODS The authors conducted a literature search on 2 August 2023, to extract relevant publications spanning from 2013 to 2022, indexed in the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) of the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Subsequently, the authors performed a bibliometric assessment of the compiled documents using visualization tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer. RESULTS The search yielded 734 publications penned by 4699 authors, encompassing contributions from 41 countries and 909 institutions, disseminated across 272 journals, and comprising 26 295 co-cited references from 2667 journals. Notably, China led in publication volume with 264 articles (amounting to 35.9%) and exhibited the most robust collaboration with the United States. The mechanisms underlying autophagy's influence on the emergence and advancement of HCC, as well as the implicated proteins and genes, have garnered significant attention. In recent years, investigations of targeting autophagy and the resistance to sorafenib have surfaced as pivotal themes and emerging frontiers in this domain. CONCLUSIONS This study rigorously collated and distilled the prevailing research narratives and novel insights on autophagy in HCC. The resultant synthesis provides a substantive foundation for medical professionals and researchers, as well as pivotal implications for future investigative endeavors in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Jieyu Zou
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
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Tak J, An Q, Lee SG, Lee CH, Kim SG. Gα12 and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pyroptosis in a single cycle of dextran sulfate-induced mouse colitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6335. [PMID: 38491049 PMCID: PMC10943197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis involves complex inflammatory events and cell death. Although IBD involves mainly necrosis in the digestive tract, pyroptosis has also been recognized. Nonetheless, the underlying basis is elusive. Gα12/13 overexpression may affect endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study examined how Gα12/13 and ER stress affect pyroptosis using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis models. Gα12/13 levels were increased in the distal and proximal colons of mice exposed to a single cycle of DSS, as accompanied by increases of IRE1α, ATF6, and p-PERK. Moreover, Il-6, Il-1β, Ym1, and Arg1 mRNA levels were increased with caspase-1 and IL-1β activation, supportive of pyroptosis. In the distal colon, RIPK1/3 levels were enhanced to a greater degree, confirming necroptosis. By contrast, the mice subjected to three cycles of DSS treatments showed decreases of Gα12/13, as accompanied by IRE1α and ATF6 suppression, but increases of RIPK1/3 and c-Cas3. AZ2 treatment, which inhibited Gα12, has an anti-pyroptotic effect against a single cycle of colitis. These results show that a single cycle of DSS-induced colitis may cause ER stress-induced pyroptosis as mediated by Gα12 overexpression in addition to necroptosis, but three cycles model induces only necroptosis, and that AZ2 may have an anti-pyroptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Tak
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanxi An
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Research and Development Institute, A Pharma Inc, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Esmaeilian Y, Oktem O. Real-Time Visualization of Cholesterol Trafficking in Human Granulosa Cells Using Confocal Live Cell Microscopy as a Tool to Study the Novel Role of Autophagy in Sex Steroid Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024. [PMID: 38411890 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2024_521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that aims to maintain the energy homeostasis of the cell by recycling long-lived proteins and organelles. We have very recently demonstrated that lipophagy, a special form of autophagy, mediates the association of the lipid droplets (LDs) with lysosomes to deliver the lipid cargo within the LDs to lysosomes for degradation in order to release free cholesterol required for steroid synthesis in human ovary and testis. In this chapter, we describe live cell confocal microscopy technique that allows us to monitor real-time cholesterol trafficking and the association of cholesterol-laden LDs with lysosome (lipophagy) in human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Esmaeilian
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Oktem
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ren Q, Sun Q, Fu J. Dysfunction of autophagy in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:221-241. [PMID: 37700498 PMCID: PMC10813589 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2254191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACOX1: acyl-CoA oxidase 1; ADH5: alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide; ADIPOQ: adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CRTC2: CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; F2RL1: F2R like trypsin receptor 1; FA: fatty acid; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; GLP1R: glucagon like peptide 1 receptor; GRK2: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; GTPase: guanosine triphosphatase; HFD: high-fat diet; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; HTRA2: HtrA serine peptidase 2; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; KD: knockdown; KDM6B: lysine demethylase 6B; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LDs: lipid droplets; Li KO: liver-specific knockout; LSECs: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K5: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MED1: mediator complex subunit 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NOS3: nitric oxide synthase 3; NR1H3: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3; OA: oleic acid; OE: overexpression; OSBPL8: oxysterol binding protein like 8; PA: palmitic acid; RUBCNL: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; PLIN2: perilipin 2; PLIN3: perilipin 3; PPARA: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PRKAA2/AMPK: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SIRT3: sirtuin 3; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1;SREBF2: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TAGs: triacylglycerols; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VMP1: vacuole membrane protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Nishiyama K. The role of P2Y 6 receptor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:108-112. [PMID: 38246724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family. P2Y6R is widely expressed in various cell types and plays a critical role in physiological processes, where it is activated by extracellular uridine diphosphate (UDP) and mobilizes Ca2+ via the Gαq/11 protein pathway. We have recently discovered the pathophysiological role of P2Y6R in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, we uncovered the redox-dependent internalization of P2Y6R. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological activity of P2Y6R in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, we discuss the concept of atypical internalization control of GPCRs, which may be applied in the prevention and treatment of intestinal inflammation and cardiovascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Veterinary Science, 1-58 Rinku-ohraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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Xu F, Lu S, Pan N, Zhao F, Jia X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Bromodomain protein 4 is a key molecular driver of TGFβ1-induced hepatic stellate cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2023; 1870:119569. [PMID: 37597774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in liver. Chronic liver injury induces the activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSCs), a key step in liver fibrogenesis. The activated HSC is the primary source of ECM and contributes significantly to liver fibrosis. TGFβ1 is the most potent pro-fibrotic cytokine. Bromodomain protein 4 (BrD4), an epigenetic reader of histone acetylation marks, was crucial for profibrotic gene expression in HSCs. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of BRD4 in TGFβ1-dependent HSC activation and liver fibrosis, focusing on TGFβ1-induced alterations of the levels of the fibrotic-related important proteins in HSCs by employing the heterozygous TGFβ1 knockout mice and BrD4 knockdown in vivo and in vitro. Results revealed that BrD4 protein level was significantly upregulated by TGFβ1 and BrD4 knockdown reduced TGFβ1-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis. BrD4 was required for the influences of TGFβ1 on PDGFβ receptor and on the pathways of Smad3, Stat3, and Akt. BrD4 also mediated TGFβ1-induced increases in histone acetyltransferase p300, the pivotal pro-inflammatory NFkB p65, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 whereas BrD4 reduced Caspase-3 protein levels in HSCs during liver injury, independent of TGFβ1. Further experiments indicated the interaction between TGFβ1-induced BrD4 and NFkB p65 in HSCs and in liver of TAA-induced liver injury. Human cirrhotic livers were demonstrated a parallel increase in the protein levels of BrD4 and NFkB p65 in HSCs. This study revealed that BrD4 was a key molecular driver of TGFβ1-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sidan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nachuan Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Feifei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shouwei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Tak J, Kim SG. Effects of toxicants on endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatic cell fate determination. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:533-547. [PMID: 37779594 PMCID: PMC10541383 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicant-induced injury is a significant global health issue. However, the mechanisms through which toxicants such as carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, dimethylformamide, cocaine, and morphine induce the death of multiple cell types and contribute to liver toxicity are highly complex. This phenomenon involves intricate signaling pathways in association with oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of death receptors, which are closely linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress initially triggers the unfolded protein response, which either promotes cell survival or causes cell death at later times, depending on the severity and duration of the stress. Thus, comprehending the molecular basis governing cell fate determination in the context of ER stress may provide key insights into the prevention and treatment of toxicant-induced injury. This review summarizes our current understanding of agents that trigger different forms of ER stress-mediated cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis, and covers the underlying molecular basis of toxicant-induced ER stress, as well as potential target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Tak
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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Jia X, Xu F, Lu S, Jie H, Guan W, Zhou Y. An unusual signal transducer GIV/Girdin engages in the roles of adipocyte-derived hormone leptin in liver fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166797. [PMID: 37478565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Obese patients usually have hyperleptinemia and are prone to develop liver fibrosis. Leptin is intimately linked to liver fibrogenesis, a multi-receptor-driven disease. Gα-Interacting Vesicle-associated protein (GIV) functions as a multimodular signal transducer and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Gi controling key signalings downstream of diverse receptors. This study aimed to examine the roles of GIV in leptin-caused liver fibrosis and employed the culture-activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and leptin-deficient mice, respectively. Results indicated that leptin upregulated GIV expression in HSCs. GIV was involved in leptin-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis. GIV mediated leptin regulation of TIMP1, MMP9, PDGFβ receptor and TGFβ receptor and was required for leptin stimulating the pathways of Erk1/2, Akt1, and Smad3. GIV was also a mediator for leptin-regulation of Cyclin D1 and Caspase-3 activity but GIV reduced Caspase-3 level independently of leptin in vivo. Erk1/2 signaling, Egr1 and c-Jun were associated with the effect of leptin on GIV expression in HSCs. Leptin-induced Erk1/2 signaling increased Egr1 and p-c-Jun levels and promoted their binding to GIV promoter at the sites between -190 bp and -180 bp and between -382 bp and - 376 bp, respectively. Egr1 knockdown lessened leptin-upregulation of GIV in vitro and in vivo. In human cirrhotic livers, the increase in GIV protein level parallelled with the elevated p-Erk1/2 and Egr1 levels in HSCs. In summary, the unusual signal transducer GIV was identified as an important mediator in leptin-induced liver fibrosis. GIV may have significant implications in liver fibrosis progression of obese patients with hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), 500 Yonghe Road, Nantong 226011, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sidan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huang Jie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical School, Nantong University, Qi xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Wen D, Wang J. Research progress in effects of microRNA -15a and microRNA -16 on fibrotic diseases. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 48:743-749. [PMID: 37539577 PMCID: PMC10930399 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR) is a class of highly conserved non-coding single-stranded RNA widely existing in mammals, which can negatively regulate the expression of targeting genes after transcription. As a key regulator, miR negatively regulates the expression of the targeting genes and disrupts important molecular signaling pathways, leading to the imbalance of multiple pathways such as tissue repair and inflammation involved in the fibrotic process. Among them, miR-15a/16 can participate in regulating and controlling the fibrotic process of various organs, including liver, lung, heart, kidney and other fibrotic diseases by acting on cell proliferation and transformation, extracellular matrix proteins production and degradation, inflammation and other important cell functions. It has potential diagnostic and therapeutic value. Clarifying the biological function of miR-15a/16 and its mechanism for action and therapeutic application prospects in various fibrotic lesions are of great significance for the molecular targeted treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dada Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Liu X, Tan S, Liu H, Jiang J, Wang X, Li L, Wu B. Hepatocyte-derived MASP1-enriched small extracellular vesicles activate HSCs to promote liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2023; 77:1181-1197. [PMID: 35849032 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease characterized by different etiological agents; dysregulated interactions between hepatocytes and HSCs contribute to this disease. β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1) plays an important role in liver fibrosis; however, the effect of ARRB1 on the crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSCs in liver fibrosis is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate how ARRB1 modulates hepatocyte and HSC activation during liver fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Normal and fibrotic human liver and serum samples were obtained. CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis and methionine-choline deficiency-induced NASH models were constructed. Primary hepatocytes and HSCs were isolated, and human hepatic LO2 and stellate LX2 cells were used. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) were purified, and key proteins were identified. ARRB1 was up-regulated in hepatocytes and associated with autophagic blockage in liver fibrosis. ARRB1 increased the release of hepatocyte-derived small EVs by inhibiting multivesicular body lysosomal degradation and activating Rab27A, thereby activating HSCs. Proteomic analyses showed that mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 (MASP1) was enriched in hepatocyte-derived small EVs and activated HSCs via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) signaling. ARRB1 up-regulated MASP1 expression in hepatocytes. MASP1 promoted liver fibrosis in mice. Clinically, MASP1 expression was increased in the serum and liver tissue of patients with liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS ARRB1 up-regulates the release of hepatocyte-derived MASP1-enriched small EVs by regulating the autophagic-lysosomal/multivesicular body pathway and Rab27A. Hepatocyte-derived MASP1 activates HSCs to promote liver fibrogenesis through p38 MAPK/ATF2 signaling. Thus, MASP1 is a pivotal therapeutic target in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Leijia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research , Guangzhou , China
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Nishiyama K, Ariyoshi K, Nishimura A, Kato Y, Mi X, Kurose H, Kim SG, Nishida M. Knockout of Purinergic P2Y 6 Receptor Fails to Improve Liver Injury and Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043800. [PMID: 36835211 PMCID: PMC9963899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that progresses from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and which is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The purinergic P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a pro-inflammatory Gq/G12 family protein-coupled receptor and reportedly contributes to intestinal inflammation and cardiovascular fibrosis, but its role in liver pathogenesis is unknown. Human genomics data analysis revealed that the liver P2Y6R mRNA expression level is increased during the progression from NAFL to NASH, which positively correlates with inductions of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and collagen type I α1 chain (Col1a1) mRNAs. Therefore, we examined the impact of P2Y6R functional deficiency in mice crossed with a NASH model using a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Feeding CDAHFD for 6 weeks markedly increased P2Y6R expression level in mouse liver, which was positively correlated with CCL2 mRNA induction. Unexpectedly, the CDAHFD treatment for 6 weeks increased liver weights with severe steatosis in both wild-type (WT) and P2Y6R knockout (KO) mice, while the disease marker levels such as serum AST and liver CCL2 mRNA in CDAHFD-treated P2Y6R KO mice were rather aggravated compared with those of CDAHFD-treated WT mice. Thus, P2Y6R may not contribute to the progression of liver injury, despite increased expression in NASH liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xinya Mi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-92-642-6556
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Lv H, Zhou D, Liu G. PVT1/miR-16/CCND1 axis regulates gastric cancer progression. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20220550. [PMID: 36760720 PMCID: PMC9896163 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been reported to be a vital modulator in tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC). However, the detailed regulatory mechanism of PVT1 in GC remains largely unclear. In this work, the expressions of PVT1 and microRNA-16 (miR-16) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in GC tissues and cell lines. GC cell lines NCI-N87 and MKN45 cell lines were chosen for the following assays. After PVT1 was overexpressed or depleted, CCK-8 and Transwell assays were performed to examine the cell viability and invasive capacity. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) at mRNA and protein levels was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. The competitive endogenous RNA molecular mechanism among PVT1, miR-16 and CCND1 was verified by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase-reporter gene assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. In the present study, it was revealed that PVT1 expression was remarkably evaluated in GC tissues and cell lines than that in the corresponding control group. PVT1 positively regulated the proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression of GC cells. Besides, miR-16 was identified as a target of PVT1, and CCND1 was identified as a target of miR-16. The depletion of PVT1 promoted the expression of miR-16 and suppressed CCND1 expression. Moreover, either miR-16 inhibitor or CCND1 overexpression plasmid could reverse the promoting effects of PVT1 on the malignant biological behaviors of GC cells. In conclusion, PVT1 promoted CCND1 expression by negatively regulating miR-16 expression to enhance the viability, invasion and cell cycle progression of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Lv
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Qinghai People’s Hospital, Xining810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Dixia Zhou
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Qinghai People’s Hospital, Xining810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Guoqing Liu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Qinghai People’s Hospital, Republic Road No. 2, Xining810007, Qinghai, China
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14
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Wen D, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang J. The Molecular Mechanisms and Function of miR-15a/16 Dysregulation in Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416041. [PMID: 36555676 PMCID: PMC9784154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that can negatively regulate the post-transcriptional expression of target genes. Among them, miR-15a/16 is involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of fibrosis in the liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and other organs, as well as systemic fibrotic diseases, affecting important cellular functions, such as cell transformation, the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix, and the release of fibrotic mediators. Therefore, this article reviews the biological characteristics of miR-15a/16 and the molecular mechanisms and functions of their dysregulation in fibrotic diseases.
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16
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Cho SS, Yang JH, Lee JH, Baek JS, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Kim KM, Ki SH. Ferroptosis contribute to hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:620-637. [PMID: 36370962 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a widely known regulator of cell death in connection with the redox state as a consequence of the depletion of glutathione or accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a pivotal role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis by increasing the production and secretion of the extracellular matrix. However, the role of ferroptosis in HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. The ferroptosis inducer RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3) or erastin treatment in HSCs caused cell death. This effect was suppressed only after exposure to ferroptosis inhibitors. We observed induction of ferroptosis by RSL3 treatment in HSCs supported by decreased glutathione peroxidase 4, glutathione deficiency, reactive oxygen species generation, or lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, RSL3 treatment upregulated the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a representative fibrogenic marker of HSCs. In addition, treatment with ferroptosis-inducing compounds increased c-JUN phosphorylation and activator protein 1 luciferase activity but did not alter Smad phosphorylation and Smad-binding element luciferase activity. Chronic administration of iron dextran to mice causes ferroptosis of liver in vivo. The expression of fibrosis markers, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, was increased in the livers of mice with iron accumulation. Hepatic injury accompanying liver fibrosis was observed based on the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, we found that both isolated primary hepatocyte and HSCs undergo ferroptosis. Consistently, cirrhotic liver tissue of patients indicated glutathione peroxidase 4 downregulation in fibrotic region. In conclusion, our results suggest that ferroptosis contribute to HSC activation and the progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sol Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang WS, Zhang R, Ge Y, Wang D, Hu Y, Qin X, Kan J, Liu Y. S100a16 deficiency prevents hepatic stellate cells activation and liver fibrosis via inhibiting CXCR4 expression. Metabolism 2022; 135:155271. [PMID: 35914619 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver fibrosis caused by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. To date, there has been no effective intervention means for this process. S100 proteins are calcium-binding proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation. This study aimed to investigate whether S100A16 induces HSCs activation and participates in liver fibrosis progression. METHODS HSCs were isolated, and the relationship between S100A16 expression and HSCs activation was studied. S100a16 knockdown and transgenic mice were generated and subjected to HSCs activation and liver fibrosis stimulated by different models. Clinical samples were collected for further confirmation. Alterations in gene expression in HSCs were investigated, using transcriptome sequencing to determine the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We observed increased S100A16 levels during HSCs activation. Genetic silencing of S100a16 prevented HSCs activation in vitro. Furthermore, S100a16 silencing exhibited obvious protective effects against HSCs activation and fibrosis progression in mice. In contrast, S100a16 transgenic mice exhibited spontaneous liver fibrosis. S100A16 was also upregulated in the HSCs of patients with fibrotic liver diseases. RNA sequencing revealed that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (Cxcr4) gene was a crucial regulator of S100A16 induction during HSCs activation. Mechanistically, S100A16 bound to P53 to induce its degradation; this augmented CXCR4 expression to activate ERK 1/2 and AKT signaling, which then promoted HSCs activation and liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that S100a16 deficiency prevents liver fibrosis by inhibiting Cxcr4 expression. Targeting S100A16 may provide insight into the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and pave way for the design of novel clinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Rihua Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yaoqi Ge
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yifang Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Qin
- Department of neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jingbao Kan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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O’Brien A, Zhou T, White T, Medford A, Chen L, Kyritsi K, Wu N, Childs J, Stiles D, Ceci L, Chakraborty S, Ekser B, Baiocchi L, Carpino G, Gaudio E, Wu C, Kennedy L, Francis H, Alpini G, Glaser S. FGF1 Signaling Modulates Biliary Injury and Liver Fibrosis in the Mdr2 -/- Mouse Model of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1574-1588. [PMID: 35271760 PMCID: PMC9234675 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) belongs to a family of growth factors involved in cellular growth and division. MicroRNA 16 (miR-16) is a regulator of gene expression, which is dysregulated during liver injury and insult. However, the role of FGF1 in the progression of biliary proliferation, senescence, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and its potential interaction with miR-16, are unknown. In vivo studies were performed in male bile duct-ligated (BDL, 12-week-old) mice, multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice (10-week-old), and their corresponding controls, treated with recombinant human FGF1 (rhFGF1), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) antagonist (AZD4547), or anti-FGF1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). In vitro, the human cholangiocyte cell line (H69) and human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were used to determine the expression of proliferation, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory genes following rhFGF1 treatment. PSC patient and control livers were used to evaluate FGF1 and miR-16 expression. Intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM), along with hepatic fibrosis and inflammation, increased in BDL mice treated with rhFGF1, with a corresponding decrease in miR-16, while treatment with AZD4547 or anti-FGF1 mAb decreased hepatic fibrosis, IBDM, and inflammation in BDL and Mdr2-/- mice. In vitro, H69 and HSCs treated with rhFGF1 had increased expression of proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammatory markers. PSC samples also showed increased FGF1 and FGFRs with corresponding decreases in miR-16 compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that suppression of FGF1 and miR-16 signaling decreases the presence of hepatic fibrosis, biliary proliferation, inflammation, senescence, and angiogenesis. Targeting the FGF1 and miR-16 axis may provide therapeutic options in treating cholangiopathies such as PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- April O’Brien
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Tori White
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Abigail Medford
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jonathan Childs
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Danaleigh Stiles
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Hepatology UnitDept of MedicineUniversity of Tor Vergata RomeRomeItaly
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of MovementHuman and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”RomeItaly
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of AnatomicalHistologicalForensic Medicine and Orthopedics SciencesSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of NutritionTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- ResearchRichard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- ResearchRichard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- ResearchRichard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
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Hou LS, Zhang YW, Li H, Wang W, Huan ML, Zhou SY, Zhang BL. The regulatory role and mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108117. [PMID: 35077761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a key pathological process of chronic liver diseases, caused by alcohol, toxic and aberrant energy metabolism. It progresses to cirrhosis or even hepatic carcinoma without effective treatment. Studies have shown that autophagy has important regulatory effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) energy metabolism, and then affect the activation state of HSCs. Autophagy maintains hepatic energy homeostasis, and the dysregulation of autophagy can lead to the activation of HSCs and the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of autophagy in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis. Herein, the current study summarizes the regulating mechanisms of autophagy through different targets and signal pathways in energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis, and discusses the regulatory effect of autophagy by natural plant-derived, endogenous and synthetic compounds for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. A better comprehension of autophagy in hepatic stellate cells energy metabolism-related hepatic fibrosis may provide effective intervention of hepatic fibrosis, explore the potential clinical strategies and promote the drug treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuang Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yao-Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng-Lei Huan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bang-Le Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Garbuzenko DV. Pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3662-3676. [PMID: 35647163 PMCID: PMC9100727 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i12.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathological process controlled by a variety of cells, mediators and signaling pathways. Hepatic stellate cells play a central role in the development of liver fibrosis. In chronic liver disease, hepatic stellate cells undergo dramatic phenotypic activation and acquire fibrogenic properties. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. They enter the cell cycle under the influence of various triggers. The “Initiation” phase of hepatic stellate cells activation overlaps and continues with the “Perpetuation” phase, which is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory and fibrogenic reaction. This is followed by a resolution phase if the injury subsides. Knowledge of these pathophysiological mechanisms paved the way for drugs aimed at preventing the development and progression of liver fibrosis. In this respect, impairments in intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes and cellular stress response can be the targets of therapy where the goal is to deactivate hepatic stellate cells. Potential antifibrotic therapy may focus on inducing hepatic stellate cells to return to an inactive state through cellular aging, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells, and serve as potential antifibrotic therapy. It is especially important to prevent the formation of liver cirrhosis since the only radical approach to its treatment is liver transplantation which can be performed in only a limited number of countries.
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21
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Guo P, Tai Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang L, Wei W, Xiang YK, Wang Q. Gα 12 and Gα 13: Versatility in Physiology and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:809425. [PMID: 35237598 PMCID: PMC8883321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.809425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as the largest family of receptors in the human body, are involved in the pathological mechanisms of many diseases. Heterotrimeric G proteins represent the main molecular switch and receive cell surface signals from activated GPCRs. Growing evidence suggests that Gα12 subfamily (Gα12/13)-mediated signaling plays a crucial role in cellular function and various pathological processes. The current research on the physiological and pathological function of Gα12/13 is constantly expanding, Changes in the expression levels of Gα12/13 have been found in a wide range of human diseases. However, the mechanistic research on Gα12/13 is scattered. This review briefly describes the structural sequences of the Gα12/13 isoforms and introduces the coupling of GPCRs and non-GPCRs to Gα12/13. The effects of Gα12/13 on RhoA and other signaling pathways and their roles in cell proliferation, migration, and immune cell function, are discussed. Finally, we focus on the pathological impacts of Gα12/13 in cancer, inflammation, metabolic diseases, fibrotic diseases, and circulatory disorders are brought to focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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22
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Mastoridou EM, Goussia AC, Glantzounis GK, Kanavaros P, Charchanti AV. Autophagy and Exosomes: Cross-Regulated Pathways Playing Major Roles in Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation and Liver Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:801340. [PMID: 35185602 PMCID: PMC8850693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.801340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury, regardless of the underlying disease, results in gradual alteration of the physiological hepatic architecture and in excessive production of extracellular matrix, eventually leading to cirrhosis Liver cellular architecture consists of different cell populations, among which hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been found to play a major role in the fibrotic process. Under normal conditions, HSCs serve as the main storage site for vitamin A, however, pathological stimuli lead to their transdifferentiation into myofibroblast cells, with autophagy being the key regulator of their activation, through lipophagy of their lipid droplets. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in liver fibrosis is multifaceted, as increased autophagic levels have been associated with alleviation of the fibrotic process. In addition, it has been found that HSCs receive paracrine stimuli from neighboring cells, such as injured hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, which promote liver fibrosis. These stimuli have been found to be transmitted via exosomes, which are incorporated by HSCs and can either be degraded through lysosomes or be secreted back into the extracellular space via fusion with the plasma membrane. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that autophagy and exosomes may be concomitantly or reciprocally regulated, depending on the cellular conditions. Given that increased levels of autophagy are required to activate HSCs, it is important to investigate whether autophagy levels decrease at later stages of hepatic stellate cell activation, leading to increased release of exosomes and further propagation of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria M. Mastoridou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna C. Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios K. Glantzounis
- Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Unit, Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonia V. Charchanti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- *Correspondence: Antonia V. Charchanti,
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Wang A, Bu FT, Li JJ, Zhang YF, Jia PC, You HM, Wu S, Wu YY, Zhu S, Huang C, Li J. MicroRNA-195-3p promotes hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by suppressing PTEN expression. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:88-99. [PMID: 34838997 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound healing reaction characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to liver injury. Recent studies have shown that it can be epigenetically regulated, especially by microRNAs (miRNAs). It has been acknowledged that activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal step in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. Notably, our results showed that miR-195-3p was increased in HSCs isolated from CCl4-treated mice and that the increase was more pronounced as the degree of liver fibrosis increased. Moreover, treatment of LX-2 cells, a human immortalized hepatic stellate cell line, with TGF-β1 resulted remarkable upregulation of miR-195-3p. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments have suggested that the increased levels of miR-195-3p inhibit the expression of phosphatase and tension homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in liver fibrosis, thereby contributing to HSC activation and proliferation and promoting the expression of profibrotic genes, such as α-SMA and collagen I, in LX-2 cells, which accelerates the accumulation of fibrous extracellular matrix deposition in the liver, while knockdown of miR-195-3p induced the opposite effect. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the harmful role of miR-195-3p in CCl4-treated mouse liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Tian Bu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Jia
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Mei You
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sai Zhu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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24
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Hong CH, Ko MS, Kim JH, Cho H, Lee CH, Yoon JE, Yun JY, Baek IJ, Jang JE, Lee SE, Cho YK, Baek JY, Oh SJ, Lee BY, Lim JS, Lee J, Hartig SM, Conde de la Rosa L, Garcia-Ruiz C, Lee KU, Fernández-Checa JC, Choi JW, Kim S, Koh EH. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 4 Promotes Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:925-947. [PMID: 34890841 PMCID: PMC8810559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) are a group of G-protein-coupled receptors that confer a broad range of functional effects in chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. S1PRs also may mediate the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the specific subtypes involved and the mechanism of action are unclear. METHODS We investigated which type of S1PR isoforms is activated in various murine models of NASH. The mechanism of action of S1PR4 was examined in hepatic macrophages isolated from high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)-fed mice. We developed a selective S1PR4 functional antagonist by screening the fingolimod (2-amino-2-[2-(4- n -octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3- propanediol hydrochloride)-like sphingolipid-focused library. RESULTS The livers of various mouse models of NASH as well as hepatic macrophages showed high expression of S1pr4. Moreover, in a cohort of NASH patients, expression of S1PR4 was 6-fold higher than those of healthy controls. S1pr4+/- mice were protected from HFHCD-induced NASH and hepatic fibrosis without changes in steatosis. S1pr4 depletion in hepatic macrophages inhibited lipopolysaccharide-mediated Ca++ release and deactivated the Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containning protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. S1P increased the expression of S1pr4 in hepatic macrophages and activated NLRP3 inflammasome through inositol trisphosphate/inositol trisphosphate-receptor-dependent [Ca++] signaling. To further clarify the biological function of S1PR4, we developed SLB736, a novel selective functional antagonist of SIPR4. Similar to S1pr4+/- mice, administration of SLB736 to HFHCD-fed mice prevented the development of NASH and hepatic fibrosis, but not steatosis, by deactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome. CONCLUSIONS S1PR4 may be a new therapeutic target for NASH that mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hwan Hong
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea,College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yun
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- New Drug Development Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Joon Seo Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Conde de la Rosa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ki-Up Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jose C. Fernández-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jose C. Fernández-Checa, PhD, Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Barcelona and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic–Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona 08036, Spain. fax: (34) 93-3129405.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea,Ji Woong Choi, PhD, Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea. fax: (82) 32-820-4829.
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea,Sanghee Kim, PhD, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea. fax: (82) 2-762-8322.
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Eun Hee Koh, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea. fax: (82) 2-3010-6962.
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Cho SS, Lee JH, Kim KM, Park EY, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Yang JH, Ki SH. REDD1 attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis via inhibiting of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:246-256. [PMID: 34614448 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is caused by repetitive hepatic injury. Regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) gene is induced by various stresses and has been studied in cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of REDD1 in hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrogenesis has not yet been investigated. In the current study, we examined the effect of REDD1 on hepatic fibrogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanism. REDD1 protein was upregulated in the activated primary hepatic stellate cells and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-treated LX-2 cells. REDD1 mRNA levels were also elevated by TGF-β treatment. TGF-β signaling is primarily transduced via the activation of the Smad transcription factor. However, TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction was not Smad-dependent. Thus, we investigated the transcription factors that influence the REDD1 expression by TGF-β. We found that c-JUN, a component of AP-1, upregulated the REDD1 expression that was specifically suppressed by p38 inhibitor. In silico analysis of the REDD1 promoter region showed putative AP-1-binding sites; additionally, its deletion mutants demonstrated that the AP-1-binding site between -716 and -587 bp within the REDD1 promoter is critical for TGF-β-mediated REDD1 induction. Moreover, REDD1 overexpression markedly inhibited TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and Smad phosphorylation. REDD1 adenovirus infection inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice, which was demonstrated by reduced ALT/AST levels and collagen accumulation. In addition, we observed that REDD1 inhibited CCl4-induced fibrogenic gene induction and restored GSH and malondialdehyde levels. Our findings implied that REDD1 has the potential to inhibit HSC activation and protect against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
As a highly evolutionarily conserved process, autophagy can be found in all types of eukaryotic cells. Such a constitutive process maintains cellular homeostasis in a wide variety of cell types through the encapsulation of damaged proteins or organelles into double-membrane vesicles. Autophagy not only simply eliminates materials but also serves as a dynamic recycling system that produces new building blocks and energy for cellular renovation and homeostasis. Previous studies have primarily recognized the role of autophagy in the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and unwanted organelles. However, there are findings of autophagy in physiological and pathological processes. In hepatocytes, autophagy is not only essential for homeostatic functions but also implicated in some diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and hepatic failure. In the present review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its role in several liver diseases and put forward several new strategies for the treatment of liver disease.
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Abstract
Fibrotic diseases pose significant clinical challenges due to their broadness and complexity. Thus, a better understanding of fibrogenesis and the development of more effective treatments is imperative. Recent evidence suggests a significant antifibrotic potential of an endogenous glycoprotein, endostatin. While endostatin has been widely studied for its role as an anticancer adjuvant by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, its possible implication in fibrosis remains largely unclear. Here, we review the role of endostatin in various cellular processes and highlight its antifibrotic activity. We hypothesize that endostatin conveys a homeostatic function in the process of fibrosis by regulating (a) TGF-β1 and its downstream signaling; (b) RhoA/ROCK pathway; (c) NF-κB signaling pathway; (d) expression of EGR-1; (e) PDGF/PDGFR pathway; (f) autophagy-related pathways; (g) pathways associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis. Finally, we propose a schematic model of the antifibrotic roles and mechanisms of endostatin; also, we outline future research directions of endostatin and aim to present a potential therapeutic approach for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaolong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Quan
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changwei Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gui Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Significance: Fatty liver disease is a major liver disorder in the modern societies. Comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms is essential for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Recent Advances: Remarkable progress has been made in the recent years in basic and translational research in the field of fatty liver disease. Multiple signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of fatty liver disease, including AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, transforming growth factor β, and yes1-associated transcriptional regulator/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ). In addition, critical molecular regulations at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels have been linked to the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. Critical Issues: Some critical issues remain to be solved so that research findings can be translated into clinical applications. Robust and reliable biomarkers are needed for diagnosis of different stages of the fatty liver disease. Effective and safe molecular targets remain to be identified and validated. Prevention strategies require solid scientific evidence and population-wide feasibility. Future Directions: As more data are generated with time, integrative approaches are needed to comprehensively understand the disease pathophysiology and mechanisms at multiple levels from population, organismal system, organ/tissue, to cell. The interactions between genes and environmental factors require deeper investigation for the purposes of prevention and personalized treatment of fatty liver disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 689-717.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kushan Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Menghao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hyeong Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Xiu AY, Ding Q, Li Z, Zhang CQ. Doxazosin Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting Autophagy in Hepatic Stellate Cells via Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:3643-3659. [PMID: 34456560 PMCID: PMC8387324 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s317701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of doxazosin on autophagy and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vivo and in vitro and determine the underlying mechanism. Methods In vivo, a mouse liver fibrosis model was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Doxazosin was administered at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/(kg*day) by gavage. After 20 weeks, blood and liver tissues were collected for serological and histological analysis, respectively. Blood analysis, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure the extent of liver fibrosis in model and control mice. In vitro, the human HSC cell line LX-2 was cultured and treated with different doses of doxazosin for the indicated times. The effects of doxazosin on LX-2 cell proliferation and migration were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays, respectively. The number of autophagosomes in LX-2 cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Infection with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3B adenovirus, GFP-red fluorescent protein (RFP)-LC3B adenovirus and mCherry-EGFP-LC3 adeno-associated virus was performed to examine changes in autophagic flux in vitro and in vivo. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry in vitro and by TUNEL assays both in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting was performed to evaluate the expression levels of proteins related to fibrosis, autophagy, apoptosis, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Results Doxazosin inhibited HSC proliferation and migration. HSC activation was attenuated by doxazosin in a concentration-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro. Doxazosin also blocked autophagic flux and induced apoptosis in HSCs. In addition, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was activated by doxazosin and regulated fibrosis, autophagy and apoptosis in HSCs. Conclusion The study confirmed that doxazosin could inhibit autophagy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and attenuate liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yuan Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Yang F, Li H, Li Y, Hao Y, Wang C, Jia P, Chen X, Ma S, Xiao Z. Crosstalk between hepatic stellate cells and surrounding cells in hepatic fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108051. [PMID: 34426110 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis represents as a dynamic pathological process characterized by the net accumulation of extracellular matrix in the progression of various chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is well-defined to play a central role in the initiation and progression of hepatic fibrosis. However, the activation of HSCs is affected by the complicated microenvironments in liver, which largely attributes to the communication between hepatocytes and multiple tissue-resident cells, including sinusoidal endothelial cells, bile duct epithelial cells, platelets, T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, in the direct or indirect mechanisms. Cellular crosstalk between HSCs and surrounding cells contributes to the activation of HSCs and the progression of hepatic fibrosis. Currently, accumulating evidence have proven the complexity and plasticity of HSCs activation, and further clarification of cellular communication between HSCs and surrounding cells will provide sufficient clue to the development of novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Yang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Heng Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammation and Immunopharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaokun Hao
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Jia
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinju Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Suping Ma
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Zhun Xiao
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
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Hwang S, Yang YM. Exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in non-malignant liver diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:574-87. [PMID: 34165701 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ responsible for various physiological functions, such as metabolism, immune response, digestion, and detoxification. Crosstalk between hepatocytes, hepatic macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells is critical for liver pathology. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (50-150 nm) that play an important role in cell-cell or organ-organ communication as they transfer their cargo, such as protein, DNA, and RNA to recipient cells or distant organs. In various liver diseases, the number of liver cell-derived exosomes is increased and the exosomal microRNA (miRNA) profile is altered. Early studies investigated the value of circulating exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers. Several exosomal miRNAs showed excellent diagnostic values, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers in liver diseases. Exosomal miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of liver pathology because they control the expression of multiple genes in recipient cells. In this review, we discuss the biology of exosomes and summarize the recent findings of exosome-mediated intercellular and organ-to-organ communication during liver pathology. As there are many review articles dealing with exosomal miRNAs in liver cancer, we focused on non-malignant liver diseases. The therapeutic potential of exosomal miRNAs in liver pathology is also highlighted.
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32
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Sun M, Tan L, Hu M. The role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5747-5757. [PMID: 34306323 PMCID: PMC8290830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic liver injury process, and its continuous development can lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy has attracted much attention because of its controversial role in the course of hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the mechanism related to noncoding RNAs and some of the signaling pathways that promote or inhibit fibrosis by affecting autophagy. Finally, we list some targets related to autophagy that enable hepatic fibrosis therapy and forecast its prospect in hepatic fibrosis. This review will provide new ideas in diagnosing and treating hepatic fibrosis, which will be helpful to reduce the incidence of cirrhosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Lucantoni F, Martínez-Cerezuela A, Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Víctor VM, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Understanding the implication of autophagy in the activation of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis: are we there yet? J Pathol 2021; 254:216-228. [PMID: 33834482 DOI: 10.1002/path.5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) occurs as a result of persistent liver injury and can be defined as a pathologic, chronic, wound-healing process in which functional parenchyma is progressively replaced by fibrotic tissue. As a phenomenon involved in the majority of chronic liver diseases, and therefore prevalent, it exerts a significant impact on public health. This impact becomes even more patent given the lack of a specific pharmacological therapy, with LF only being ameliorated or prevented through the use of agents that alleviate the underlying causes. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are fundamental mediators of LF, which, activated in response to pro-fibrotic stimuli, transdifferentiate from a quiescent phenotype into myofibroblasts that deposit large amounts of fibrotic tissue and mediate pro-inflammatory effects. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms through which HSCs are activated or inactivated. Using cell culture and/or different animal models, numerous studies have shown that autophagy is enhanced during the fibrogenic process and have provided specific evidence to pinpoint the fundamental role of autophagy in HSC activation. This effect involves - though may not be limited to - the autophagic degradation of lipid droplets. Several hepatoprotective agents have been shown to reverse the autophagic alteration present in LF, but clinical confirmation of these effects is pending. On the other hand, there is evidence that implicates autophagy in several anti-fibrotic mechanisms in HSCs that stimulate HSC cell cycle arrest and cell death or prevent the generation of pro-fibrotic mediators, including excess collagen accumulation. The objective of this review is to offer a comprehensive analysis of published evidence of the role of autophagy in HSC activation and to provide hints for possible therapeutic targets for the treatment and/or prevention of LF related to autophagy. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lucantoni
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Gruevska
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángela B Moragrega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor M Víctor
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO - Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
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Fründt T, Krause L, Hussey E, Steinbach B, Köhler D, von Felden J, Schulze K, Lohse AW, Wege H, Schwarzenbach H. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of miR-16, miR-146a, miR-192 and miR-221 in Exosomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102484. [PMID: 34069692 PMCID: PMC8161187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes, carrying small non-coding RNA (miRNA), are known to play a pivotal role in the process of tumor progression. In this prospective study, we identified miR-16, miR-146a, miR-192, and miR- 221 to be significantly deregulated in the plasma of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to patients with liver cirrhosis and healthy individuals. MiR-146a revealed diagnostic potential to differentiate HCC patients from liver cirrhosis patients with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 58% in logistic regression model. Furthermore, miR- 192 independently correlated with overall survival in patients with HCC. Abstract We aimed to identify a specific microRNA (miRNA) pattern to determine diagnostic and prognostic value in plasma exosomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. A two-stage study was carried out: exosomal miRNAs were quantified in plasma of HCC patients and healthy individuals by PCR-based microarray cards containing 45 different miRNAs (training cohort). Then, four deregulated miRNAs (miR-16, miR-146a, miR-192, and miR-221) were quantified in the validation analysis using exosomes derived from 85 HCC patients, 50 liver cirrhosis patients, and 20 healthy individuals. Exosomal miR-146a (p = 0.0001), miR-192 (p = 0.002) and miR-221 (p = 0.032) were upregulated only in HCC patients. Repeated 10-fold cross validation showed that miR-146a differentiated HCC from liver cirrhosis patients with AUC of 0.80 ± 0.14 (sensitivity: 81 ± 13%, specificity: 58 ± 22%) in a logistic regression model. High miR-192 presence is associated with poor overall survival (OS) in all HCC patients (p = 0.027) and was predictor of OS in HCC patients in an uni- and multivariate Cox regression model. Moreover, decreased miR-16 levels correlated with OS in liver cirrhosis patients (p = 0.034). Our results emphasized that exosomes secreted into the plasma carry differentially expressed miRNAs of which in particular, miR-192, miR-146, and miR-16 are promising diagnostic and prognostic markers for both HCC and liver cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Fründt
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-7410-18056
| | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Elaine Hussey
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Bettina Steinbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (B.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Daniel Köhler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Johann von Felden
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Kornelius Schulze
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Henning Wege
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (E.H.); (J.v.F.); (K.S.); (A.W.L.); (H.W.)
- Cancer Center Esslingen, 73730 Esslingen am NEckar, Germany
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (B.S.); (H.S.)
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Ma L, Liu J, Xiao E, Ning H, Li K, Shang J, Kang Y. MiR-15b and miR-16 suppress TGF-β1-induced proliferation and fibrogenesis by regulating LOXL1 in hepatic stellate cells. Life Sci 2021; 270:119144. [PMID: 33545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is an important event during the progress of liver fibrosis. MicroRNA (miR)-15b and miR-16 have been found to be involved in activation of HSCs. However, the roles of miR-15b/16 in liver fibrosis remain unclear. The expression of miR-15b/16 was decreased in TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells. Overexpression of miR-15b/16 in LX-2 cells suppressed TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and the expression levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1, collagen type I, and α-smooth muscle actin. The activation of Smad2/3 caused by TGF-β1 was repressed by miR-15b/16 overexpression. The two miRNAs directly bound to the 3'-UTR of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) and suppressed the LOXL1 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of LOXL1 attenuated miR-15b/16 downregulation-induced cell proliferation, fibrogenic response and phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Collectively, miR-15b/16 exhibited anti-fibrotic activity through regulation of Smad2/3 pathway.
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Toyomoto M, Inoue A, Iida K, Denawa M, Kii I, Ngako Kadji FM, Kishi T, Im D, Shimamura T, Onogi H, Yoshida S, Iwata S, Aoki J, Hosoya T, Hagiwara M. S1PR3-G 12-biased agonist ALESIA targets cancer metabolism and promotes glucose starvation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1132-1144.e9. [PMID: 33561428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic activities are altered in cancer cells compared with those in normal cells, and the cancer-specific pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target. Higher cellular glucose consumption, which leads to lower glucose levels, is a hallmark of cancer cells. In an objective screening for chemicals that induce cell death under low-glucose conditions, we discovered a compound, denoted as ALESIA (Anticancer Ligand Enhancing Starvation-induced Apoptosis). By our shedding assay of transforming growth factor α in HEK293A cells, ALESIA was determined to act as a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3-G12-biased agonist that promotes nitric oxide production and oxidative stress. The oxidative stress triggered by ALESIA resulted in the exhaustion of glucose, cellular NADPH deficiency, and then cancer cell death. Intraperitoneal administration of ALESIA improved the survival of mice with peritoneally disseminated rhabdomyosarcoma, indicating its potential as a new type of anticancer drug for glucose starvation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Toyomoto
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Denawa
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Isao Kii
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory for Drug Target Research, Integrated Bioscience Division, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Francois Marie Ngako Kadji
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Dohyun Im
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Shimamura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onogi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; KinoPharma, Inc., Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan; Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Hou L, Zhang Z, Yang L, Chang N, Zhao X, Zhou X, Yang L, Li L. NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in cholestatic liver injury via the sphingosine 1-phosphate/S1P receptor 2/Gα (12/13)/MAPK signaling pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:273-288. [PMID: 33388881 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammation represents a key trigger for hepatic fibrogenesis during cholestatic liver injury. However, whether sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays a role in NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation remains unknown. Here, we found that the expression of NLRP3 in macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were significantly elevated in the liver injured by bile duct ligation (BDL). In vitro, S1P promoted the NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation via S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) in bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophages (BMMs). Focusing on BMMs, the gene silencing of Gα12 or Gα13 by specific siRNA suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome priming and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and IL-18) secretion, whereas Gα(i/o) and Gαq were not involved in this process. The MAPK signaling pathways (P38, ERK, and JNK) mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, whereas blockage of PI3K, ROCK, and Rho family had no such effect. Moreover, JTE-013 (S1PR2 inhibitor) treatment markedly reduced NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in BDL-injured liver. Collectively, S1P promotes NLRP3 inflammasome priming and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) secretion via the S1PR2/Gα(12/13)/MAPK pathway, which may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for liver disease. KEY MESSAGE: • Hepatic NLRP3 expression was significantly elevated in BMMs of BDL-injured mouse liver. • S1P promoted NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation in BMMs, depending on the S1PR2/Gα(12/13)/MAPK pathway. • Blockade of S1PR2 by JTE-013 reduced NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation inflammasome in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Na Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xinhao Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- , Beijing, China.
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39
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Kim SJ, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Jeong EH, Kim JH, Lee JH, Seo KH, Park EY, Ki SH. Transforming Growth Factor Beta-Induced Foxo3a Acts as a Profibrotic Mediator in Hepatic Stellate Cells. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:241-250. [PMID: 33372984 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are major contributors to hepatic fibrogenesis facilitating liver fibrosis. Forkhead box O 3a (FoxO3a) is a member of the forkhead transcription factor family, which mediates cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the expression and function of FoxO3a during HSC activation remain largely unknown. FoxO3a overexpression was related to fibrosis in patients, and its expression was colocalized with desmin or α-smooth muscle actin, representative HSC markers. We also observed upregulated FoxO3a levels in two animal hepatic fibrosis models, a carbon tetrachloride-injected model and a bile duct ligation model. In addition, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) treatment in mouse primary HSCs or LX-2 cells elevated FoxO3a expression. When FoxO3a was upregulated by TGF-β in LX-2 cells, both the cytosolic and nuclear levels of FoxO3a increased. In addition, we found that the induction of FoxO3a by TGF-β was due to both transcriptional and proteasome-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, FoxO3a overexpression promoted TGF-β-mediated Smad activation. Furthermore, FoxO3a increased fibrogenic gene expression, which was reversed by FoxO3a knockdown. TGF-β-mediated FoxO3a overexpression in HSCs facilitated hepatic fibrogenesis, suggesting that FoxO3a may be a novel target for liver fibrosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hwa Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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40
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Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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Kimura T, Singh S, Tanaka N, Umemura T. Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Hepatic Stellate Cells and Approaches to Anti-Fibrotic Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:773432. [PMID: 34938271 PMCID: PMC8685252 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.773432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is globally increasing. Gaining control over disease-related events in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of NAFLD, is currently an unmet medical need. Hepatic fibrosis is a critical prognostic factor in NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis and the development of related therapies are of great importance. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that mediate the function of a great variety of extracellular ligands. GPCRs represent major drug targets, as indicated by the fact that about 40% of all drugs currently used in clinical practice mediate their therapeutic effects by acting on GPCRs. Like many other organs, various GPCRs play a role in regulating liver function. It is predicted that more than 50 GPCRs are expressed in the liver. However, our knowledge of how GPCRs regulate liver metabolism and fibrosis in the different cell types of the liver is very limited. In particular, a better understanding of the role of GPCRs in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the primary cells that regulate liver fibrosis, may lead to the development of drugs that can improve hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH. In this review, we describe the functions of multiple GPCRs expressed in HSCs, their roles in liver fibrogenesis, and finally speculate on the development of novel treatments for NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kimura
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takefumi Kimura, ; ; Naoki Tanaka,
| | - Simran Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- International Relations Office, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takefumi Kimura, ; ; Naoki Tanaka,
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Wang T, Zhou X, Kuang G, Jiang R, Guo X, Wu S, Wan J, Yin L. Paeoniflorin modulates oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatic stellate cells activation to alleviate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 73:338-346. [PMID: 33793876 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of Paeoniflorin on hepatic fibrosis and the specific mechanisms has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we explored whether Paeoniflorin exerted protective effects on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A model of hepatic fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneally injecting with CCl4 (10% 5 μl/g) twice a week for 7 weeks. To explore the effects of Paeoniflorin, mice were treated with Paeoniflorin (100 mg/kg) by gavage once a day at 1 week after modeling until they were sacrificed. KEY FINDINGS Paeoniflorin remarkably improved liver function and histopathological changes of hepatic tissues in CCl4-induced liver injury. Besides, the serum MAO enzyme activity and hydroxyproline contents were notably decreased following the intervention of Paeoniflorin. The decreased expression of Vimentin, α-SMA, Col1a and Desmin manifested the inhibition of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. Interestingly, Paeoniflorin intervention significantly upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1, and attenuated the inflammatory cytokines production as well as the CCl4-induced oxidative stress imbalance. CONCLUSIONS Paeoniflorin could effectively alleviate CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, and it might be a new effective option for the comprehensive treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengwang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangjun Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yang Z, Li P, Shang Q, Wang Y, He J, Ge S, Jia R, Fan X. CRISPR-mediated BMP9 ablation promotes liver steatosis via the down-regulation of PPARα expression. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/48/eabc5022. [PMID: 33246954 PMCID: PMC7695473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity drives the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by hepatic steatosis. Several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) except BMP9 were reported related to metabolic syndrome. This study demonstrates that liver cytokine BMP9 is decreased in the liver and serum of NAFLD model mice and patients. BMP9 knockdown induces lipid accumulation in Hepa 1-6 cells. BMP9-knockout mice exhibit hepatosteatosis due to down-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression and reduced fatty acid oxidation. In vitro, recombinant BMP9 treatment attenuates triglyceride accumulation by enhancing PPARα promoter activity via the activation of p-smad. PPARα-specific antagonist GW6471 abolishes the effect of BMP9 knockdown. Furthermore, adeno-associated virus-mediated BMP9 overexpression in mouse liver markedly relieves liver steatosis and obesity-related metabolic syndrome. These findings indicate that BMP9 plays a critical role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism in a PPARα-dependent manner and may provide a previously unknown insight into NAFLD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - P Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Q Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - J He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - S Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - R Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - X Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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Kim YS, Kim SG. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy dysregulation in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:715-727. [PMID: 32951410 PMCID: PMC7641579 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases begin from an imbalance in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes as the earliest response. Both liver diseases share common disease features and stages (i.e., steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma). However, the two diseases have differential pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Studies have elucidated the molecular basis underlying similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of the diseases; the factors contributing to the progression of liver diseases include depletion of sulfhydryl pools, enhanced levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, increased sensitivity of hepatocytes to toxic cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins and calcium depletion, contributes to the pathogenesis, often causing catastrophic cell death. Several studies have demonstrated a mechanism by which ER stress triggers liver disease progression. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that regulates organelle turnover and cellular energy balance through decomposing damaged organelles including mitochondria, misfolded proteins, and lipid droplets. Autophagy dysregulation also exacerbates liver diseases. Thus, autophagy-related molecules can be potential therapeutic targets for liver diseases. Since ER stress and autophagy are closely linked to each other, an understanding of the molecules, gene clusters, and networks engaged in these processes would be of help to find new remedies for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and perspectives in the context of the molecular pathogenesis of the liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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45
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Pillai SS, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Wang J, Dilip A, Puri N, O’Hanlon K, Sodhi K. Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through a Panel of Plasma Biomarkers and MicroRNAs in Female West Virginia Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186698. [PMID: 32933141 PMCID: PMC7554851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily characterized by the presence of fatty liver, hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis eventually leading to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or cirrhosis. Obesity and diabetes are common risk factors associated with the development and progression of NAFLD, with one of the highest prevalence of these diseased conditions in the West Virginia population. Currently, the diagnosis of NAFLD is limited to radiologic studies and biopsies, which are not cost-effective and highly invasive. Hence, this study aimed to develop a panel and assess the progressive levels of circulatory biomarkers and miRNA expression in patients at risk for progression to NASH to allow early intervention strategies. (2) Methods: In total, 62 female patients were enrolled and blood samples were collected after 8–10 h of fasting. Computed tomography was performed on abdomen/pelvis following IV contrast administration. The patients were divided into the following groups: Healthy subjects with normal BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Control, n = 20), Obese with high BMI and normal fasting blood glucose (Obese, n = 20) and Obese with high fasting blood glucose (Obese + DM, n = 22). Based on findings from CT, another subset was created from Obese + DM group with patients who showed signs of fatty liver infiltration (Obese + DM(FI), n = 10). ELISA was performed for measurement of plasma biomarkers and RT-PCR was performed for circulating miRNA expression. (3) Results: Our results show significantly increased levels of plasma IL-6, Leptin and FABP-1, while significantly decreased level of adiponectin in Obese, Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group, as compared to healthy controls. The level of CK-18 was significantly increased in Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to control. Subsequently, the expression of miR-122, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-16 and miR-21 was significantly increased in Obese + DM and Obese + DM(FI) group as compared to healthy control. Our results also show distinct correlation of IL-6, FABP-1 and adiponectin levels with the expression of miRNAs in relation to the extent of NAFLD progression. (4) Conclusion: Our results support the clinical application of these biomarkers and miRNAs in monitoring the progression of NAFLD, suggesting a more advanced diagnostic potential of this panel than conventional methods. This panel may provide an appropriate method for early prognosis and management of NAFLD and subsequent adverse hepatic pathophysiology, potentially reducing the disease burden on the West Virginia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S. Pillai
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Hari Vishal Lakhani
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Mishghan Zehra
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Anum Dilip
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitin Puri
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Education, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Kathleen O’Hanlon
- Departments of Family Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (S.S.P.); (H.V.L.); (M.Z.); (J.W.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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Pan Q, Guo CJ, Xu QY, Wang JZ, Li H, Fang CH. miR-16 integrates signal pathways in myofibroblasts: determinant of cell fate necessary for fibrosis resolution. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:639. [PMID: 32801294 PMCID: PMC7429878 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts and poor response to treatment. This can be attributed to the myofibroblast-specific resistance to phenotype reversal. In this study, we complemented miR-16 into miR-16-deficient myofibroblasts and analyzed the global role of miR-16 using transcriptome profiling and generating a pathway-based action model underlying transcriptomic regulation. Phenotypic analysis of myofibroblasts and fibrogenic characterization were used to understand the effect of miR-16 on phenotypic remodeling of myofibroblasts. miR-16 expression altered the transcriptome of myofibroblasts to resemble that of HSCs. Simultaneous targeting of Smad2 and Wnt3a, etc. by miR-16 integrated signaling pathways of TGF-β and Wnt, etc., which underlay the comprehensive regulation of transcriptome. The synergistic effect of miR-16 on the signaling pathways abolished the phenotypic characteristics of myofibroblasts, including collagen production and inhibition of adipogenesis. In vivo, myofibroblast-specific expression of miR-16 not only eliminated mesenchymal cells with myofibroblast characteristics but also restored the phenotype of HSCs in perisinusoidal space. This phenotypic remodeling resolved liver fibrosis induced by chronic wound healing. Therefore, miR-16 may integrate signaling pathways crucial for the fate determination of myofibroblasts. Its global effect induces the reversal of HSC-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and, subsequently, the resolution of fibrogenesis. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of miR-16 as a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin-Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Can-Jie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qing-Yang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin-Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin-Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin-Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chun-Hua Fang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tong-Ji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
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47
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Li Y, Liu R, Wu J, Li X. Self-eating: friend or foe? The emerging role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7993-8017. [PMID: 32724454 PMCID: PMC7381749 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs in most human organs including the liver, lung, heart and kidney, and is crucial for the progression of most chronic diseases. As an indispensable catabolic process for intracellular quality control and homeostasis, autophagy occurs in most mammalian cells and is implicated in many biological processes including fibrogenesis. Although advances have been made in understanding autophagy process, the potential role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases remains controversial and has recently attracted a great deal of attention. In the current review, we summarize the commonalities of autophagy affecting different types of fibrosis in different organs, including the liver, lung, heart, and kidney as well as in cystic fibrosis, systematically outline the contradictory results and highlight the distinct role of autophagy during the various stages of fibrosis. In summary, the exact role autophagy plays in fibrogenesis depends on specific cell types and different stimuli, and identifying and evaluating the pathogenic contribution of autophagy in fibrogenesis will promote the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of these fibrotic diseases.
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48
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Yang YM, Kuen DS, Chung Y, Kurose H, Kim SG. Gα 12/13 signaling in metabolic diseases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:896-910. [PMID: 32576930 PMCID: PMC7338450 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key governors of diverse physiological processes, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have drawn attention as primary targets for several diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Heterotrimeric G proteins converge signals from ~800 members of the GPCR family. Among the members of the G protein α family, the Gα12 family members comprising Gα12 and Gα13 have been referred to as gep oncogenes. Gα12/13 levels are altered in metabolic organs, including the liver and muscles, in metabolic diseases. The roles of Gα12/13 in metabolic diseases have been investigated. In this review, we highlight findings demonstrating Gα12/13 amplifying or dampening regulators of phenotype changes. We discuss the molecular basis of G protein biology in the context of posttranslational modifications to heterotrimeric G proteins and the cell signaling axis. We also highlight findings providing insights into the organ-specific, metabolic and pathological roles of G proteins in changes associated with specific cells, energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, liver fibrosis and the immune and cardiovascular systems. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on the importance of Gα12/13 in the physiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, which is presented according to the basic understanding of their metabolic actions and underlying cellular and molecular bases. Understanding the activities of two members of a vital category of proteins called G proteins, which initiate metabolic changes when signaling molecules bind to cells, could lead to new therapies for many diseases. Researchers in South Korea and Japan, led by Sang Geon Kim at Seoul National University, review the significance of the Gα12 and Gα13 proteins in diseases characterised by significant changes in metabolism, including liver conditions and disorders of the cardiovascular and immune systems. Specific roles for the proteins have been identified by a variety of methods, including studying the effect of disabling the genes that code for them in mice. Recent insights suggest that drugs interfering with the activity of these Gα proteins might help treat many conditions in which the molecular signalling networks involving the proteins are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Da-Sol Kuen
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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49
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Wang Q, Wei S, Zhou H, Li L, Zhou S, Shi C, Shi Y, Qiu J, Lu L. MicroRNA-98 Inhibits Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Regulating HLF Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:513. [PMID: 32637414 PMCID: PMC7316892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major endpoint of patients with chronic liver diseases. The molecular mechanisms behind liver fibrosis remain largely unknown. Many studies have indicated the role of microRNA (miRNA) in hepatic tumorigenesis. But the role of miRNA in liver fibrosis is little known. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) can secret extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and are the major contributors to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Here, a microarray assay of quiescent and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activated HSCs indicated that miR-98 might play a crucial role in liver fibrosis. We found that miR-98 was significantly downregulated in activated HSCs. miR-98 overexpression inhibited HSCs activation. Furthermore, we hypothesized that miR-98 regulated hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) expression by binding to the 3′ UTR of its mRNA directly, as evidenced by luciferase reporter assay. HLF overexpression increased HSCs activation by inducing hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression, resulting in the activation of TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Besides, low expression of miR-98 was also found in liver tissues from various fibrotic murine models, including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), bile duct ligation (BDL), and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver fibrosis. miR-98 overexpression in vivo by ago-miR-98 injection could attenuate CCl4-, BDL-, and HFD-induced murine hepatic fibrosis. Meanwhile, miR-98 overexpression suppressed HLF expression and reduced fibrosis marker expression. Collectively, our study demonstrates that miR-98 suppress HSCs activation by targeting HLF directly and interacting with HIF-1α/TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, which may be an effective therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Song Wei
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyu Shi
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Qiu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, National Health Commission (NHC), Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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50
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Liu YM, Cong S, Cheng Z, Hu YX, Lei Y, Zhu LL, Zhao XK, Mu M, Zhang BF, Fan LD, Yu L, Cheng ML. Platycodin D alleviates liver fibrosis and activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating JNK/c-JUN signal pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:172946. [PMID: 31996320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is involved in the progression of most chronic liver diseases. Even though we have made a huge progress in order to understand the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, however, there is still a lack of productive treatments. Being a traditional Chinese medicine, Platycodin D (PD), an oleanane kind of triterpenoid saponin has been put to extensive use for treating different kinds of illnesses that include not just anti-nociceptive, but also antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer for thousands of years. Nonetheless, there has been no clarification made for its effects on the progression of liver fibrosis. In this manner, we carried out in vitro studies for the purpose of investigating the anti-fibrosis impact of PD. Activation of hepatic stellate cells was evaluated by means of the detection of the proliferation of HSCs and the expression of specific proteins. We discovered the fact that PD had the potential of activating HSCs. Thereafter, we detected the apoptosis and autophagy of the HSCs; as the results suggested, PD induced apoptosis and autophagy of the HSCs. It augmented the expression level of apoptotic proteins that included Bax, Cytochrome C (cyto-c), cleaved caspase3 and cleaved caspase9, in addition to the autophagy relevant proteins, for instance, LC3II, beclin1, Atg5 and Atg9. Further research was carried out for the investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism, and discovered that PD promoted the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun. Treating the JNK inhibitor P600125 inhibited the effect of PD, confirming the impact of PD on the regulation of JNK/c-Jun pathway. Thus, we speculated that PD alleviates liver fibrosis and activation of hepatic stellate via promoting phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun and further altering the autophagy along with apoptosis of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuo Cong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing west Road1, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Peking University Health Science Center School of Foundational Education, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Xin Hu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center,The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Li-Li Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xue-Ke Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Mao Mu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Bao-Fang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin-da Fan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center,The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ming-Liang Cheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Beijing Road 9, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
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