Ephrin-A3/EphA2 axis regulates cellular metabolic plasticity to enhance cancer stemness in hypoxic hepatocellular carcinoma

Nobiletin targets SREBP1/ACLY to induce autophagy-dependent cell death of gastric cancer cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Autophagy could sense metabolic conditions and safeguard cells against nutrient deprivation, ultimately supporting the survival of cancer cells. Nobiletin (NOB) is a kind of bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medicine Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and has been proven to induce GC cell death by reducing de novo fatty acid synthesis in our previous study. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which NOB induces cell death in GC cells still need further elucidation.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the mechanism by which NOB inhibits gastric cancer progression through the regulation of autophagy under the condition of lipid metabolism inhibition.

METHODS/ STUDY DESIGN

Proliferation was detected by the CCK-8 assay. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to examine signaling pathway changes. Electron microscopy and mRFP-GFP-LC3 lentiviral transfection were performed to observe autophagy in vitro. Western blot, plasmid transfection, immunofluorescence staining, and CUT & Tag-qPCR techniques were utilized to explore the mechanisms by which NOB affects GC cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to predict the binding mode of NOB and SREBP1. CETSA was adopted to verify the predicted of binding model. A patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was employed to verify the therapeutic efficacy of NOB in vivo.

RESULTS

We conducted functional studies and discovered that NOB inhibited the protective effect of autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in GC cells. Based on previous research, we found that the overexpression of ACLY abrogated the NOB-induced autophagy-dependent cell death. In silico analysis predicted the formation of a stable complex between NOB and SREBP1. In vitro assays confirmed that NOB treatment increased the thermal stability of SREBP1 at the same temperature conditions. Moreover, CUT&TAG-qPCR analysis revealed that NOB could inhibit SREBP1 binding to the ACLY promoter. In the PDX model, NOB suppressed tumor growth, causing SREBP1 nuclear translocation inhibition, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inactivation, and autophagy-dependent cell death.

CONCLUSION

NOB demonstrated the ability to directly bind to SREBP1, inhibiting its nuclear translocation and binding to the ACLY promoter, thereby inducing autophagy-dependent cell death via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Regulation and targeting of SREBP-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing burden on global public health and is associated with enhanced lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and lipid metabolic reprogramming. De novo lipogenesis is under the control of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and essentially contributes to HCC progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of SREBP-1 isoforms in HCC based on cellular, animal, and clinical data. Specifically, we (i) address the overarching mechanisms for regulating SREBP-1 transcription, proteolytic processing, nuclear stability, and transactivation and (ii) critically discuss their impact on HCC, taking into account (iii) insights from pharmacological approaches. Emphasis is placed on cross-talk with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase A (PKA), and other kinases that directly phosphorylate SREBP-1; transcription factors, such as liver X receptor (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 (PGC-1), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), and Myc; epigenetic mechanisms; post-translational modifications of SREBP-1; and SREBP-1-regulatory metabolites such as oxysterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. By carefully scrutinizing the role of SREBP-1 in HCC development, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance, we shed light on the potential of SREBP-1-targeting strategies in HCC prevention and treatment.

Ephs in cancer progression: complexity and context-dependent nature in signaling, angiogenesis and immunity

Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprising 14 distinct members classified into two subgroups: EphAs and EphBs.. Despite their essential functions in normal physiological processes, accumulating evidence suggests that the involvement of the Eph family in cancer is characterized by a dual and often contradictory nature. Research indicates that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling influences cell-cell communication, subsequently regulating cell migration, adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. The contradictory functionalities may arise from the diversity of Eph signaling pathways and the heterogeneity of different cancer microenvironment. In this review, we aim to discuss the dual role of the Eph receptors in tumor development, attempting to elucidate the paradoxical functionality through an exploration of Eph receptor signaling pathways, angiogenesis, immune responses, and more. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor development. Additionally, we will explore the evolving landscape of utilizing Eph receptors as potential targets for tumor therapy and diagnostic tools.

The switch triggering the invasion process: Lipid metabolism in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

ABSTRACT

In humans, the liver is a central metabolic organ with a complex and unique histological microenvironment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis, accounts for most cases of primary liver cancer. As an emerging hallmark of cancers, metabolic reprogramming acts as a runaway mechanism that disrupts homeostasis of the affected organs, including the liver. Specifically, rewiring of the liver metabolic microenvironment, including lipid metabolism, is driven by HCC cells, propelling the phenotypes of HCC cells, including dissemination, invasion, and even metastasis in return. The resulting formation of this vicious loop facilitates various malignant behaviors of HCC further. However, few articles have comprehensively summarized lipid reprogramming in HCC metastasis. Here, we have reviewed the general situation of the liver microenvironment and the physiological lipid metabolism in the liver, and highlighted the effects of different aspects of lipid metabolism on HCC metastasis to explore the underlying mechanisms. In addition, we have recapitulated promising therapeutic strategies targeting lipid metabolism and the effects of lipid metabolic reprogramming on the efficacy of HCC systematical therapy, aiming to offer new perspectives for targeted therapy.

Artesunate attenuates the tumorigenesis of choroidal melanoma via inhibiting EFNA3 through Stat3/Akt signaling pathway

PURPOSE

Choroidal melanoma (CM), a kind of malignant tumor, is the main type of Uveal melanoma and one half of CM patients develop metastases. As a member of Eph/ephrin pathway that plays vital role in tumors, EphrinA3 (EFNA3) has been proved to promote tumorigenesis in many tumors. But the effect of EFNA3 in CM has not been studied yet. Through inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis and autophagy and so on, Artesunate (ART) plays a key anti-tumor role in many tumors, including CM. However, the exact mechanisms of anti-tumor in CM remain unclear.

METHODS

The UALCAN and TIMER v2.0 database analyzed the role of EFNA3 in CM patients. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of EFNA3 in CM. The growth ability of CM was tested by clonogenic assay and Cell counting kit-8 assay, and the migration ability using Transwell assay.

RESULTS

Our results found EFNA3 boosted CM cells' growth and migration through activating Stat3/Akt signaling pathway, while ART inhibited the tumor promoting effect of CM via downregulating EFNA3. In xenograft tumor model, EFNA3 knockdown and ART significantly inhibited tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

EFNA3 could be a valuable prognostic factor in CM.

Liver regulatory mechanisms of noncoding variants at lipid and metabolic trait loci

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of risk loci for liver disease and lipid-related metabolic traits, although identifying their target genes and molecular mechanisms remains challenging. We predicted target genes at GWAS signals by integrating them with molecular quantitative trait loci for liver gene expression (eQTL) and liver chromatin accessibility QTL (caQTL). We predicted specific regulatory caQTL variants at four GWAS signals located near EFHD1, LITAF, ZNF329, and GPR180. Using transcriptional reporter assays, we determined that caQTL variants rs13395911, rs11644920, rs34003091, and rs9556404 exhibit allelic differences in regulatory activity. We also performed a protein binding assay for rs13395911 and found that FOXA2 differentially interacts with the alleles of rs13395911. For variants rs13395911 and rs11644920 in putative enhancer regulatory elements, we used CRISPRi to demonstrate that repression of the enhancers altered the expression of the predicted target and/or nearby genes. Repression of the element at rs13395911 reduced the expression of EFHD1, and repression of the element at rs11644920 reduced the expression of LITAF, SNN, and TXNDC11. Finally, we showed that EFHD1 is a metabolically active gene in HepG2 cells. Together, these results provide key steps to connect genetic variants with cellular mechanisms and help elucidate the causes of liver disease.

Targeting EphA2: a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance and drug resistance in cancer

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A2 (EphA2) is a vital member of the Eph tyrosine kinase receptor family and has been associated with developmental processes. However, it is often overexpressed in tumors and correlates with cancer progression and worse prognosis due to the activation of its noncanonical signaling pathway. Throughout cancer treatment, the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells is relatively common. Since the early 2000s, researchers have focused on understanding the role of EphA2 in promoting drug resistance in different types of cancer, as well as finding efficient and secure EphA2 inhibitors. In this review, the current knowledge regarding induced resistance by EphA2 in cancer treatment is summarized, and the types of cancer that lead to the most cancer-related deaths are highlighted. Some EphA2 inhibitors were also investigated. Regardless of whether the cancer treatment has reached a drug-resistance stage in EphA2-overexpressing tumors, once EphA2 is involved in cancer progression and aggressiveness, targeting EphA2 is a promising therapeutic strategy, especially in combination with other target-drugs for synergistic effect. For that reason, monoclonal antibodies against EphA2 and inhibitors of this receptor should be investigated for efficacy and drug toxicity.

Eph receptors and ephrins in cancer progression

Evidence implicating Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands (that together make up the 'Eph system') in cancer development and progression has been accumulating since the discovery of the first Eph receptor approximately 35 years ago. Advances in the past decade and a half have considerably increased the understanding of Eph receptor-ephrin signalling mechanisms in cancer and have uncovered intriguing new roles in cancer progression and drug resistance. This Review focuses mainly on these more recent developments. I provide an update on the different mechanisms of Eph receptor-ephrin-mediated cell-cell communication and cell autonomous signalling, as well as on the interplay of the Eph system with other signalling systems. I further discuss recent advances in elucidating how the Eph system controls tumour expansion, invasiveness and metastasis, supports cancer stem cells, and drives therapy resistance. In addition to functioning within cancer cells, the Eph system also mediates the reciprocal communication between cancer cells and cells of the tumour microenvironment. The involvement of the Eph system in tumour angiogenesis is well established, but recent findings also demonstrate roles in immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. Lastly, I discuss strategies under evaluation for therapeutic targeting of Eph receptors-ephrins in cancer and conclude with an outlook on promising future research directions.

Deciphering head and neck cancer microenvironment: Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals human papillomavirus-associated differences

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major causative factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the incidence of HPV- associated HNSCC is increasing. The role of tumor microenvironment in viral infection and metastasis needs to be explored further. We studied the molecular characteristics of primary tumors (PTs) and lymph node metastatic tumors (LNMTs) by stratifying them based on their HPV status. Eight samples for single-cell RNA profiling and six samples for spatial transcriptomics (ST), composed of matched primary tumors (PT) and lymph node metastases (LNMT), were collected from both HPV- negative (HPV- ) and HPV-positive (HPV+ ) patients. Using the 10x Genomics Visium platform, integrative analyses with single-cell RNA sequencing were performed. Intracellular and intercellular alterations were analyzed, and the findings were confirmed using experimental validation and publicly available data set. The HPV+ tissues were composed of a substantial amount of lymphoid cells regardless of the presence or absence of metastasis, whereas the HPV- tissue exhibited remarkable changes in the number of macrophages and plasma cells, particularly in the LNMT. From both single-cell RNA and ST data set, we discovered a central gene, pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 1/2 (PKM2), which is closely associated with the stemness of cancer stem cell-like populations in LNMT of HPV- tissue. The consistent expression was observed in HPV- HNSCC cell line and the knockdown of PKM2 weakened spheroid formation ability. Furthermore, we found an ectopic lymphoid structure morphology and clinical effects of the structure in ST slide of the HPV+ patients and verified their presence in tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry. Finally, the ephrin-A (EPHA2) pathway was detected as important signals in angiogenesis for HPV- patients from single-cell RNA and ST profiles, and knockdown of EPHA2 declined the cell migration. Our study described the distinct cellular composition and molecular alterations in primary and metastatic sites in HNSCC patients based on their HPV status. These results provide insights into HNSCC biology in the context of HPV infection and its potential clinical implications.

SIRT1/SREBPs-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism

Sirtuins, also called silent information regulator 2, are enzymes that rely on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to function as histone deacetylases. Further investigation is warranted to explore the advantageous impacts of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a constituent of the sirtuin group, on lipid metabolism, in addition to its well-researched involvement in extending lifespan. The regulation of gene expression has been extensively linked to SIRT1. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) is a substrate of SIRT1 that has attracted significant interest due to its role in multiple cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, and metabolic functions. Hence, the objective of this analysis was to investigate and elucidate the correlation between SIRT1 and SREBPs, as well as assess the contribution of SIRT1/SREBPs in mitigating lipid metabolism dysfunction. The objective of this research was to investigate whether SIRT1 and SREBPs could be utilized as viable targets for therapeutic intervention in managing complications associated with diabetes.

Analysis of clinical significance and molecular characteristics of methionine metabolism and macrophage-related patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma based on machine learning

BACKGROUND

Increasing evidence has indicated that abnormal methionine metabolic activity and tumour-associated macrophage infiltration are correlated with hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the relationship between methionine metabolic activity and tumour-associated macrophage infiltration is unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma, and it contributes to the occurrence and clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, we systematically analysed the expression patterns of methionine metabolism and macrophage infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma using bioinformatics and machine learning methods and constructed novel diagnostic and prognostic models of HCC.

METHODS

In this study, we first mined the four largest HCC mRNA microarray datasets with patient clinical data in the GEO database, including 880 tissue mRNA expression datasets. Using GSVA analysis and the CIBERSORT and EPIC algorithms, we quantified the methionine metabolic activity and macrophage infiltration degree of each sample. WGCNA was used to identify the gene modules most related to methionine metabolism and tumour-associated macrophage infiltration in HCC. The KNN algorithm was used to cluster gene expression patterns in HCC. Random forest, logistic regression, Cox regression analysis and other algorithms were used to construct the diagnosis and prognosis model of HCC. The above bioinformatics analysis results were also verified by independent datasets (TCGA-LIHC, ICGC-JP and CPTAC datasets) and immunohistochemical fluorescence based on our external HCC panel. Furthermore, we carried out pancancer analysis to verify the specificity of the above model and screened a wide range of drug candidates.

RESULTS

We identified two methionine metabolism and macrophage infiltration expression patterns, and their prognoses were different in hepatocellular carcinoma. We constructed novel diagnostic and prognostic models of hepatocellular carcinoma with good diagnostic efficacy and differentiation ability.

CONCLUSIONS

Methionine metabolism is closely related to tumour-associated macrophage infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma and can help in the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.

Circadian clock and lipid metabolism disorders: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer

Recent research has emphasized the interaction between the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, particularly in relation to tumors. This review aims to explore how the circadian clock regulates lipid metabolism and its impact on carcinogenesis. Specifically, targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis (SREBP, ACLY, ACC, FASN, and SCD) has been identified as a potential strategy for cancer therapy. By disrupting these enzymes, it may be possible to inhibit tumor growth by interfering with lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, like SREBP play a significant role in regulating fatty acid synthesis which is influenced by circadian clock genes such as BMAL1, REV-ERB and DEC. This suggests a strong connection between fatty acid synthesis and the circadian clock. Therefore, successful combination therapy should target fatty acid synthesis in addition to considering the timing and duration of drug use. Ultimately, personalized chronotherapy can enhance drug efficacy in cancer treatment and achieve treatment goals.

A comprehensive characterisation of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma tumours through histone protein profiling, DNA methylation and transcriptomic analysis genome wide

BACKGROUND

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumours. Pathogenic variants have been identified in more than 15 susceptibility genes; associated tumours are grouped into three Clusters, reinforced by their transcriptional profiles. Cluster 1A PPGLs have pathogenic variants affecting enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including succinate dehydrogenase. Within inherited PPGLs, these are the most common. PPGL tumours are known to undergo epigenetic reprograming, and here, we report on global histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation levels, alongside clinical phenotypes.

RESULTS

Out of the 25 histone post-translational modifications examined, Cluster 1A PPGLs were distinguished from other tumours by a decrease in hyper-acetylated peptides and an increase in H3K4me2. DNA methylation was compared between tumours from individuals who developed metastatic disease versus those that did not. The majority of differentially methylated sites identified tended to be completely methylated or unmethylated in non-metastatic tumours, with low inter-sample variance. Metastatic tumours by contrast consistently had an intermediate DNA methylation state, including the ephrin receptor EPHA4 and its ligand EFNA3. Gene expression analyses performed to identify genes involved in metastatic tumour behaviour pin-pointed a number of genes previously described as mis-regulated in Cluster 1A tumours, as well as highlighting the tumour suppressor RGS22 and the pituitary tumour-transforming gene PTTG1.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined transcriptomic and DNA methylation analyses revealed aberrant pathways, including ones that could be implicated in metastatic phenotypes and, for the first time, we report a decrease in hyper-acetylated histone marks in Cluster 1 PPGLs.

Inhibition of ACLY overcomes cancer immunotherapy resistance via polyunsaturated fatty acids peroxidation and cGAS-STING activation

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate citrate lyase (ACLY) is a cytosolic enzyme that converts citrate into acetyl-coenzyme A for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. ACLY is up-regulated or activated in many cancers, and targeting ACLY by inhibitors holds promise as potential cancer therapy. However, the role of ACLY in cancer immunity regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we show that ACLY inhibition up-regulates PD-L1 immune checkpoint expression in cancer cells and induces T cell dysfunction to drive immunosuppression and compromise its antitumor effect in immunocompetent mice. Mechanistically, ACLY inhibition causes polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation and mitochondrial damage, which triggers mitochondrial DNA leakage to activate the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of ACLY overcomes cancer resistance to anti-PD-L1 therapy in a cGAS-dependent manner. Furthermore, dietary PUFA supplementation mirrors the enhanced efficacy of PD-L1 blockade by ACLY inhibition. These findings reveal an immunomodulatory role of ACLY and provide combinatorial strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance in tumors.

Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Ephrin A3 in bladder urothelial carcinoma

Ephrin A3 (EFNA3) is a member of the Eph/ephrin tyrosine kinase family, which is associated with multiple signaling pathways involved in cell growth and tumor cell metastasis. Aberrant regulation of EFNA3 is associated with the occurrence and development of various types of cancer. However, despite the high incidence of EFNA3 upregulation in cancer, studies concerning EFNA3 in urothelial carcinoma have not, to the best of our knowledge, been conducted. In the present study, bioinformatics analyses using data from multiple online databases were performed to confirm the upregulation of EFNA3 in bladder cancer. The co-expression gene set of EFNA3 and enriched signaling pathways were also analyzed. In addition, immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect EFNA3 expression in 491 clinically confirmed bladder urothelial carcinoma samples and 80 non-cancerous bladder tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, binary logistic regression analysis, and Cox regression analysis were conducted to confirm the validity of EFNA3 in predicting patient prognosis and its significance in clinical pathology. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between EFNA3 expression levels with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and pathological grade. In conclusion, high EFNA3 expression may be a potential biomarker that indicates bladder tumor occurrence and patient prognosis.

BCAT2 promotes melanoma progression by activating lipogenesis via the epigenetic regulation of FASN and ACLY expressions

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer originating from the malignant transformation of epidermal melanocyte. The dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, including in melanoma. Aberrant branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolism and related enzymes has been greatly implicated in the progression of multiple types of cancer, whereas remains far from understood in melanoma. Herein, we reported that the critical BCAA metabolism enzyme branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2 (BCAT2) is an oncogenic factor in melanoma by activating lipogenesis via the epigenetic regulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) expressions. Firstly, we found that BCAT2 expression was prominently increased in melanoma, and highly associated with clinical stage. Then, it was proved that the deficiency of BCAT2 led to impaired tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Further, RNA sequencing technology and a panel of biochemical assays demonstrated that BCAT2 regulated de novo lipogenesis via the regulation of the expressions of both FASN and ACLY. Mechanistically, the inhibition of BCAT2 suppressed the generation of intracellular acetyl-CoA, mitigating P300-dependent histone acetylation at the promoter of FASN and ACLY, and thereby their transcription. Ultimately, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was identified as the upstream transcriptional factor responsible for BCAT2 up-regulation in melanoma. Our results demonstrate that BCAT2 promotes melanoma progression by epigenetically regulating FASN and ACLY expressions via P300-dependent histone acetylation. Targeting BCAT2 could be exploited as a promising strategy to restrain tumor progression in melanoma.

Mume Fructus (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) extract accelerates colonic mucosal healing of mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium through potentiation of cPLA2-mediated lysophosphatidylcholine synthesis

BACKGROUND

Mume Fructus (MF) is the fruit of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc, a plant of Rosaceae family. Previous studies demonstrated that MF was capable of ameliorating ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice, its action mechanism needs to be clarified.

PURPOSE

This study deciphered whether and how MF extract accelerates colonic mucosal healing, the therapeutic endpoint of UC.

METHODS

Biochemical, histopathological and qRT-PCR analyses were utilized to define the therapeutic efficacy of MF on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics technique was adopted to explore the changes of endogenous metabolites associated with UC and responses to MF intervention. qRT-PCR analysis was performed to confirm the molecular pathway in vivo. The effects of MF and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) on cell viability, wound healing, proliferation, and migration were examined through a series of in vitro experiments. Moreover, the effects of different subtypes of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors on MF-treated colonic epithelial cells were detected by wound healing test and transwell assay.

RESULTS

Orally administered MF could alleviate colitis in mice mainly by accelerating the healing of colonic mucosa. Guided by an unbiased metabolomics screen, we identified LPC synthesis as a major modifying pathway in colitis mice after MF treatment. Notably, MF facilitated the synthesis of LPC by enhancing the expression of PLA2 in colitis mice. Mechanistically, MF and LPC accelerated wound closure by promoting cell migration. Moreover, the promotion of MF on wound healing and migration of colonic epithelial cells was blunted by a cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

MF can facilitate colonic mucosal healing of mice with colitis through cPLA2-mediated intestinal LPC synthesis, which may become a novel therapeutic agent of UC.

ACLY promotes gastric tumorigenesis and accelerates peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer regulated by HIF-1A

Mounting evidence indicates the potential involvement of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in the modulation of various cancer types. Nevertheless, the precise biological significance of ACLY in gastric cancer (GC) remains elusive. This study sought to elucidate the biological function of ACLY and uncover its influence on peritoneal metastasis in GC. The expression of ACLY was assessed using both real-time quantitative PCR and western blot techniques. To investigate the impact of ACLY on the proliferation of gastric cancer (GC) cells, colony formation and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays were performed. The migratory and invasive abilities of GC were evaluated using wound healing and transwell assays. Additionally, a bioinformatics analysis was employed to predict the correlation between ACLY and HIF-1A. This interaction was subsequently confirmed through a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. ACLY exhibited upregulation in gastric cancer (GC) as well as in peritoneal metastasis. Its overexpression was found to facilitate the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, ACLY was observed to play a role in promoting angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Notably, under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1A levels were elevated, thereby acting as a transcription factor to upregulate ACLY expression. Under the regulatory influence of HIF-1A, ACLY exerts a significant impact on the progression of gastric cancer, thereby facilitating peritoneal metastasis.

Hub gene identification and molecular subtype construction for Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer via machine learning methods and NMF algorithm

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a gram-negative and spiral-shaped bacterium colonizing the human stomach and has been recognized as the risk factor of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer (GC). Moreover, it was recently identified as a class I carcinogen, which affects the occurrence and progression of GC via inducing various oncogenic pathways. Therefore, identifying the HP-related key genes is crucial for understanding the oncogenic mechanisms and improving the outcomes of GC patients. We retrieved the list of HP-related gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database. Based on the HP-related genes, unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering method was conducted to stratify TCGA-STAD, GSE15459, GSE84433 samples into two clusters with distinct clinical outcomes and immune infiltration characterization. Subsequently, two machine learning (ML) strategies, including support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and random forest (RF), were employed to determine twelve hub HP-related genes. Beyond that, receiver operating characteristic and Kaplan-Meier curves further confirmed the diagnostic value and prognostic significance of hub genes. Finally, expression of HP-related hub genes was tested by qRT-PCR array and immunohistochemical images. Additionally, functional pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these hub genes were implicated in the genesis and progression of GC by activating or inhibiting the classical cancer-associated pathways, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell cycle, apoptosis, RAS/MAPK, etc. In the present study, we constructed a novel HP-related tumor classification in different datasets, and screened out twelve hub genes via performing the ML algorithms, which may contribute to the molecular diagnosis and personalized therapy of GC.

Abnormal phosphorylation of protein tyrosine in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, are chronic disorders of the CNS that are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction. These diseases have diverse clinical and pathological features and their pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Currently, widely accepted hypotheses include the accumulation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, neurotrophin dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory processes. In the CNS of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, a variety of abnormally phosphorylated proteins play important roles in pathological processes such as neuroinflammation and intracellular accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and tau. In recent years, the roles of abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules regulated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in neurodegenerative diseases have attracted increasing attention. Here, we summarize the roles of signaling pathways related to protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and the progress of therapeutic studies targeting PTKs and PTPs that provide theoretical support for future studies on therapeutic strategies for these devastating and important neurodegenerative diseases.

Axon guidance molecules in liver pathology: Journeys on a damaged passport

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The liver is an innervated organ that develops a variety of chronic liver disease (CLD). Axon guidance cues (AGCs), of which ephrins, netrins, semaphorins and slits are the main representative, are secreted or membrane-bound proteins that can attract or repel axons through interactions with their growth cones that contain receptors recognizing these messengers. While fundamentally implicated in the physiological development of the nervous system, the expression of AGCs can also be reinduced under acute or chronic conditions, such as CLD, that necessitate redeployment of neural networks.

METHODS

This review considers the ad hoc literature through the neglected canonical neural function of these proteins that is also applicable to the diseased liver (and not solely their observed parenchymal impact).

RESULTS

AGCs impact fibrosis regulation, immune functions, viral/host interactions, angiogenesis, and cell growth, both at the CLD and HCC levels. Special attention has been paid to distinguishing correlative and causal data in such datasets in order to streamline data interpretation. While hepatic mechanistic insights are to date limited, bioinformatic evidence for the identification of AGCs mRNAs positive cells, protein expression, quantitative regulation, and prognostic data have been provided. Liver-pertinent clinical studies based on the US Clinical Trials database are listed. Future research directions derived from AGC targeting are proposed.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights frequent implication of AGCs in CLD, linking traits of liver disorders and the local autonomic nervous system. Such data should contribute to diversifying current parameters of patient stratification and our understanding of CLD.

Ephrin-Eph receptor tyrosine kinases for potential therapeutics against hepatic pathologies

Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathological change that occurs due to increased synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Chronic insult from hepatotoxicants leads to liver cirrhosis, which if not reversed timely using appropriate therapeutics, liver transplantation remains the only effective therapy. Often the disease further progresses into hepatic carcinoma. Although there is an increased advancement in understanding the pathological phenotypes of the disease, additional knowledge of the novel molecular signaling mechanisms involved in the disease progression would enable the development of efficacious therapeutics. Ephrin-Eph molecules belong to the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which are identified to play a crucial role in cellular migratory functions, during morphological and developmental stages. Additionally, they contribute to the growth of a multicellular organism as well as in pathological conditions like cancer, and diabetes. A wide spectrum of mechanistic studies has been performed on ephrin-Eph RTKs in various hepatic tissues under both normal and diseased conditions revealing their diverse roles in hepatic pathology. This systematic review summarizes the liver-specific ephrin-Eph RTK signaling mechanisms and recognizes them as druggable targets for mitigating hepatic pathology.

Prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma based on anoikis-related genes: immune landscape analysis and prediction of drug sensitivity

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a complex ailment characterized by an unfavorable prognosis in advanced stages. The involvement of immune cells in HCC progression is of significant importance. Moreover, metastasis poses a substantial impediment to enhanced prognostication for HCC patients, with anoikis playing an indispensable role in facilitating the distant metastasis of tumor cells. Nevertheless, limited investigations have been conducted regarding the utilization of anoikis factors for predicting HCC prognosis and assessing immune infiltration. This present study aims to identify hepatocellular carcinoma-associated anoikis-related genes (ANRGs), establish a robust prognostic model for HCC, and delineate distinct immune characteristics based on the anoikis signature. Cell migration and cytotoxicity experiments were performed to validate the accuracy of the ANRGs model.

Methods

Consensus clustering based on ANRGs was employed in this investigation to categorize HCC samples obtained from both TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts. To assess the differentially expressed genes, Cox regression analysis was conducted, and subsequently, prognostic gene signatures were constructed using LASSO-Cox methodology. External validation was performed at the International Cancer Genome Conference. The tumor microenvironment (TME) was characterized utilizing ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms, while machine learning techniques facilitated the identification of potential target drugs. The wound healing assay and CCK-8 assay were employed to evaluate the migratory capacity and drug sensitivity of HCC cell lines, respectively.

Results

Utilizing the TCGA-LIHC dataset, we devised a nomogram integrating a ten-gene signature with diverse clinicopathological features. Furthermore, the discriminative potential and clinical utility of the ten-gene signature and nomogram were substantiated through ROC analysis and DCA. Subsequently, we devised a prognostic framework leveraging gene expression data from distinct risk cohorts to predict the drug responsiveness of HCC subtypes.

Conclusion

In this study, we have established a promising HCC prognostic ANRGs model, which can serve as a valuable tool for clinicians in selecting targeted therapeutic drugs, thereby improving overall patient survival rates. Additionally, this model has also revealed a strong connection between anoikis and immune cells, providing a potential avenue for elucidating the mechanisms underlying immune cell infiltration regulated by anoikis.

Unraveling the Significance of EPH/Ephrin Signaling in Liver Cancer: Insights into Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Implications

Liver cancer is a complex and challenging disease with limited treatment options and dismal prognosis. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms driving liver cancer progression and metastasis is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The EPH/ephrin system, which comprises a family of cell surface receptors and their corresponding ligands, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of the EPH/ephrin system in HCC. Specifically, we discuss the dysregulation of EPH/ephrin signaling in HCC and its impact on various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Overall, the EPH/ephrin signaling system emerges as a compelling and multifaceted player in liver cancer biology. Elucidating its precise mechanisms and understanding its implications in disease progression and therapeutic responses may pave the way for novel targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches for liver cancer patients. Further research is warranted to unravel the full potential of the EPH/ephrin system in liver cancer and its clinical translation.

Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Metabolic abnormalities lead to the dysfunction of metabolic pathways and metabolite accumulation or deficiency which is well-recognized hallmarks of diseases. Metabolite signatures that have close proximity to subject's phenotypic informative dimension, are useful for predicting diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as monitoring treatments. The lack of early biomarkers could lead to poor diagnosis and serious outcomes. Therefore, noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring methods with high specificity and selectivity are desperately needed. Small molecule metabolites-based metabolomics has become a specialized tool for metabolic biomarker and pathway analysis, for revealing possible mechanisms of human various diseases and deciphering therapeutic potentials. It could help identify functional biomarkers related to phenotypic variation and delineate biochemical pathways changes as early indicators of pathological dysfunction and damage prior to disease development. Recently, scientists have established a large number of metabolic profiles to reveal the underlying mechanisms and metabolic networks for therapeutic target exploration in biomedicine. This review summarized the metabolic analysis on the potential value of small-molecule candidate metabolites as biomarkers with clinical events, which may lead to better diagnosis, prognosis, drug screening and treatment. We also discuss challenges that need to be addressed to fuel the next wave of breakthroughs.

Key events in cancer: Dysregulation of SREBPs

Lipid metabolism reprogramming is an important hallmark of tumor progression. Cancer cells require high levels of lipid synthesis and uptake not only to support their continued replication, invasion, metastasis, and survival but also to participate in the formation of biological membranes and signaling molecules. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are core transcription factors that control lipid metabolism and the expression of important genes for lipid synthesis and uptake. A growing number of studies have shown that SREBPs are significantly upregulated in human cancers and serve as intermediaries providing a mechanistic link between lipid metabolism reprogramming and malignancy. Different subcellular localizations, including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and nucleus, play an indispensable role in regulating the cleavage maturation and activity of SREBPs. In this review, we focus on the relationship between aberrant regulation of SREBPs activity in three organelles and tumor progression. Because blocking the regulation of lipid synthesis by SREBPs has gradually become an important part of tumor therapy, this review also summarizes and analyzes several current mainstream strategies.

Biomarker discovery and application-An opportunity to resolve the challenge of liver cancer diagnosis and treatment

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies, with severe morbidity and mortality. While considerable progress has been made in liver cancer treatment, the 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients has not improved significantly. Reasons include the inadequate capability of early screening and diagnosis, a high incidence of recurrence and metastasis, a high degree of tumor heterogeneity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the identification and validation of specific and robust liver cancer biomarkers are of major importance for early screening, timely diagnosis, accurate prognosis, and the prevention of tumor progression. In this review, we highlight some of the latest research progress and potential applications of liver cancer biomarkers, describing hotspots and prospective directions in biomarker discovery.

Hypoxic microenvironment in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors. Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of cancer cells, mediates the effects of cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy through complex mechanisms, and is closely associated with poor prognosis in various cancer patients. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that through normalization of the tumor vasculature, nanoparticle carriers and biocarriers can effectively increase the oxygen concentration in the tumor microenvironment, improve drug delivery and the efficacy of radiotherapy. They also increase infiltration of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune cells to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Furthermore, drugs targeting key genes associated with hypoxia, including hypoxia tracers, hypoxia-activated prodrugs, and drugs targeting hypoxia-inducible factors and downstream targets, can be used for visualization and quantitative analysis of tumor hypoxia and antitumor activity. However, the relationship between hypoxia and cancer is an area of research that requires further exploration. Here, we investigated the potential factors in the development of hypoxia in cancer, changes in signaling pathways that occur in cancer cells to adapt to hypoxic environments, the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced cancer immune tolerance, chemotherapeutic tolerance, and enhanced radiation tolerance, as well as the insights and applications of hypoxia in cancer therapy.

Inferring cancer common and specific gene networks via multi-layer joint graphical model

Cancer is a complex disease caused primarily by genetic variants. Reconstructing gene networks within tumors is essential for understanding the functional regulatory mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have provided tremendous opportunities for inferring gene networks via computational approaches. However, due to the heterogeneity of the same cancer type and the similarities between different cancer types, it remains a challenge to systematically investigate the commonalities and specificities between gene networks of different cancer types, which is a crucial step towards precision cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we propose a new sparse regularized multi-layer decomposition graphical model to jointly estimate the gene networks of multiple cancer types. Our model can handle various types of gene expression data and decomposes each cancer-type-specific network into three components, i.e., globally shared, partially shared and cancer-type-unique components. By identifying the globally and partially shared gene network components, our model can explore the heterogeneous similarities between different cancer types, and our identified cancer-type-unique components can help to reveal the regulatory mechanisms unique to each cancer type. Extensive experiments on synthetic data illustrate the effectiveness of our model in joint estimation of multiple gene networks. We also apply our model to two real data sets to infer the gene networks of multiple cancer subtypes or cell lines. By analyzing our estimated globally shared, partially shared, and cancer-type-unique components, we identified a number of important genes associated with common and specific regulatory mechanisms across different cancer types.

Corona enhancement combined with microvascular invasion for prognosis prediction of macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma subtype

Objectives

The macrotrabecular-massive (MTM) subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is aggressive and associated with an unfavorable prognosis. This study aimed to characterize MTM-HCC features based on contrast-enhanced MRI and to evaluate the prognosis of imaging characteristics combined with pathology for predicting early recurrence and overall survival after surgery.

Methods

This retrospective study included 123 patients with HCC that underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI and surgery, between July 2020 and October 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate factors associated with MTM-HCC. Predictors of early recurrence were determined with a Cox proportional hazards model and validated in a separate retrospective cohort.

Results

The primary cohort included 53 patients with MTM-HCC (median age 59 years; 46 male and 7 females; median BMI 23.5 kg/m2) and 70 subjects with non-MTM HCC (median age 61.5 years; 55 male and 15 females; median BMI 22.6 kg/m2) (All P>0.05). The multivariate analysis identified corona enhancement (odds ratio [OR]=2.52, 95% CI: 1.02-6.24; P=0.045) as an independent predictor of the MTM-HCC subtype. The multiple Cox regression analysis identified corona enhancement (hazard ratio [HR]=2.56, 95% CI: 1.08-6.08; P=0.033) and MVI (HR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.40-4.30; P=0.002) as independent predictors of early recurrence (area under the curve=0.790, P<0.001). The prognostic significance of these markers was confirmed by comparing results in the validation cohort to those from the primary cohort. Corona enhancement combined with MVI was significantly associated with poor outcomes after surgery.

Conclusions

A nomogram for predicting early recurrence based on corona enhancement and MVI could be used to characterize patients with MTM-HCC and predict their prognosis for early recurrence and overall survival after surgery.

Elucidation of endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in diabetes by RNA sequencing and constructing lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA network

With the rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes, non-healing diabetic wounds have posed a huge challenge to public health. Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) has been widely reported to promote wound repairing, while its number and function were suppressed in diabetes. However, the specific mechanisms and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of EPCs in diabetes remain largely unknown. Thus, the transcriptome analyses were carried in the present study to clarify the mechanism underlying EPCs dysfunction in diabetes. EPCs were successfully isolated from rats. Compared to the control, diabetic rat-derived EPCs displayed impaired proliferation, migration, and tube formation ability. The differentially expressed (DE) RNAs were successfully identified by RNA sequencing in the control and diabetic groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that DE mRNAs were significantly enriched in terms and pathways involved in the functions of EPCs and wound healing. Protein-protein interaction networks revealed critical DE mRNAs in the above groups. Moreover, the whole lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed, in which 9 lncRNAs, 9 mRNAs, and 5 miRNAs were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Rno-miR-10b-5p and Tgfb2 were identified as key regulators of EPCs dysfunction in diabetes. The present research provided novel insight into the underlying mechanism of EPCs dysfunction in diabetes and prompted potential targets to restore the impaired functions, thus accelerating diabetic wound healing. KEY MESSAGES: • Compared to the control, diabetic rat-derived EPCs displayed impaired proliferation, migration, and tube formation ability. • The DE RNAs were successfully identified by RNA sequencing in the control and diabetic groups and analyzed by DE, GO, and KEGG analysis. • PPI and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA networks were constructed. • 9 lncRNAs, 9 mRNAs, and 5 miRNAs were further validated by qRT-PCR. • Rno-miR-10b-5p and Tgfb2 were identified as key regulators of EPCs dysfunction in diabetes.

Genistein Restricts the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) and Stemness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Upregulating miR-1275 to Inhibit the EIF5A2/PI3K/Akt Pathway

Simple Summary

Genistein is a natural phytoestrogen with various antitumor effects. Our study focused on exploring the mechanisms of microRNAs and genistein to inhibit the epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that miR-1275 was more highly expressed in HCC cells treated with genistein compared with the control. Then, we performed series functional experiments to explore the relationship between genistein and miR-1275 in HCC. The inhibition of genistein on HCC cells was enhanced by the increase in treatment time and dose, and miR-1275 can be raised by genistein. The overall survival and recurrence-free survival of HCC patients with low expressed miR-1275 were lower than those of those with high expression levels. The experimental results exhibited that genistein and miR-1275 can both significantly suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, EMT and stemness of HCC. Moreover, the inhibition can be further enhanced with the co-existence of miR-1275 mimic and genistein. Finally, we demonstrated that miR-1275 can inhibit the EMT and stemness of HCC via inhibiting the EIF5A2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Our findings proved that genistein can inhibit the EIF5A2/PI3K/Akt pathway by upregulating miR-1275 so as to attenuate the EMT and stemness of HCC cells to restrict their progression and metastasis.

Abstract

Purpose: Genistein is a natural phytoestrogen with various antitumor effects. In recent years, some microRNAs (miRNA) in cancer cells have been reported to be regulated by genistein. Our study focused on exploring the mechanisms of miRNA upregulation to inhibit the epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods: MiR-1275 was discovered by the transcriptome sequencing of miRNA expression profiles in HepG2 cells treated with genistein or DMSO as a control. Then, we performed series functional experiments in vitro and vivo to explore the relationship between genistein and miR-1275 in HCC. The target gene (Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2, EIF5A2) of miR-1275 was predicted by databases and finally determined by a dual luciferase reporter assay. The downstream signaling pathway of EIF5A2 was assessed by bioinformatics analysis and Western blot. Results: the inhibition of genistein on the viability of HCC cells was enhanced by the increase in treatment time and dose, but it had no obvious inhibitory effect on normal hepatocytes (QSG-7701). Through qRT-PCR and transcriptome sequencing, we discovered that miR-1275 was lowly expressed in HCC, and it can be raised by genistein. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of HCC patients with lowly expressed miR-1275 were lower than those of those with high expression levels. In vitro and vivo experiments exhibited that genistein and the overexpression of miR-1275 can both significantly suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, EMT and stemness of HCC. Moreover, the inhibition can be further enhanced when miR-1275 mimic and genistein exist together. Finally, we demonstrated that miR-1275 can inhibit the epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and stemness of HCC via inhibiting the EIF5A2/PI3K/Akt pathway. Conclusion: Our findings proved that genistein can inhibit the EIF5A2/PI3K/Akt pathway by upregulating miR-1275 so as to attenuate the EMT and stemness of HCC cells to restrict their progression and metastasis.

A comprehensive prognostic and immunological analysis of ephrin family genes in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Ephrins, a series of Eph-associated receptor tyrosine kinase ligands, play an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers. However, their contributions to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to explore their prognostic value and immune implications in HCC.

Methods: Multiple public databases, such as TCGA, GTEx, and UCSC XENA, were used to analyze the expression of ephrin genes across cancers. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were used to explore the prognostic role of ephrin genes in HCC. A logistic regression model was utilized to evaluate the association between ephrin gene expression and clinical characteristics. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to elucidate their potential biological mechanisms. Various immune algorithms were utilized to investigate the correlation between ephrin genes and tumor immunity. We also analyzed their association with drug sensitivity, and gene mutations. Finally, RT–qPCR was performed to validate the expression of ephrin family genes in HCC cells and clinical tissues.

Results: The expression of EFNA1, EFNA2, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNB1, and EFNB2 was upregulated in most cancer types, while EFNA5 and EFNB3 was downregulated in most cancers. In HCC, the expression levels of EFNA1, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNB1, and EFNB2 were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues. High expression of EFNA3, EFNA4, and EFNB1 was associated with tumor progression and worse prognosis in HCC patients. The expression of EFNA3 and EFNA4 was negatively associated with the stromal/ESTIMATE scores, while EFNB1 was positively correlated with the immune/stromal/ESTIMATE scores. Moreover, these ephrin genes were closely relevant to the infiltration of immune cells, such as B cells, CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, neutrophil cells, macrophage cells, and dendritic cells. EFNB1 expression was positively associated with most immune-related genes, while EFNA3/EFNA4 was positively related to TMB and MSI. In addition, EFNA3, EFNA4, and EFNB1 were related to drug sensitivity and affected the mutation frequency of some genes in HCC.

Conclusion: EFNA3, EFNA4, and EFNB1 are independent prognostic factors for HCC patients and are closely correlated with tumor immunity, which may provide a new direction for exploring novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for immunotherapy.