Current epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma in Western countries

Metabolic reprogramming in cholangiocarcinoma cancer stem cells: Emerging therapeutic paradigms

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis, largely attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). These CSCs serve as pivotal drivers of tumor heterogeneity, chemotherapy resistance, and disease recurrence. CSCs in CCA exhibit remarkable plasticity, a characteristic sustained through metabolic state alterations and intricate interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME), which collectively enhance their self-renewal and survival potential. While advancements have been made in understanding metabolic reprogramming of CCA CSCs, translating these findings into clinical applications encounters significant challenges, including insufficient target specificity, complex metabolic heterogeneity, and the profound complexity of the TME. This review provides a systematic evaluation of metabolic reprogramming mechanisms in CCA CSCs, with critical analysis of stemness-maintaining signaling pathways, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), nutrient utilization, metabolic crosstalk within the TME, autophagy regulation, and ferroptosis resistance. We emphasize emerging strategies to therapeutically target the interconnected metabolic networks essential for CSC functionality and survival, with the goal of establishing a theoretical basis for innovative precision therapies to enhance clinical outcomes for CCA patients.

Biliary tract cancer

BACKGROUND

Biliary tract cancers comprise a heterogeneous collection of malignancies usually described as cholangiocarcinoma of the intra- or extrahepatic bile duct, including perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer.

METHODS

A review of pertinent parts of the ESSO core curriculum for the UEMS diploma targets (Fellowships exam, EBSQ), based on updated and available guidelines for diagnosis, surgical treatment and oncological management of cholangiocarcinoma.

RESULTS

Following the outline from the ESSO core curriculum we present the epidemiology and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, as well as the rationale for the current diagnosis, staging, (neo-)adjuvant treatment, surgical management, and short- and long-term outcomes. The available guidelines and consensus reports (i.e. NCCN, BGS and ESMO guidelines) are referred to. Recognition of biliary tract cancers as separate entities of the intrahepatic biliary ducts, the perihilar and distal bile duct as well as the gallbladder is important for proper management, as they each provide distinct clinical, molecular and treatment profiles to consider.

CONCLUSION

Core competencies in knowledge to the diagnosis, management and outcomes of biliary tract cancers are presented.

The prognostic role of albumin-bilirubin grade in the mortality of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients

OBJECTIVE

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a low survival rate of 5-17%, despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Liver function impacts disease prognosis, and the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score is a new assessment model for this purpose. While research suggests a correlation between ALBI score, liver failure and mortality in intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), predicting outcomes for extrahepatic CCA (eCCA) is challenging. Our objective was to assess the prognostic role of ALBI grade in predicting overall survival of eCCA patients.

METHODS

Patients with diagnosis of eCCA who had visited Firuzgar Hospital from 2015 to 2019 were consecutively included in the study. These individuals had previously undergone Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) or ERCP brush cytology followed by surgery. Exclusion criteria were patients with benign bile duct strictures, prior biliary tract surgery, concurrent liver disease impacting liver tests, inadequate data, or inconsistent monitoring. Clinical data of patients were collected to calculate ALBI score which was subsequently divided into three distinct grades (grade 1: ≤-2.60, grade 2: > -2.60 to ≤ - 1.39, grade 3: >-1.39). Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression model were used to analyze overall survival, 1-, 3- and 5-year survival and parameters affecting patient survival.

RESULTS

In this study, 80 patients with diagnosis of eCCA with a median age of 67 (58.25-74) years (67.5% male) who visited Firuzgar Hospital from 2015 to 2019 were included. The average survival time of patients was 13.9 ± 16.4 months, and the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of patients were 36.6%, 27.1%, and 15.8%, respectively. The results showed that ALBI grade, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), white blood cell (WBC) and international normalized ratio (INR) have significant effects on the survival of patients (all P < 0.05). Based on the results of Cox regression, the risk of mortality due to CCA in patients with ALBI grade 3 (HR = 1.87, P = 0.0111), AST > 82.5 (HR = 1.90, P = 0.0091), WBC > 7.70 × 109/L (HR = 2.46, P = 0.0004), and INR > 1.08 (HR = 1.78, P = 0.0202) increases significantly.

CONCLUSION

We showed that ALBI grade, AST > 82.5 units/L, and INR > 1.08 can be used as predictive factors of survival in cholangiocarcinoma patients.

Clinical significance of HER2 overexpression in biliary tract carcinoma --a meta analysis

Introduction

Previous studies have been inconsistent on the correlation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression in biliary tract carcinoma. The objective of this meta analysis was to assess its association with clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of biliary tract carcinoma.

Methods

The eligible studies were searched in Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria were studies of the relationship between HER2 positive expression (ICH: HER2 (+++), FISH: HER2 overexpression, NGS: HER2 overexpression) and prognosis or clinicopathological features of patients with biliary tract carcinoma (BTC). The analysis was conducted according to gender, high differentiation degree, middle differentiation degree, tumor stage, nerve invasion, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and pathological diagnosis of patients. ES (Effect Sizes) for 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to examine risk or hazard associations, and heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included to evaluate the association of HER2 positive expression with clinicopathological features and survival prognosis. There was no significant statistical relationship between positive/high expression of HER2 and a series of clinical characteristics including gender, high, middle and low differentiation, tumor stage, vascular invasion, nerve invasion, Lymph node metastasis, T stage and pathological type of patients with biliary tract carcinoma. There was a significant relationship between positive/high expression of HER2 and postoperative Disease-Free Survival in patients with biliary tract carcinoma (ES = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.24-2.81, p = 0.003). There was a significant relationship between positive/high expression of HER2 and postoperative Overall Survival in patients with biliary tract carcinoma (ES = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.08-2.20, p = 0.017).

Discussion

Our meta-analyses revealed that high expression of HER2 gene was not correlated with clinicopathological parameters such as differentiation degree, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, nerve invasion, pathological type, T stage, and gender of biliary tract carcinoma. HER2 overexpression is a negative prognostic factor in biliary tract carcinoma patients. The association between positive/high expression of HER2 and the pathological features as well as prognosis in biliary tract carcinoma patients warrants further validation.

Liver transplantation as a treatment for cancer: comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Liver transplantation for cancer indications has gained momentum in recent years. This review is intended to optimize the care setting of liver transplant candidates by highlighting current indications, technical aspects and barriers with available solutions to facilitate the guidance of available strategies for healthcare professionals in specialized centres.

METHODS

A review of the most recent relevant literature was conducted for all the cancer indications of liver transplantation including colorectal cancer liver metastases, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic epitheloid haemangioendothelioma.

RESULTS

Transplant benefit from the best available evidence, including SECA I, SECA II, TRANSMET studies for colorectal liver metastases, various preoperative protocols for cholangiocarcinoma patients, standard, extended selection criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumours, are discussed. Innovative approaches to deal with organ shortages, including machine-perfused deceased grafts, living donor liver transplantation and RAPID procedures, are also explored.

CONCLUSION

Cancer indications for liver transplantation are here to stay, and the selection criteria among all cancer groups are likely to evolve further with improved prognostication of tumour biology using adjuncts such as radiomics, cancer genomics, and circulating DNA and RNA status. International prospective registry-based studies could overcome the limitations of smaller patient cohorts and lack of level 1 evidence.

EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in the imaging, molecular profiling, and systemic treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Despite this progress, the early detection, precise classification, and effective management of CCA remain challenging. Owing to recent developments and the significant differences in CCA subtypes, EASL commissioned a panel of experts to draft evidence-based recommendations on the management of extrahepatic CCA, comprising distal and perihilar CCA. Particular attention is given to the need for accurate classification systems, the integration of emerging molecular insights, and practical strategies for diagnosis and treatment that reflect real-world clinical scenarios.

Detecting plasma SHOX2, HOXA9, SEPTIN9, and RASSF1A methylation and circulating cancer cells for cholangiocarcinoma clinical diagnosis and monitoring

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), also known as bile duct cancer, is a devastating malignancy primarily affecting the biliary tract.

AIM

To assess their performance in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of CCA, plasma methylation and circulating tumor cells were detected.

METHODS

Plasma samples were collected from Hubei Cancer Hospital (n = 156). Plasma DNA was tested to detect SHOX2, HOXA9, SEPTIN9, and RASSF1A methylation using TaqMan PCR. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were detected in the peripheral blood of patients using the United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cell search system before and after clinical therapy. The CCA diagnostic value was estimated using the area under the curve. The independent prognosis risk factors for patients with CCA were estimated using Cox and logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

The sensitivity and specificity of the four DNA plasma methylations exhibited 64.74% sensitivity and 93.88% specificity for detecting CCA. The receiver operating characteristic curve of the combined value for CCA diagnosis in plasma was 0.828 ± 0.032. RASSF1A plasma methylation was related to the prognosis of patients with CCA. We determined the prognostic hazard ratio for CCA using CTC count, tumor stage, methylation, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels as key factors. Our overall survival nomogram achieved a C-index of 0.705 (0.605-0.805).

CONCLUSION

SHOX2, HOXA9, SEPTIN9, and RASSF1A plasma methylation demonstrated increased sensitivity for diagnosing CCA. RASSF1A plasma methylation and CTCs were valuable predictors to assess CCA prognosis and recurrence.

Mutant KRAS and CK2 Cooperatively Stimulate SLC16A3 Activity to Drive Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Progression

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a lethal malignancy affecting the liver and biliary system. Enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying iCCA tumorigenesis and the discovery of appropriate therapeutic targets are imperative to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we investigated the functions and regulations of solute carrier family 16 member 3 (SLC16A3), which has been reported to be a biomarker of poor prognosis in iCCA. High SLC16A3 expression was enriched in KRAS viral oncogene homolog-mutated iCCA tumors, and mutant KRAS elevated SLC16A3 expression via the PI3K-AKT-mTORC1-HIF1α pathway. SLC16A3 not only enhanced glycolysis but also induced epigenetic reprogramming to regulate iCCA progression. Phosphorylation of SLC16A3 at S436 was vital for its oncogenic function and was linked to iCCA progression. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) directly phosphorylated SLC16A3 at S436, and CK2 inhibition with CX-4945 (silmitasertib) reduced the growth of KRAS-mutated iCCA tumor xenografts and patient-derived organoids. Together, this study provides valuable insights into the diverse functions of SLC16A3 in iCCA and comprehensively elucidates the upstream regulatory mechanisms, providing potential therapeutic strategies for patients with iCCA with KRAS mutations. Significance: Characterization of the oncogenic function and regulators of SLC16A3 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis revealed the potential of CK2 inhibitors as a promising treatment for KRAS-mutated tumors.

Artificial intelligence for detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions: a review

Focal liver lesions (FLL) are common incidental findings in abdominal imaging. While the majority of FLLs are benign and asymptomatic, some can be malignant or pre-malignant, and need accurate detection and classification. Current imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play a crucial role in assessing these lesions. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL), offers potential solutions by analyzing large data to identify patterns and extract clinical features that aid in the early detection and classification of FLLs. This manuscript reviews the diagnostic capacity of AI-based algorithms in processing CT and MRIs to detect benign and malignant FLLs, with an emphasis in the characterization and classification of these lesions and focusing on differentiating benign from pre-malignant and potentially malignant lesions. A comprehensive literature search from January 2010 to April 2024 identified 45 relevant studies. The majority of AI systems employed convolutional neural networks (CNNs), with expert radiologists providing reference standards through manual lesion delineation, and histology as the gold standard. The studies reviewed indicate that AI-based algorithms demonstrate high accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUCs in detecting and characterizing FLLs. These algorithms excel in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions, optimizing diagnostic protocols, and reducing the needs of invasive procedures. Future research should concentrate on the expansion of data sets, the improvement of model explainability, and the validation of AI tools across a range of clinical setting to ensure the applicability and reliability of such tools.

VCP Promotes Cholangiocarcinoma Development by Mediating BAP1 Ubiquitination-Dependent Degradation

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), recognized for its high malignancy, has been an enormous challenge due to lacking effective treatment therapy over the past decades. Recently, the targeted therapies, such as Pemigatinib and Ivosidenib, have provided new treatment options for patients carrying fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) mutations, but only ~30% of patients harbor these mutants; it is urgent to explore novel targets and therapeutic therapies. The frequent downregulation of BAP1 has been observed in CCA, and the low expression of BAP1 is closely related to the poor prognosis of CCA. However, there are no effective interventions to re-activate BAP1 protein; blocking its degradation may provide a feasible strategy for BAP1-downregulation CCA treatment. In this study, we demonstrated the tumor-suppressive roles of BAP1 in CCA and identified VCP functions as the key upstream regulator mediated by BAP1 protein homeostasis. Mechanistically, VCP binds to BAP1 and promotes the latter's ubiquitination degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thus promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, we found that VCP inhibitors inhibited CCA cell growth and promoted cell apoptosis by blocking BAP1 ubiquitination degradation. Collectively, our findings not only provided a novel mechanism underlying the aberrant low expression of BAP1 in CCA but also verified the anti-tumor effect of VCP inhibitors in CCA, offering a novel therapeutic target for CCA treatment.

Associations between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk: A large-scale population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

This large-scale, population-based cohort study examined the associations between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk, including its intrahepatic and extrahepatic forms.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

A total of 4,932,211 adults aged ≥40 years participated in a government-initiated health checkup program (2012-2017), which collected lifestyle data, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical tests. Follow-up continued until 2021, with data linkage to National Cancer and Death Registries to ascertain the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma and obtain vital status information. Fine and Gray models accounted for competing risks. During 35,879,371 person-years of follow-up, 6117 cholangiocarcinoma cases were identified, with an incidence rate of 17.05 (95% CI: 15.90-18.20) per 100,000 person-years. Individuals with metabolic syndrome had significantly higher incidences of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ( p <0.0001). The multivariate-adjusted HR for cholangiocarcinoma among those with metabolic syndrome was 1.20 (1.14-1.27). Stratification analyses by age, sex, liver enzyme levels, and comorbidities consistently demonstrated an increased cholangiocarcinoma risk among individuals with metabolic syndrome. A dose-response relationship was observed, with a higher number of metabolic components correlating with an elevated cholangiocarcinoma risk, even after accounting for all-cause mortality as a competing risk. The adjusted subdistribution HRs ranged from 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02-1.32) for individuals with one metabolic component to 1.67 (95% CI: 1.45-1.94) for those with five ( p for trend <0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The positive association between metabolic syndrome and cholangiocarcinoma risk suggests that managing metabolic risk factors might reduce the occurrence of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Evaluation of long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT for post-treatment dosimetry in Yttrium-90 radioembolization of liver tumors: a comparative study with conventional SPECT imaging

PURPOSE

Long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners enable high sensitivity and wide anatomical coverage. Therefore, they seem ideal to perform post-selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) 90Y scans, which are needed, to confirm that the dose is delivered to the tumors and that healthy organs are spared. However, it is unclear to what extent the use of LAFOV PET is feasible and which dosimetry approaches results in accurate measurements.

METHODS

In this retrospective analysis, a total number of 32 patients was included (median age 71, IQR 14), which had hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, or liver metastases. All patients underwent SIRT, and the post-therapy scan was acquired on a single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and a LAFOV Biograph Quadra PET/CT with a 20-minute acquisition time. Post-treatment dosimetry, regarding the tumor, whole-liver and lung (LMD) absorbed dose was done using an organ-wise (Simplicit90Y) and a voxel-wise approach (HERMIA Dosimetry) which used a semi-Monte Carlo algorithm. The lung shunt fraction (LSF) was also measured using the voxel-wise approach and compared to the planned.

RESULTS

The planning, post-treatment SPECT and PET (SPECTpre, SPECTpost, PETpost) median tumor doses based on the organ-wise dosimetry were 276.0 Gy (200.0-330.0 Gy), 232.0 Gy (158.5-303.5 Gy) and 267.5 Gy (182.5-370.8 Gy). In contrast, the median voxel-wise PETpost dose was significantly smaller than the planned SPECTpre (152.5 Gy (94.8-223.8 Gy); p < 0.00001). Moreover, the median tumor absorbed dose at 90% (D90) of the tumor volume was significantly higher in SPECTpost compared with PETpost (123.5 Gy; 81.5-180.0 vs. 30.5 Gy; 11.3-106.3; p < 0.00001). The PETpost measured LSF was significantly lower compared to the planned SPECTpre (0.89%; 0.4-1.3% vs. 2.3%; 1.5-3.6%; p < 0.0001). Similarly, the measured PETpost median LMD was considerably lower to the planned SPECTpre (1.2 Gy; 0.6-2.3 vs. 2.5 Gy; 1.4-4.7; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

LAFOV PET enabled the direct measurement of post therapy lung dose and tumor doses that correlated well with the planned treatment doses. However, current voxel-wise-based tumor dosimetry seems to be inaccurate for LAFOV PET. In addition, dose volume histogram-based metrics also significantly underestimate the delivered dose. Therefore, improved dosimetry tools are needed for reliable voxel-wise 90Y dosimetry to leverage the sensitivity and spatial resolution of LAFOV PET scanners.

The Search for Risk, Diagnostic, and Prognostic Biomarkers of Cholangiocarcinoma and Their Biological and Clinicopathologic Significance

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that originate from the biliary tract. They are usually diagnosed in advanced stages, leading to a poor prognosis for affected patients. As CCA often arises as a sporadic cancer in individuals lacking specific risk factors or with heterogeneous backgrounds, and there are no defined high-risk groups, the implementation of effective surveillance programs for CCA is problematic. The identification and validation of new biomarkers useful for risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response remains an unmet need for patients with CCA, even though numerous studies have been conducted lately to try to discover and validate CCA biomarkers. In this review, we overview the available information about the different types of biomarkers that have been investigated in recent years using minimally invasive biospecimens (blood, serum/plasma, bile, and urine) and their potential usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. It is widely accepted that early detection of CCA will impact patients' outcomes, by improving survival rates, quality of life, and the possibility of less invasive and/or curative treatments; however, challenges to its translation and clinical application for patients with CCA need to be resolved.

Disparities in Cholangiocarcinoma Research and Trials: Challenges and Opportunities in the United States

Cancer disparities are well-established across measures of cancer incidence and mortality. Cholangiocarcinoma, a common hepatic malignancy, is no exception to these inequities. Globally and within the United States, Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Alaskan Natives, and Pacific Islander populations experience higher incidence rates of cholangiocarcinoma. These same groups and non-Hispanic Black individuals simultaneously experience lower disease-specific survival, highlighting the role of social factors in cholangiocarcinoma outcome inequities. Higher age-standardized death rates from cholangiocarcinoma are associated with a lower social determinant index (SDI) in Andean Latin America, Southern Latin America, and Central sub-Saharan Africa. SDI, which evaluates education, fertility, and income, can be used to model the social determinants of health (SDOH). The SDOH also affect cholangiocarcinoma survival in the United States as factors such as migratory status, insurance status, and geographic location can cause treatment delays and worsened outcomes. Despite these inequities, limited research exists on the topic of disparities in cholangiocarcinoma when compared with other malignancies, and clinical trial under-representation remains a significant concern. Representing diverse populations in cholangiocarcinoma clinical trials is exceedingly important as populations with the highest incidence are simultaneously under-represented in clinical trials. Diversity in clinical trial enrollment and research regarding cholangiocarcinoma is needed to create robust databases and biobanks that can be used to develop targeted treatments and guidelines. In addition, risk factors, including parasitic infections, infectious diseases, and environmental exposures, are associated with cholangiocarcinoma but vary by global region, highlighting the need to study unique risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma across diverse populations. Without research that represents the populations that suffer most from this cancer, incidence and mortality inequities will continue to have a disproportionate burden.

Mapping the landscape of biliary tract cancer in Europe: challenges and controversies

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is becoming more common worldwide, with geographic differences in incidence and risk factors. In Europe, BTC may be associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, lithiasis, and liver cirrhosis, but is more frequently observed as a sporadic disease. BTC increasingly affects patients under 60 years, resulting in a significant social and economic burden. Early diagnosis remains challenging due to vague symptoms in 50% of patients with BTC, and lack of specific biomarkers, resulting in late presentation and poor prognosis. The identification of patients at increased risk and reliable biomarkers require collaborative efforts to make faster progress. This Series paper highlights the disparities in access to diagnostic tools and multidisciplinary care in Europe, particularly in economically disadvantaged regions, while identifying priority areas for improvement. Addressing these inequities requires harmonised guidelines, accelerated pathways to curative treatments, and improved awareness among healthcare professionals and the public. Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are crucial for the diagnosis of BTC and for improving patient outcomes, yet inconsistencies exist in their implementation not only between different countries, but also between different centres within a country. Collaboration and standardisation of diagnostic and treatment protocols across Europe are essential to effectively address the management of patients with BTC.

Durvalumab and T-DXd Synergistically Promote Apoptosis of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Downregulating EGR1 Expression Through Inhibiting P38 MAPK Pathway

Cholangiocarcinoma is a hepatobiliary system tumor with a high mortality rate. Although durvalumab and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) have shown efficacy in treating cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer, their effects and regulatory mechanisms in cholangiocarcinoma remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of durvalumab and T-DXd in inducing apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Cholangiocarcinoma cells were treated with varying concentrations of durvalumab and T-DXd, either individually or in combination, to evaluate their effects. Apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting were used to measure the mRNA expression and protein levels of genes associated with apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. The underlying mechanism was further explored through pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and corroborated by qPCR and Western blotting. Xenotransplantation models using immune-deficient NOD-SCID/IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice were established to assess the in vivo effects of durvalumab and T-DXd. Our results showed that both durvalumab and T-DXd inhibited cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Both agents promoted apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle of cholangiocarcinoma cells, with the combination treatment having the most significant effect. Furthermore, treatment with durvalumab, T-DXd, and the combination downregulated the protein levels of early growth response 1 (EGR1) by inactivating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that durvalumab and T-DXd prolonged the survival of NSG mice bearing cholangiocarcinoma xenografts. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that durvalumab and T-DXd synergistically promoted apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting EGR1 expression through inactivation of the p38 MAPK pathway. This study confirmed the potential of durvalumab and T-DXd for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.

Research trends and hotspots evolution of artificial intelligence for cholangiocarcinoma over the past 10 years: a bibliometric analysis

Objective

To analyze the research hotspots and potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) through visualization.

Methods

A comprehensive search of publications on the application of AI in CCA from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2023, within the Web of Science Core Collection, was conducted, and citation information was extracted. CiteSpace 6.2.R6 was used for the visualization analysis of citation information.

Results

A total of 736 publications were included in this study. Early research primarily focused on traditional treatment methods and care strategies for CCA, but since 2019, there has been a significant shift towards the development and optimization of AI algorithms and their application in early cancer diagnosis and treatment decision-making. China emerged as the country with the highest volume of publications, while Khon Kaen University in Thailand was the academic institution with the highest number of publications. A core group of authors involved in a dense network of international collaboration was identified. HEPATOLOGY was found to be the most influential journal in the field. The disciplinary development pattern in this domain exhibits the characteristic of multiple disciplines intersecting and integrating.

Conclusion

The current research hotspots primarily revolve around three directions: AI in the diagnosis and classification of CCA, AI in the preoperative assessment of cancer metastasis risk in CCA, and AI in the prediction of postoperative recurrence in CCA. The complementarity and interdependence among different AI applications will facilitate future applications of AI in the CCA field.

Hypericin mediated photodynamic therapy induces ferroptosis via inhibiting the AKT/mTORC1/GPX4 axis in cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma remains a challenging primary hepatobiliary malignancy with dismal prognosis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT),a less invasive treatment, has been found to inhibit the proliferation and induce ferroptosis, apoptosis and necrosis in other tumor cells in recent years. Regrettably, the role and exact molecule mechanism of PDT is still incompletely clear in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Ferroptosis is a novel regulated cell death(RCD), which is controlled by glutathione peroxidase4(GPX4) with the characteristics of iron dependent and excessive intracellular accumulation of lipid peroxides. This novel form of RCD has attracted great attention as a potential new target in clinical oncology during recent years. In this study, we observed that hypericin mediated PDT(HY-PDT) could significantly inhibit the proliferation of the cholangiocarcinoma cells and suppress migration and the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well. Then, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis and observed that HY-PDT was most likely involved in ferroptosis, apoptosis, the EMT process and AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathways in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Next, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to confirm that HY-PDT could trigger cholangiocarcinoma cells ferroptosis through inhibiting the expression of GPX4 protein. In terms of molecular mechanism, we found that HY-PDT induced ferroptosis by decreasing GPX4 expression via suppression of the AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway. In addition, we also found that HY-PDT inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cells migration and the EMT process by inhibiting the AKT/mTORC1 pathway. Our study illustrated a new mechanism of action for HY-PDT and might throw light on the individualized precision therapy for cholangiocarcinoma patients.

Risks and use of ERCP during the diagnostic workup in a national cohort of biliary cancer

BACKGROUND

In biliary cancer, the indication of endoscopic intervention might be diagnostic as well as therapeutic, in the latter situation with the aim to relieve biliary obstruction e.g. by stenting. Our aim was to investigate the use of endoscopic biliary interventions during the diagnostic workup of biliary cancers in a national cohort, and to evaluate their complications, especially cholangitis and pancreatitis.

METHODS

This is a registry-based study of national cohort of patients with biliary cancers in Sweden 2010-2020. The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during the diagnostic work up period before treatment onset, and risk of complications were evaluated in patients with gallbladder cancer, intrahepatic-, perihilar- and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The risk of complications was compared depending on age, sex, comorbidity, in relation to stage and curative intent, endoscopy unit size, and with relation to survival.

RESULTS

Forty percent of the patients with biliary cancer underwent ERCP during the diagnostic workup, with variations depending on diagnosis. There was a 20% overall risk of periprocedural complications, a 9% risk of post-ERCP-pancreatitis (PEP), and a 6% risk of cholangitis. Increasing tumor stage did not increase risk, nor did comorbidity. The complication rates were slightly higher for younger patients and those undergoing curative treatment. For perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) treated with curative intention, the risk of periprocedural complications was as high as 30.7%. No association between post-ERCP complications and survival was found.

CONCLUSION

Irrespective of type of biliary cancer, ERCP is frequently used during diagnostic workup. The complication risk indicates that primary biliary cancers are complication prone, regardless of stage. Notably the risk of complications was the highest for younger patients with low comorbidity scores, as well as for patients undergoing curatively aiming treatment.

Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents a heterogenous set of malignancies arising from the biliary tract. Classification of CCA subdivides tumours into intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA), with eCCA further categorised as perihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA) lesions. Tumour subtypes show distinct epidemiological, genetic and clinical characteristics. Global incidence and mortality are rising, with the highest rates seen in Asian populations compared to the West. There has been a divergence in recent mortality trends observed between CCA subtypes, with rising rates of iCCA seen compared with eCCA. There are several drivers for these differing trends, including specific risk factors, misclassification of CCA subtypes and variation in diagnosis and surveillance. Risk factors for CCA can be divided into hepatobiliary, extra-hepatic and environmental, with hepatobiliary diseases conferring the largest risk. Surgery represents the only curative treatment for CCA, but can only be offered to early-stage candidates who are otherwise fit; the majority of patients are therefore treated with chemotherapy and, recently, immunotherapy. Due to late-stage presentation of disease, prognosis is poor, with 5-year survival <20%.

Advancements in Locoregional Therapies for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with rising incidence and poor outcomes. This review examines recent advancements in locoregional therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, focusing on external beam radiotherapy, transarterial radioembolization (TARE), hepatic artery infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy, and liver transplantation. Stereotactic body radiation therapy and proton beam therapy have shown promise in achieving local control and improving survival. TARE, with personalized dosimetry, has demonstrated encouraging results in select patient populations. HAIP chemotherapy, primarily studied using floxuridine, has yielded impressive survival outcomes in phase II trials. Liver transplantation, once contraindicated, is now being reconsidered for carefully selected patients with localized disease. While these locoregional approaches show potential, randomized controlled trials comparing them to standard systemic therapy are lacking. Patient selection remains crucial, with factors such as liver function, tumor burden, and molecular profile influencing treatment decisions. Ongoing research aims to optimize treatment sequencing, explore combination strategies with systemic therapies, and refine phenotype identification and patient selection criteria. As the landscape of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma management evolves, a multidisciplinary approach is essential to tailor treatment strategies and improve outcomes for patients with this challenging disease.

mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1 inhibitors versus GC/GS/GEMOX chemotherapy as a first line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer: A single-center retrospective cohort study

Biliary tract tumors (BTC) account for about 3% of all digestive system tumors, with rising incidence and limited treatment options, particularly for advanced stages, underscoring the need for innovative therapies. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a novel regimen combining hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX-HAIC) alongside lenvatinib and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors (mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i) compared to standard regimens of gemcitabine plus cisplatin, gemcitabine plus S1, or gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GC/GS/GEMOX) in advanced BTC patients treated from March 2019 to November 2023. A total of 89 patients were analyzed, with 55 receiving hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and 34 receiving the GC/GS/GEMOX regimens. Among these, 23 patients were in the mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i group, while 24 were in the GC/GS/GEMOX group. The median progression-free survival (mPFS) for the mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i group was 15 months compared to 6 months for the GC/GS/GEMOX group. Similarly, the median overall survival (mOS) was 20 months for the mFOLFOXHAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i group versus 13 months for the GC/GS/GEMOX group. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) for the mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i group were 48.5% and 87.0%, respectively, both significantly higher than those observed in the GC/GS/GEMOX group at three months of treatment. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar between the mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i group and the GC/GS/GEMOX group, at 86.5% and 84.2%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in complication rates. Overall, mFOLFOX-HAIC+lenvatinib+PD-1i appears to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment for advanced BTC, demonstrating superior mPFS and mOS compared to standard regimens.

Artificial Intelligence and Radiomics in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant biliary system tumor and the second most common primary hepatic neoplasm, following hepatocellular carcinoma. CCA still has an extremely high unfavorable prognosis, regardless of type and location, and complete surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic option; however, due to the underhanded onset and rapid progression of CCA, most patients present with advanced stages at first diagnosis, with only 30 to 60% of CCA patients eligible for surgery. Recent innovations in medical imaging combined with the use of radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) can lead to improvements in the early detection, characterization, and pre-treatment staging of these tumors, guiding clinicians to make personalized therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of how radiological features of CCA can be analyzed through radiomics and with the help of AI for many different purposes, such as differential diagnosis, the prediction of lymph node metastasis, the defining of prognostic groups, and the prediction of early recurrence. The combination of radiomics with AI has immense potential. Still, its effectiveness in practice is yet to be validated by prospective multicentric studies that would allow for the development of standardized radiomics models.

Infiltrating T lymphocytes and tumor microenvironment within cholangiocarcinoma: immune heterogeneity, intercellular communication, immune checkpoints

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary liver cancer, and its global incidence has increased in recent years. Radical surgical resection and systemic chemotherapy have traditionally been the standard treatment options. However, the complexity of cholangiocarcinoma subtypes often presents a challenge for early diagnosis. Additionally, high recurrence rates following radical treatment and resistance to late-stage chemotherapy limit the benefits for patients. Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy for treating various types of cancer, and has shown efficacy when combined with chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma. Current immunotherapies targeting cholangiocarcinoma have predominantly focused on T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment, and new immunotherapies have yielded unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Therefore, it is essential to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the unique tumor microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma and the pivotal role of T lymphocytes within it. In this review, we describe the heterogeneous immune landscape and intercellular communication in cholangiocarcinoma and summarize the specific distribution of T lymphocytes. Finally, we review potential immune checkpoints in cholangiocarcinoma.

Learning from Other Tumors: Pathways for Progress and Overcoming Challenges in Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a group of complex and heterogeneous tumors originating from the epithelial cells of bile ducts that can occur in intrahepatic, perihilar, or distal localizations [...].

Radiation-emitting metallic stent for unresectable Bismuth type III or IV perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter randomized trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) have been recommended for patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction, while radiation-emitting metallic stents (REMSs) loaded with 125 I seeds have recently been approved to provide longer patency and overall survival in malignant biliary tract obstruction. This trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of REMS plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (REMS-HAIC) versus SEMS plus HAIC (SEMS-HAIC) for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This multicenter randomized controlled trial recruited patients with unresectable Bismuth type III or IV pCCA between March 2021 and January 2023. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive either REMS-HAIC or SEMS-HAIC using permuted block randomization, with a block size of six. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were time to symptomatic progression (TTSP), stent patency, relief of jaundice, quality of life, and safety.

RESULTS

A total of 126 patients were included in the intent-to-treat population, with 63 in each group. The median OS was 10.2 months versus 6.7 months ( P =0.002). The median TTSP was 8.6 months versus 5.4 months ( P =0.003). The median stent patency was longer in the REMS-HAIC group than in the SEMS-HAIC group ( P =0.001). The REMS-HAIC group showed better improvement in physical functioning scale ( P <0.05) and fatigue symptoms ( P <0.05) when compared to the SEMS-HAIC group. No significant differences were observed in relief of jaundice (85.7% vs. 84.1%; P =0.803) or the incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (9.8% vs. 11.9%; P =0.721).

CONCLUSION

REMS plus HAIC showed better OS, TTSP, and stent patency compared with SEMS plus HAIC in patients with unresectable Bismuth type III or IV pCCA with an acceptable safety profile.

Causal Relationship and Potential Common Pathogenic Mechanisms Between Alopecia Areata and Related Cancer

Objective

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune skin disease. Observational studies have reported an association between AA and cancer. However, the causal relationship between AA and cancer has not been reported. We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causality between AA and 17 subtypes of cancers.

Methods

We employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causality between AA and 17 subtypes of cancers. AA and cancers' association genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were collected. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was utilized as the principal method in our Mendelian randomization (MR) study, with additional use of the MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. After that, we explored the underlying biological mechanisms by Bioinformatic Analysis.

Results

According to our MR analysis, AA has a causal relationship with hepatic bile duct cancer (HBDC, (odds ratio [OR] = 0.944, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.896-0.994, P-value = 0.030) and colorectal cancer (CRC, OR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.963-0.999, P-value = 0.046). AA could decrease the risk of HBDC and CRC. No causal link between AA and other subtypes of cancers was observed. No heterogeneity or pleiotropy was observed. Furthermore, disease-related genes were obtained, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis results showed that the set of genes associated with immunity-inflammatory signaling pathway.

Conclusion

This study provided new evidence of the relationship between AA with HBDC and CRC. AA may play a protective role in both HBDC and CRC progression. This could provide newer avenues for research in search of treatment for HBDC and CRC.

Standardized Response Assessment in Patients with Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma Treated with Personalized Therapy

Background/Objectives: Current guidelines recommend Cisplatin/Gemcitabine/Durvalumab as first-line treatment for inoperable or recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Molecular tumor boards (MTB) have the expertise to support organ-specific tumor boards with evidence-based treatment recommendations for subsequent lines of treatment, based on genomic tumor data and scientific evidence. This study evaluates the adoption of an MTB at a comprehensive cancer center in Germany and whether actionable genetic alterations are associated with specific imaging phenotypes. Methods: Patients with CCA referred to MTB were enrolled from May 2019 to September 2021. For comparison, a cohort of patients from a second center was included. Data on treatment recommendations, regimens, and survival were collected from prospective registries. Baseline and follow-up contrast-enhanced CT were analyzed according to RECIST 1.1. The chi-square test and t-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables. Results: 583 patients were referred to the MTB, and 92 patients (47 female/51%) with a mean age of 60.3 ± 11.2 were referred for CCA treatment. 65/92 patients harbored 1-3 targetable mutations. Liver metastases were more frequently observed in patients with targetable mutations (84% vs. 62%). Metastasis to the liver and lung was associated with increased sums of diameters (93 mm and 111 mm vs. 40/73 mm in patients with no liver/lung metastasis). The number of metastases in individual organs was unrelated to treatment targets. Follow-up was available for 25 patients with a median time until imaging progression of 23 weeks. Progression occurred as target progression in 63%, nontarget progression in 13%, and appearance of new lesions in 63%. Conclusions: Most patients with CCA harbored targetable mutations, some were related to disease patterns on imaging. The pattern of treatment response and progression was as diverse as the metastatic spread.

Lymph node metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the present and prospect of detection and dissection

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) ranks as the second most primary liver cancer that often goes unnoticed with a high mortality rate. Hepatectomy is the main treatment for ICC, but only 15% of patients are suitable for surgery. Despite advancements in therapeutic approaches, ICC has an unfavorable prognosis, largely due to lymph node metastasis (LNM) that is closely linked to the elevated recurrence rates. Consequently, the identification of precise and suitable techniques for the detection and staging of LNM assumes paramount importance for ICC therapy. While preoperative imaging plays a crucial role in ICC diagnosis, its efficacy in accurately diagnosing LNM remains unsatisfactory. The inclusion of lymph node dissection as part of the hepatectomy procedures is significant for the accurate pathological diagnosis of LNM, although it continues to be a topic of debate. The concept of sentinel lymph node in ICC has presented a novel and potentially valuable approach for diagnosing LNM. This review aims to explore the current state and prospects of LNM in ICC, offering a promising avenue for enhancing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ICC to improve patient prognosis.

PPM1G Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cholangiocarcinoma by Catalyzing TET1 Dephosphorylation for Destabilization to Impair Its Targeted Demethylation of the CLDN3 Promoter

Ten-eleven translocation protein 1 (TET1) functions as an epigenetic regulatory molecule, mediating the majority of DNA demethylation, and plays a role in the development of different types of cancers by regulating the expression of proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. Here it is found that TET1 is highly expressed in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and is associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, TET1 promotes claudin-3 (CLDN3) transcription by targeting the CLDN3 promoter region between -16 and 512 for demethylation. PPM1G functions as a protein dephosphorylase, catalyzing the dephosphorylation of TET1. This results in the destabilization of the TET1 protein, thereby impairing the targeting of the CLDN3 promoter for demethylation. Two phosphatase inhibitors, staurosporine and AZD0156, inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cholangiocarcinoma cells by suppressing TET1 expression. In conclusion, it is also demonstrated that PPM1G can be employed as a therapeutic target to impede the progression of CCA by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of TET1, which diminishes the capacity of TET1 to target the CLDN3 promoter to activate transcription and inhibit EMT in CCA.

Cholangiocarcinoma in Latin America: a multicentre observational study alerts on ethnic disparities in tumour presentation and outcomes

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents a global health challenge, with rising incidence and mortality rates. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical course and practices of CCA in Latin America.

METHODS

This observational cohort study investigated individuals diagnosed with CCA between 2010 and 2023 at five referral centres across Latin America. Demographic, biochemical, and clinical data were analysed.

FINDINGS

A total of 309 patients were enrolled, demonstrating a balanced distribution of CCA subtypes (intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal), with Hispanics and Caucasians as the predominant ethnic groups, followed by Africans. Major risk factors identified included age, diabetes, obesity, MASLD, bile duct stones, and cholecystitis. Disparities in overweight/obesity prevalence were noted among CCA subtypes and ethnicities, with higher rates in extrahepatic CCA and among Hispanics and Caucasians. At diagnosis, 72% of patients had ECOG-PS scores of 0-1, with disease presentations ranging from localized (47%) to locally advanced (19%) and metastatic (34%). Patients who did not receive any anti-cancer therapy exhibited a median survival of 2.3 months. Survival rates significantly improved across treatment modalities, with surgery yielding the longest (34 months), followed by chemotherapy (8 months). Notably, Africans presented with worse ECOG-PS scores and more advanced disease, while Hispanics were less frequently treated with chemotherapy for advanced disease, contributing to lower survival rates (8.3 and 6 months, respectively) compared to Caucasians (12.6 months).

INTERPRETATION

The high prevalence of late-stage CCA diagnosis in Latin America, particularly among individuals of African ethnicity, coupled with a significant proportion of Hispanic patients not receiving chemotherapy, underscores the dismal prognosis for these patients. These findings reveal structural challenges in cancer screening and healthcare access among diverse ethnic backgrounds and lower socioeconomic statuses in the region. Urgent measures are needed, including the identification of preventable risk factors, raising awareness among high-risk populations, and establishing equitable health coverage to address these disparities.

FUNDING

European Union's Horizon 2020 R&I Program, Incyte Bioscience International Sàrl, and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).

Systemic approaches in biliary tract cancers: a review in the era of multidirectional precision medicine

INTRODUCTION

Despite a rising incidence, biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are still considered a rare tumor entity. The disease's subtle clinical presentation and lack of effective early detection strategies often lead to a diagnosis at an advanced or unresectable stage, where curative options are limited.

AREAS COVERED

This review provides an overview of current systemic therapies and emerging novel approaches for BTC. For decades, the combination of gemcitabine with cisplatin (GemCis) has been the standard of care for palliative treatment. However, since 2020, the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape for BTC has evolved considerably, not only in the first-line setting but also beyond, driven by the development of clinical trials exploring immunotherapy and molecularly targeted agents. Due to the high frequency of targetable genetic alterations in BTC patients, there is a growing emphasis on obtaining tissue or liquid biopsy samples to identify markers like microsatellite instability and other actionable oncogenic driver genes.

EXPERT OPINION

Early initiation of systemic therapies in combination with multimodal approaches is essential for maximizing survival outcomes in patients with BTC.

Optimizing outcomes and personalizing care with targeted agents in advanced cholangiocarcinoma

Traditional chemotherapy and immunotherapy-based systemic treatments for locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma have been associated with poor clinical outcomes driven partly by molecular heterogeneity promoting early treatment resistance and a higher toxicity profile associated with these regimens. Few patients are eligible for upfront surgical resection and clinical studies have been traditionally difficult to conduct due to the orphan nature of this disease. However, increasing use of genomic profiling in clinical practice have led to active investigations of aberrant albeit promising mechanistic therapeutic targets such as IDH-1, FGFRs, BRAFV600E, HER-2 and NTRK. This review article aims to highlight the complex genomic landscape of this difficult-to-treat disease, followed by a discussion of evidence-based biological mechanisms that can be actioned using targeted agents. We explore the clinical rationale behind a targeted therapeutic strategy, the role of liquid biopsies in guiding clinical decisions and future treatment pathways for cholangiocarcinoma management. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities originating from recent clinical trials evaluating targeted treatments and our own institutional experience at UCLH that have aimed to address some of these biological complexities and have translated into improved patient outcomes via effective molecularly driven patient selection strategies. We also provide perspectives on emerging novel, next generation targeted inhibitors overcoming treatment resistance to previous targeted agents with demonstrated clinical value in a challenging patient population.

Biliary stents for active materials and surface modification: Recent advances and future perspectives

Demand for biliary stents has expanded with the increasing incidence of biliary disease. The implantation of plastic or self-expandable metal stents can be an effective treatment for biliary strictures. However, these stents are nondegradable and prone to restenosis. Surgical removal or replacement of the nondegradable stents is necessary in cases of disease resolution or restenosis. To overcome these shortcomings, improvements were made to the materials and surfaces used for the stents. First, this paper reviews the advantages and limitations of nondegradable stents. Second, emphasis is placed on biodegradable polymer and biodegradable metal stents, along with functional coatings. This also encompasses tissue engineering & 3D-printed stents were highlighted. Finally, the future perspectives of biliary stents, including pro-epithelialization coatings, multifunctional coated stents, biodegradable shape memory stents, and 4D bioprinting, were discussed.

Elevated ETV4 expression in cholangiocarcinoma is linked to poor prognosis and may guide targeted therapies

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a highly aggressive bile duct cancer, is associated with late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options, leading to poor patient outcomes. Early detection and personalized treatment strategies are crucial. The study by Wang et al highlights the prognostic potential of the PEA3 subfamily genes (ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5) in CCA, identifying ETV4 as a particularly promising biomarker. Their bioinformatic analysis revealed that elevated ETV4 expression correlates with poorer survival, positioning it as a strong indicator of disease progression. These findings suggest that ETV4 could enhance prognostic precision and guide personalized therapies, although further validation through large-scale clinical trials is essential. Challenges in clinical application include the need for comprehensive experimental validation and addressing the tumor heterogeneity in CCA. Future research should focus on validating these biomarkers in diverse cohorts and developing targeted therapies, especially in regions where CCA is endemic.

Targeting PDGF-CC as a promising therapeutic strategy to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor CC (PDGF-CC) has been implicated in the progression of various tumors, but its specific role in CCA is not well understood. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of PDGF-CC in CCA and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.

METHODS

We conducted gene expression analysis using the GEPIA database to compare PDGF-CC mRNA levels in CCA tissues and normal tissues. Serum samples from CCA patients were analyzed for PDGF-CC protein levels, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess PDGF-CC expression in tissue samples. The impact of PDGF-CC on CCA cell behavior was examined by knocking out PDGF-CC in HuCCT1 and QBC939 cell lines, followed by assessments of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro. Additionally, the effects of PDGF-CC knockout were evaluated in xenograft models. The therapeutic potential of PDGF-CC inhibition was further explored using pharmacological inhibitors and antibodies.

RESULTS

PDGF-CC mRNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in CCA tissues and patient sera compared to normal controls. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed increased PDGF-CC expression in CCA tissues. High PDGF-CC expression correlated with poor overall survival in CCA patients, as shown by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Functional assays revealed that PDGF-CC knockout significantly reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in HuCCT1 and QBC939 cells, the lines with the highest PDGF-CC levels. In vivo, PDGF-CC knockout markedly decreased tumor growth in xenograft models. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-CC mirrored the effects of genetic knockout, suggesting it as a viable therapeutic strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study underscores the critical role of PDGF-CC in CCA progression and supports the potential of PDGF-CC inhibitors as a therapeutic approach. Given the association between high PDGF-CC expression and poor prognosis, targeting PDGF-CC may improve outcomes for CCA patients. Further clinical investigations are warranted to develop PDGF-CC-targeted therapies for CCA.

Sensitizing cholangiocarcinoma to chemotherapy by inhibition of the drug-export pump MRP3

AIMS

Drug export through ABC proteins hinders cancer response to chemotherapy. Here, we have evaluated the relevance of MRP3 (ABCC3) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) as a potential target to overcome drug resistance.

METHODS

Gene expression was analyzed in silico using the TCGA-CHOL database and experimentally (mRNA and protein) in resected CCA tumors. The effect of manipulating MRP3 function/expression was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

High MRP3 expression at the plasma membrane of human CCA cells was found. MRP3 overexpression in HEK293T cells selectively impaired the cytotoxic effect of etoposide, cisplatin, SN-38, and mitoxantrone. Reduced MRP3 activity with shRNAs or pan-MRP blockers enhanced the sensitivity to these drugs. MRP3 interaction with natural and semisynthetic compounds (≈40,000) was evaluated by virtual drug screening and molecular docking. Two identified potential MRP3 inhibitors (EM-114, EM-188), and sorafenib impaired MRP3 transport activity and enhanced sensitivity of CCA cells to etoposide and cisplatin. The antitumor effect of cisplatin in the mouse xenograft model was enhanced by co-treatment with sorafenib, which was accompanied by a higher intratumor accumulation of cisplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic and pharmacological MRP3 inhibition enhances the anti-CCA effect of several drugs, which constitutes a promising strategy to improve the response to chemotherapy in CCA patients.

Selinexor targeting XPO1 promotes PEG3 nuclear accumulation and suppresses cholangiocarcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

The role of selinexor, a targeted inhibitor of exportin 1 (XPO1), in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma is not yet fully understood. This study conducted comprehensive in vitro and in vivo investigations to elucidate the effects of selinexor on cholangiocarcinoma, with a focus on its mechanistic relationship with the cellular localization of Paternally Expressed Gene 3 (PEG3).

METHODS

A patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was established using samples from a cholangiocarcinoma patient in immunodeficient mice to assess the in vivo effects of selinexor. Additionally, cholangiocarcinoma cell lines HuCC-T1 and BRE were cultured to evaluate selinexor's impact on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis. HuCC-T1 cells were also implanted in immunodeficient mice for further investigation. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were employed to observe the expression and localization of the PEG3 protein.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that selinexor significantly inhibited tumor growth in the cholangiocarcinoma PDX model and promoted the accumulation of PEG3 protein within the nuclei of tumor cells. In vitro experiments showed that selinexor effectively suppressed cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while also impeding the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. Notably, selinexor markedly facilitated the nuclear accumulation of PEG3 protein in cholangiocarcinoma cells. However, when PEG3 expression was knocked down, the effects of selinexor on cholangiocarcinoma were significantly reversed.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that selinexor inhibits the progression of cholangiocarcinoma by targeting XPO1 and promoting the nuclear accumulation of PEG3 protein, thereby hindering the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis.

Machine learning model based on dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound assisting LI-RADS diagnosis of HCC: A multicenter diagnostic study

Background

To enhance the accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis using contrast-enhanced (CE) US, the American College of Radiology developed the CEUS Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS). However, the system still exhibits limitations in distinguishing between HCC and non-HCC lesions.

Purpose

To investigate the viability of employing machine learning methods based on quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for distinguishing HCC within LR-M nodules.

Materials and methods

This retrospective analysis was conducted on pre-treatment CEUS data from liver nodule patients across multiple centers between January 2013 and June 2022. Quantitative analysis was performed using CEUS images, and the machine learning diagnostic models based on quantitative parameters were utilized for the classification diagnosis of LR-M nodules. The performance of the model was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and compared with the performance of four radiologists.

Results

The training and internal testing datasets comprised 168 patients (median age, 53 years [IQR, 18 years]), while the external testing datasets from two other centers included 110 patients (median age, 54 years [IQR, 16 years]). In the internal independent test set, the top-performing Random Forest model achieved an AUC of 0.796 (95%CI: 0.729-0.853) for diagnosing HCC. This model exhibited a sensitivity of 0.752 (95%CI: 0.750-0.755) and a specificity of 0.761 (95%CI: 0.758-0.764), outperforming junior radiologists who achieved an AUC of 0.619 (95%CI: 0.543-0.691, p < .01) with sensitivity and specificity of 0.716 (95%CI: 0.713-0.718) and 0.522 (95%CI: 0.519-0.526), respectively.

Conclusion

Significant differences in contrast-enhanced ultrasound quantitative parameters are observed between HCC and non-HCC lesions. Machine learning models leveraging these parameters effectively distinguish HCC categorized as LR-M, offering a valuable adjunct for the accurate classification of liver nodules within the CEUS LI-RADS framework.

High Expression of the Tumor Suppressor Protein ITIH5 in Cholangiocarcinomas Correlates with a Favorable Prognosis

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are aggressive bile duct cancers with a poor prognosis for which there are only few established prognostic biomarkers and molecular targets available. The gene ITIH5, a known class II tumor suppressor gene (C2TSG), encodes a secreted protein of the extracellular matrix mediating tumor suppressive properties. Recently, it was surprisingly found that the ITIH5 protein is specifically upregulated in CCAs and that ITIH5 detection in blood could be an excellent liquid biopsy marker for indicating the presence of a CCA tumor in a patient. We therefore investigated whether patients with CCAs with abundant versus low ITIH5 protein expression also differ in their prognosis. Methods: To clarify this question, a large CCA cohort (n = 175) was examined using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray (TMA). Results: Abundant ITIH5 expression in CCA was associated with favorable survival, a low UICC stage and the absence of perineural invasion (PNI). Conclusions: ITIH5 has biomarker potential not only for the early detection of CCA from blood-based liquid biopsies but also as a prognostic tissue biomarker for risk stratification. Our results suggest that the upregulation of ITIH5 is particularly abundant in intrahepatic CCAs (iCCA). The mechanisms mediating the strong initial upregulation of ITIH5 during the oncogenic transformation of bile duct cells are still unclear.

Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the role of tumor-associated endothelial cells and their signature in prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

This study aims to investigate the interplay between tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its impact on tumor prognosis. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tumor, normal, and lymph node tissues obtained from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients to reveal the role of TECs in tumor angiogenesis and their significant heterogeneity. Meanwhile, we identified genes highly expressed in TECs and constructed TEC signatures (TEC.Sig). Next, we calculated TEC scores of samples based on TEC.Sig. Patients with higher TEC scores exhibited a higher frequency of KRAS mutations, which was associated with increased infiltration of neutrophils and immature dendritic cells (iDCs), and decreased numbers of natural killer (NK), CD4 + T, and CD8 + T effector memory (Tem) cells, indicating an inflammation-dominated immunosuppressive phenotype. In contrast, BAP1 mutations and CXCL12 overexpression showed a contrasting trend. Spatial transcriptomics analysis and histological experiments further confirmed that TECs interacted with various tumor-killing immune cells through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Multiple tumor immunotherapy datasets confirmed that the TEC.Sig could predict patient responses to immunotherapy. The TEC score is a promising and reliable biomarker for predicting genetic mutations and prognosis in ICC patients. Enhancing the regulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway may represent a potential novel therapeutic target for ICC treatment.

Predictive MINT Pathologic Risk Score for Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Resected Cholangiocarcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matched Multicenter Study in Thailand

PURPOSE

This study aims to clarify the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in resectable cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and develop a predictive risk score for treatment selection.

METHODS

Patients with resected CCA undergoing curative surgery, with or without AC, were identified from three centers in Thailand. Patients with R2 resection and 30 days postoperative death were excluded. Using the largest center as the discovery cohort, we generated propensity score matching (PSM). A predictive model for overall survival (OS) was identified, and a predictive risk score was developed from the PSM discovery cohort, classifying patients into high- and low-risk groups. The proposed risk score was validated in the other two centers.

RESULTS

In the discovery cohort, 493 patients were identified. After PSM, 328 patients were categorized into surgery (n = 164) and surgery + AC (n = 164) groups. The baseline characteristics in the PSM discovery cohort were well-balanced. In the validation cohort (n = 83), patients with positive lymph node 1 received AC more frequently than those under observation (47% v 18%; P = .02). A MINT pathologic risk score was developed from multivariate analysis for OS. The score includes margin, perineural invasion, pathologic nodal status, and pathologic tumor size. In the PSM discovery cohort, for the low-risk score group, the surgery group had significantly longer OS compared with the surgery + AC group (49.4 v 31.5 months; hazard ratio [HR], 1.78 [95% CI, 1.11 to 2.86]; P = .016). Conversely, for the high-risk score group, the surgery + AC group had better OS than the surgery group (18.8 v 8 months; HR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.46 to 0.79]; P < .001). The results were comparable in the validation cohort.

CONCLUSION

Patients with resected CCA with a high-risk MINT pathologic risk score were likely to benefit from AC, whereas those with a low-risk score were not. Further validation in a larger prospective cohort is warranted.

Survival After Transarterial Radioembolization in Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: An Updated Meta-analysis and Meta-regression

PURPOSE

Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA). We updated our previous meta-analysis with meta-regression to explore the efficacy of TARE in the context of ICCA.

METHODS

We searched PubMed and Scopus for studies published up to September 1, 2023. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were tumor overall response rate, severe adverse events, and downstaging to surgery. Meta-analysis employed a random-effects model, and meta-regression was utilized to explore sources of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

We included 27 studies, involving 1365 patients. Pooled survival estimates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 52.6%, 27%, and 16.8%, respectively. Meta-regression revealed that the proportion of patients naïve to treatment was the only pre-TARE predictor of survival (1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of 70%, 45%, and 36% for treatment-naïve patients, mean survival 19.7 months vs. 44%, 18%, and 7% for non-naïve patients, mean survival 12.2 months). Overall response according to RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST was 19.6% and 67%, respectively. Effective downstaging to surgery was possible in varying rates (3-54%); the mean survival in these patients was 34.8 months (1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of 100%, 87%, and 64%). About 45.7% of patients experienced adverse events, but only 5.9% were severe.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study benchmarked the survival rates of patients undergoing TARE for unresectable ICCA and showed that this is a valid option in these patients, especially if naïve to previous treatments. Downstaging to surgery is feasible in selected patients with promising results.

Personalized treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma based on tumor genetic and molecular characteristics

This editorial discusses the article written by Tchilikidi et al that was published in the latest edition of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Genetic and molecular profiling of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) has identified a number of key abnormalities that drive tumor growth and spread, including pyruvate kinase M2, proline rich 11, and transcription factor 7, etc. pCCA has specific genetic and molecular features that can be used to develop personalized treatment plans. Personalized treatment approaches offer new opportunities for effectively targeting the underlying drivers of tumor growth and progression. The findings based on tumor genetic and molecular characteristics highlight the importance of developing personalized treatment strategies.

Chemotherapy combined with regorafenib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer: a single arm phase II trial

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, long-term prognosis and safety of combining chemotherapy with regorafenib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as first-line treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma (BTC).

Methods

In this single arm phase II trial, twenty-nine patients with advanced BTC were included, all of whom received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy combined with regorafenib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as the first-line treatment. And the study analyzed anti-tumor efficacy, long-term prognosis, and adverse reactions.

Results

Among the patients, 0 patient achieved complete response, 18 patients (62.1%) achieved partial response, 8 patients (27.6%) had stable disease, and 3 patients (10.3%) experienced progressive disease. The corresponding objective response rate (ORR) was 18/29 (62.1%), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 26/29 (89.7%). The median overall survival (OS) was 16.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.0 -21.8) and the median progress free survival (PFS) was 10.2 months (95% CI: 7.8- 12.6). The 1-year OS and PFS were 65% (95% CI: 0.479-0.864) and 41% (95% CI: 0.234-0.656), respectively. The incidence of adverse reactions was 27/29 (93.1%), and the incidence of grade III/IV adverse reactions was 5/29 (17.2%).

Conclusion

The combination of chemotherapy, regorafenib, and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced BTC may has good anti-tumor efficacy without causing serious adverse reactions, and can significantly improve the long-term prognosis.

New systemic treatment options for advanced cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and aggressive cancer, mostly diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stage, at which point systemic treatment represents the only therapeutic option. Chemotherapy has been the backbone of advanced CCA treatment. More recently, immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic landscape, as immune checkpoint inhibitors have yielded the first improvement in survival and currently, the addition of either durvalumab or pembrolizumab to standard of care cisplatin plus gemcitabine represents the new first-line treatment option. However, the use of immunotherapy in subsequent lines has not demonstrated its efficacy and therefore, it is not approved, except for pembrolizumab in the selected microsatellite instability-high population. In addition, advances in comprehensive genomic profiling have led to the identification of targetable genetic alterations, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), proto-oncogene B-Raf (BRAF), neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK), rearranged during transfection (RET), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), thus favoring the development of a precision medicine approach in previously treated patients. Despite these advances, the use of molecularly driven agents is limited to a subgroup of patients. This review aims to provide an overview of the newly approved systemic therapies, the ongoing studies, and future research challenges in advanced CCA management.

Exploring LGR5 as a prognostic marker of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: insights from expression analysis and clinical correlations

BACKGROUND

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker of colorectal cancer and may be a CSC marker of other cancer types. Few studies have been conducted on LGR5 expression in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC).

METHODS

We analyzed LGR5 expression using RNAscope, a highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization technique. Fifty-three ECCs were selected from the medical archives at Shinshu University Hospital and analyzed using a tissue microarray. LGR5 expression levels were divided into expression and no expression groups. LGR5 expression and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among 25 cases, no LGR5-positive dots were identified. Among 28 cases, some LGR5-positive dots were observed in carcinoma cells, together with a wide range of LGR5-positive cells. LGR5 expression was conspicuous in glandular duct formations. Well- to moderately differentiated types showed significantly higher LGR5 expression than the poorly differentiated type (p = 0.0268). LGR5 expression was associated with good overall survival (p = 0.0219) and good disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.0228). High LGR5 expression was associated with well- to moderately-differentiated types, indicating a favorable prognosis. In terms of DFS, multivariate analysis showed that high LGR5 expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor (p = 0.0397).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that LGR5 is a promising, novel prognostic marker.

The Constellation of Risk Factors and Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Cholangiocarcinoma: Integrating the Endocrine Panel Amid Tumour-Related Biology (A Narrative Review)

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs), a heterogeneous group of challenging malignant tumours which originate from the biliary epithelium, are associated with an alarming increasing incidence during recent decades that varies between different regions of the globe. Thus, awareness represents the key operating factor. Our purpose was to overview the field of CCAs following a double perspective: the constellation of the risk factors, and the presence of the paraneoplastic syndromes, emphasizing the endocrine features amid the entire multidisciplinary panel. This is a narrative review. A PubMed-based search of English-language original articles offered the basis of this comprehensive approach. Multiple risk factors underlying different levels of statistical evidence have been listed such as chronic biliary diseases and liver conditions, inflammatory bowel disease, parasitic infections (e.g., Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis), lifestyle influence (e.g., alcohol, smoking), environmental exposure (e.g., thorotrast, asbestos), and certain genetic and epigenetic interplays. With regard to the endocrine panel, a heterogeneous spectrum should be taken into consideration: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and potential connections with vitamin D status, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, or the galanin system, respectively, with exposure to sex hormone therapy. Amid the numerous dermatologic, hematologic, renal, and neurologic paraneoplastic manifestations in CCAs, the endocrine panel is less described. Humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy stands as the most frequent humoral paraneoplastic syndrome in CCAs, despite being exceptional when compared to other paraneoplastic (non-endocrine) manifestations and to its reported frequency in other (non-CCAs) cancers (it accompanies 20-30% of all cancers). It represents a poor prognosis marker in CCA; it may be episodic once the tumour relapses. In addition to the therapy that targets the originating malignancy, hypercalcaemia requires the administration of bisphosphonates (e.g., intravenous zoledronic acid) or denosumab. Early detection firstly helps the general wellbeing of a patient due to a prompt medical control of high serum calcium and it also provides a fine biomarker of disease status in selected cases that harbour the capacity of PTHrP secretion. The exact molecular biology and genetic configuration of CCAs that display such endocrine traits is still an open matter, but humoral hypercalcaemia adds to the overall disease burden.

UCK2 promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and desensitizes cisplatin treatment by PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagic axis

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly aggressive tumor with extremely poor prognosis due to the low resection rate, high recurrence rate and drug resistance. Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) is proved to promote progression and drug resistance of various carcinomas by regulating pyrimidine metabolism. However, the role of UCK2 in progression and drug resistance of iCCA was largely unclear. Gene expression matrices were obtained from public database and were verified by qRT-PCR using tumor sample from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Knockdown and overexpression of UCK2 were used to evaluate the effects of UCK2 on carcinogenesis and cisplatin response in iCCA. CCK8-kit assays and plate clone formation assays were performed to detect the effect of UCK2 on proliferative activity of tumor cells. Western blotting was performed to investigate protein level of UCK2 and the relevant biomarkers of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagic axis. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by using wound-healing and transwell assays. UCK2 expression was detected elevated in iCCA tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Biologically, overexpression of UCK2 can promote proliferation of iCCA cells, and desensitizes iCCA to cisplatin in both in vivo and in vitro models. Mechanistically, UCK2 promote iCCA progression and cisplatin resistance through inhibition of autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Clinically, higher UCK2 expression in iCCA tumor was associated with aggressive tumor features, poorer survival and lower sensitivity of chemotherapy. UCK2 promotes iCCA progression and desensitizes cisplatin treatment by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/autophagic axis. UCK2 exhibited potential as a biomarker in predicting prognosis and drug sensitivity of iCCA patients.

Clinicopathological features, prognostic factors, and prognostic survival prediction in patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer liver metastasis

PURPOSE

Extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EBDC) is a compound malignant tumor mainly consisting of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma. Most EBDC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage characterized by distant metastases, and the liver is one of the common sites of metastasis. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the clinicopathological features, identify prognostic risk factors, and assess the long-term prognosis of extrahepatic bile duct cancer liver metastasis (EBDCLM).

METHODS

We identified 1922 eligible EBDCLM patients from the SEER database.Cox regression models were used to predict independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS),and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were drawn. A nomogram was constructed based on the results of multivariate Cox analysis, and the predictive effect of the nomogram was evaluated.

RESULTS

Age, surgery, chemotherapy, brain metastasis, and lung metastasis were common independent prognostic factors for OS and CSS, and radiotherapy and bone metastasis were independent prognostic factors for CSS. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a significant increase in survival for patients aged less than or equal to 70 years, undergoing surgery and chemotherapy, and without lung metastases. The results showed that the nomogram constructed by us had good predictability and ha d strong clinical application value.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified age, surgery, chemotherapy, brain metastasis, and lung metastasis as independent prognostic factors for EBDCLM patients. The nomogram can accurately predict the survival probability, which is helpful for clinicians to assess the prognosis of patients with advanced EBDC and provide personalized clinical decisions.