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Temereva EN, Sokolova YY. Host-parasite interplay within a phoronid-microsporidia system: anti-parasitic defense in Lophophorata. J Invertebr Pathol 2025:108360. [PMID: 40389110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2025.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025]
Abstract
Microsporidia (Opisthokonta: Rozellomycota: Microsporidia) are ubiquitous intracellular parasites infecting representatives of all major taxonomic groups of Animalia, from protozoans to mammals, and infecting marine, freshwater, and terrestrial hosts. A representative of the phylum Phoronida was recently added to the list of microsporidian hosts. Only one species Microsporidium phoronidi, a parasite of Phoronis embryolabi, has been recently described. The paper presents further study of this host-parasite system, specifically, the observation of an efficient anti-microsporidial defense reaction in a phoronid host, and a unique mechanism of clearing the host of infection. This defense reaction results in encapsulation of infected cells and subsequent releasing of the capsules through excretory ducts of metanephridia, together with larvae, which regularly leave the mother organism this way. We hypothesize that by encapsulation, phoronids destroy most of parasites, block spread of the infection throughout the body, and prevent horizontal transmission. At the same time, microsporidia that develop in vasoperitoneal tissue that nourish maturing oocytes and embryos, likely overcome the host defense by sporadic or regular infection of embryos. As a result, the parasite secures its persistence in host populations by vertical transmission, which, in turn, benefits evolving less pathogenic forms. Overall, such elaborated and well-balanced phoronid host-microsporidia parasite interactions may suggest long history of co-existence and deserve further studies. New data extend our knowledge about parasite-host interactions and immune response in Lophophorata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Temereva
- 119992, Russia, Moscow, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological faculty, Moscow State University, Russian Federation.
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Wang Y, Na Y, Huang YQ, Zhou JF, Li SH, Liu QL, Li LT, Chen YG, Tian W, Chi H, Li XC, Fang WH. Paospora carinifang n. gen., n. sp. (Microsporidia: Spragueidae), a parasite of the ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108180. [PMID: 39154989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A new microsporidian disease of the pond-reared ridgetail white prawn, Palaemon carinicauda, was found in China. Light microscopy, pathology, and scanning electron microscopy showed that the parasite infected the host's skeletal muscle tissue and formed spherical sporophorous vesicles (SPOVs). Electron microscopy revealed that its merogonic life stages developed in direct contact with the host cytoplasm. The sporogonic life stages underwent octosporoblastic sporogony with the formation of eight uninucleate spores in each SPOV. Fresh SPOVs were 5.4 ± 0.55 µm in diameter. The octospores were oval and measured 2.3 × 1.5 μm (fresh) and 1.96 × 1.17 μm (fixed). The isofilar polar filament was coiled with 9-10 turns and arranged in two rows. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA gene suggests that this microsporidium has close affinities with members of the genera Potaspora and Apotaspora, but represents an independent generic taxon. We therefore propose the establishment of a new genus and species (Paospora carinifang n. gen., n. sp.) within the family Spragueidae. We also propose a taxonomic revision to transfer Potaspora macrobrachium to this new genus and reclassify it as Paospora macrobrachium comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ying Na
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yan-Qing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Jun-Fang Zhou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Shou-Hu Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Quan-Lin Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Le-Tian Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yuan-Ge Chen
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Wei Tian
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hai Chi
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Wen-Hong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, China Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Gang SS, Lažetić V. Microsporidia: Pervasive natural pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13027. [PMID: 38702921 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an invaluable host model for studying infections caused by various pathogens, including microsporidia. Microsporidia represent the first natural pathogens identified in C. elegans, revealing the previously unknown Nematocida genus of microsporidia. Following this discovery, the utilization of nematodes as a model host has rapidly expanded our understanding of microsporidia biology and has provided key insights into the cell and molecular mechanisms of antimicrosporidia defenses. Here, we first review the isolation history, morphological characteristics, life cycles, tissue tropism, genetics, and host immune responses for the four most well-characterized Nematocida species that infect C. elegans. We then highlight additional examples of microsporidia that infect related terrestrial and aquatic nematodes, including parasitic nematodes. To conclude, we assess exciting potential applications of the nematode-microsporidia system while addressing the technical advances necessary to facilitate future growth in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S Gang
- Molecular Biology Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Vladimir Lažetić
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Sokolova YY, Rogers HA, Lively JA. Microsporidia Ameson earli sp. n. and A. michaelis (Sprague 1965) infecting blue crabs Callinectes sapidus from shedding facilities in Louisiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107866. [PMID: 36436573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During a survey for pathogens and commensals of blue crabs in commercial soft shell shedding facilities in Louisiana, we discovered an occurrence of microsporidiosis in two of forty examined crabs. Judging from spore shape and size, tissue tropism and external signs of muscle pathology, the causative agent of infections was identified as Ameson michaelis, a muscle-infecting species that has been repeatedly detected in populations of Callinectes sapidus in Louisiana since 1965. However, retrospective ultrastructural examination revealed that in one of Ameson-infected crabs, infection was caused by a parasite with ultrastructural characters not completely compliant with the ones of A. michaelis. The major difference was the absence of microtubule-like appendages attached to the exospore, typical of A. michaelis and other Ameson spp. SSUrDNA-inferred pairwise evolutionary distances between the novel species and other Ameson spp. ranged from 0.006 to 0.051; it was 0.039 in the case of A. michaelis. Hence, we describe here a new species in the genus Ameson, and name it after Prof. Earl Weidner, our colleague and friend, an outstanding microsporidiologist and the author of pioneer papers on the ultrastructure and physiology of A. michaelis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Insitute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Holly A Rogers
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Julie A Lively
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Microsporidia: a new taxonomic, evolutionary, and ecological synthesis. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:642-659. [PMID: 35667993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidian diversity is vast. There is a renewed drive to understand how microsporidian pathological, genomic, and ecological traits relate to their phylogeny. We comprehensively sample and phylogenetically analyse 125 microsporidian genera for which sequence data are available. Comparing these results with existing phylogenomic analyses, we suggest an updated taxonomic framework to replace the inconsistent clade numbering system, using informal taxonomic names: Glugeida (previously clades 5/3), Nosematida (4a), Enterocytozoonida (4b), Amblyosporida (3/5), Neopereziida (1), and Ovavesiculida (2). Cellular, parasitological, and ecological traits for 281 well-defined species are compared with identify clade-specific patterns across long-branch Microsporidia. We suggest that future taxonomic circumscriptions of Microsporidia should involve additional markers (SSU/ITS/LSU), and that a comprehensive suite of phenotypic and ecological traits help to predict broad microsporidian functional and lineage diversity.
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Stratton CE, Reisinger LS, Behringer DC, Bojko J. Revising the Freshwater Thelohania to Astathelohania gen. et comb. nov., and Description of Two New Species. Microorganisms 2022; 10:636. [PMID: 35336214 PMCID: PMC8951847 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Crayfish are common hosts of microsporidian parasites, prominently from the genus Thelohania. Thelohania is a polyphyletic genus, with multiple genetically distinct lineages found from freshwater and marine environments. Researchers have been calling for a revision of this group for over a decade. We provide evidence that crayfish-infecting freshwater Thelohania are genetically and phylogenetically distinct from the marine Thelohania (Clade V/Glugeida), whilst also describing two new species that give further support to the taxonomic revision. We propose that the freshwater Thelohania should be transferred to their own genus, Astathelohania gen. et comb. nov., in a new family (Astathelohaniidae n. fam.). This results in the revision of Thelohania contejeani (Astathelohania contejeani), Thelohania montirivulorum (Astathelohania montirivulorum), and Thelohania parastaci (Astathelohania parastaci). We also describe two novel muscle-infecting Astathelohania species, A. virili n. sp. and A. rusti n. sp., from North American crayfishes (Faxonius sp.). We used histological, molecular, and ultrastructural data to formally describe the novel isolates. Our data suggest that the Astathelohania are genetically distinct from other known microsporidian genera, outside any described family, and that their SSU rRNA gene sequence diversity follows their host species and native geographic location. The range of this genus currently includes North America, Europe, and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne E. Stratton
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA; (C.E.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Lindsey S. Reisinger
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA; (C.E.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Donald C. Behringer
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA; (C.E.S.); (L.S.R.); (D.C.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK
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Abstract
Around 57.1% of microsporidia occupy aquatic environments, excluding a further 25.7% that utilise both terrestrial and aquatic systems. The aquatic microsporidia therefore compose the most diverse elements of the Microsporidia phylum, boasting unique structural features, variable transmission pathways, and significant ecological influence. From deep oceans to tropical rivers, these parasites are present in most aquatic environments and have been shown to infect hosts from across the Protozoa and Animalia. The consequences of infection range from mortality to intricate behavioural change, and their presence in aquatic communities often alters the overall functioning of the ecosystem.In this chapter, we explore aquatic microsporidian diversity from the perspective of aquatic animal health. Examples of microsporidian parasitism of importance to an aquacultural ('One Health') context and ecosystem context are focussed upon. These include infection of commercially important penaeid shrimp by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and interesting hyperparasitic microsporidians of wild host groups.Out of ~1500 suggested microsporidian species, 202 have been adequately taxonomically described using a combination of ultrastructural and genetic techniques from aquatic and semi-aquatic hosts. These species are our primary focus, and we suggest that the remaining diversity have additional genetic or morphological data collected to formalise their underlying systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
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Weng M, Xie D, Zhang Q, Li A, Zhang J. Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of a new microsporidium, Triwangia gracilipes n. sp. From the freshwater shrimp Caridina gracilipes (Decapoda: Atyidae) in China. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 187:107691. [PMID: 34798135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new microsporidian species was described from the freshwater shrimp Caridina gracilipes collected from Lake Luoma located in Northern Jiangsu province, East China. The infected shrimps appeared generally opaque due to the presence of white cysts located in the connective tissues of the surface of the hepatopancreas. The earliest developmental stages observed were diplokaryotic meronts which were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Multinucleate sporogonial plasmodia developed into uninucleate sporoblasts which were enclosed in sporophorous vesicles. The parasite developed synchronously within an individual sporophorous vesicle. Mature spores were pyriform and monokaryotic, measuring 5.45 ± 0.18 (5.12-5.82) µm long and 3.57 ± 0.17 (3.18-3.92) µm wide. Anisofilar polar filaments coiled 10-12 turns and arranged in one row. Phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained SSU rDNA sequence indicated that the present species clustered with Triwangia caridina with high support value to form an independent branch which was placed at the basal position of a large clade of containing microsporidia of fishes, crustaceans and amphipods. Based on the morphological characters and ultrastructural features, as well as SSU rDNA-inferred phylogenetic relationships, a new species was erected and named as Triwangia gracilipes n. sp. The taxonomic affiliation of Triwangia was also primarily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Weng
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Derong Xie
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Aihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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9
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Weidner E, Sokolova YY, Overstreet RM. Microsporidia Can Acquire Lamin-like Intermediate Filaments and Cell Adhesion Catenin-cadherin Complexes from the Host (?). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:583-592. [PMID: 32498127 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
On their spore surfaces, Microsporidia often develop a canopy of filaments with characteristics of intermediate filaments (IF), as we demonstrated in previous studies on Thelohania sp., Ameson michaelis, and Spraguea lophii. Genomic studies indicate that among invertebrates, lamins that may localize in the cytoplasm or nucleus, are the only known IF type. These IFs can bind to the substrate containing cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) cadherins, associated with β and γ catenins. The objects of this study were to determine whether microsporidia have CAMs with the attached IFs on their envelopes and to find out if these proteins are provided by the host. An examination was made for localization of lamins and CAMs on the spores of the mentioned above species and Anncaliia algerae, plus in the host animals. Then, we determined whether the spores of A. michaelis and A. algerae could bind vertebrate nuclear lamin onto the spore surface. We also tested transgenic Drosophila melanogaster stocks bearing cadherin-GFP to see whether developing A. algerae parasites in these hosts could acquire host CAMs. The tests were positive for all these experiments. We hypothesize that microsporidia are able to acquire host lamin IFs and cell adhesion catenin-cadherin complexes from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Weidner
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robin M Overstreet
- Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, USA
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Rodríguez SM, Uribe JC, Estay SA, Palacios M, Pinochet R, Oyarzún S, Valdivia N. Widespread infection of Areospora rohanae in southern king crab ( Lithodes santolla) populations across south Chilean Patagonia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190682. [PMID: 31824696 PMCID: PMC6837190 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cottage cheese disease is caused by microsporidian parasites that infect a wide range of animal populations. Despite its potential to affect economically important activities, the spatial patterns of prevalence of this disease are still not well understood. Here, we analyse the occurrence of the microsporidian Areospora rohanae in populations of the king crab Lithodes santolla over ca 800 km of the southeastern Pacific shore. In winter 2011, conical pots were deployed between 50 and 200 m depth to capture crabs of a wide range of sizes. The infection was widely distributed along the region, with a mean prevalence of 16%, and no significant association between prevalence and geographical location was detected. Males, females and ovigerous females showed similar prevalence values of 16.5 (13-18.9), 15 (9.2-15) and 16.7% (10-19%), respectively. These patterns of prevalence were consistent across crab body sizes, despite the ontogenetic and sex-dependent variations in feeding behaviour and bathymetric migrations previously reported for king crabs. This study provided the first report of the geographical distribution of A. rohanae infecting southern king crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J C Uribe
- Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S A Estay
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Palacios
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - R Pinochet
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S Oyarzún
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - N Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
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Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Vittaforma corneae (Phylum Microsporidia) inhibit staurosporine-induced apoptosis in human THP-1 macrophages in vitro. Parasitology 2018; 146:569-579. [PMID: 30486909 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obligately intracellular microsporidia regulate their host cell life cycles, including apoptosis, but this has not been evaluated in phagocytic host cells such as macrophages that can facilitate infection but also can be activated to kill microsporidia. We examined two biologically dissimilar human-infecting microsporidia species, Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Vittaforma corneae, for their effects on staurosporine-induced apoptosis in the human macrophage-differentiated cell line, THP1. Apoptosis was measured after exposure of THP-1 cells to live and dead mature organisms via direct fluorometric measurement of Caspase 3, colorimetric and fluorometric TUNEL assays, and mRNA gene expression profiles using Apoptosis RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Both species of microsporidia modulated the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In particular, live E. cuniculi spores inhibited staurosporine-induced apoptosis as well as suppressed pro-apoptosis genes and upregulated anti-apoptosis genes more broadly than V. corneae. Exposure to dead spores induced an opposite effect. Vittaforma corneae, however, also induced inflammasome activation via Caspases 1 and 4. Of the 84 apoptosis-related genes assayed, 42 (i.e. 23 pro-apoptosis, nine anti-apoptosis, and 10 regulatory) genes were more affected including those encoding members of the Bcl2 family, caspases and their regulators, and members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor R superfamily.
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Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, Wrzosek M, Muszewska A, Okrasińska A, Istel Ł, Gęsiorska A, Mungai P, Lateef AA, Rajeshkumar KC, Singh RV, Radek R, Walther G, Wagner L, Walker C, Wijesundara DSA, Papizadeh M, Dolatabadi S, Shenoy BD, Tokarev YS, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang Y, Li XC, Fu G, Zhao S, Chen Y, Wang H, Chen T, Zhou J, Fang W. Morphology and phylogeny of Ameson portunus n. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus from China. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Balla KM, Luallen RJ, Bakowski MA, Troemel ER. Cell-to-cell spread of microsporidia causes Caenorhabditis elegans organs to form syncytia. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16144. [PMID: 27782144 PMCID: PMC5094362 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth of pathogens is dictated by their interactions with the host environment1. Obligate intracellular pathogens undergo several cellular decisions as they progress through their life cycles inside host cells2. We have studied this process for microsporidian species in the genus Nematocida as they grew and developed inside their co-evolved animal host, Caenorhabditis elegans3-5. We found that microsporidia can restructure multicellular host tissues into a single contiguous multinucleate cell. In particular, we found that all three Nematocida species we studied were able to spread across the cells of C. elegans tissues before forming spores, with two species causing syncytial formation in the intestine and one species causing syncytial formation in the muscle. We also found that the decision to switch from replication to differentiation in Nematocida parisii was altered by the density of infection, suggesting that environmental cues influence the dynamics of the pathogen life cycle. These findings show how microsporidia can maximize the use of host space for growth and that environmental cues in the host can regulate a developmental switch in the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keir M. Balla
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Robert J. Luallen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Malina A. Bakowski
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Emily R. Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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15
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Stentiford GD, Becnel JJ, Weiss LM, Keeling PJ, Didier ES, Williams BAP, Bjornson S, Kent ML, Freeman MA, Brown MJF, Troemel ER, Roesel K, Sokolova Y, Snowden KF, Solter L. Microsporidia - Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:336-348. [PMID: 26796229 PMCID: PMC4818719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnerable to epizootics, and all of which are crucial for the stability of the animal-human food chain. Mass rearing and changes in global climate may exacerbate disease and more efficient transmission of parasites in stressed or immune-deficient hosts. Further, human microsporidiosis appears to be adventitious and primarily associated with an increasing community of immune-deficient individuals. Taken together, strong evidence exists for an increasing prevalence of microsporidiosis in animals and humans, and for sharing of pathogens across hosts and biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- Pathology and Molecular Systematics Team, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - -J J Becnel
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Center (ARS), Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), 1600 South West 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - L M Weiss
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer 504, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - P J Keeling
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - E S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - B-A P Williams
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - S Bjornson
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M-L Kent
- Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, 220 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - M A Freeman
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - M J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - E-R Troemel
- University of California, San Diego, 4202 Bonner Hall, 9500 Gilman Drive #0349, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - K Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, Berlin, 14163 Germany
| | - Y Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton RougeLA 70803, USA
| | - K F Snowden
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - L Solter
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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16
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Stentiford GD, Ross SH, Kerr R, Bass D, Bateman KS. Paradoxium irvingi n.gen. n.sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the musculature of European pink shrimp Pandalus montagui. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:1-8. [PMID: 26146229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper utilises histological, ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic data to describe a novel genus and species (Paradoxium irvingi n.gen., n.sp.) within clade 5 of the phylum Microsporidia. The parasite infects the musculature of the pink shrimp Pandalus montagui captured from United Kingdom waters. The novel microsporidium is morphologically and phylogenetically dissimilar to its nearest phylogenetic branch relative Thelohania butleri infecting the sister shrimp taxon Pandalus jordani. Furthermore, it is morphologically distinct from the type species of the genus Thelohania, Thelohania giardi infecting European brown shrimp Crangon crangon. Since phylogenetic data pertaining to type T. giardi is not currently available, our discovery places some doubt on the likelihood that T. butleri represents the proposed surrogate for the type taxon. Further it demonstrates potential for significant morphological plasticity in this clade of muscle-infecting microsporidians of crustaceans which contains the genera Myospora, Cucumispora, Thelohania, and now Paradoxium. Since it cannot be stated with certainty that T. butleri (or other taxa within the clade) represent true close relatives of T. giardi, clarity on this issue will only occur with re-discovery and genotyping of type T. giardi infecting C. crangon from European waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - S H Ross
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - R Kerr
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - D Bass
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - K S Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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17
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Sokolova Y, Pelin A, Hawke J, Corradi N. Morphology and phylogeny of Agmasoma penaei (Microsporidia) from the type host, Litopenaeus setiferus, and the type locality, Louisiana, USA. Int J Parasitol 2014; 45:1-16. [PMID: 25449947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since June 2012, samples of wild caught white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, from the Gulf of Mexico, Plaquemines and Jefferson Parishes (Louisiana, USA) with clinical signs of microsporidiosis have been delivered to the Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory for identification. Infection was limited predominantly to female gonads and was caused by a microsporidium producing roundish pansporoblasts with eight spores (3.6×2.1 μm) and an anisofilar (2-3+4-6) polar filament. These features allowed identification of the microsporidium as Agmasoma penaei Sprague, 1950. Agmasoma penaei is known as a microsporidium with world-wide distribution, causing devastating epizootic disease among wild and cultured shrimps. This paper provides molecular and morphological characterisation of A. penaei from the type host and type locality. Comparison of the novel ssrDNA sequence of A. penaei from Louisiana, USA with that of A. penaei from Thailand revealed 95% similarity, which suggests these geographical isolates are two different species. The A. penaei sequences did not show significant homology to any other examined taxon. Phylogenetic reconstructions using the ssrDNA and alpha- and beta-tubulin sequences supported its affiliation with the Clade IV Terresporidia sensu Vossbrink 2005, and its association with parasites of fresh and salt water crustaceans of the genera Artemia, Daphnia and Cyclops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Sokolova
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - John Hawke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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