1
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Schmalz S, Mayr V, Shosherova A, Gepp B, Ackerbauer D, Sturm G, Bohle B, Breiteneder H, Radauer C. Isotype-specific binding patterns of serum antibodies to multiple conformational epitopes of Bet v 1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1786-1794.e12. [PMID: 34740603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birch pollen is an important elicitor of respiratory allergy. The major allergen, Bet v 1, binds IgE exclusively via conformational epitopes. OBJECTIVE To identify Bet v 1-specific epitope repertoires of IgE and IgG from birch pollen-allergic and non-allergic subjects. METHODS Chimeric proteins were created by grafting individual epitope-sized, contiguous surface patches of Bet v 1 onto a non-allergenic structural homologue and expressed in Escherichia coli. Binding of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 from sera of 30 birch pollen-allergic and 11 non-allergic subjects to Bet v 1, 13 chimeric proteins and four bacterial Bet v 1 homologues were measured by ELISA. The proportion of epitope-specific in total Bet v 1-specific IgE and the cross-reactivity of Bet v 1-specific IgE with bacterial homologues were determined by competitive ELISA. RESULTS Thirteen soluble, correctly folded chimeric proteins were produced. IgE from 27/30 birch pollen-allergic patients bound to 1-12 chimeric proteins (median 4.0) with patient-specific patterns. Three chimeras binding IgE from the majority of sera were identified, whose pgrafted patches overlapped with previously published epitopes. Patterns of IgG1 and IgG4 binding to the chimeric proteins did not correspond to the binding patterns of IgE. Sera of 19/30 birch pollen-allergic patients contained low amounts of IgE to bacterial homologues. Bacterial proteins were able to partially inhibit IgE binding to Bet v 1. CONCLUSION Epitopes recognized by Bet v 1-specific antibodies from birch pollen-allergic patients are specific to each patient and differ between IgE, IgG1 and IgG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmalz
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Shosherova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Gepp
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna Austria
| | - Daniela Ackerbauer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunter Sturm
- Allergy Outpatient Clinic Reumannplatz, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Radauer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Jambari NN, Liddell S, Martinez-Pomares L, Alcocer MJC. Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249876. [PMID: 33914740 PMCID: PMC8084162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzul N. Jambari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan Liddell
- Division of Animal Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos J. C. Alcocer
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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3
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Dreskin SC, Koppelman SJ, Andorf S, Nadeau KC, Kalra A, Braun W, Negi SS, Chen X, Schein CH. The importance of the 2S albumins for allergenicity and cross-reactivity of peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1154-1163. [PMID: 33217410 PMCID: PMC8035160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds are among the most important food-related causes of anaphylaxis. Important clinical questions include: Why is there a variable occurrence of coallergy among these foods and Is this immunologically mediated? The clinical and immunologic data summarized here suggest an immunologic basis for these coallergies that is based on similarities among the 2S albumins. Data from component resolved diagnostics have highlighted the relationship between IgE binding to these allergens and the presence of IgE-mediated food allergy. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments provide strong evidence that the 2S albumins are the most important allergens in peanuts for inducing an allergic effector response. Although the 2S albumins are diverse, they have a common disulfide-linked core with similar physicochemical properties that make them prime candidates to explain much of the observed coallergy among peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds. The well-established frequency of cashew and pistachio nut coallergy (64%-100%) highlights how the structural similarities among their 2S albumins may account for observed clinical cross-reactivity. A complete understanding of the physicochemical properties of the 2S albumins in peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds will enhance our ability to diagnose, treat, and ultimately prevent these allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - Sandra Andorf
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Anjeli Kalra
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Werner Braun
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Surendra S Negi
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Xueni Chen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex.
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4
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Crespo JF, Bueno C, Villalba M, Monaci L, Cuadrado C, Novak N, Cabanillas B. Epitope mapping of the major allergen 2S albumin from pine nut. Food Chem 2020; 339:127895. [PMID: 32866706 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The epitopes of the major allergen of pine nut, Pin p 1, were analyzed using a peptide library and sera from patients with clinical allergy to pine nut in order to deepen into the allergenic characteristics of Pin p 1. Analyses of epitope similarities and epitopes location in a 3D-model were also performed. Results showed that three main regions of Pin p 1 containing 5 epitopes were recognized by patient sera IgE. The epitopes of Pin p 1 had important similarities with epitopes of allergenic 2S albumins from peanut (Ara h 2 and 6) and Brazil nut (Ber e 1). The epitopes of Pin p 1 were found in α-helices and coils in the 3D protein structure. Interestingly, all epitopes were found to be well-exposed in the protein surface, which suggests facile access for IgE-binding to the structure of Pin p 1 which is known to be highly resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus F Crespo
- Department of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Cuadrado
- Department of Food Technology, National Institute of Agricultural, Food Research, and Technology (INIA), Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Larsen JM, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Qvortrup K, Sancho AI, Hansen AH, Andersen KIH, Thacker SSN, Eiwegger T, Upton J, Bøgh KL. Production of allergen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:881-894. [PMID: 32515236 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1772194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is emerging as a viable avenue for the treatment of food allergies. Clinical trials currently investigate raw or slightly processed foods as therapeutic agents, as trials using food-grade agents can be performed without the strict regulations to which conventional drugs are subjected. However, this limits the ability of standardization and may affect clinical trial outcomes and reproducibility. Herein, we provide an overview of methods used in the production of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergies, including processed foods, allergen extracts, recombinant allergens, and synthetic peptides, as well as the physical and chemical processes for the reduction of protein allergenicity. Commercial interests currently favor producing standardized drug-grade allergen extracts for therapeutic use, and clinical trials are ongoing. In the near future, recombinant production could replace purification strategies since it allows the manufacturing of pure, native allergens or sequence-modified allergens with reduced allergenicity. A recurring issue within this field is the inadequate reporting of production procedures, quality control, product physicochemical characteristics, allergenicity, and immunological properties. This information is of vital importance in assessing therapeutic standardization and clinical safety profile, which are central parameters for the development of future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Madura Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Upton
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Ansotegui IJ, Melioli G, Canonica GW, Caraballo L, Villa E, Ebisawa M, Passalacqua G, Savi E, Ebo D, Gómez RM, Luengo Sánchez O, Oppenheimer JJ, Jensen-Jarolim E, Fischer DA, Haahtela T, Antila M, Bousquet JJ, Cardona V, Chiang WC, Demoly PM, DuBuske LM, Ferrer Puga M, Gerth van Wijk R, González Díaz SN, Gonzalez-Estrada A, Jares E, Kalpaklioğlu AF, Kase Tanno L, Kowalski ML, Ledford DK, Monge Ortega OP, Morais Almeida M, Pfaar O, Poulsen LK, Pawankar R, Renz HE, Romano AG, Rosário Filho NA, Rosenwasser L, Sánchez Borges MA, Scala E, Senna GE, Sisul JC, Tang ML, Thong BYH, Valenta R, Wood RA, Zuberbier T. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100080. [PMID: 32128023 PMCID: PMC7044795 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.
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Key Words
- AAAAI, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology
- ABA, Allergen Bead Array
- ACAAI, American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology
- AEC, Allergen Exposure Chambers
- AIT, allergen immunotherapy
- AP, Alkaline Phosphatase
- AU/mL, Allergenic Units milliLiter
- Allergy
- Anti-IgE, Antibody against IgE
- BAT, Basophil Activation Test
- BAU/mL, Biologic Allergenic Units milliLiter
- CBA, Cytometric Bead Array
- CCD, Cross-reactive Carbohydrate Determinants
- CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (USA)
- CL, Chemiluminescence
- CaFE, Calibrated Fluorescence Enhancement
- DBPCFC, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenge
- Diagnostic strategies
- EAACI, European Academy of Allergy and Immunology
- EIA, Enzyme Immune Assay
- ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Analysis
- EMEA, European MEdicine Agencies
- ENPP-3, EctoNucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 3
- FACS, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)
- FEIA, Fluorescent Enzyme Immunoassays
- FcεRI, High affinity IgE receptor
- H1, Histamine 1 receptor
- H2, Histamine 2 receptor
- HPO, Horseradish Peroxidase
- IDT, Intradermal Test
- ISAC, Immuno-Solid phase Allergen Chip
- IUIS, International Union of Immunological Societies
- IVD, in vitro diagnostic tool
- IgE
- IgE, immunoglobulin E
- In vitro tests
- LAMP-3, Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein
- MBAD, Molecule Based Allergy Diagnostics
- MRGPRX2, Mas-related G protein receptor 2
- NIH, National Institutes of Health (USA)
- NMBAs, NeuroMuscular Blocking Agents
- NPA, Negative Percent Agreement
- NSAIDs, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
- PPA, Positive Percent Agreement
- PPT, Prick-Prick Test
- RAST, Radio Allergo Sorbent Test
- SCAR, severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions
- SPT, Skin prick test
- Skin tests
- kUA/L, kilo Units of Allergen/Liter for allergen-specific IgE antibody assays
- mAb, Monoclonal Antibody
- pNPP, p-Nitrophenylphosphate
- sIgE, specific IgE
- w/v, weight /volume
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Melioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Elisa Villa
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Vercelli, S.C. Pneumologia, Vercelli, Italia
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Didier Ebo
- Department of Immunology - Allergology - Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Department Immunology and Allergology, AZ Jan Palfijn Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Olga Luengo Sánchez
- Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David A. Fischer
- Fischer Medicine Professional Corporation, Barrie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jean J. Bousquet
- MACVIA-France, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
- Euforea, Brussels, Belgium
- CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Victoria Cardona
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Sección de Alergología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wen Chin Chiang
- Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Chiang Children's Allergy & Asthma Clinic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pascal M. Demoly
- University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Marta Ferrer Puga
- The Unidad de Educación Médica, Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Clinica Universitad de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marek L. Kowalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars K. Poulsen
- Gentofte University Hospital, Lab for Allergology, Allergy Clinic, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ruby Pawankar
- Nippon Medical School, Dept. of Otolaryngology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harald E. Renz
- University Hospital GI & MR GmbH, Institute of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Standort Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lanny Rosenwasser
- University of Missouri at Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Enrico Scala
- Experimental Allergy Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Mimi L.K. Tang
- Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Allergy & Immunology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard Yu-Hor Thong
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Deptartment of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert A. Wood
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Campus Charite Mitte, Klinik fur Dermatologie & Allergologie, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Breiteneder H. Mapping of conformational IgE epitopes of food allergens. Allergy 2018; 73:2107-2109. [PMID: 30144088 DOI: 10.1111/all.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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8
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Abstract
With the increased global awareness and rise in food allergies, a multifold interest in food allergens is evident. The presence of undeclared food allergens results in expensive food recalls and increased risks of anaphylaxis for the sensitive individuals. Regardless of the allergenic food, the immunogen needs to be identified and detected before making any efforts to inactivate/eliminate it. In type I food allergies, protein immunogen cross-links immunoglobulin E, leading to basophil/mast cell degranulation, resulting in the symptoms that range from mild irritation to anaphylaxis. A portion/part of the protein, known as the epitope, can interact with either antibodies to elicit allergic reactions or T-cell receptors to initiate allergic sensitization. Antibody-recognized epitopes can be either a linear sequence of amino acids (linear epitope) or a three-dimensional motif (conformational epitope), while T-cell-receptor-recognized epitopes are exclusively linear peptides. Identifying and characterizing human-allergy-relevant epitopes are important for allergy diagnosis/prognosis, immunotherapy, and developing food processing methods that can reduce/eliminate immunogencity/immunoreactivity of the allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services , San Diego State University , 308 ENS Building, 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182-7251 , United States
| | - Shridhar K Sathe
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences , Florida State University , 402 SAN, 120 Convocation Way , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-1493 , United States
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9
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Korte R, Happe J, Brümmer I, Brockmeyer J. Structural Characterization of the Allergenic 2S Albumin Cor a 14: Comparing Proteoform Patterns across Hazelnut Cultivars. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:988-998. [PMID: 28112517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hazelnut allergen Cor a 14 belongs to the 2S albumins, a family of heterodimeric seed storage proteins exhibiting a high degree of structural diversity. Given its relevance as an allergen and the potential to elicit severe reactions, elucidation of the sequence heterogeneity of naturally occurring Cor a 14 is essential for the development of reliable diagnostics and risk evaluation. We therefore performed a comprehensive survey on the proteoforms of Cor a 14 and determined their quantitative distribution in three different hazelnut cultivars by a combinatory HPLC-HRMS approach including bottom-up and intact mass analysis. Compared with the Cor a 14 prototype sequence, we identified three sequence polymorphisms, two of the small and one of the large subunit, and elucidated their specific pairing on the protein level. Furthermore, we located a pronounced microheterogeneity on the protein termini and, for the first time, provide data on varying proteoform patterns between different cultivars of an allergenic seed. Together, these data present the basis for a more detailed investigation on the allergenicity of Cor a 14 in different cultivars and constitute, to be best of our knowledge, the largest set of proteoforms so far reported for a 2S albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Korte
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Happe
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ina Brümmer
- Analytical Food Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Analytical Food Chemistry, University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Han Y, Lin J, Bardina L, Grishina GA, Lee C, Seo WH, Sampson HA. What Characteristics Confer Proteins the Ability to Induce Allergic Responses? IgE Epitope Mapping and Comparison of the Structure of Soybean 2S Albumins and Ara h 2. Molecules 2016; 21:E622. [PMID: 27187334 PMCID: PMC6273924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ara h 2, a peanut 2S albumin, is associated with severe allergic reactions, but a homologous protein, soybean 2S albumin, is not recognized as an important allergen. Structural difference between these proteins might explain this clinical discrepancy. Therefore, we mapped sequential epitopes and compared the structure of Ara h 2, Soy Al 1, and Soy Al 3 (Gly m 8) to confirm whether structural differences account for the discrepancy in clinical responses to these two proteins. Commercially synthesized peptides covering the full length of Ara h 2 and two soybean 2S albumins were analyzed by peptide microarray. Sera from 10 patients with peanut and soybean allergies and seven non-atopic controls were examined. The majority of epitopes in Ara h 2 identified by microarray are consistent with those identified previously. Several regions in the 2S albumins are weakly recognized by individual sera from different patients. A comparison of allergenic epitopes on peanut and soybean proteins suggests that loop-helix type secondary structures and some amino acids with a large side chain including lone electron pair, such as arginine, glutamine, and tyrosine, makes the peptides highly recognizable by the immune system. By utilizing the peptide microarray assay, we mapped IgE epitopes of Ara h 2 and two soybean 2S albumins. The use of peptide microarray mapping and analysis of the epitope characteristics may provide critical information to access the allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Han
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Jing Lin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ludmilla Bardina
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Galina A Grishina
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Won Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Khan S, Ali SA, Yasmin T, Ahmed M, Khan H. Purification and characterization of 2S albumin from Nelumbo nucifera. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:2109-2114. [PMID: 26967322 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1158627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2S albumins are a group of seed storage proteins that have recently attracted considerable attention in the field of allergen science due to their allergenic potential. A new 2S albumin from seeds of Nelumbo nucifera (Nn-2S alb) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by the combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The protein has a molecular mass of about 12 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE, in good agreement with 12.5 ± 0.01 kDa determined by ESI-MS. Circular dichroism data showed that protein contained about 66% α-helices as estimated by K2D3, indicating that the protein was predominantly helical. The sedimentation coefficient (s°20,w) of the predicted model was 1.72 ± 0.21 S. The predicted 3-dimensional structure of the Nn-2S alb revealed that the protein has a region of 12 amino acids which largely corresponds to the conserved immuno-dominant epitope of 2S allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaullah Khan
- a Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- b International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Yasmin
- a Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- c Department of Biotechnology , University of Science and Technology , Bannu , Pakistan
| | - Hidayatullah Khan
- d Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology , Bannu , Pakistan
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Production and analysis of recombinant tree nut allergens. Methods 2014; 66:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Willison LN, Zhang Q, Su M, Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Roux KH. Conformational epitope mapping of Pru du 6, a major allergen from almond nut. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:253-63. [PMID: 23498967 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tree nuts are a widely consumed food. Although enjoyed safely by most individuals, allergic reactions to tree nuts, including almond, are not uncommon. Almond prunin (Pru du 6), an 11S globulin (legumin), is an abundant nut seed protein and a major allergen. Conformational epitope mapping studies of prunin have been performed with a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4C10. This mAb reacts with non-reduced but not reduced prunin in immunoblotting assays, indicating the recognition of a conformational epitope. 4C10 competes with patient IgE, as assessed by ELISA, indicating clinical significance of the epitope. To characterize the 4C10 epitope, hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) monitored by 14.5 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MS) was performed on the native prunin-4C10 complex and on uncomplexed native prunin. Several epitope candidate peptides that differ in deuterium uptake between the complexed and uncomplexed forms were identified. The epitope was further mapped by analyzing chimeric molecules incorporating segments of the homologous soybean allergen, Gly m 6, in immunoassays. These data indicate that the 4C10 epitope overlaps with a subset of patient IgE binding epitopes on almond prunin and further supports HDX-MS as a valid technique for mapping conformational epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnna N Willison
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Rundqvist L, Tengel T, Zdunek J, Björn E, Schleucher J, Alcocer MJC, Larsson G. Solution structure, copper binding and backbone dynamics of recombinant Ber e 1-the major allergen from Brazil nut. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46435. [PMID: 23056307 PMCID: PMC3464261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2S albumin Ber e 1 is the major allergen in Brazil nuts. Previous findings indicated that the protein alone does not cause an allergenic response in mice, but the addition of components from a Brazil nut lipid fraction were required. Structural details of Ber e 1 may contribute to the understanding of the allergenic properties of the protein and its potential interaction partners. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The solution structure of recombinant Ber e 1 was solved using NMR spectroscopy and measurements of the protein back bone dynamics at a residue-specific level were extracted using (15)N-spin relaxation. A hydrophobic cavity was identified in the structure of Ber e 1. Using the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement property of Cu(2+) in conjunction with NMR, it was shown that Ber e 1 is able to specifically interact with the divalent copper ion and the binding site was modeled into the structure. The IgE binding region as well as the copper binding site show increased dynamics on both fast ps-ns timescale as well as slower µs-ms timescale. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The overall fold of Ber e 1 is similar to other 2S albumins, but the hydrophobic cavity resembles that of a homologous non-specific lipid transfer protein. Ber e 1 is the first 2S albumin shown to interact with Cu(2+) ions. This Cu(2+) binding has minimal effect on the electrostatic potential on the surface of the protein, but the charge distribution within the hydrophobic cavity is significantly altered. As the hydrophobic cavity is likely to be involved in a putative lipid interaction the Cu(2+) can in turn affect the interaction that is essential to provoke an allergenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Tengel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janusz Zdunek
- Protein Constructor Developers Company, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcos J. C. Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Alcocer M, Rundqvist L, Larsson G. Ber e 1 protein: the versatile major allergen from Brazil nut seeds. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:597-610. [PMID: 22187079 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due mainly to its extremely high content of sulphur amino acids, Ber e 1 protein, the major allergen from Brazil nut, has attracted much scientific and press attention. Ber e 1 was the main target protein in early biotechnology transgenic work, in early processing studies of plant storage proteins, in plant vacuolar targeting studies and as the main protein in early nutritional supplementation experiments. Ber e 1 was also one of the first food allergens to be unintentionally transferred from one plant to another and was involved in the first reported case of systemic allergic reaction caused by a food allergen transferred in semen. In this review, many of the Ber e 1 unique biotechnological and structural functions are discussed with a particular emphasis on its use as model protein for studies of intrinsic allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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16
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Willison LN, Tripathi P, Sharma G, Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Roux KH. Cloning, expression and patient IgE reactivity of recombinant Pru du 6, an 11S globulin from almond. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:267-81. [PMID: 21720172 DOI: 10.1159/000323887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-reactive proteins have been identified in almond; however, few have been cloned and tested for specific patient IgE reactivity. Here, we clone and express prunin 1 and prunin 2, isoforms of the major almond protein prunin, an 11S globulin, and assay each for IgE reactivity. METHODS Prunin isoforms were PCR-amplified from an almond cDNA library, sequenced, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Reactivity to the recombinant (r) allergens, Pru du 6.01 and Pru du 6.02, was screened by dot blot and immunoblot assays using sera from almond-allergic patients and murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sequential IgE-binding epitopes were identified by solid-phase overlapping peptide analysis. Epitope stability was assessed by assaying denatured recombinant proteins by immunoblot. RESULTS IgE reactivity to rPru du 6.01 and rPru du 6.02 was found in 9 of 18 (50%) and 5 of 18 patients (28%), respectively. Four patients (22%) demonstrated reactivity to both isoforms. Murine anti-almond IgG mAbs also showed greater reactivity to rPru du 6.01 than to rPru du 6.02. Both stable and labile epitopes were detected. Six IgE-binding sequential epitope-bearing peptide segments on Pru du 6.01 and 8 on Pru du 6.02 were detected using pooled almond-allergic sera. CONCLUSIONS rPru du 6.01 is more widely recognized than rPru du 6.02 in our patient population. The identification of multiple sequential epitopes and the observation that treatment with denaturing agents had little effect on IgE-binding intensity in some patients suggests an important role for sequential epitopes on prunins.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnna N Willison
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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Microarrayed allergen molecules for the diagnosis of allergic diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010; 10:357-64. [PMID: 20596902 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-010-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergic diseases are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. The use of extracts in the skin test and the additional use of IgE testing still represent the current basis for the diagnostic work-up. During the past 30 years, knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens has increased dramatically, and the characterization and production of allergenic molecules, as natural purified compounds or recombinant products, is allowing us to approach the allergy diagnostic work-up differently. Much of this is based on the adoption of microtechnology since the first release of a biochip for IgE detection. Its use has prompted the development of new concepts linked to the diagnosis of allergic diseases. This review describes the background of allergy diagnosis and the tools currently used for specific IgE detection. It gives insight into the most recent advancement in the field of biotechnology leading to allergenic molecule availability, microtechnology leading to the routine use of protein biochips for IgE detection, and how they should be combined with information technology.
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18
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Renault NK, Gaddipati SR, Wulfert F, Falcone FH, Mirotti L, Tighe PJ, Wright V, Alcocer MJC. Multiple protein extract microarray for profiling human food-specific immunoglobulins A, M, G and E. J Immunol Methods 2010; 364:21-32. [PMID: 20974146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing food immunoglobulin (Ig) tests require large volumes of serum, are limited to one immunoglobulin class, are not amenable to high throughput analysis and only give a limited picture of the immunological response to food antigens. Conversely a new generation of Component Resolved Diagnostic systems using pure proteins is highly specific and totally dependent on the availability of the protein in its recombinant or natural origin form. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-concept of a microarray test based on protein extracts of food components. Our approach relies on innovations on three different fronts: the novelty of using arrayed food samples sequentially extracted with detergent and chaotropic agents, the ability to measure four different Ig classes simultaneously and the ability to analyse the generated data via a suitable bioinformatics/statistical analysis interface. This approach combines high numerical power of microarrays with automation, high throughput analysis and enables detailed investigation of the Ig profiles to food antigens. The prototype shown contains extracts of approximately 350 food ingredients that cover most of the food products found in the UK. Here we showed that the use of a sequential extraction technique to solubilise and then denature food samples has its benefits in the assessment of variations in antigenicity when tested with human sera. A patient dependent degree of class specificity was observed with human sera (IgG specificity correlates well with IgA>IgM>>>>>IgE). Besides generating a simultaneous profile for IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE the array system has shown good discrimination between challenge responders in atopic and non-atopic individuals. Poly- and mono-specific IgE responders were easily identified. The mathematical modelling of specific IgE content showed good correlations when compared with established IgE antibody testing assay (UniCAP). Although in its proof-of-principle stages, the immune profiling technique described here has the potential to provide unique insights into exposure/sensitization and establish relationships between specific immunoglobulin classes and subclasses against food protein antigens. In further developments, the immune profiling technique could also be extended to other related areas such as parasite and bacterial gut infection. Full analyses of large longitudinal and retrospective clinical trials are on going to determine the positive and negative predictive values of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Renault
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Robotham JM, Xia L, Willison LN, Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Roux KH. Characterization of a cashew allergen, 11S globulin (Ana o 2), conformational epitope. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1830-8. [PMID: 20362336 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Both linear and conformational epitopes likely contribute to the allergenicity of tree nut allergens, yet, due largely to technical issues, few conformational epitopes have been characterized. Using the well studied recombinant cashew allergen, Ana o 2, an 11S globulin or legumin, we identified a murine monoclonal antibody which recognizes a conformational epitope and competes with patient IgE Ana o 2-reactive antibodies. This epitope is expressed on the large subunit of Ana o 2, but only when associated with an 11S globulin small subunit. Both Ana o 2 and the homologous soybean Gly m 6 small subunits can foster epitope expression, even when the natural N-terminal to C-terminal subunit order is reversed in chimeric molecules. The epitope, which is also expressed on native Ana o 2, is readily susceptible to destruction by physical and chemical denaturants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Robotham
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
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The role of immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes in the characterization of food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 9:357-63. [PMID: 19568005 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32832d05ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a central role in food allergic reactions. IgE epitope mapping of food allergens may provide information regarding patient's clinical history and contribute to food allergy diagnosis/prognosis. The goal of this article is to review recent developments in the methods for IgE epitope mapping and the role of IgE-binding epitopes in the characterization of food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have suggested a potential role for sequential IgE-binding epitopes as biomarkers for characterizing various phenotypes of food allergy. Studies of allergens in milk, peanut, egg and wheat have shown a correlation between IgE sequential epitope diversity and patients' allergy severity or persistence. Several informative epitopes in milk allergens have been identified as candidate biomarkers to predict the development of tolerance to milk. However, limitations with current methods of IgE-binding epitope identification need to be addressed before they can be applied in the diagnosis/prognosis of food allergy. SUMMARY IgE epitope mapping has the potential to become an additional tool for the diagnosis/prognosis of food allergy and lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and tolerance induction of food allergy.
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Albrecht M, Kühne Y, Ballmer-Weber BK, Becker WM, Holzhauser T, Lauer I, Reuter A, Randow S, Falk S, Wangorsch A, Lidholm J, Reese G, Vieths S. Relevance of IgE binding to short peptides for the allergenic activity of food allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:328-36, 336.e1-6. [PMID: 19596143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of IgE antibody binding to epitopes provides information for food allergy diagnosis and management and construction of hypoallergenic candidate vaccines, but the contribution of sequential epitopes to functionally relevant IgE binding is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to study the impact of IgE-binding peptides described as major sequence epitopes in the literature on IgE-binding capacity of 2 selected food allergens. METHODS IgE-binding peptides of the food allergens Ara h 2 (peanut) and Pen a 1 (shrimp) were identified. Synthetic soluble peptides representing the identified sequences were assessed for their capacity to inhibit IgE binding to the parent allergens by means of ELISA and in mediator release assay. The IgE-binding capacity of unfolded recombinant (r) Ara h 2 was analyzed. A hybrid tropomyosin carrying the IgE-binding regions of Pen a 1 grafted into the structural context of the nonallergenic mouse tropomyosin was applied in ELISA inhibition experiments and ImmunoCAP analysis. RESULTS Although IgE-binding peptides representing sections of the allergen sequences were detected, no relevant capacity to inhibit the IgE binding to the parent allergen in ELISA or basophil activation test was observed. Unfolded rAra h 2 showed reduced IgE-binding capacity compared with folded rAra h 2 and failed to elicit mediator release. Hybrid tropomyosin bound less IgE than rPen a 1 in ImmunoCAP analysis and revealed marginal inhibitory capacity. CONCLUSION Peptides identified as major sequence epitopes on Pen a 1 and Ara h 2 show little contribution to the IgE binding of the allergens studied.
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van Boxtel EL, Koppelman SJ, van den Broek LA, Gruppen H. Heat denaturation of Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1 in relation to food processing. Food Chem 2008; 110:904-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Felix SP, Mayerhoffer RO, Damatta RA, Verícimo MA, Nascimento VV, Machado OLT. Mapping IgE-binding epitopes of Ric c 1 and Ric c 3, allergens from Ricinus communis, by mast cell degranulation assay. Peptides 2008; 29:497-504. [PMID: 18262682 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ric c 1 and Ric c 3 are the major castor bean allergens. In order to identify continuous IgE-epitopes in Ric c 1 and Ric c 3, pools of sera from rats immunized with a pool of 2S albumin from these seeds, Ric c 1 and Ric c 3 overlapping synthetic peptides, were used to screen for IgE-binding epitopes. The allergenic properties were monitored by mast cell degranulation assays, histamine quantification and human-IgE binding. Large and small chains isolated from these proteins present allergenic properties. Four continuous epitopes were identified in Ric c 3 and two in Ric c 1. This knowledge may allow the induction of protective antibody responses to antagonize the IgE recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Felix
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
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Moreno FJ, Clemente A. 2S Albumin Storage Proteins: What Makes them Food Allergens? Open Biochem J 2008; 2:16-28. [PMID: 18949071 PMCID: PMC2570561 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2S albumin storage proteins are becoming of increasing interest in nutritional and clinical studies as they have been reported as major food allergens in seeds of many mono- and di-cotyledonous plants. This review describes the main biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in determining their potential allergenicity. 2S albumins are considered to sensitize directly via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The high stability of their intrinsic protein structure, dominated by a well-conserved skeleton of cysteine residues, to the harsh conditions present in the GIT suggests that these proteins are able to cross the gut mucosal barrier to sensitize the mucosal immune system and/or elicit an allergic response. The flexible and solvent-exposed hypervariable region of these proteins is immunodominant and has the ability to bind IgE from allergic patients sera. Several linear IgE-binding epitopes of 2S albumins spanning this region have been described to play a major role in allergenicity; the role of conformational epitopes of these proteins in food allergy is far from being understood and need to be investigated. Finally, the interaction of these proteins with other components of the food matrix might influence the absorption rates of immunologically reactive 2S albumins but also in their immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Dearman RJ, Alcocer MJC, Kimber I. Influence of plant lipids on immune responses in mice to the major Brazil nut allergen Ber e 1. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:582-91. [PMID: 17430356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids, particularly bacterial lipopolysaccharide, can impact on immune responses to proteins, with low doses enhancing type 2 responses. OBJECTIVE We have examined the influence of natural plant lipid extracts on antibody responses provoked in mice by recombinant Ber e 1, the major allergen in Brazil nuts. METHODS BALB/c strain mice were immunized (by intraperitoneal injection) with natural or recombinant Ber e l produced in Pichia pastoris and admixed with various lipid fractions isolated from Brazil nuts. Serum samples were analysed for specific IgE antibody by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay and for IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS Exposure to recombinant (lipid-free) Ber e 1 alone failed to induce detectable IgG or IgE antibody. Co-administration of the total lipid fraction (with reduced triglyceride levels), sterol-rich, or polar lipid fractions, resulted in marked adjuvant effects on IgG and IgE. However, the beta-sitosterol and glycolipid-rich fractions were associated with only low-level IgG antibody, and had little impact on IgE antibody production. Natural Ber e 1 containing endogenous lipids also provoked IgG and IgE antibody responses. Identical IgE and IgG antibody responses were detected regardless of whether natural or recombinant Ber e 1 was used as substrates for analyses. CONCLUSION Endogenous Brazil nut lipids are required for the induction of optimal antibody responses to Ber e 1 in the BALB/c strain mouse. Appropriate antibody binding sites are present on both natural and recombinant forms of Ber e 1, suggesting that the impact of lipid is at the induction phase, rather than antibody recognition, and is possibly required for efficient antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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Han MK, Seo MH, Lee D, Kim SH, Park HS, Kim HS. Optimization of critical factors affecting the performance of an allergen chip for the analysis of an allergen-specific human IgE in serum. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:545-9. [PMID: 17495399 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and multiplexed assay of allergen-specific human immunoglobulin E (IgE) is of great significance in the precise diagnosis of allergies. We report on the optimization of critical factors for chip-based analysis of IgE in human serum with a high reliability. Extracts of two mite species were used as model allergens, and were spotted onto a glass slide for the construction of an allergen chip. Respective allergen-specific IgE in human serum was analyzed by using biotinylated anti-human IgE and a streptavidin-Cy3 conjugate. Factors affecting the performance of the allergen chip were investigated and optimized. Especially, the effect of additives, the concentrations of biotinylated anti-human IgE and the streptavidin-Cy3 conjugate, the serum dilution factor, and the concentration of allergen extract as a capturing agent were examined in detail. Under the optimized conditions, a chip-based analysis for sera from 43 patients revealed a reliable and reproducible diagnosis of respective allergies, showing a good correlation with a conventional CAP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
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Mattoon D, Michaud G, Merkel J, Schweitzer B. Biomarker discovery using protein microarray technology platforms: antibody-antigen complex profiling. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 2:879-89. [PMID: 16307517 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays represent an important new tool in proteomic systems biology. This review focuses on the contributions of protein microarrays to the discovery of novel disease biomarkers through antibody-based assays. Of particular interest is the use of protein microarrays for immune response profiling, through which a disease-specific antibody repertoire may be defined. The antigens and antibodies revealed by these studies are useful for clinical assay development, with enormous potential to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, disease staging and treatment selection. The discovery and characterization of novel biomarkers specifically tailored to disease type and stage are expected to enable personalized medicine by facilitating preventative medicine, predictive diagnostics and individualized curative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Mattoon
- Invitrogen Corporation, ProtoArray Services, ProtoArray Center, 688 East Main Street, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
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28
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Renault NK, Mirotti L, Alcocer MJC. Biotechnologies in new high-throughput food allergy tests: why we need them. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:333-9. [PMID: 17160623 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increase in prevalence of food allergies generates a need for more accurate and reliable quantitative allergy testing in order to help diagnosis. In this short review, we briefly outline the history of food allergy testing and extend our comments to current multiplex techniques. Particular emphasis is given to new developments in the protein microarray area, where the use of recent advances in biotechnology has the potential to produce high-throughput devices with improved clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil K Renault
- School of Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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29
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Braga-Neto UM, Marques ETA. From functional genomics to functional immunomics: new challenges, old problems, big rewards. PLoS Comput Biol 2006; 2:e81. [PMID: 16863395 PMCID: PMC1523295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of DNA microarray technology a decade ago led to the establishment of functional genomics as one of the most active and successful scientific disciplines today. With the ongoing development of immunomic microarray technology—a spatially addressable, large-scale technology for measurement of specific immunological response—the new challenge of functional immunomics is emerging, which bears similarities to but is also significantly different from functional genomics. Immunonic data has been successfully used to identify biological markers involved in autoimmune diseases, allergies, viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, diabetes, and responses to cancer vaccines. This review intends to provide a coherent vision of this nascent scientific field, and speculate on future research directions. We discuss at some length issues such as epitope prediction, immunomic microarray technology and its applications, and computation and statistical challenges related to functional immunomics. Based on the recent discovery of regulation mechanisms in T cell responses, we envision the use of immunomic microarrays as a tool for advances in systems biology of cellular immune responses, by means of immunomic regulatory network models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses M Braga-Neto
- Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center - CPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil.
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Kean DE, Goodridge HS, McGuinness S, Harnett MM, Alcocer MJC, Harnett W. Differential Polarization of Immune Responses by Plant 2S Seed Albumins, Ber e 1, and SFA8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1561-6. [PMID: 16849463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant 2S seed albumins Ber e 1 and SFA8, although structurally very similar, vary with respect to their allergenic properties. Whereas the former represents a major allergen, the latter appears to promote only weak allergenic responses. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the allergenic properties of Ber e 1 and SFA8 reflected differential polarization of dendritic cell (DC) and Th cell responses. We thus investigated the effect of recombinant forms of both allergens on DC and Th cell responses as indicated by cell surface phenotype and cytokine production. Exposure of murine DCs to SFA8, but not Ber e 1, resulted in production of the cytokines IL-12 p40 and TNF-alpha by a mechanism independent of recognition by TLRs. Furthermore, depending on the mouse strain used, increased expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 was associated with exposure to SFA8, but not Ber e 1. In coculture experiments using the DO11.10 transgenic T cell that recognizes OVA peptide, DCs exposed to both allergens induced T cells to produce IFN-gamma, but only Ber e 1 could induce significant production of IL-4 and IL-5. Likewise, analysis of transcription factors shows increased T-bet with respect to both allergens, but also GATA-3 with respect to Ber e 1. Overall, our data are consistent with the idea that the ability of Ber e 1, but not SFA8, to act as a potent allergen may reflect differences in their ability to induce IL-12 production.
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MESH Headings
- 2S Albumins, Plant
- Albumins/immunology
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Plant
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Helianthus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plant Proteins/immunology
- Protein Precursors/immunology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Seeds/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Kean
- Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Lin J, Shewry PR, Archer DB, Beyer K, Niggemann B, Haas H, Wilson P, Alcocer MJC. The potential allergenicity of two 2S albumins from soybean (Glycine max): a protein microarray approach. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 141:91-102. [PMID: 16837790 DOI: 10.1159/000094535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2S albumins are a group of storage proteins that occur widely in seeds of dicotyledonous plants. The widespread distribution and stability to digestion of allergenic 2S albumins raise the question of why some members of this family present in important food sources, such as soybean, are not regarded as major allergens. METHODS The pepsinolytic stability of two 2S albumins from soybean seed was determined using simulated gastric fluid. Using a new protein microarray system, IgE binding to these soybean 2S albumins was studied with the sera from 23 European individuals allergic to soybean. In order to validate the microarray result, two of the sera were selected and further tested using the micro-ELISA and UniCAP system. RESULTS Both albumins exhibited high stability to digestion similar to other allergenic members of the 2S albumin, trypsin/amylase inhibitor and lipid transfer protein superfamily. None of the patients was found to have IgE specific to soybean 2S albumins by the microarray system, and this result was in agreement with the results from the micro-ELISA and UniCAP system. CONCLUSIONS The results from microarray, micro-ELISA and UniCAP system suggested that the 2S albumins from soybean are not major allergens within the patient population analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- School of Biosciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Clement G, Boquet D, Mondoulet L, Lamourette P, Bernard H, Wal JM. Expression in Escherichia coli and disulfide bridge mapping of PSC33, an allergenic 2S albumin from peanut. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 44:110-20. [PMID: 16023369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the expression, purification, and disulfide mapping of the named 'peanut seed cDNA 33' (PSC33) peanut allergen. A variant of PSC33 (with N(63), E(64), Q(69) instead of D(63), Q(64), E(69)) has been identified in peanut by proteomic analysis of a highly IgE immunoreactive purification fraction. It is 92% homologous to Ara h 6. We raised monoclonal antibodies against PSC33 and amplified it by PCR from peanut leaf genomic DNA. PSC33 was intron-less and the two NEQ and DQE variants of PSC33 were equally amplified. Since expression of the natural PSC33 (DQE) gene was very low in Escherichia coli even with supplementation of rare codon tRNAs, a synthetic gene optimized for expression in E. coli of PSC33 (DQE) was introduced into a pET9-c vector. A high production of protein occurred in the inclusion bodies that was submitted to refolding using an additive-introduced stepwise dialysis protocol which consists in the gradual removal of the denaturing agent guanidine-HCl with controlled introduction of oxidized and reduced glutathione and l-arginine as a chemical chaperone. After reverse phase HPLC purification, 1mg of pure refolded protein (as assayed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, mouse IgG immunoreactivity and circular dichroism) were obtained with every 100ml of bacterial culture. Trypsin and CNBr hydrolysis of the protein combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry allowed us to assign disulfide bridges and show that the native and refolded proteins were identical. The four disulfides of canonical 2S albumins were conserved and the two supplementary cysteines of PSC33 were paired together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Clement
- Laboratoire INRA-CEA d'immunoallergie alimentaire, SPI Bât 136 CEA, Saclay 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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Merkel JS, Michaud GA, Salcius M, Schweitzer B, Predki PF. Functional protein microarrays: just how functional are they? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16:447-52. [PMID: 16006113 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Arrays of immobilized proteins have been developed for the discovery and characterization of protein functions ranging from molecular recognition to enzymatic activity. The success of these applications is highly dependent upon the maintenance of protein structure and function while in an immobilized state - a largely untested hypothesis. However, the immobilization of functional proteins is not without precedent. Active enzymes have been successfully immobilized for industrial applications for several decades. Furthermore, a survey of recent protein microarray literature reveals that an even wider range of proteins can maintain 'proper' function while immobilized. These reports help to validate the functionality of so-called functional protein microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie S Merkel
- Invitrogen Corporation, Protein Microarray Center, 688 East Main Street, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA
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