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Hill PC, Cobelens F, Martinez L, Behr MA, Churchyard G, Evans T, Fiore-Gartland AJ, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Hanekom W, Rangaka MX, Vekemans J, White RG. An Aspiration to Radically Shorten Phase 3 Tuberculosis Vaccine Trials. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1150-1153. [PMID: 37607272 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new tuberculosis vaccine is a high priority. However, the classical development pathway is a major deterrent. Most tuberculosis cases arise within 2 years after Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposure, suggesting a 3-year trial period should be possible if sample size is large to maximize the number of early exposures. Increased sample size could be facilitated by working alongside optimized routine services for case ascertainment, with strategies for enhanced case detection and safety monitoring. Shortening enrolment could be achieved by simplifying screening criteria and procedures and strengthening site capacity. Together, these measures could enable radically shortened phase 3 tuberculosis vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcel A Behr
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- The Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew J Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto de Salud Global, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Molebogeng X Rangaka
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Richard G White
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Konradsen JR, Borres MP, Nilsson C. Unusual and Unexpected Allergic Reactions Can Be Unraveled by Molecular Allergy Diagnostics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2021; 182:904-916. [PMID: 33951642 PMCID: PMC8619793 DOI: 10.1159/000515708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth class of immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin E (IgE) was discovered in 1967 and has had immense importance for the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic disease. More than 50 years have passed and efforts to characterize, standardize, and refine allergens with the aim to improve clinical diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy are still ongoing. Another important breakthrough was made in 1999 with the introduction of component-resolved diagnostics (CRD), making it possible to quantify IgE antibodies against individual allergen proteins for diagnostic purposes at a molecular level. The progress and developments made in allergy diagnosis often originate from clinical observations and case studies. Observant physicians and health-care personnel have reported their findings in the medical literature, which in turn has inspired researchers to become involved in clinical research. Allergists continuously encounter new allergies and are often asked by their patients how to prevent new reactions. In the current article, we focus on recent clinical observations that can now be explained by CRD. The examples taken concern allergic reactions toward peanuts, tree nuts, lemon kernels, health drinks, meat, insects, dog dander, cannabis, and semen. We now have an improved understanding of why patients may react in a serious or unexpected way, as illustrated by these examples, yet many other clinical observations remain unexplained. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of clinical observations among allergic patients, focusing on systemic, or unusual and unexpected allergic reactions, where component-testing has further refined the diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon R. Konradsen
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus P. Borres
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Immunodiagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sach's Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Dreskin SC, Koppelman SJ, Andorf S, Nadeau KC, Kalra A, Braun W, Negi SS, Chen X, Schein CH. The importance of the 2S albumins for allergenicity and cross-reactivity of peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1154-1163. [PMID: 33217410 PMCID: PMC8035160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds are among the most important food-related causes of anaphylaxis. Important clinical questions include: Why is there a variable occurrence of coallergy among these foods and Is this immunologically mediated? The clinical and immunologic data summarized here suggest an immunologic basis for these coallergies that is based on similarities among the 2S albumins. Data from component resolved diagnostics have highlighted the relationship between IgE binding to these allergens and the presence of IgE-mediated food allergy. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments provide strong evidence that the 2S albumins are the most important allergens in peanuts for inducing an allergic effector response. Although the 2S albumins are diverse, they have a common disulfide-linked core with similar physicochemical properties that make them prime candidates to explain much of the observed coallergy among peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds. The well-established frequency of cashew and pistachio nut coallergy (64%-100%) highlights how the structural similarities among their 2S albumins may account for observed clinical cross-reactivity. A complete understanding of the physicochemical properties of the 2S albumins in peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds will enhance our ability to diagnose, treat, and ultimately prevent these allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - Sandra Andorf
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Anjeli Kalra
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Werner Braun
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Surendra S Negi
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Xueni Chen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex.
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Mattison CP, Aryana KJ, Clermont K, Prestenburg E, Lloyd SW, Grimm CC, Wasserman RL. Microbiological, Physicochemical, and Immunological Analysis of a Commercial Cashew Nut-Based Yogurt. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218267. [PMID: 33158240 PMCID: PMC7663355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nut-based milks and yogurts are gaining popularity, but may not offer the same benefits as dairy yogurts to consumers. Cashew nuts often cause severe allergic reactions, and cashew nut allergens are stable to several types of processing. To compare its characteristics to dairy yogurt and characterize the effects of fermentation on the Ana o 1-3 cashew nut allergens, a commercial yogurt made from cashew nuts (Cashewgurt) was evaluated for microbiological, physiochemical, and immunological properties. Average counts for lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus were greater than 10 million colony forming units per milliliter, indicating the capacity to provide a health benefit. Cashewgurt pH and viscosity values were comparable to cow milk yogurts, and it was off white in color. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated a clear reduction in Ana o 1 and 2, and immuno-assay with polyclonal anti-cashew IgG antibody and cashew-allergic IgE indicated an overall reduction in allergen content. In contrast, SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, immunoblot, and ELISA all revealed that Ana o 3 was relatively unaffected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, Ana o 1 and Ana o 2 are sensitive to degradation, while Ana o 3 survives lactic acid bacterial fermentation during yogurt production. The analysis presented here indicates that cashew nut yogurt is not suitable for those with cashew nut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Mattison
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(504)-286-4392; Fax: +1-(504)-286-4419
| | - Kayanush J. Aryana
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 115 Dairy Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Kristen Clermont
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
| | - Eric Prestenburg
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA
| | - Steven W. Lloyd
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Casey C. Grimm
- Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (K.C.); (E.P.); (S.W.L.); (C.C.G.)
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Cuadrado C, Sanchiz A, Vicente F, Ballesteros I, Linacero R. Changes Induced by Pressure Processing on Immunoreactive Proteins of Tree Nuts. Molecules 2020; 25:E954. [PMID: 32093394 PMCID: PMC7070680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree nuts confer many health benefits due to their high content of vitamins and antioxidants, and they are increasingly consumed in the last few years. Food processing is an important industrial tool to modify allergenic properties of foods, in addition to ensuring safety and enhancing organoleptic characteristics. The effect of high pressure, without and with heating, on SDS-PAGE and immunodetection profile of potential allergenic proteins (anti-11S, anti-2S and anti-LTP) of pistachio, cashew, peanut, hazelnut, almond, and chestnut was investigated. Processing based on heat and/or pressure and ultra-high pressure (HHP, 300-600 MPa) without heating was applied. After treating the six tree nuts with pressure combined with heat, a progressive diminution of proteins with potential allergenic properties was observed. Moreover, some tree nuts proteins (pistachio, cashew, and peanut) seemed to be more resistant to technological processing than others (hazelnut and chestnut). High pressure combined with heating processing markedly reduce tree nut allergenic potential as the pressure and treatment time increases. HHP do not alter hazelnut and almond immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cuadrado
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, SGIT-INIA, Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Africa Sanchiz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, SGIT-INIA, Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Fatima Vicente
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, SGIT-INIA, Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Isabel Ballesteros
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada a Biomedicina (BIOMED), Universidad de Las Américas, 72819 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Rosario Linacero
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Abstract
Summary Introduction. The incidence of food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) is increasing in young children. Although the commonest culprits are cow's milk and egg, FIA to tree nuts (TNs) have been increasing. Objective. Characterization of children referred to our allergy department due to TNs-induced anaphylaxis (TNs-FIA) during preschool age. Materials and methods. We have retrospectively included 25 children with clinical history of preschool TNs-FIA, proven by allergological work-up. TNs sensitization was assessed by skin prick tests and/or specific IgE. Results. The mean age of the first anaphylactic episode was 3.1±1.2 years. The majority (92%) had an allergic disease (52% asthma). The implicated TNs were cashew (11 children), walnut (8), pine nut (5), hazelnut (2) and almond (1). The reaction occurred after the first known ingestion in 68%. In 92%, symptoms appeared within 30 minutes after exposure. The most frequent clinical symptoms were mucocutaneous (96%), respiratory (80%) and gastrointestinal (52%). Twenty-one children were admitted to the emergency department, although only 48% were treated with epinephrine. An underneath IgE-mediated mechanism was proven in all cases. Immunologic cross-reactivity with other TNs was identified in 84%, and with peanut in 36%. Overall, in our center, TNs-FIA represents 18% of all causes of FIA. Conclusions. In preschool age children with TNs-FIA, cashew and walnut were the commonest implicated nuts. Most reactions occurred briefly after exposure to minimal amounts of TNs, demonstrating the high potency of these allergens. About one-third also had peanut sensitization. Potentially life-threatening TNs allergy can occur early in childhood and adequate management should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matias
- Pediatric Department, Garcia de Orta Hospital, Almada, Portugal
| | - A Gaspar
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L M Borrego
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Piedade
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Pires
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Arede
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Sampaio
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Morais Almeida
- Immunoallergy Department, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Mills ENC, Adel-Patient K, Bernard H, De Loose M, Gillard N, Huet AC, Larré C, Nitride C, Pilolli R, Tranquet O, Pouke CV, Monaci L. Detection and Quantification of Allergens in Foods and Minimum Eliciting Doses in Food-Allergic Individuals (ThRAll). J AOAC Int 2019; 102:1346-1353. [PMID: 30940282 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Risk-based approaches to managing allergens in foods are being developed by the food industry and regulatory authorities to support food-allergic consumers to avoid ingestion of their problem food, especially in relation to the traces of unintended allergens. The application of such approaches requires access to good quality data from clinical studies to support identification of levels of allergens in foods that are generally safe for most food-allergic consumers as well as analytical tools that are able to quantify allergenic food protein. The ThRAll project aims to support the application of risk-based approaches to food-allergen management in two ways. First, a harmonized quantitative MS-based prototype reference method will be developed for the detection of multiple food allergens in standardized incurred food matrices. This will be undertaken for cow's milk, hen's egg, peanut, soybean, hazelnut, and almond incurred into two highly processed food matrices, chocolate and broth powder. This activity is complemented by a second objective to support the development and curation of data on oral food challenges, which are used to define thresholds and minimum eliciting doses. This will be achieved through the development of common protocols for collection and curation of data that will be applied to allergenic foods for which there are currently data gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Clare Mills
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- INRA-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Bât, 136-CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- INRA-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Bât, 136-CEA de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc De Loose
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9170 Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | - Collette Larré
- UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Chiara Nitride
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Pilolli
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Giovanni Amendola 122/O - 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Tranquet
- UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Christof Van Pouke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9170 Melle, Belgium
| | - Linda Monaci
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Giovanni Amendola 122/O - 70126 Bari, Italy
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Vencia W, Minale P, Migone L, Lazzara F, Vito G, Ferrari A, Razzuoli E. Effects of thermal treatment on walnut detection and allergenicity. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:2636-2640. [PMID: 30324619 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanuts and tree nut allergies pose an increasing food safety problem. The aim of our study was to test the accuracy of different commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits in the detection of the presence of walnuts in untreated and heat exposed food samples. The effects of thermal treatment of samples were evaluated by exposing walnuts to different heat treatments. All samples were first analysed by two different commercial ELISA assays. Then, we performed a skin prick test (SPT) on nine patients with proven nut allergy using small walnut pieces from raw and treated samples. RESULTS The presence of nuts proteins in thermally processed foods was not accurately detected by ELISA kits. All patients had a positive SPT reaction with raw walnut, while thermal treatments affected walnut allergenicity. The ELISA test gives a negative result in the case of strong thermal treatment, but at the same time allergic subjects react positively to stimulation with the same sample. CONCLUSION This study suggests that commercial ELISA kits may not be able to accurately determine the amount of proteins present in thermally processed foods due to changes in the solubility and immunoreactivity of the target proteins. Finally, the clinical results highlight that thermal treatment might induce a reduction in walnut allergenicity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vencia
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Minale
- U.O. Allergologia, A. O. San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Migone
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lazzara
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guendalina Vito
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrari
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- S.S Genova, Food Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Genoa, Italy
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Koppelman SJ, Smits M, Tomassen M, de Jong GAH, Baumert J, Taylor SL, Witkamp R, Veldman RJ, Pieters R, Wichers H. Release of Major Peanut Allergens from Their Matrix under Various pH and Simulated Saliva Conditions-Ara h2 and Ara h6 Are Readily Bio-Accessible. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1281. [PMID: 30208580 PMCID: PMC6165493 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is the first immune tissue that encounters allergens upon ingestion of food. We hypothesized that the bio-accessibility of allergens at this stage may be a key determinant for sensitization. Light roasted peanut flour was suspended at various pH in buffers mimicking saliva. Protein concentrations and allergens profiles were determined in the supernatants. Peanut protein solubility was poor in the pH range between 3 and 6, while at a low pH (1.5) and at moderately high pHs (>8), it increased. In the pH range of saliva, between 6.5 and 8.5, the allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 were readily released, whereas Ara h1 and Ara h3 were poorly released. Increasing the pH from 6.5 to 8.5 slightly increased the release of Ara h1 and Ara h3, but the recovery remained low (approximately 20%) compared to that of Ara h2 and Ara h6 (approximately 100% and 65%, respectively). This remarkable difference in the extraction kinetics suggests that Ara h2 and Ara h6 are the first allergens an individual is exposed to upon ingestion of peanut-containing food. We conclude that the peanut allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 are quickly bio-accessible in the mouth, potentially explaining their extraordinary allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Mieke Smits
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Monic Tomassen
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Joe Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Jan Veldman
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harry Wichers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Li Y, Mattison CP. Polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice reduces IgE binding to cashew nut allergens. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:1632-1638. [PMID: 28842925 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy negatively impacts quality of life and can be life-threatening. Cashew nuts can cause severe reactions in very small amounts, and they are included in a group of foods most commonly responsible for causing food allergy. Polyphenols and polyphenol-rich juices have been demonstrated to complex with peanut allergens. Here, the interaction between cashew nut allergens and polyphenol-rich juices is evaluated biochemically and immunologically. RESULTS Various juices, including pomegranate (POM), blueberry (BB), and concord grape (CG) juices, were evaluated for polyphenol content and formation of polyphenol-cashew allergen complexes. Among the various juices studied, POM juice showed a greater capacity to form complexes with cashew proteins. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated a sharp increase in cashew protein extract particle size to around 3580 nm, and fewer cashew proteins were resolved by electrophoresis after treatment with POM juice. Immunoassays demonstrated reduced IgG and IgE binding to cashew allergens due to allergen precipitation by POM juice. These observations support the formation of complexes between polyphenol and cashew proteins that can prevent antibody recognition of cashew allergens through allergen precipitation. CONCLUSION POM juice treatment of cashew extract effectively reduces antibody binding through allergen precipitation, and these findings could be applied to the development of less allergenic cashew nut products and oral immunotherapy. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, FPSQ, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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de la Cruz S, Madrid R, García-García A, Alcocer M, Martín R, González I, García T. Identification and characterisation of the proteins bound by specific phage-displayed recombinant antibodies (scFv) obtained against Brazil nut and almond extracts. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:1685-1695. [PMID: 28846130 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almonds and Brazil nuts are widely consumed allergenic nuts whose presence must be declared according to food labelling regulations. Their detection in food products has been recently achieved by ELISA methods with recombinant antibodies (scFv) isolated against complete Brazil nut and almond protein extracts. The screening of phage-scFv libraries against complete protein extracts confers a series of advantages over the use of purified proteins, as recombinant proteins might alter their native folding. However, using this strategy, the nature of the target detected by phage-displayed antibodies remains unknown, and requires further research to identify whether they are nut allergens or other molecules present in the extract, but not related to their allergenic potential. RESULTS Electrophoretic, chromatographic, immunological and spectrometric techniques revealed that the Brazil nut (BE95) and almond (PD1F6 and PD2C9) specific phage-scFvs detected conformational epitopes of the Brazil nut and almond 11S globulins, recognised by WHO/IUIS as Ber e 2 and Pru du 6 major allergens. Circular dichroism data indicated that severe heat treatment would entail loss of epitope structure, disabling scFv for target detection. CONCLUSIONS The presence of important Brazil nut and almond allergens (Ber e 2 and Pru du 6) in foodstuffs can be determined by using phage-display antibodies BE95, PD1F6 and PD2C9 as affinity probes in ELISA. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de la Cruz
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Madrid
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina García-García
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rosario Martín
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel González
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Pistachio nut (Pistacia vera) is highly appreciated for its organoleptic characteristics and potential health benefits. However, this tree nut is also responsible for triggering moderate to severe IgE-mediated reactions in allergic individuals. Currently, pistachio nut allergy has gained some special attention, mainly due to its intrinsic relation with cashew nut allergy. Like for other nuts, the prevalence of pistachio nut allergy seems to be increasing at a global scale. Until now, there are five allergenic proteins officially listed for pistachio nut (Pis v 1, Pis v 2, Pis v 3, Pis v 4 and Pis v 5). Relevant data on their biochemical classification has become available, enabling establishing a correlation with the respective clinical symptoms. The establishment of an effective allergen risk assessment is a key issue for the food industry, policy makers and regulatory agencies. Thus, the availability of fast, specific and sensitive methods to detect trace amounts of allergens in processed foods is crucial. In the specific case of pistachio nut, there are some protein- and DNA-based methods for its detection/quantification in foods, which can aid to verify label information. Accordingly, all relevant research advances on this topic were summarised, updated and critically discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto , Portugal
| | - Isa Silva
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto , Portugal
| | - António A Vicente
- b CEB, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto , Portugal
| | - Isabel Mafra
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto , Portugal
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Pascal M, Vazquez-Ortiz M, Folque MM, Jimenez-Feijoo R, Lozano J, Dominguez O, Piquer-Gibert M, Giner MT, Alvaro M, Dias da Costa M, García-Paba B, Machinena A, Alsina L, Yagüe J, Plaza-Martin AM. Asymptomatic LTP sensitisation is common in plant-food allergic children from the Northeast of Spain. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:351-8. [PMID: 27040809 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensitisation profile at molecular level in plant-food allergy is complex. Several allergens may be involved, with different potential for severe reactions. lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are considered the most relevant plant-food allergens in adults in Mediterranean countries, but less is known in children. AIM To describe the clinical pattern and sensitisation profile of children with plant-food allergy and LTP sensitisation from Northeast Spain. METHODS Children with history of immediate reaction to plant-food(s), positive skin-prick-test to the culprit plant-food(s) and specific-IgE to plant-food LTPs were analysed. RESULTS 130 children were included. 69.2% (90/130) had reacted to ≥2 taxonomically unrelated plant-foods. Peach, walnut, hazelnut and peanut were most frequently involved. Reactions severity ranged from anaphylaxis (45.4%, 59/130) to oral symptoms only. Sensitisation to a particular plant-food LTP not always caused clinical symptoms with that plant-food; 69% (40/58) and 63% (17/27) of peach- and walnut-tolerant subjects had positive rPru p 3 and nJug r 3 specific IgE, respectively. 65.4% (85/130) of children were also sensitised to storage proteins, which was associated to anaphylaxis and nut allergy. However, 60% of patients without nuts/seeds allergy were sensitised to storage proteins. Specific-IgE levels to LTPs and/or storage proteins were not useful to predict allergy (vs. tolerance) to peach, walnut, peanut or hazelnut. CONCLUSIONS Sensitisation to LTP and/or storage proteins without clear clinical significance is relatively common. Prospective longitudinal studies are required to evaluate the relevance of these silent sensitisations over time. Caution is required when interpreting the results of molecular-based diagnostic tools in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pascal
- Immunology Department, CDB, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Vazquez-Ortiz
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M M Folque
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Jimenez-Feijoo
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Lozano
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Dominguez
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Piquer-Gibert
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M T Giner
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Alvaro
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Dias da Costa
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - B García-Paba
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Machinena
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Alsina
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Yagüe
- Immunology Department, CDB, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M Plaza-Martin
- Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Saeed H, Gagnon C, Cober E, Gleddie S. Using patient serum to epitope map soybean glycinins reveals common epitopes shared with many legumes and tree nuts. Mol Immunol 2016; 70:125-33. [PMID: 26766775 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Soybean consumption is increasing in many Western diets; however, recent reviews suggest that the prevalence of soy allergy can be as high as 0.5% for the general population and up to 13% for children. The immunoglobulin-E (IgE) binding of sera from six soy-sensitive adult human subjects to soybean proteins separated by 2D gel electrophoresis was studied. Synthetic peptide sets spanning the mature glycinin subunit A2 and A3 primary sequences were used to map the IgE-binding regions. Putative epitopes identified in this study were also localized on glycinin hexamer models using bioinformatics software. We identified linear IgE-binding epitopes of the major storage protein Gly m 6 by screening individual soy-sensitive patient sera. These epitopes were then further analysed by 3D in silico model localization and compared to other plant storage protein epitopes. Web-based software applications were also used to study the ability to accurately predict epitopes with mixed results. A total of nine putative IgE-binding epitopes were identified in the glycinin A3 (A3.1-A3.3) and A2 (A2.1-A2.6) subunits. Most patients' sera IgE bound to only one or two epitopes, except for one patient's serum which bound to four different A2 epitopes. Two epitopes (A3.2 and A2.4) overlapped with a previously identified epitope hot spot of 11S globulins from other plant species. Most epitopes were predicted to be exposed on the surface of the 3D model of the glycinin hexamer. Amino acid sequence alignments of soybean acidic glycinins and other plant globulins revealed one dominant epitope hot spot among the four reported hot spots. This study may be helpful for future development of soy allergy immunotherapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Saeed
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Christine Gagnon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elroy Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Steve Gleddie
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
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15
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Goikoetxea MJ, Martínez-Aranguren R, Gamboa P, Garcia BE, Gómez F, Bartra J, Parra A, Alvarado MI, Alonso MI, González E, Terrados S, Moya C, Blanca N, Feo-Brito F, Villalba M, Díaz-Perales A, Sanz ML. Is Microarray Analysis Really Useful and Sufficient to Diagnose Nut Allergy in the Mediterranean Area? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2016; 26:31-39. [PMID: 27012014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Component-based diagnosis on multiplex platforms is widely used in food allergy but its clinical performance has not been evaluated in nut allergy. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic performance of a commercial protein microarray in the determination of specific IgE (sIgE) in peanut, hazelnut, and walnut allergy. METHODS sIgE was measured in 36 peanut-allergic, 36 hazelnut-allergic, and 44 walnut-allergic patients by ISAC 112, and subsequently, sIgE against available components was determined by ImmunoCAP in patients with negative ISAC results. ImmunoCAP was also used to measure sIgE to Ara h 9, Cora 8, and Jug r 3 in a subgroup of lipid transfer protein (LTP)-sensitized nut-allergic patients (positive skin prick test to LTP-enriched extract). sIgE levels by ImmunoCAP were compared with ISAC ranges. RESULTS Most peanut-, hazelnut-, and walnut-allergic patients were sensitized to the corresponding nut LTP (Ara h 9, 66.7%; Cor a 8, 80.5%; Jug r 3, 84% respectively). However, ISAC did not detect sIgE in 33.3% of peanut-allergic patients, 13.9% of hazelnut-allergic patients, or 13.6% of walnut-allergic patients. sIgE determination by ImmunoCAP detected sensitization to Ara h 9, Cor a 8, and Jug r 3 in, respectively, 61.5% of peanut-allergic patients, 60% of hazelnut-allergic patients, and 88.3% of walnut-allergic patients with negative ISAC results. In the subgroup of peach LTP-sensitized patients, Ara h 9 sIgE was detected in more cases by ImmunoCAP than by ISAC (94.4% vs 72.2%, P < .05). Similar rates of Cora 8 and Jug r 3 sensitization were detected by both techniques. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic performance of ISAC was adequate for hazelnut and walnut allergy but not for peanut allergy. sIgE sensitivity against Ara h 9 in ISAC needs to be improved.
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16
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Hummel M, Wigger T, Höper T, Westkamp I, Brockmeyer J. Simple, Rapid, and Selective Isolation of 2S Albumins from Allergenic Seeds and Nuts. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:6035-6040. [PMID: 26039672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 2S albumins belong to the group of seed storage proteins present in different seeds and nuts. Due to their pronounced allergenic potential, which is often associated with severe allergic reactions, this protein family is of special interest in the field of allergen research. Here we present a simple, rapid, and selective method for the purification of 2S albumins directly from allergenic seeds and nuts. We systematically optimized the parameters "buffer system", "extraction temperature", "buffer molarity", and "pH " and were able to achieve 2S albumin purities of about 99% without further purification and demonstrate transferability of this method to nine different allergenic food matrices. Compared to conventional isolation routines, significant reduction of hands-on time and required laboratory equipment is achieved, but nonetheless higher protein yields are obtained. The presented method allows for the rapid purification of different 2S albumins including the corresponding isoforms from natural material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Hummel
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tina Wigger
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tessa Höper
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Imke Westkamp
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Cabanillas B, Novak N. Allergic Reactions to Pine Nut: A Review. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2015; 25:329-33. [PMID: 26727761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine nut is a nutrient-rich food with a beneficial impact on human health. The many bioactive constituents of pine nut interact synergistically to affect human physiology in a favorable way. However, pine nut can trigger dangerous allergic reactions. Severe anaphylactic reactions to pine nut accounted for most of the 45 cases reported in the scientific literature. Pine nut allergy seems to be characterized by low IgE cross-reactivity with other commonly consumed nuts and a high monosensitization rate. The present review provides updated information on allergic reactions to pine nut, molecular characterization of its allergens, and potential homologies with other nut allergens.
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18
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Downs ML, Semic-Jusufagic A, Simpson A, Bartra J, Fernandez-Rivas M, Rigby NM, Taylor SL, Baumert JL, Mills ENC. Characterization of low molecular weight allergens from English walnut (Juglans regia). J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:11767-75. [PMID: 25388987 DOI: 10.1021/jf504672m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although English walnut is a commonly allergenic tree nut, walnut allergens have been poorly characterized to date. The objective of this work was to characterize the natural, low molecular weight (LMW) allergens from walnut. A protocol was developed to purify LMW allergens (specifically 2S albumins) from English walnuts. In addition to 2S albumins, a series of peptides from the N-terminal region of the 7S seed storage globulin proprotein were also identified and characterized. These peptides comprised a four-cysteine motif (C-X-X-X-C-X10-12-C-X-X-X-C) repeated throughout the 7S N-terminal region. Upon IgE immunoblotting, 3/11 and 5/11 sera from walnut-allergic subjects showed IgE reactivity to the 7S N-terminal fragments and 2S albumin, respectively. The mature 7S protein and the newly described 7S N-terminal peptides represent two distinct types of allergens. Because the proteolytic processing of 7S globulins has not been elucidated in many edible plant species, similar protein fragments may be present in other nuts and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Downs
- 143 Food Industry Complex, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, United States
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Mattison CP, Desormeaux WA, Wasserman RL, Yoshioka-Tarver M, Condon B, Grimm CC. Decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding to cashew allergens following sodium sulfite treatment and heating. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6746-6755. [PMID: 24926808 DOI: 10.1021/jf501117p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cashew nut and other nut allergies can result in serious and sometimes life-threatening reactions. Linear and conformational epitopes within food allergens are important for immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding. Methods that disrupt allergen structure can lower IgE binding and lessen the likelihood of food allergy reactions. Previous structural and biochemical data have indicated that 2S albumins from tree nuts and peanuts are potent allergens, and that their structures are sensitive to strong reducing agents such as dithiothreitol. This study demonstrates that the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compound sodium sulfite effectively disrupted the structure of the cashew 2S albumin, Ana o 3, in a temperature-dependent manner. This study also showed that sulfite is effective at disrupting the disulfide bond within the cashew legumin, Ana o 2. Immunoblotting and ELISA demonstrated that the binding of cashew proteins by rabbit IgG or IgE from cashew-allergic patients was markedly lowered following treatment with sodium sulfite and heating. The results indicate that incorporation of sodium sulfite, or other food grade reagents with similar redox potential, may be useful processing methods to lower or eliminate IgE binding to food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mattison
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
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Azofra García J, Martínez Borra J. Proteins responsible for nut allergies. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2014; 24:203-204. [PMID: 25011362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
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21
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Asero R, Bresciani M, Cervone M, Minale P, Murzilli F, Quercia O, Ridolo E, Savi E, Villalta D, Voltolini S, Amato S, Mistrello G. Analysis of the IgE response to pine nut allergens in Italian allergic patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2014; 24:204-206. [PMID: 25011363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
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22
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Yamamoto T, Asakura K, Shirasaki H, Himi T. [Questionnaire about the intake of and hypersensitivity to fruits, vegetables and nuts including birch pollen related foods]. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 2013; 116:779-788. [PMID: 23980483 DOI: 10.3950/jibiinkoka.116.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Hokkaido and Scandinavia, birch pollen allergic persons are common and they often report oral and pharyngeal hypersensitivity to fruits and vegetables (oral allergy syndrome, OAS), because of immunological cross-reactivity. In Scandinavia, nuts as well as Rosaceae fruits such as apples were the foods most often reported to elicit symptoms. On the other hand, nuts are minor foods causing hypersensitivity in Japan. Even in Japan, regional differences of foods causing hypersensitivity have been reported, which may be related to the regional differences of elementary habit and pollen dispersion. In the present study, we evaluated the intake history of the foods and the frequency of food hypersensitivity in adults from the general population. METHODS Three hundreds and thirty nine subjects (20-67 years old) took part in the study. With a questionnaire survey, we asked them about their intake history and hypersensitive symptoms for 33 kinds of fruit, vegetables, and nuts. RESULTS 30% of subjects had eaten Brazil nuts, 80% had eaten pomegranates, and 81% had eaten hazelnuts. And over 95% of subjects had eaten the other 30 foods. Those who had lived in Hokkaido for more than 20 years had a higher frequency of plum consumption than the others. Those who had lived in Hokkaido for more than 20 years had a lower frequency of loquat, fig and pomegranate consumption than the others. Food hypersensitivity was found in 52 subjects (15.3%). The most common symptom was OAS (46 subjects, 13.6%), and foods most frequently causing OAS were peach (21 subjects, 6.2%), cherry (19 subjects, 5.6%) and apple (17 subjects, 5.0%). 26 subjects (7.7%) reported OAS to Rosaceae fruits. The ratio of having OAS to consuming Rosaceae fruits was 11.0% in the group who had lived in Hokkaido for more than 20 years, which was higher than the group who has lived in Hokkaido for less than 20 years. The intake history of hazelnuts and Brazil nuts was very low, with a correspondingly low frequency of food hypersensitivity associated with these nuts. CONCLUSION The frequency of intake and hypersensitivity of some foods differ among different regions.
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Noorbakhsh R, Mortazavi SA, Sankian M, Shahidi F, Maleki SJ, Nasiraii LR, Falak R, Sima HR, Varasteh A. Influence of processing on the allergenic properties of pistachio nut assessed in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:10231-10235. [PMID: 20735130 DOI: 10.1021/jf101364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is a tree nut that has been reported to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. This study was undertaken to investigate the distinctions between different cultivars of pistachio nut and the influence of different processing on the IgE-binding capacity of whole pistachio protein extracts. The influence of different processes on allergenicity was investigated using competitive inhibition ELISA and Western blotting assays. The Western blotting results of extracts from pistachio cultivars showed no marked difference among them. The IgE-binding capacity was significantly lower for the protein extract prepared from steam-roasted than from raw and dry-roasted pistachio nuts. The results of sensory evaluation analysis and hedonic rating proved no significant differences in color, taste, flavor, and overall quality of raw, roasted, and steam-roasted pistachio nut treatments. The most significant finding of the present study was the successful reduction of IgE-binding by pistachio extracts using steam-roast processing without any significant changes in sensory quality of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Noorbakhsh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Krause S, Latendorf T, Schmidt H, Darcan-Nicolaisen Y, Reese G, Petersen A, Janssen O, Becker WM. Peanut varieties with reduced Ara h 1 content indicating no reduced allergenicity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:381-7. [PMID: 19866467 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a major cause of food-induced severe anaphylactic reactions. To date, no medical care is available to prevent and treat peanut allergy and therefore hypoallergenic peanut varieties are of considerable health political and economic interest. Major allergens that induce IgE-responses in peanut-sensitive patients are Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3/4. In order to identify hypoallergenic peanuts, commercially locally available peanut varieties were screened for their allergen content. Ara h 1-deficient peanuts from Southeast Asia were identified by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, inhibition assays and ELISA. 2-D PAGE analyses demonstrated the different compositions of the tested extracts and revealed a number of variations of the allergen patterns of peanuts from different varieties. Mediator release experiments of these peanut extracts demonstrated similar allergenicities as compared with standard peanut extract. These results indicate that the allergenicity of peanuts with reduced Ara h 1 content might be compensated by the other allergens, and thus do not necessarily cause a reduction of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Krause
- Research Center Borstel, Molecular und Clinical Allergology, Borstel, Germany
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Garrido-Fernández S, Garcia BE, Sanz ML, Ariz S, Tabar A. The role of lipid transfer proteins in the almond tree and almond fruit as contact and airborne allergens. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:61-63. [PMID: 19274932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Doi H, Touhata Y, Shibata H, Sakai S, Urisu A, Akiyama H, Teshima R. Reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of walnut proteins in processed foods. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:7625-7630. [PMID: 18681443 DOI: 10.1021/jf801550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Among food allergens of tree nuts, walnuts are a frequent cause of adverse food reactions in allergic patients. A novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of walnut soluble proteins in processed foods was developed. The sandwich ELISA is highly specific for walnut soluble proteins. The recovery ranged from 83.4 to 123%, whereas the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 8.8 and 7.2%, respectively. This study showed that the proposed method is a reliable tool for detection in the presence of hidden walnut proteins in processed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Doi
- Morinaga Institute of Biological Science Inc., 2-1-16 Sachiura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0003, Japan
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Comstock SS, Robotham JM, Tawde P, Kshirsagar H, Sathe SK, Roux KH, Teuber SS. Immunoglobulin E-reactive proteins in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice concentrate. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:5977-5982. [PMID: 18558706 DOI: 10.1021/jf8011618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cashew apple juice has the potential to be a natural source of vitamin C and sugar in processed foods. The juice of the cashew apple is obtained by pressing the fleshy peduncle or receptacle, which forms a rounded apple that sits above the true fruit, the cashew nut. Cashew nut allergy is the second most commonly reported tree nut allergy in the United States. To determine if cashew apple juice contains cashew nut allergens, immunoblotting was performed using a cashew apple juice 6X concentrate that was extracted and further concentrated through dialysis, lyophilization, and resuspension. Serum IgE of individuals allergic to cashew nut bound proteins in the cashew apple juice concentrate extract. For some serum samples, IgE reactivity could be inhibited by preincubation of the serum with cashew nut extract, suggesting the presence of cashew nut-related allergens. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for cashew nut allergens, the concentrate was found to contain Ana o 1 (vicilin) and Ana o 2 (legumin). Neither IgE from cashew nut allergic sera nor the monoclonal antibodies bound any peptides in 5 kDa filtered cashew apple juice concentrate. The cashew apple juice concentrate used in these studies contains proteins with IgE-reactive epitopes, including cashew nut legumin and vicilin. No IgE-binding peptides remained after 5 kDa filtration of the concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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King RF. A plea for my daughter. Newsweek 2008; 151:21. [PMID: 18822596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Panasoff J. Poppy seed anaphylaxis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18:224-225. [PMID: 18564637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Panasoff
- Allergy Department, Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel.
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Salas-Salvadó J, Casas-Agustench P, Murphy MM, López-Uriarte P, Bulló M. The effect of nuts on inflammation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008; 17 Suppl 1:333-6. [PMID: 18296371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the recognised mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and insulin resistance. Inflammatory or endothelial markers such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) have been identified as independent predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes in human prospective studies. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that some dietary factors, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, dietary fiber, L-arginine and magnesium may play an important role in modulating inflammation. The relationship observed between frequent nut consumption and the reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes in some prospective studies could be explained by the fact that nuts are rich in all of these modulator nutrients. In fact, frequent nut consumption has been associated with lower concentrations of some peripheral inflammation markers in cross-sectional studies. Nut consumption has also been shown to decrease the plasma concentration of CRP, IL-6 and some endothelial markers in recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotech-nology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Sant Llorenc, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Barre A, Jacquet G, Sordet C, Culerrier R, Rougé P. Homology modelling and conformational analysis of IgE-binding epitopes of Ara h 3 and other legumin allergens with a cupin fold from tree nuts. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3243-55. [PMID: 17368770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Linear IgE-binding epitopes identified in legumin allergens of peanut (Ara h 3) and other allergenic tree nuts (Jug r 4 of walnut, Cor a 9 of hazelnut, Ana o 2 cashew nut) were mapped on three-dimensional models of the proteins built up by homology modelling. A conformational analysis revealed that consensual surface-exposed IgE-binding epitopes exhibited some structural homology susceptible to account for the IgE-binding cross-reactivity observed among peanut and tree nut allergens. This structurally related cross-reactivity seems irrespective of the botanical origin of the allergens and thus demands that persons allergic to peanut avoid other three nuts to prevent possible allergic reactions. IgE-binding epitopes similar to those found in 11S globulin allergens do not apparently occur in other vicilin allergens with the cupin fold from peanut (Ara h 1) or tree nuts (Jug r 2 of walnut, Cor a 1 of hazel nut, Ana o 3 of cashew nut).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR UPS-CNRS 5546, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Beausoleil JL, Spergel JM. Late diagnosis of tree nut and sesame allergy in patients previously sensitized but tolerant to peanut. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:443-5. [PMID: 17069095 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that tolerance to peanut can occur in patients with a history of peanut allergy. Tree nut and sesame allergies have been reported to occur at increased incidence in patients with peanut allergy. Although the coexistence may be simply due to a predisposition to food allergy in these individuals, cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between peanut and tree nuts and between peanut and sesame seed. OBJECTIVE To describe 3 patients previously sensitized but tolerant to peanut who were subsequently diagnosed as having either tree nut or sesame allergy. METHODS All the patients had a clinical history of peanut sensitivity and underwent follow-up peanut skin testing to commercial extracts using a bifurcated needle followed by a graded peanut challenge. One patient had a previous positive radioallergosorbent test reaction to sesame and underwent a graded sesame challenge. RESULTS All the patients had negative peanut challenge results. Two patients subsequently had exposure to tree nuts at home and had systemic reactions and positive skin test reactions to the incriminated tree nut. One patient had a positive challenge reaction to sesame. CONCLUSION Demonstration of tolerance to peanut may falsely reassure patients and physicians that patients no longer need to avoid tree nuts or sesame. Tree nut and sesame allergies can exist or develop in patients despite the development of tolerance to peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Beausoleil
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Flinterman AE, Hoekstra MO, Meijer Y, van Ree R, Akkerdaas JH, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Knulst AC, Pasmans SG. Clinical reactivity to hazelnut in children: Association with sensitization to birch pollen or nuts? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:1186-9. [PMID: 17088148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Spanjersberg MQI, Kruizinga AG, Rennen MAJ, Houben GF. Risk assessment and food allergy: the probabilistic model applied to allergens. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:49-54. [PMID: 16979276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the risk of unintended exposure to food allergens, traditional deterministic risk assessment is usually applied, leading to inconsequential conclusions as 'an allergic reaction cannot be excluded'. TNO therefore developed a quantitative risk assessment model for allergens based on probabilistic techniques resulting in a more exhaustive risk assessment and more detailed information. By now, this approach is recognized as the future approach in allergen risk assessment. A case study (hazelnut proteins in chocolate spread) is presented as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q I Spanjersberg
- TNO Quality of Life, Department Food and Chemical Risk Assessment, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3704 HE Zeist, Netherlands
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Venter C, Higgins B, Grundy J, Clayton CB, Gant C, Dean T. Reliability and validity of a maternal food frequency questionnaire designed to estimate consumption of common food allergens. J Hum Nutr Diet 2006; 19:129-38. [PMID: 16533375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2006.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal food intake during pregnancy may influence the development of food hypersensitivity (FHS) in the child. A food frequency questionnaire estimating the frequency with which some of the mains food allergens are consumed was designed and validated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant women were recruited at the ante-natal clinic of St. Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK. A food frequency questionnaire was developed and validated by comparing responses to information recorded in 7 days food diaries. The reliability of the food frequency questionnaire was evaluated by asking women to complete the questionnaire on two separate occasions at 30 and 36 weeks gestation. RESULTS Fifty-seven women completed the validity study and 91 women completed the reliability study. For both validity and reliability, questions with dichotomous response categories showed the highest level of agreement. Frequency of intake of foods commonly "hidden" in foods produced the lowest validity and reliability scores. In the validity study responses to the food frequency questionnaire identically matched information recorded in the food diaries 80% of the time, on average. In the reliability study, responses were identical on both questionnaires 85% of the time on average. CONCLUSION In this study a food frequency questionnaire estimating the frequency with which some of the main food allergens are consumed during pregnancy was designed and validated. This food frequency questionnaire could be used in future studies to assess the role of maternal food intake in the development of FHS in the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Venter
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Newport, Isle of Wight, UK
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Roberts G, Peckitt C, Northstone K, Strachan D, Lack G, Henderson J, Golding J. Relationship between aeroallergen and food allergen sensitization in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:933-40. [PMID: 16008681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies measuring the prevalence of allergen sensitization have been relatively small and used small numbers of allergens. To effectively evaluate children with atopic disease, we need an accurate knowledge of which allergens are important. OBJECTIVE To measure the prevalence of sensitization within a large unselected birth cohort, to examine the associations between sensitization to different allergens and determine whether atopy can be defined by a small panel of allergens. METHODS The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is a population-based birth cohort of 13,638 singletons surviving to 4 weeks of age. The cohort was skin tested at 7 years of age to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), grass pollens, cat, peanuts, mixed tree nuts and egg and one of three other panels: animal danders, foods or aeroallergens. Sensitization was defined as a weal diameter of > or =3 mm. The strength of associations between sensitization to different allergens was tested by calculating the odds ratio adjusted for sensitization to D. pteronyssinus and grass pollen and gender. RESULTS Valid data were obtained from 6412 singletons. Sensitization was most common to aeroallergens: grass pollens (8.5%), D. pteronyssinus (7.8%), cat (4.9%), D. farinae (3.6%), dog (2.7%), horse (1.4%), rabbit (1.4%). Of the foods tested, the most common sensitization was to peanut (1.4%) and mixed tree nuts (1.0%). More than 95% of subjects with sensitization to any of the 29 allergens tested were sensitized to one of grass, D. pteronyssinus or cat allergen. There were strong associations of multiple sensitizations both within and between different allergen classes (pollens, animals, foods, peanut and tree nuts). CONCLUSIONS Seven-year-old children in the UK are primarily sensitized to aeroallergens, but also to peanuts and tree nuts. There are strong associations between sensitization within allergen groups as well as between allergen groups. Further studies are required to observe whether similar associations are seen with clinical allergy to these allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Paediatric Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Imperial College at St Mary's, London, UK
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Kalogeromitros DC, Makris MP, Gregoriou SG, Katoulis AC, Straurianeas NG. Sensitization to other foods in subjects with reported allergy to grapes. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006; 27:68-71. [PMID: 16598996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The grape is widely produced and consumed in the Mediterranean area. The object of this prospective study was to present in detail the clinical features of patients with documented immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to grapes or its products as well as the existing cosensitizations in other food allergens among this population. Sixty-one patients (27 male patients and 34 female patients), aged 14-52 years (mean, 28.8 years) with a documented history of IgE-mediated reactions to grapes or its products (wine, juice, and wine vinegar) were included in this study. In each patient, full allergological data, clinical examination, and specific in vivo (skin-prick tests and prick-to-prick) and in vitro (grape-specific IgE) evaluations were recorded. The diagnostic procedure was extended in other food allergens and molds for exclusion of fruit surface contamination. Thirty-seven of 61 (60.7%) patients had a positive personal history and 24/61 (39.3%) patients had a family history of atopy. Patients reported 3.1 episodes/patient (range, 1-15 episodes) after consumption of grapes or its product. Forty-seven of 61 (77%) patients had presented oral allergy syndrome after eating grapes before the first reported reaction. The mean time for the onset of symptoms was 42 minutes (4-160 minutes). Forty-four of 61 (72.1%) patients reported more than one reaction. The observed prevalence of symptomatology according to the system involved was determined: skin, 57/61(93.4%) patients; respiratory, 46/61(75.4%) patients; cardiovascular, 27/61 (44.3%) patients; and gastrointestinal, 24/61(39.3%) patients. The main cosensitizations were identified (skin-prick tests): apples, 81.9%; peaches, 70.5%; cherries, 47.5%; strawberries, 32.8%; peanuts, 49.2%; walnuts, 42.6%; hazelnuts, 31.1%; almonds, 26.2%; and pistachios, 29.5%. The grape and its products may be the offending agent of IgE-mediated reactions in sensitized individuals. The high prevalence of concomitant reactivity to other fruits elicits the interest of clinical relevance of these findings among the grape-allergic population.
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Akkerdaas JH, Wensing M, Asero R, Fernandez Rivas M, Rivas MF, Knulst AC, Bolhaar S, Hefle SL, Aalberse RC, van Ree R. IgE Binding to Pepsin-Digested Food Extracts. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 138:203-8. [PMID: 16205098 DOI: 10.1159/000088720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsin resistance of allergens like lipid transfer protein and 2S albumin has been suggested as explanation for the severity of symptoms often induced by these allergens. Component-resolved diagnosis with purified labile and stable allergens has therefore been proposed to better characterize the risk involved in a positive in vitro IgE test. However, for many foods, purified allergens are not (yet) available. OBJECTIVE It was the aim of this study to evaluate the potential of pepsin-digested whole-food extracts to distinguish between IgE responses to stable (potentially severe) and labile (mild) allergens. METHODS Sera (n = 143) from Italian, Spanish and Dutch patients with hazelnut and/or apple ingestion-related symptoms were analyzed for residual IgE binding to pepsin-resistant hazelnut and/or apple allergens. Control and pepsin-digested hazelnut and apple extracts were used for radioallergosorbent test analysis and immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Pepsin digestion of food extracts, like from hazelnut and apple used for in vitro diagnostic tests, provides a way to distinguish sensitization to pepsin-resistant allergens from that to pepsin-susceptible allergens. In this selected group of patients, IgE reactivity to pepsin-digested extracts correlated with sensitization to the stable allergen lipid transfer protein. The analysis further revealed that the use of soluble pepsin can result in false-positive in vitro tests (2/143). CONCLUSION Pepsin-digested food extracts are a convenient tool to identify patients with IgE antibodies against potentially dangerous stable allergens, in particular for those foods where the relevant stable allergens have not yet been identified. This can increase the clinical prognostic value of food allergy serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap H Akkerdaas
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Goetz DW, Whisman BA, Goetz AD. Cross-reactivity among edible nuts: double immunodiffusion, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and human specific igE serologic surveys. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:45-52. [PMID: 16095141 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As many as one third of all food allergen anaphylactic events are related to tree nut ingestion. Although concurrent allergen sensitivity to tree nuts is common, cross-reactivity among nut antigens is less well defined. OBJECTIVE To survey serologic cross-reactivities among 7 tree nuts (walnut, pecan, hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond) and peanut. METHODS Human specific IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition was used to identify nut allergen cross-reactivities. Single-nut rabbit antisera were used in double immunodiffusion, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel studies of nut antigen cross-reactivity. RESULTS Nut specific IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition demonstrated no cross-reactivities between peanut and tree nuts. Among tree nuts, 2 groups with allergen cross-reactivity were defined: (1) walnut, pecan, and hazelnut and (2) hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond. Double immunodiffusion, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel results supported the same groupings of cross-reactive tree nuts and identified several less prominent nut-nut antigen cross-reactivities between groups and with peanut. CONCLUSION With few exceptions (notably limited peanut cross-reactivity with pistachio and walnut), peanut antigens did not serologically cross-react with tree nuts. Walnut, pecan, and hazelnut form a group of strongly cross-reactive tree nuts. Hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond form a group of moderately cross-reactive tree nuts. Cross-reactivities between these groups are less pronounced (notably limited cross-reactivity of walnut and pecan with Brazil nut). The strongest cross-reactivities among tree nuts follow botanical family associations: (1) walnut and pecan in the family Juglandaceae and (2) cashew and pistachio in the family Anacardiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Goetz
- Exemplar Allergy and Asthma, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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de Leon MP, Drew AC, Glaspole IN, Suphioglu C, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. Functional analysis of cross-reactive immunoglobulin E antibodies: peanut-specific immunoglobulin E sensitizes basophils to tree nut allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1056-64. [PMID: 16120088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut and tree nuts are a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis with an appreciable mortality. Co-sensitization to peanuts and tree nuts is a common clinical observation and may be because of peanut-specific serum IgE antibodies that cross-react with tree nut allergens. It is, however, unclear whether these cross-reactive IgE antibodies are involved in effector-cell activation. OBJECTIVE To determine if cross-reactivity of peanut-specific IgE antibodies with tree nuts can cause effector cell activation using an in vitro basophil activation assay. METHODS Two peanut allergic subjects with positive specific IgE for peanut and tree nuts (as measured by CAP-FEIA) were studied. Basophil activation to peanut and tree nuts, as indicated by CD63 expression, was assessed by flow cytometry to confirm co-sensitization to peanut and tree nuts. Inhibition ELISA using sera from the subjects was performed to detect peanut-specific IgE antibodies that cross-reacted with tree nut proteins. To determine whether cross-reactive tree nut allergens can induce effector-cell activation, peanut-specific antibodies were affinity purified from the subject sera and used to resensitize non-peanut/tree nut allergic donor basophils stripped of surface IgE. Basophil activation was then measured following stimulation with peanut and tree nut extracts. RESULTS The two peanut allergic subjects in this study showed positive basophil activation to the peanut and tree nut extracts. Inhibition ELISA demonstrated that pre-incubation of the peanut allergic subject sera with almond, Brazil nut and hazelnut extracts inhibited IgE binding to peanut extract. IgE-stripped basophils from non-peanut/tree nut allergic subjects resensitized with affinity-purified peanut-specific antibodies from the peanut allergic subject sera became activated following stimulation with peanut, almond and Brazil nut extracts, demonstrating biological activity of cross-reactive IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION Peanut-specific IgE antibodies that cross-react with tree nut allergens can cause effector-cell activation and may contribute to the manifestation of tree nut allergy in peanut allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P de Leon
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Food allergies represent an important health problem in industrialized countries. Undeclared allergens as contaminants in food products pose a major risk for sensitized persons. A proposal to amend the European Food Labelling Directive requires that all ingredients intentionally added to food products will have to be included on the label. Reliable detection and quantification methods for food allergens are necessary to ensure compliance with food labelling and to improve consumer protection. Methods available so far are based on protein or DNA detection. This review presents an up-to-date picture of the characteristics of the major food allergens and collects published methods for the determination of food allergens or the presence of potentially allergenic constituents in food products. A summary of the current availability of commercial allergen detection kits is given. One part of the paper describes various methods that have been generally employed in the detection of allergens in food; their advantages and drawbacks are discussed in brief. The main part of this review, however, focuses on specific food allergens and appropriate methods for their detection in food products. Special emphasis is given to allergenic foods explicitly mentioned in the Amendment to the European Food Labelling Directive that pose a potential risk for allergic individuals, namely celery, cereals containing gluten (including wheat, rye and barley) crustaceans, eggs, fish, peanuts, soybeans, milk and dairy products, mustard, tree-nuts, sesame seeds, and sulphite at concentrations of at least 10 mg kg(-1). Sulphites, however, are not discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Poms
- European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium
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Akkerdaas JH, Wensing M, Knulst AC, Krebitz M, Breiteneder H, de Vries S, Penninks AH, Aalberse RC, Hefle SL, van Ree R. How Accurate and Safe Is the Diagnosis of Hazelnut Allergy by Means of Commercial Skin Prick Test Reagents? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 132:132-40. [PMID: 14600425 DOI: 10.1159/000073714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to tree nuts, like hazelnuts, ranks among the most frequently observed food allergies. These allergies can start at early childhood and are, in contrast to other food allergies, not always outgrown by the patient. Tree nut allergy is frequently associated with severe reactions. Diagnosis partially relies on in vivo testing by means of a skin prick test (SPT) using commercially available SPT reagents. METHODS Protein and allergen composition of nine commercial SPT solutions was evaluated using standard protein detection methods and specific immunoassays for measurement of five individual allergens. Diagnostic performance was assessed by SPT in 30 hazelnut-allergic subjects, of which 15 were provocation proven. RESULTS Protein concentrations ranged from 0.2-14 mg/ml. SDS-PAGE/silver staining revealed clear differences in protein composition. The major allergen Cor a 1 was present in all extracts but concentrations differed up to a factor 50. An allergen associated with severe symptoms, Cor a 8 (lipid transfer protein), was not detected on immunoblot in three products, and concentrations varied by more than a factor 100 as was shown by RAST inhibition. Similar observations were made for profilin, thaumatin-like protein and a not fully characterized 38-kD allergen. Ratios of individual allergens were variable among the nine extracts. SPT showed significant difference, and 6/30 patients displayed false-negative results using 3/9 products. CONCLUSION Variability in the composition of products for the diagnosis of hazelnut allergy is extreme. Sometimes, allergens implicated in severe anaphylaxis are not detected by immunoblotting. These shortcomings in standardisation and quality control can potentially cause a false-negative diagnosis in subjects at risk of severe reactions to hazelnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap H Akkerdaas
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang F, Robotham JM, Teuber SS, Sathe SK, Roux KH. Ana o 2, a Major Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L.) Nut Allergen of the Legumin Family. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 132:27-39. [PMID: 14555856 DOI: 10.1159/000073262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2003] [Accepted: 05/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently cloned and described a vicilin and showed it to be a major cashew allergen. Additional IgE-reactive cashew peptides of the legumin group and 2S albumin families have also been reported. Here, we attempt to clone, express and characterize a second major cashew allergen. METHODS A cashew cDNA library was screened with human IgE and rabbit IgG anti-cashew extract antisera, and a reactive nonvicilin clone was sequenced and expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Immunoblotting was used to screen for reactivity with patients' sera, and inhibition of immunoblotting was used to identify the corresponding native peptides in cashew nut extract. The identified allergen was subjected to linear epitope mapping using SPOTs solid-phase synthetic peptide technology. RESULTS Sequence analysis showed the selected clone, designated Ana o 2, to encode for a member of the legumin family (an 11S globulin) of seed storage proteins. By IgE immunoblotting, 13 of 21 sera (62%) from cashew-allergic patients were reactive. Immunoblot inhibition data showed that the native Ana o 2 constitutes a major band at approximately 33 kD and a minor band at approximately 53 kD. Probing of overlapping synthetic peptides with pooled human cashew-allergic sera identified 22 reactive peptides, 7 of which gave strong signals. Several Ana o 2 epitopes were shown to overlap those of the peanut legumin group allergen, Ara h 3, in position but with little sequence similarity. Greater positional overlap and identity was observed between Ana o 2 and soybean glycinin epitopes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this legumin-like protein is a major allergen in cashew nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla., USA
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de Leon MP, Glaspole IN, Drew AC, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE, Suphioglu C. Immunological analysis of allergenic cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1273-80. [PMID: 12956750 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut and tree nut allergy is characterized by a high frequency of life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and typically lifelong persistence. Peanut allergy is more common than tree nut allergy, but many subjects develop hypersensitivity to both peanuts and tree nuts. Whether this is due to the presence of cross-reactive allergens remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of allergenic cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. METHODS Western blotting and ELISA were performed using sera from subjects with or without peanut and tree nut allergy to assess immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to peanut and tree nut extracts. Inhibition ELISA studies were conducted to assess the presence of allergenic cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. RESULTS Western blot and ELISA results showed IgE reactivity to peanut, almond, Brazil nut, hazelnut and cashew nut for peanut- and tree nut-allergic subject sera. Raw and roasted peanut and tree nut extracts showed similar IgE reactivities. Inhibition ELISA showed that pre-incubation of sera with almond, Brazil nut or hazelnut extracts resulted in a decrease in IgE binding to peanut extract, indicating allergenic cross-reactivity. Pre-incubation of sera with cashew nut extract did not cause any inhibition. CONCLUSION These results show that multiple peanut and tree nut sensitivities observed in allergic subjects may be due to cross-reactive B cell epitopes present in different peanut and tree nut allergens. The plant taxonomic classification of peanut and tree nuts does not appear to predict allergenic cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P de Leon
- Department of Allergy, The Alfred Hospital, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut and tree nut allergy are common, increasing in prevalence and the commonest food cause of anaphylaxis. In the USA, 7.8% are sensitized (have nut-specific IgE), but not all those sensitized are allergic. Lack of data makes interpretation of tests for nut-specific IgE difficult. OBJECTIVES This is the first study to investigate the clinical significance of test results for peanut and tree nut allergy in allergic or tolerant patients. Findings are related to the severity of the allergy. METHOD An observational study of 1000 children and adults allergic to at least one nut. History of reactions (severity graded) or tolerance to up to five nuts was obtained and skin prick test (SPT)/serum-specific IgE (CAP) performed. RESULTS There was no correlation between SPT size and graded severity of worst reaction for all nuts combined or for peanut, hazelnut, almond and walnut. For CAP, there was no correlation for all nuts. Where patients tolerated a nut, 43% had positive SPT of 3-7 mm and 3% > or = 8 mm. For CAP, 35% were positive (0.35-14.99 kU/L) and 5% > or = 15 kU/L. In SPT range 3-7 mm, 54% were allergic and 46% were tolerant. There was poor concordance between SPT and CAP (66%). Of patients with a clear nut-allergic history, only 0.5% had negative SPT, but 22% negative CAP. CONCLUSIONS Magnitude of SPT or CAP does not predict clinical severity, with no difference between minor urticaria and anaphylaxis. SPT is more reliable than CAP in confirming allergy. Forty-six per cent of those tolerant to a nut have positive tests > or = 3 mm (sensitized but not allergic). One cannot predict clinical reactivity from results in a wide 'grey area' of SPT 3-7 mm; 22% of negative CAPs are falsely reassuring and 40% of positive CAPs are misleading. This emphasizes the importance of the history. Understanding this is essential for accurate diagnosis. Patients with SPT > or = 8 mm and CAP > or = 15 kU/L were rarely tolerant so these levels are almost always (in > or = 95%) diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Clark
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
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Murtagh GJ, Archer DB, Dumoulin M, Ridout S, Matthews S, Arshad SH, Alcocer MJC. In vitro stability and immunoreactivity of the native and recombinant plant food 2S albumins Ber e 1 and SFA-8. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1147-52. [PMID: 12911791 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of an intact protein to reach the circulatory system may be a prerequisite to allergenicity and many allergens, particularly those from plant foods, have been found to be consistently more resistant to digestion by pepsin than other proteins. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the pepsinolytic stability of native 2S albumins from Brazil nut and sunflower seed and their recombinant versions produced in Pichia pastoris. The physicochemical stability of native and recombinant Brazil nut 2S albumins and recombinant sunflower seed 2S albumin was also assessed. The immunoreactivity of native Brazil nut 2S albumin and recombinant 2S albumins was compared using serum from patients allergic to Brazil nuts and animals immunized with native 2S albumins. METHODS Digestibility was measured in simulated gastric fluid followed by SDS-PAGE. Circular dichroism spectra were used to analyse unfolding, as proteins were denatured by temperature, pH and guanidinium chloride. Immunoreactivity was assessed by immunoblot, RAST and ELISA. RESULTS Brazil nut 2S albumin was significantly more resistant to proteolytic digestion than other Brazil nut proteins. It was also resistant to thermally and chemically induced denaturation. Equally high resistance to proteolytic digestion was observed with sunflower seed 2S albumin. The recombinant albumins mirrored their native counterparts in stability and immunoreactivity. CONCLUSION The important food allergen Brazil nut 2S albumin is as stable to digestion as is sunflower seed 2S albumin, whose allergenicity has yet to be determined. The 2S albumins and their recombinant counterparts could not be easily denatured by physicochemical treatments. The results suggest that 2S albumin is the only Brazil nut protein to reach the gut immune system intact. The production of properly folded recombinant proteins will facilitate mechanistic studies as well as diagnostic testing and antigen-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Murtagh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
Allergic reactions to tree nuts can be serious and life threatening. Considerable research has been conducted in recent years in an attempt to characterize those allergens that are most responsible for allergy sensitization and triggering. Both native and recombinant nut allergens have been identified and characterized and, for some, the IgE-reactive epitopes described. Some allergens, such as lipid transfer proteins, profilins, and members of the Bet v 1-related family, represent minor constituents in tree nuts. These allergens are frequently cross-reactive with other food and pollen homologues, and are considered panallergens. Others, such as legumins, vicilins, and 2S albumins, represent major seed storage protein constituents of the nuts. The allergenic tree nuts discussed in this review include those most commonly responsible for allergic reactions such as hazelnut, walnut, cashew, and almond as well as those less frequently associated with allergies including pecan, chestnut, Brazil nut, pine nut, macadamia nut, pistachio, coconut, Nangai nut, and acorn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Roux
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. 32306-4370, USA.
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