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Farhangnia P, Noormohammadi M, Delbandi AA. Vitamin D and reproductive disorders: a comprehensive review with a focus on endometriosis. Reprod Health 2024; 21:61. [PMID: 38698459 PMCID: PMC11064344 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone that was initially known only for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels and maintaining bone health. However, it was later discovered that many organs express vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and have a ligand for vitamin D, which regulates the expression of an extensive assortment of genes. As a result, vitamin D is indispensable for the proper function of organs, and its deficiency is believed to be a critical factor in symptoms and disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The significance of vitamin D in reproductive tissues was recognized later, and studies have revealed its crucial role in male and female fertility, as well as proper reproductive function during pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for infertility, gonadal cancers, pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis. However, data investigating the association between vitamin D levels and reproductive disorders, including endometriosis, have encountered inconsistencies. Therefore, the present study aims to review existing research on the effect of vitamin D on proper reproductive function, and the role of deficiency in reproductive diseases and specifically focuses on endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Noormohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li X, Jin Z, Bai Y, Svensson B. Progress in cyclodextrins as important molecules regulating catalytic processes of glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108326. [PMID: 38382582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important starch derivatives and commonly comprise α-, β-, and γ-CDs. Their hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic inner cavity enable regulation of enzyme catalysis through direct or indirect interactions. Clarifying interactions between CDs and enzyme is of great value for enzyme screening, mechanism exploration, regulation of catalysis, and applications. We summarize the interactions between CDs and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) according to two aspects: 1) CD as products, substrates, inhibitors and activators of enzymes, directly affecting the reaction process; 2) CDs indirectly affecting the enzymatic reaction by solubilizing substrates, relieving substrate/product inhibition, increasing recombinant enzyme production and storage stability, isolating and purifying enzymes, and serving as ligands in crystal structure to identify functional amino acid residues. Additionally, CD enzyme mimetics are developed and used as catalysts in traditional artificial enzymes as well as nanozymes, making the application of CDs no longer limited to GHs. This review concerns the regulation of GHs catalysis by CDs, and gives insights into research on interactions between enzymes and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Wang F, Liu F. Mechanism-based understanding of the potential cellular targets of triclosan in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104255. [PMID: 37657728 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has become widely distributed due to its widespread use. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of TCS's potential effects on cellular targets in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae using transcriptome sequencing. The expressions of 772, 368, and 1039 genes were significantly altered in zebrafish after embryos were exposed to 2, 10, and 50 μg/L TCS for consecutive 50 d, respectively, and 33 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. DEGs were significantly enriched in the biological processes, including inflammatory response and purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process by Go analysis, and in processes such as egg coat formation, binding of sperm to zona pellucida, positive regulation of acrosome reaction, and immune response by Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Both KEGG pathway analysis and GSEA showed that NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and Steroid biosynthesis were significantly affected. Results showed that TCS potentially affected reproduction, immune, and metabolism of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
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4
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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hlavica P. Key regulators in the architecture of substrate access/egress channels in mammalian cytochromes P450 governing flexibility in substrate oxyfunctionalization. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112150. [PMID: 36731371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYP) represent a superfamily of b-type hemoproteins catalyzing oxifunctionalization of a vast array of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The present review focuses on assessment of the topology of prospective determinants in substrate entry and product release channels of mammalian P450s, steering the conformational dynamics of substrate accessibility and productive ligand orientation toward the iron-oxene core. Based on a generalized, CYP3A4-related construct, the sum of critical elements from diverse target enzymes was found to cluster within the known substrate recognition sites. The majority of prevalent substrate access/egress tunnels revealed to be of fairly balanced functional importance. The hydrophobicity profile of the candidates revealed to be the most salient feature in functional interaction throughout the conduits, while bulkiness of the residues imposes steric restrictions on substrate traveling. Thus, small amino acids such as prolines and glycines serve as hinges, driving conformational flexibility in ligand passage. Similarly, bottlenecks in the tunnel architecture, being narrowest encounter points within the CYP3A4 model, have a vital function in substrate selectivity along with clusters of aromatic amino acids acting as gatekeepers. In addition, peripheral patches in conduits may house determinants modulating allosteric cooperativity between remote and central domains in the P450 structure. Remarkably, the bulk critical residues lining tunnels in the various isozymes reside in helices B'/C and F/G inclusive of their interhelical turns as well as in helix I. This suggests these regions to represent hotspots for targeted genetic engineering to tailor more sophisticated mammalian P450s exploitable in industrial, biotechnological and medicinal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hlavica
- Walther-Straub Institut fuer Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethestrasse 33, D80336 Muenchen, Germany.
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Wang Z, Zeng Y, Jia H, Yang N, Liu M, Jiang M, Zheng Y. Bioconversion of vitamin D 3 to bioactive calcifediol and calcitriol as high-value compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:109. [PMID: 36229827 PMCID: PMC9563128 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological catalysis is an important approach for the production of high-value-added compounds, especially for products with complex structures. Limited by the complex steps of chemical synthesis and low yields, the bioconversion of vitamin D3 (VD3) to calcifediol and calcitriol, which are natural steroid products with high added value and significantly higher biological activity compared to VD3, is probably the most promising strategy for calcifediol and calcitriol production, and can be used as an alternative method for chemical synthesis. The conversion efficiency of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol has continued to rise in the past few decades with the help of several different VD3 hydroxylases, mostly cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and newly isolated strains. The production of calcifediol and calcitriol can be systematically increased in different ways. Specific CYPs and steroid C25 dehydrogenase (S25DH), as VD3 hydroxylases, are capable of converting VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol. Some isolated actinomycetes have also been exploited for fermentative production of calcifediol and calcitriol, although the VD3 hydroxylases of these strains have not been elucidated. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and enzyme engineering, quite a lot of advances in bioproduction of calcifediol and calcitriol has been achieved in recent years. Therefore, here we review the successful strategies of promoting VD3 hydroxylation and provide some perspective on how to further improve the bioconversion of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmin Jia
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100095 China
| | - Niping Yang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Mengshuang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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7
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Padmakar Darne C, Velaparthi U, Saulnier M, Frennesson D, Liu P, Huang A, Tokarski J, Fura A, Spires T, Newitt J, Spires VM, Obermeier MT, Elzinga PA, Gottardis MM, Jayaraman L, Vite GD, Balog A. The Discovery of BMS-737 as a Potent, CYP17 Lyase-Selective Inhibitor for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128951. [PMID: 36031020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein, the discovery of BMS-737 (compound 33) as a potent, non-steroidal, reversible small molecule inhibitor demonstrating 11-fold selectivity for CYP17 lyase over CYP17 hydroxylase, as well as a clean xenobiotic CYP profile for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Extensive SAR studies on the initial lead 1 at three different regions of the molecule resulted in the identification of BMS-737, which demonstrated a robust 83% lowering of testosterone without any significant perturbation of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid levels in cynomologous monkeys in a 1-day PK/PD study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upender Velaparthi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Mark Saulnier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - David Frennesson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Peiying Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Tokarski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Newitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Vanessa M Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mary T Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Paul A Elzinga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Marco M Gottardis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Lata Jayaraman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
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Hasan M, Oster M, Reyer H, Ponsuksili S, Murani E, Wolf P, Fischer DC, Wimmers K. Tissue-Wide Expression of Genes Related to Vitamin D Metabolism and FGF23 Signaling following Variable Phosphorus Intake in Pigs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080729. [PMID: 36005601 PMCID: PMC9413461 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) homeostasis is maintained by several regulators, including vitamin D and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and their tissue-specific activation and signaling cascades. In this study, the tissue-wide expression of key genes linked to vitamin D metabolism (CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, GC, VDR) and FGF23 signaling (FGF23, FGFR1-4, KL) were investigated in pigs fed conventional (trial 1) and divergent P diets (trial 2). The tissue set comprised kidney, liver, bone, lung, aorta, and gastrointestinal tract sections. Expression patterns revealed that non-renal tissues and cells (NRTC) express genes to form active vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3] according to site-specific requirements. A low P diet resulted in higher serum calcitriol and increased CYP24A1 expression in the small intestine, indicating local suppression of vitamin D signaling. A high P diet prompted increased mRNA abundances of CYP27B1 for local vitamin D synthesis, specifically in bone. For FGF23 signaling, analyses revealed ubiquitous expression of FGFR1-4, whereas KL was expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Dietary P supply did not affect skeletal FGF23; however, FGFR4 and KL showed increased expression in bone at high P supply, suggesting regulation to balance mineralization. Specific NRTC responses influence vitamin D metabolism and P homeostasis, which should be considered for a thrifty but healthy P supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Hasan
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Petra Wolf
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dagmar-Christiane Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Hospital, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68600
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Qurban R, Saeed S, Kanwal W, Junaid K, Rehman A. Potential immune modulatory effect of vitamin D in HIV infection: A review. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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New Variants of the Cytochrome P450 2R1 ( CYP2R1) Gene in Individuals with Severe Vitamin D-Activating Enzyme 25(OH)D Deficiency. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121867. [PMID: 34944511 PMCID: PMC8699237 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a fat-soluble cholesterol derivative found in two forms, vitamin D2, and vitamin D3. Cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1) encoded by the CYP2R1 gene is the major hydroxylase that activates vitamin D by catalyzing the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). METHODS We collected 89 (100%) subjects, 46 of which (51.69%) had a documented severe deficiency of 25(OH)D (<10 ng/mL) and 43 (48.31%) in the control group with documented optimum levels of 25(OH)D (>30 ng/mL). We performed Sanger sequencing of three selected fragments of the CYP2R1 gene (Ch11: 14878000-14878499; Ch11: 14880058-14880883 and Ch11: 14885321-14886113) that affect the binding of substrates to this enzyme and analyzed the possible involvement of genetic variation in these regions with an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in healthy Polish individuals. RESULTS Two substitutions were found within the three fragments. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that one of these (NC_000011.10: g.14878291G>A) may influence the structure and function of CYP2R1. CONCLUSIONS Variant NC_000011.10: g.14878291G>A may have a perturbing effect on heme binding in the active site of CYP2R1 and on the function of 25-hydroxylase and probably affects the concentration of 25(OH)D in vivo. We intend to perform functional verification in a larger patient population to confirm and extend these results.
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11
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Best CM, Riley DV, Laha TJ, Pflaum H, Zelnick LR, Hsu S, Thummel KE, Foster-Schubert KE, Kuzma JN, Cromer G, Larson I, Hagman DK, Heshelman K, Kratz M, de Boer IH, Hoofnagle AN. Vitamin D in human serum and adipose tissue after supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 113:83-91. [PMID: 33184642 PMCID: PMC7779222 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration is an indicator of vitamin D exposure, but it is also influenced by clinical characteristics that affect 25(OH)D production and clearance. Vitamin D is the precursor to 25(OH)D but is analytically challenging to measure in biological specimens. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop and validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantification of vitamins D3 and D2 in serum and to explore the potential of circulating vitamin D as a biomarker of exposure in supplementation trials. METHODS The method was validated using guideline C62-A from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and was applied in 2 pilot clinical trials of oral vitamin D3 supplementation. Pilot study 1 included 22 adults randomly assigned to placebo or 2000 IU/d. Blood was collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo. Pilot study 2 included 15 adults randomly assigned to 2000 or 4000 IU/d. Blood and subcutaneous (SUBQ) adipose tissue were collected at baseline and 3 mo. RESULTS In study 1, mean change (baseline to 3 mo) in serum vitamin D3 was -0.1 ng/mL in the placebo group and 6.8 ng/mL in the 2000 IU/d group (absolute difference: 6.9; 95% CI: 4.5, 9.3 ng/mL). In study 2, mean change (baseline to 3 mo) in serum vitamin D3 was 10.4 ng/mL in the 2000 IU/d group and 22.2 ng/mL in the 4000 IU/d group (fold difference: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.37). Serum and adipose tissue vitamin D3 concentrations were correlated, and the dose-response of vitamin D3 in adipose mirrored that in serum. CONCLUSIONS We validated a sensitive, robust, and high-throughput LC-MS/MS method to quantify vitamins D3 and D2 in serum. Serum and SUBQ adipose tissue vitamin D3 concentrations increased proportionally to dose with 3 mo of daily supplementation.These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00552409 (pilot study 1) and NCT01477034 (pilot study 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M Best
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Devon V Riley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Laha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Pflaum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon Hsu
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen E Foster-Schubert
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica N Kuzma
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gail Cromer
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ilona Larson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek K Hagman
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Heshelman
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Das A, Weigle AT, Arnold WR, Kim JS, Carnevale LN, Huff HC. CYP2J2 Molecular Recognition: A New Axis for Therapeutic Design. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107601. [PMID: 32534953 PMCID: PMC7773148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases are a special subset of heme-containing CYP enzymes capable of performing the epoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the metabolism of xenobiotics. This dual functionality positions epoxygenases along a metabolic crossroad. Therefore, structure-function studies are critical for understanding their role in bioactive oxy-lipid synthesis, drug-PUFA interactions, and for designing therapeutics that directly target the epoxygenases. To better exploit CYP epoxygenases as therapeutic targets, there is a need for improved understanding of epoxygenase structure-function. Of the characterized epoxygenases, human CYP2J2 stands out as a potential target because of its role in cardiovascular physiology. In this review, the early research on the discovery and activity of epoxygenases is contextualized to more recent advances in CYP epoxygenase enzymology with respect to PUFA and drug metabolism. Additionally, this review employs CYP2J2 epoxygenase as a model system to highlight both the seminal works and recent advances in epoxygenase enzymology. Herein we cover CYP2J2's interactions with PUFAs and xenobiotics, its tissue-specific physiological roles in diseased states, and its structural features that enable epoxygenase function. Additionally, the enumeration of research on CYP2J2 identifies the future needs for the molecular characterization of CYP2J2 to enable a new axis of therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Austin T Weigle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lauren N Carnevale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hannah C Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Saponaro F, Saba A, Zucchi R. An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186573. [PMID: 32911795 PMCID: PMC7554947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone classically involved in the calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. Moreover, in the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown. These beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system.
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Casella A, Long C, Zhou J, Lai M, O’Lear L, Caplan I, Levine MA, Roizen JD. Differential Frequency of CYP2R1 Variants Across Populations Reveals Pathway Selection for Vitamin D Homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa056. [PMID: 32115644 PMCID: PMC7096315 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Normal vitamin D homeostasis is necessary to ensure optimal mineral metabolism. Dietary insufficiency of vitamin D and the lack of sunlight each have well understood roles in vitamin D deficiency; however, the extent to which common genetic variations in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes contribute to alterations in vitamin D homeostasis remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To examine the possibility that common coding variation in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes alters vitamin D homeostasis we determined the effect of 44 nonsynonymous polymorphisms in CYP2R1, the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, on enzyme function. RESULTS Twenty-one of these polymorphisms decreased activity, while 2 variants increased activity. The frequency of CYP2R1 alleles with decreased 25-hydroxylase activity is 3 in every 1000 Caucasians and 7 in every 1000 African Americans. In populations where exposure to sunlight is high, alleles with decreased function occur at a frequency as high as 8%. The pattern of selected variation as compared to nonselected variation is consistent with it being the result of positive selection for nonfunctional alleles closer to the equator. To examine this possibility, we examined the variation pattern in another protein in the vitamin D pathway, the vitamin D binding protein (GC protein). The pattern of selected variation in the GC protein as compared to nonselected variation is also consistent with it being the result of positive selection for nonfunctional alleles closer to the equator. CONCLUSIONS CYP2R1 polymorphisms have important effects on vitamin D homeostasis, and the geographic variability of CYP2R1 alleles represents an adaptation to differential exposures to UVB irradiation from sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Casella
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caela Long
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingman Zhou
- Spark Therapeutics, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meizan Lai
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren O’Lear
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilana Caplan
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Roizen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Morello M, Pieri M, Zenobi R, Talamo A, Stephan D, Landel V, Féron F, Millet P. The Influence of Vitamin D on Neurodegeneration and Neurological Disorders: A Rationale for its Physio-pathological Actions. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2475-2491. [PMID: 32175837 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316145725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone implicated in the regulation of neuronal integrity and many brain functions. Its influence, as a nutrient and a hormone, on the physiopathology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases is continuously emphasized by new studies. This review addresses what is currently known about the action of vitamin D on the nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Further vitamin D research is necessary to understand how the action of this "neuroactive" steroid can help to optimize the prevention and treatment of several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morello
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" and University Hospital of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" and University Hospital of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenobi
- Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" and University Hospital of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine Stephan
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, UMR 7051, Marseille, France
| | - Verena Landel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, UMR 7051, Marseille, France
| | - François Féron
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, UMR 7051, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Millet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INP, UMR 7051, Marseille, France.,Association UNIVI (Agirc-Arrco), 75010 Paris, France.,Hôpital Gériatrique les Magnolias, Ballainvilliers, France
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16
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Guo M, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Ding Q, Lu L, Zhang Q, Wang JR, Mei X. The axial chirality hidden in vitamin D and its application in cocrystal prediction. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ECD titration method was developed to detect hydrogen-bonding interaction in solution and to predict cocrystal formation in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Guo
- College of Pharmacy
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Zaiyong Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qiaoce Ding
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Liye Lu
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Jian-Rong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Xuefeng Mei
- Pharmaceutical Analytical & Solid-State Chemistry Research Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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17
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Soleymani H, Ghorbani M, Allahverdi A, Shojaeilangari S, Naderi-Manesh H. Activation of human insulin by vitamin E: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 91:194-203. [PMID: 31265936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lack of perfect insulin signaling can lead to the insulin resistance, which is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Activation of insulin and its binding to the receptor for signaling process initiates via B-chain C-terminal hinge conformational change through an open structure to "wide-open" conformation. Observational studies and basic scientific evidence suggest that vitamin D and E directly and/or indirectly prevent diabetes through improving glucose secretion and tolerance, activating calcium dependent endopeptidases and thus improving insulin exocytosis, antioxidant effect and reducing insulin resistance. On the contrary, clinical trials have yielded inconsistent results about the efficacy of vitamin D supplementations for the control of glucose hemostasis. In this work, best binding modes of vitamin D3 and E on insulin obtained from AutoDock Vina were selected for Molecular Dynamic, MD, study. The binding energy obtained from Molecular Mechanics- Poisson Boltzman Surface Area, MM-PBSA method, revealed that Vitamins D3 and E have good affinity to bind to the insulin and vitamin E has higher binding energy (-46 kj/mol) by engaging more residues in binding site. Distance and angle calculation results illustrated that vitamin E changes the B-chain conformation and it causes the formation of wide-open/active form of insulin. Vitamin E increases the ValB12-TyrB26 distance to ∼15 Å and changes the hinge angle to ∼65°. Consequently, essential hydrophobic residues for binding to insulin receptor exposed to surface in the presence of vitamin E. However, our data illustrated that vitamin D3 cannot change B-chain conformation. Thus our MD simulations propose a model for insulin activation through vitamin E interaction for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Soleymani
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Allahverdi
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran; School of Biological Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), 19395-5746, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Junaid K, Rehman A. Impact of vitamin D on infectious disease-tuberculosis-a review. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Teshima T, Kurita S, Sasaki T, Matsumoto H, Niina A, Abe D, Kanno N, Koyama H. A genetic variant of CYP2R1 identified in a cat with type 1B vitamin D-dependent rickets: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:62. [PMID: 30777056 PMCID: PMC6378717 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D-dependent rickets is rare in animals and humans. Several types of this condition are associated with genetic variants related to vitamin D metabolism. This is the first report of type 1B vitamin D-dependent rickets in a cat. Case presentation Here, we describe the case of a 3-month-old female domestic short-haired cat previously fed on commercial kitten food that presented at our clinic with seizures, lethargy, and generalized pain. Serum and ionized calcium concentrations and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in this cat were low, and radiographs showed skeletal demineralization and abnormally wide growth plates on the long bones. Initially, simple vitamin D deficiency was suspected; however, the cat’s profile, which included fed a well-balanced commercial diet, together with the findings of additional laboratory tests and the cat’s unresponsiveness to various treatments, raised the suspicion of vitamin D-dependent rickets. Examination of the DNA sequences of CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 genes, which are genes linked with vitamin D metabolism, showed a CYP2R1 frameshift mutation in exon 5 (where T is deleted at position c.1386). This mutation alters the amino acid sequence from position 462, while the stop codon introduced at position 481 prematurely truncates the 501 amino acid full-length protein. With this knowledge, a new treatment regime based on a standard dose of calcitriol was started and this markedly improved the cat’s condition. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the first description of type 1B vitamin D-dependent rickets linked with a genetic variant of CYP2R1 in a cat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1784-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Sena Kurita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Animal Research Center, Sapporo Medical University School Medicine, S-1 W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ayaka Niina
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Daijiro Abe
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kanno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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20
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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21
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Ang SS, Salleh AB, Chor LT, Normi YM, Tejo BA, Rahman MBA, Fatima MA. Biochemical Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 CYP107CB2 from Bacillus lehensis G1. Protein J 2018; 37:180-193. [PMID: 29508210 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bioconversion of vitamin D3 catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) requires 25-hydroxylation and subsequent 1α-hydroxylation to produce the hormonal activated 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase catalyses the first step in the vitamin D3 biosynthetic pathway, essential in the de novo activation of vitamin D3. A CYP known as CYP107CB2 has been identified as a novel vitamin D hydroxylase in Bacillus lehensis G1. In order to deepen the understanding of this bacterial origin CYP107CB2, its detailed biological functions as well as biochemical characteristics were defined. CYP107CB2 was characterized through the absorption spectral analysis and accordingly, the enzyme was assayed for vitamin D3 hydroxylation activity. CYP-ligand characterization and catalysis optimization were conducted to increase the turnover of hydroxylated products in an NADPH-regenerating system. Results revealed that the over-expressed CYP107CB2 protein was dominantly cytosolic and the purified fraction showed a protein band at approximately 62 kDa on SDS-PAGE, indicative of CYP107CB2. Spectral analysis indicated that CYP107CB2 protein was properly folded and it was in the active form to catalyze vitamin D3 reaction at C25. HPLC and MS analysis from a reconstituted enzymatic reaction confirmed the hydroxylated products were 25-hydroxyitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 when the substrates vitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 were used. Biochemical characterization shows that CYP107CB2 performed hydroxylation activity at 25 °C in pH 8 and successfully increased the production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 up to four fold. These findings show that CYP107CB2 has a biologically relevant vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity and further suggest the contribution of CYP family to the metabolism of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swi See Ang
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Leow Thean Chor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bimo Ario Tejo
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mariam-Aisha Fatima
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Quesada-Gomez JM, Bouillon R. Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation? Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:1697-1711. [PMID: 29713796 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modest and even severe vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent around the world. There is consensus that a good vitamin D status is necessary for bone and general health. Similarly, a better vitamin D status is essential for optimal efficacy of antiresorptive treatments. Supplementation of food with vitamin D or using vitamin D supplements is the most widely used strategy to improve the vitamin status. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) are the most widely used compounds and the relative use of both products depends on historical or practical reasons. Oral intake of calcifediol (25OHD3) rather than vitamin D itself should also be considered for oral supplementation. We reviewed all publications dealing with a comparison of oral cholecalciferol with oral calcifediol as to define the relative efficacy of both compounds for improving the vitamin D status. First, oral calcifediol results in a more rapid increase in serum 25OHD compared to oral cholecalciferol. Second, oral calcifediol is more potent than cholecalciferol, so that lower dosages are needed. Based on the results of nine RCTs comparing physiologic doses of oral cholecalciferol with oral calcifediol, calcifediol was 3.2-fold more potent than oral cholecalciferol. Indeed, when using dosages ≤ 25 μg/day, serum 25OHD increased by 1.5 ± 0.9 nmol/l for each 1 μg cholecalciferol, whereas this was 4.8 ± 1.2 nmol/l for oral calcifediol. Third, oral calcifediol has a higher rate of intestinal absorption and this may have important advantages in case of decreased intestinal absorption capacity due to a variety of diseases. A potential additional advantage of oral calcifediol is a linear dose-response curve, irrespective of baseline serum 25OHD, whereas the rise in serum 25OHD is lower after oral cholecalciferol, when baseline serum 25OHD is higher. Finally, intermittent intake of calcifediol results in fairly stable serum 25OHD compared with greater fluctuations after intermittent oral cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Quesada-Gomez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC) & Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
- RETICEF & CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Bouillon
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat, ON 1/902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Torugsa S, Nimitphong H, Warodomwichit D, Chailurkit LO, Srijaruskul K, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The genetic determinants of circulating C3-epimers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2018; 12:36-41. [PMID: 29892565 PMCID: PMC5992311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complexity of vitamin D metabolites especially the contribution of C3-epimers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (C3-epimers) in human sera remains unclear. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D-related gene pathway contribute to variation in C3-epimer levels. Therefore, we investigated candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) concerning C3-epimer levels. METHODS The candidate SNPs, including DHCR7/NADSYN1 (rs12785878), CYP2R1 (rs2060793) and GC (rs2282679), were genotyped in 1727 members of the third project of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 3/1 cohort investigation. Each SNP was tested under three genetic effects (dominant, recessive and additive models) concerning the levels of total serum 25(OH)D [the sum of 25(OH)D2+3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D2+3], non-C3-epimers [25(OH)D2+3] and C3-epimers [3-epi-25(OH)D2+3], using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Among the participants, the median (range) levels of non-C3-epimers and C3-epimers were 22.7 (6.4-49.2) ng/mL and 1.3 (0.01-14.2) ng/mL, respectively. In regression analysis, we found the genetic variation of two SNPs, the DHCR7/NADSYN1 (rs12785878; G > T) and GC (rs2282679; T > G) under additive genetic models, explained the variation of C3-epimer levels about 1.5% (p = 1.66 × 10-7) and 1.1% (p = 1.10 × 10-5), respectively. Interestingly, participants carrying the minor T-allele of rs12785878 exhibited a trend to increase C3-epimer levels, while those carrying the minor G-allele of rs2282679 exhibited a trend to decrease levels of both non-C3-epimers and C3-epimers. In addition, CYP2R1 (rs2060793; G > A) was clearly associated only with non-C3-epimer levels (p = 2.46 × 10-8). In multivariate analyses, sex, age and BMI were predictors for variation in C3-epimer concentration; sex and age for variation in non-C3-epimers. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate genetic models concerning the variation in C3-epimer levels. Our results emphasize that genetic determinants and the potential factors of C3-epimers differ from non-C3-epimers. This study contributes fundamental knowledge of the endogenous vitamin D pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikunya Torugsa
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6th Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Nimitphong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daruneewan Warodomwichit
- Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - La-or Chailurkit
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kriangsuk Srijaruskul
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Boonsong Ongphiphadhanakul
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Cheng CYS, Kim TK, Jeayeng S, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. Properties of purified CYP2R1 in a reconstituted membrane environment and its 25-hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:59-69. [PMID: 28716760 PMCID: PMC5767547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that CYP2R1 is the major 25-hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in vitamin D activation. Since the catalytic properties of CYP2R1 have been poorly studied to date and it is a membrane protein, we examined the purified enzyme in a membrane environment. CYP2R1 was expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel affinity- and hydrophobic interaction-chromatography and assayed in a reconstituted membrane system comprising phospholipid vesicles plus purified human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase. CYP2R1 converted vitamin D3 in the vesicle membrane to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] with good adherence to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The kinetic parameters for 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by the two major vitamin D 25-hydroxylases, CYP2R1 and CYP27A1, were examined in vesicles under identical conditions. CYP2R1 displayed a slightly lower kcat than CYP27A1 but a much lower Km for vitamin D3, and thus an overall 17-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km), consistent with CYP2R1 being the major vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. 20-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3], the main product of vitamin D3 activation by an alternative pathway catalyzed by CYP11A1, was metabolized by CYP2R1 to 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,25(OH)2D3], with catalytic efficiency similar to that for the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3. 20,25(OH)2D3 retained full, or somewhat enhanced activity compared to the parent 20(OH)D3 for the inhibition of the proliferation of melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts, with a potency comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The 20,25(OH)2D3 was also able to act as an inverse agonist on retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α, like its parent 20(OH)D3. Thus, the major findings of this study are that CYP2R1 can metabolize substrates in a membrane environment, the enzyme displays higher catalytic efficiency than CYP27A1 for the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, it efficiently hydroxylates 20(OH)D3 at C25 and this product retains the biological activity of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Saowanee Jeayeng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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25
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Jones G, Kottler ML, Schlingmann KP. Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:1095-1117. [PMID: 29080636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolism involves 3 highly specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (25-hydroxylase, 1α-hydroxylase, and 24-hydroxylase) involved in the activation of vitamin D3 to the hormonal form, 1,25-(OH)2D3, and the inactivation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to biliary excretory products. Mutations of the activating enzymes CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 cause lack of normal 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and result in rickets whereas mutations of the inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 cause build-up of excess 1,25-(OH)2D3 and result in hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis. This article reviews the literature for 3 clinical conditions. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management of vitamin D-dependent rickets and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Room 650, Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Marie Laure Kottler
- Department of Genetics, University de Basse-Normandie, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, Caen University Hospital, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France; Team 7450 BIOTARGEN, Caen-Normandy University, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Karl Peter Schlingmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Waldeyerstr. 22, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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26
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Rochel N, Molnár F. Structural aspects of Vitamin D endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:22-35. [PMID: 28257826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3. Its synthesis and its metabolites, their transport and elimination as well as action on transcriptional regulation involves the harmonic cooperation of diverse proteins with vitamin D binding capacities such as vitamin D binding protein (DBP), cytochrome P450 enzymes or the nuclear vitamin receptor (VDR). The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves its binding to VDR that functionally acts as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor. The crystal structures of the most important proteins for vitamin D3, VDR, DBP, CYP2R1 and CYP24A1, have provided identification of mechanisms of actions of these proteins and those mediating VDR-regulated transcription. This review will present the structural information on recognition of the vitamin D3 and metabolites by CYP proteins and DBP as well as the structural basis of VDR activation by 1,25(OH)2D3 and metabolites. Additionally, we will describe, the implications of the VDR mutants associated with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) that display impaired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- Institute of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Heath Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Canthia 2036, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:78-97. [PMID: 28733125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is a prohormone most noted for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in circulation, and thus of bone metabolism. Inflammatory and immune cells not only convert inactive VitD metabolites into calcitriol, the active form of VitD, but also express the nuclear receptor of VitD that modulates differentiation, activation and proliferation of these cells. In vitro, calcitriol upregulates different anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulates molecules that activate immune and inflammatory cells. Administration of VitD has beneficial effects in a number of experimental models of autoimmune disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that VitD insufficiency is frequently associated with immune disorders and infectious diseases, exacerbated by increasing evidence of suboptimal VitD status in populations worldwide. To date, however, most interventional studies in human inflammatory and immune diseases with VitD supplementation have proven to be inconclusive. One of the reasons could be that the main VitD metabolite measured in these studies was the 25-hydroxyVitD (25OHD) rather than its active form calcitriol. Although our knowledge of calcitriol as modulator of immune and inflammatory reactions has dramatically increased in the past decades, further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of VitD in the control of immune and inflammatory conditions.
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28
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Vasilevskaya AV, Yantsevich AV, Sergeev GV, Lemish AP, Usanov SA, Gilep AA. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme involved in vitamin D and 7-dehydrocholesterol metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:202-209. [PMID: 27289046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Problems arising during treatment of tuberculosis are well known, therefore studies of Mycobacterium drug molecular targets are an area of particular importance. Members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP) may belong to potential candidates for drug targets being involved in metabolism of biologically important molecules in the host organism. CYP124 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTCYP124) catalyzes ω-hydroxylation of methyl-branched lipids. The data obtained in the present study indicate that this enzyme can also oxidize provitamin D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol) and vitamin D3. We found that the final product is different from 1α- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, so we propose that MTCYP124 is involved in alternative pathway for metabolism of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Vasilevskaya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, Kuprevicha 5/2, Belarus
| | - A V Yantsevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, Kuprevicha 5/2, Belarus
| | - G V Sergeev
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, Kuprevicha 5/2, Belarus
| | - A P Lemish
- Institute of an Experimental Veterinary Science n. S.N. Wyshelesski, 220003, Minsk, Briketa 28, Belarus
| | - S A Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, Kuprevicha 5/2, Belarus
| | - A A Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, Kuprevicha 5/2, Belarus.
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29
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Challenges in assignment of allosteric effects in cytochrome P450-catalyzed substrate oxidations to structural dynamics in the hemoprotein architecture. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 167:100-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Miller WL. Genetic disorders of Vitamin D biosynthesis and degradation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:101-108. [PMID: 27060335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, an inactive secosteroid pro-hormone, is produced by the action of ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The active hormone, 1,25(OH)2D is produced by sequential 25-hydroxylation in the liver, principally by CYP2R1, and 1α-hydroxylation in the kidney by CYP27B1. Mutations in CYP27B1 cause 1α-hydroxylase deficiency, also known as vitamin D dependent rickets type I or hereditary pseudo-vitamin D deficient rickets; very rare mutations in CYP2R1 can cause 25-hydroxylase deficiency. Both deficiencies cause hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, severe rickets in infancy, and low serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D; both disorders respond to hormonal replacement therapy with calcitriol. The inactivation of vitamin D is principally initiated by its 23- and 24-hydroxylation by CYP24A1. Mutations in CYP24A1 can cause both severe neonatal hypercalcemia and a less severe adult hypercalcemic syndrome. Other pathways of vitamin D metabolism are under investigation, notably its 20-hydroxylation by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, CYP11A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, HSE 1634, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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31
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Haldar D, Agrawal N, Patel S, Kambale PR, Arora K, Sharma A, Tripathi M, Batra A, Kabi BC. Association of VDBP and CYP2R1 gene polymorphisms with vitamin D status in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a north Indian study. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:703-711. [PMID: 28008453 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine abnormality among women of reproductive age and is usually associated with oligo-ovulation/anovulation, obesity, and insulin resistance. Hypovitaminosis D may also be a primary factor in the initiation and development of PCOS. However, little is known about the role of genetic variation in vitamin D metabolism in PCOS aetiology. Therefore, we studied the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2R1 and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) in an Indian population. METHODS Serum vitamin D was measured by ELISA. Genotyping of VDBP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7041 (HaeIII; G>T) and rs4588 (StyI; A>C) and CYP2R1 SNP rs2060793 (HinfI; A>G) was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 50 cases of PCOS that were compared with 50 age-matched healthy women. RESULTS Vitamin D levels were found to be significantly lower in women with PCOS (p = 0.008) than in age-matched controls. There was no significant difference in genotype frequencies of all three polymorphisms (rs7041, rs4588, and rs2060793) between PCOS and control women. In women with a vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml), the GT allele of the VDBP SNP rs7041 (p value =0.04), the VDBP allelic combination Gc1F/1F (T allele of rs4588 and C allele of rs7041) (p value =0.03), and the GA allele of the CYP2R1 SNP rs2060793 (p = 0.05) were associated with an increased risk of developing PCOS. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that the GT allele of VDBP SNP rs7041, the VDBP allelic combination (GC1F/1F), and GA allele of CYP2R1 SNP rs2060793 in vitamin D deficient women increase the risk of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Haldar
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Ramrao Kambale
- Department of Biochemistry, S.M.B.T. Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kanchan Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Tripathi
- Department of Anaesthesia, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Batra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhaskar C Kabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Room No. 302, Third Floor, Casualty Building, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India
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32
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Computational modelling of the binding of arachidonic acid to the human monooxygenase CYP2J2. J Mol Model 2016; 22:279. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Hypercalcemia occurs in up to 4% of the population in association with malignancy, primary hyperparathyroidism, ingestion of excessive calcium and/or vitamin D, ectopic production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and impaired degradation of 1,25(OH)2D. The ingestion of excessive amounts of vitamin D3 (or vitamin D2) results in hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria due to the formation of supraphysiological amounts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] that bind to the vitamin D receptor, albeit with lower affinity than the active form of the vitamin, 1,25(OH)2D, and the formation of 5,6-trans 25(OH)D, which binds to the vitamin D receptor more tightly than 25(OH)D. In patients with granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis and tumors such as lymphomas, hypercalcemia occurs as a result of the activity of ectopic 25(OH)D-1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) expressed in macrophages or tumor cells and the formation of excessive amounts of 1,25(OH)2D. Recent work has identified a novel cause of non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia that occurs when the degradation of 1,25(OH)2D is impaired as a result of mutations of the 1,25(OH)2D-24-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP24A1). Patients with biallelic and, in some instances, monoallelic mutations of the CYP24A1 gene have elevated serum calcium concentrations associated with elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D, suppressed PTH concentrations, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and on occasion, reduced bone density. Of interest, first-time calcium renal stone formers have elevated 1,25(OH)2D and evidence of impaired 24-hydroxylase-mediated 1,25(OH)2D degradation. We will describe the biochemical processes associated with the synthesis and degradation of various vitamin D metabolites, the clinical features of the vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia, their biochemical diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Tebben
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Divisions of Endocrinology (P.J.T., R.K.) and Nephrology and Hypertension (R.K.), and Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.J.T.), Internal Medicine (P.J.T., R.K.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology (R.K.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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34
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Abstract
PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and maintenance of bone health. PTH and Vitamin D form a tightly controlled feedback cycle, PTH being a major stimulator of vitamin D synthesis in the kidney while vitamin D exerts negative feedback on PTH secretion. The major function of PTH and major physiologic regulator is circulating ionized calcium. The effects of PTH on gut, kidney, and bone serve to maintain serum calcium within a tight range. PTH has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D has a stimulatory effect on both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, playing a key role in providing adequate mineral for normal bone formation. Both hormones act in concert with the more recently discovered FGF23 and klotho, hormones involved predominantly in phosphate metabolism, which also participate in this closely knit feedback circuit. Of great interest are recent studies demonstrating effects of both PTH and vitamin D on the cardiovascular system. Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and kidney failure. Both hormones have direct effects on the endothelium, heart, and other vascular structures. How these effects of PTH and vitamin D interface with the regulation of bone formation are the subject of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jalal Khundmiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rebecca D Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Huang A, Jayaraman L, Fura A, Vite GD, Trainor GL, Gottardis MM, Spires TE, Spires VM, Rizzo CA, Obermeier MT, Elzinga PA, Todderud G, Fan Y, Newitt JA, Beyer SM, Zhu Y, Warrack BM, Goodenough AK, Tebben AJ, Doweyko AM, Gold DL, Balog A. Discovery of the Selective CYP17A1 Lyase Inhibitor BMS-351 for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:40-5. [PMID: 26819663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to identify a potent, reversible, nonsteroidal CYP17A1 lyase inhibitor with good selectivity over CYP17A1 hydroxylase and CYPs 11B1 and 21A2 for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) culminated in the discovery of BMS-351 (compound 18), a pyridyl biaryl benzimidazole with an excellent in vivo profile. Biological evaluation of BMS-351 at a dose of 1.5 mg in castrated cynomolgus monkeys revealed a remarkable reduction in testosterone levels with minimal glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid perturbation. Based on a favorable profile, BMS-351 was selected as a candidate for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audris Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Lata Jayaraman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gregory D. Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - George L. Trainor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Marco M. Gottardis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Thomas E. Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Vanessa M. Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Cheryl A. Rizzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary T. Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Paul A. Elzinga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gordon Todderud
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yi Fan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John A. Newitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sophie M. Beyer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yongxin Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bethanne M. Warrack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Angela K. Goodenough
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arthur M. Doweyko
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - David L. Gold
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Saad M, Cavanaugh K, Verbueken E, Pype C, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Xenobiotic metabolism in the zebrafish: a review of the spatiotemporal distribution, modulation and activity of Cytochrome P450 families 1 to 3. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:1-11. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moayad Saad
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kate Cavanaugh
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evy Verbueken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Casper Pype
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1013] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Singh RJ, Roizen J, Levine MA. CYP2R1 Mutations Impair Generation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Cause an Atypical Form of Vitamin D Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1005-13. [PMID: 25942481 PMCID: PMC4490307 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Production of the active vitamin D hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D requires hepatic 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. The CYP2R1 gene encodes the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in humans. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CYP2R1 mutations in Nigerian children with familial rickets and vitamin D deficiency and assess the functional effect on 25-hydroxylase activity. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We sequenced the CYP2R1 gene in subjects with sporadic rickets and affected subjects from families in which more than one member had rickets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Function of mutant CYP2R1 genes as assessed in vivo by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values after administration of vitamin D and in vitro by analysis of mutant forms of the CYP2R1. RESULTS CYP2R1 sequences were normal in 27 children with sporadic rickets, but missense mutations were identified in affected members of 2 of 12 families, a previously identified L99P, and a novel K242N. In silico analyses predicted that both substitutions would have deleterious effects on the variant proteins, and in vitro studies showed that K242N and L99P had markedly reduced or complete loss of 25-hydroxylase activity, respectively. Heterozygous subjects were less affected than homozygous subjects, and oral administration of vitamin D led to significantly lower increases in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in heterozygous than in control subjects, whereas homozygous subjects showed negligible increases. CONCLUSION These studies confirm that CYP2R1 is the principal 25-hydroxylase in humans and demonstrate that CYP2R1 alleles have dosage-dependent effects on vitamin D homeostasis. CYP2R1 mutations cause a novel form of genetic vitamin D deficiency with semidominant inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Thacher
- Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 930241; Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.R.F.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics (J.R., M.A.L.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Philip R Fischer
- Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 930241; Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.R.F.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics (J.R., M.A.L.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 930241; Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.R.F.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics (J.R., M.A.L.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jeffrey Roizen
- Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 930241; Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.R.F.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics (J.R., M.A.L.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael A Levine
- Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria 930241; Department of Family Medicine (T.D.T.), Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (P.R.F.), and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (R.J.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics (J.R., M.A.L.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Gröschel C, Tennakoon S, Kállay E. Cytochrome P450 Vitamin D Hydroxylases in Inflammation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 74:413-58. [PMID: 26233913 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency correlates with increased incidence of inflammatory disorders and cancer of the colon, breast, liver, and prostate. Preclinical studies demonstrated that the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, has antiproliferative, proapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Tissue levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 are determined by expression and activity of specific vitamin D hydroxylases expressed at renal and extrarenal sites. In order to understand how perturbations in the vitamin D system affect human health, we need to understand the steps involved in the synthesis and catabolism of the active metabolite. This review provides an overview about recent findings on the altered vitamin D metabolism in inflammatory conditions and carcinogenesis. We will summarize existing data on the pathophysiological regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases and outline the role of adequate levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 on tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gröschel
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samawansha Tennakoon
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enikö Kállay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria.
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Ang SS, Salleh AB, Chor ALT, Normi YM, Tejo BA, Rahman MBA. Molecular characterization, modeling and docking of CYP107CB2 from Bacillus lehensis G1, an alkaliphile. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 56:19-29. [PMID: 25766878 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are a superfamily of heme monooxygenases which catalyze a wide range of biochemical reactions. The reactions involve the introduction of an oxygen atom into an inactivated carbon of a compound which is essential to produce an intermediate of a hydroxylated product. The diversity of chemical reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450s has led to their increased demand in numerous industrial and biotechnology applications. A recent study showed that a gene sequence encoding a CYP was found in the genome of Bacillus lehensis G1, and this gene shared structural similarity with the bacterial vitamin D hydroxylase (Vdh) from Pseudonocardia autotrophica. The objectives of present study was to mine, for a novel CYP from a new isolate B. lehensis G1 alkaliphile and determine the biological properties and functionalities of CYP in this bacterium. Our study employed the usage of computational methods to search for the novel CYP from CYP structural databases to identify the conserved pattern, functional domain and sequence properties of the uncharacterized CYP from B. lehensis G1. A computational homology model of the protein's structure was generated and a docking analysis was performed to provide useful structural knowledge on the enzyme's possible substrate and their interaction. Sequence analysis indicated that the newly identified CYP, termed CYP107CB2, contained the fingerprint heme binding sequence motif FxxGxxxCxG at position 336-345 as well as other highly conserved motifs characteristic of cytochrome P450 proteins. Using docking studies, we identified Ser-79, Leu-81, Val-231, Val-279, Val-383, Ala-232, Thr-236 and Thr-283 as important active site residues capable of stabilizing interactions with several potential substrates, including vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3, in which all substrates docked proximally to the enzyme's heme center. Biochemical analysis indicated that CYP107CB2 is a biologically active protein to produce 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3. Based on these results, we conclude that the novel CYP107CB2 identified from B. lehensis G1 is a putative vitamin D hydroxylase which is possibly capable of catalyzing the bioconversion of parental vitamin D3 to calcitriol, or related metabolic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swi See Ang
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Leow Thean Chor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bimo Ario Tejo
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rhieu SY, Annalora AJ, LaPorta E, Welsh J, Itoh T, Yamamoto K, Sakaki T, Chen TC, Uskokovic MR, Reddy GS. Potent antiproliferative effects of 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D₃ that resists the catalytic activity of both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1392-402. [PMID: 24535953 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The potency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is increased by several fold through its metabolism into 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) by cytochrome P450 27B1 (CYP27B1). Thus, the pivotal role of 1α-hydroxylation in the activation of vitamin D compounds is well known. Here, we examined the metabolism of 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 (25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3), a synthetic analog of 25(OH)D3 in a cell-free system and demonstrated that 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 is neither activated by CYP27B1 nor inactivated by cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). These findings were also confirmed in immortalized normal human prostate epithelial cells (PZ-HPV-7) which are known to express both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, indicating that the structural modifications featured in 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 enable the analog to resist the actions of both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. To provide intelligible structure-function information, we also performed molecular docking analysis between the analog and CYP27B1. Furthermore, 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 was found to suppress the growth of PZ-HPV-7 cells with a potency equivalent to 1α,25(OH)2D3. The antiproliferative activity of 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3 was found to be vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent as it failed to inhibit the growth of mammary tumor cells derived from VDR-knockout mice. Furthermore, stable introduction of VDR into VDR-knockout cells restored the growth inhibition by 25(OH)-16-ene-23-yne-D3. Thus, we identified 25-hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3 as a novel non-1α-hydroxylated vitamin D analog which is equipotent to 1α,25(OH)2D3 in its antiproliferative activity. We now propose that the low potency of the intrinsic VDR-mediated activities of 25(OH)D3 can be augmented to the level of 1α,25(OH)2D3 without its activation through 1α-hydroxylation by CYP27B1, but by simply preventing its inactivation by CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Y Rhieu
- Epimer LLC, North Smithfield, Rhode Island, 02896, USA
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De Toni L, De Filippis V, Tescari S, Ferigo M, Ferlin A, Scattolini V, Avogaro A, Vettor R, Foresta C. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin stimulates 25-hydroxy vitamin D production in Leydig cell line through a GPRC6a-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4266-74. [PMID: 25093461 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies disclosed a cross talk between testis and bone. By the action of LH, Leydig cells are able to modulate bone metabolism through testosterone and insulin-like factor 3. Moreover, LH modulates the Leydig expression of CYP2R1, the key enzyme involved in vitamin D (Vit D) 25-hydroxylation. However, pathways regulating CYP2R1 expression have been poorly investigated. The cross talk from the bone to the testis of the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase CYP2R1 involves osteocalcin (OC), which is produced by the osteoblasts and stimulates the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells through its putative receptor GPRC6A, a cation-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of OC on CYP2R1 expression and 25-hydroxy Vit D (25-OH Vit D) production in a mouse Leydig cell line (MA-10). After confirmation of the expression of GPRC6A by MA-10, we found that stimulation with either human chorionic gonadotropin or uncarboxylated-OC (ucOC) increases CYP2R1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner and, in turn, increases the release of 25-OH Vit D in culture medium. This effect was abolished by receptor blockade with, respectively, anti-LH receptor and anti-GPRC6A antibodies. Moreover, both agonists converged to phosphorylation of Erk1/2 by a likely differential action on second messengers. Human chorionic gonadotropin induced slow "tonic" increase of intercellular calcium and accumulation of cAMP, whereas ucOC mainly induced phasic increase of cell calcium. Supporting these findings, we found that serum ucOC positively correlated with 25-OH Vit D levels in 40 overweight male patients and 21 controls. Altogether, our results suggest that OC contributes with LH to 25-OH Vit D production by Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Toni
- Department of Medicine (L.D.T., A.F., C.F.), Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Laboratory of Protein Chemistry (V.D.F., S.T.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine (V.S., A.A.), Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, 35120 Padova, Italy; and Department of Molecular Medicine (M.F.) and Internal Medicine 3 (R.V.), Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Swanson CM, Nielson CM, Shrestha S, Lee CG, Barrett-Connor E, Jans I, Cauley JA, Boonen S, Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Orwoll ES. Higher 25(OH)D2 is associated with lower 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2736-44. [PMID: 24828488 PMCID: PMC4121037 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite common use of supplemental vitamin D2 in clinical practice, the associations of serum vitamin D2 concentrations with other vitamin D metabolites and total vitamin D are unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to measure vitamin D2 and D3 levels and examine their associations with each other and with total vitamin D. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 679 randomly selected participants from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2], 25(OH)D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 [1,25(OH)2D2], and 1,25(OH)2D3 were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and were summed to obtain total 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. Associations between all metabolites (D2, D3, and total levels) were examined using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Spearman correlations. RESULTS 25(OH)D2 and 1,25(OH)2D2 were detectable in 189 (27.8%) and 178 (26.2%) of the men, respectively. Higher 25(OH)D2 levels did not correlate with higher total 25(OH)D (r = 0.10; P = .17), although median total 25(OH)D was slightly higher in those with detectable vs undetectable 25(OH)D2 (25.8 vs 24.3 ng/mL; P < .001). 25(OH)D2 was not positively associated with total 1,25(OH)2D levels (r = -0.11; P = .13), and median 1,25(OH)2D level was not higher in those with detectable vs undetectable 25(OH)D2. Higher 25(OH)D2 was associated with lower 25(OH)D3 (r = -0.35; P < .001) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (r = -0.32; P < .001), with median levels of both D3 metabolites 18-35% higher when D2 metabolites were undetectable. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of older men, 25(OH)D2 is associated with lower levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, suggesting that vitamin D2 may decrease the availability of D3 and may not increase calcitriol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology (C.M.S., C.G.L., E.S.O.), Bone and Mineral Unit (C.M.S., C.M.N., S.S., C.G.L., E.S.O.), and Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (C.M.N.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Research Service (C.G.L.), Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Epidemiology (E.B.-C.), Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0607; Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (I.J., D.V.), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology (J.A.C.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases (S.B.), and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (R.B., D.V.), KU Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant cytochrome P450 for the selective oxidation of Grundmann's ketone. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5586-92. [PMID: 25023538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
25-Hydroxy-Grundmann's ketone is a key building block in the chemical synthesis of vitamin D3 and its derivatives through convergent routes. Generally, the chemical synthesis of this compound involves tedious procedures and results in a mixture of several products. Recently, the selective hydroxylation of Grundmann's ketone at position C25 by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 154E1 from Thermobifida fusca YX was described. In this study a recombinant whole-cell biocatalyst was developed and applied for hydroxylation of Grundmann's ketone. Biotransformation was performed by Escherichia coli cells expressing CYP154E1 along with two redox partner systems, Pdx/PdR and YkuN/FdR. The system comprising CYP154E1/Pdx/PdR showed the highest production of 25-hydroxy-Grundmann's ketone and resulted in 1.1mM (300mgL(-1)) product concentration.
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46
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Yasutake Y, Nishioka T, Imoto N, Tamura T. A Single Mutation at the Ferredoxin Binding Site of P450 Vdh Enables Efficient Biocatalytic Production of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15650-5. [PMID: 24019477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactivation of vitamin D consists of two sequential hydroxylation steps to produce 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. It is clear that the second or 1α-hydroxylation step is carried out by a single enzyme, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase CYP27B1. However, it is not certain what enzyme or enzymes are responsible for the initial 25-hydroxylation. An excellent case has been made for vitamin D 25-hydroxylase CYP2R1, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We have now produced Cyp2r1 (-/-) mice. These mice had greater than 50% reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Curiously, the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level in the serum remained unchanged. These mice presented no health issues. A double knockout of Cyp2r1 and Cyp27a1 maintained a similar circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Our results support the idea that the CYP2R1 is the major enzyme responsible for 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, but clearly a second, as-yet unknown, enzyme is another contributor to this important step in vitamin D activation.
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Jones G. Extrarenal Vitamin D Activation and Interactions Between Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin D Analogs. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:23-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;
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49
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Hartfield KA, Stout CD, Annalora AJ. The novel purification and biochemical characterization of a reversible CYP24A1:adrenodoxin complex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:47-53. [PMID: 23165146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel paradigms for CYP24A1 inhibitor development are needed to circumvent existing efficacy and toxicity issues related to human therapeutics in this class. We hypothesize that improved structural knowledge of CYP24A1 in complex with natural substrates, inhibitors and/or its redox partner protein, adrenodoxin (Adx) is required to facilitate the next generation of CYP24A1 inhibitor design. To this end, we have developed truncated expression constructs for both rat CYP24A1 (Δ51) and bovine Adx (Δ108), which allow us to purify a stable and reversible state of the CYP24A1:Adx complex, for use in ongoing X-ray crystallographic studies. Spectral characterization of the reversible complex revealed that Adx binding enhanced the stability of the enzyme-substrate complex, despite lowering the ligand binding affinity of the free enzyme, for 1,25(OH)2D2, over 9-fold. Truncation of CYP24A1's flexible N-terminus (Δ51) improved the enzyme's ability to recruit substrate, without altering Adx's ability to stabilize the ligand-bound form. We also found that several common crystallization detergents, including CHAPS, inhibit ligand binding to the CYP24A1:Adx complex at concentrations well below their reported critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. Ultimately, this research provides a useful platform and framework for the study of conformationally complex, membrane-protein complexes, in the ligand-bound state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Hartfield
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily consists of a large number of heme-containing monooxygenases. Many human P450s metabolize drugs used to treat human diseases. Others are necessary for synthesis of endogenous compounds essential for human physiology. In some instances, alterations in specific P450s affect the biological processes that they mediate and lead to a disease. In this minireview, we describe medically significant human P450s (from families 2, 4, 7, 11, 17, 19, 21, 24, 27, 46, and 51) and the diseases associated with these P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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