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Poniatowski ŁA, Joniec-Maciejak I, Wawer A, Sznejder-Pachołek A, Machaj E, Ziętal K, Mirowska-Guzel D. Dose-Ranging Effects of the Intracerebral Administration of Atsttrin in Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04161-0. [PMID: 38642286 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a multitude of motor and non-motor clinical symptoms resulting from the progressive and long-lasting abnormal loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Currently, the available treatments for patients with Parkinson's disease are limited and exert only symptomatic effects, without adequate signs of delaying or stopping the progression of the disease. Atsttrin constitutes the bioengineered protein which ultrastructure is based on the polypeptide chain frame of the progranulin (PGRN), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of TNFα. The conducted preclinical studies suggest that the therapeutic implementation of Atsttrin may be potentially effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the occurrence of neuroinflammatory processes. The aim of the proposed study was to investigate the effect of direct bilateral intracerebral administration of Atsttrin using stereotactic methods in the preclinical C57BL/6 mouse model of Parkinson's disease inducted by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication. The analysis of the dose dependency effects of the increasing doses of Atsttrin has covered a number of parameters and markers regarding neurodegenerative processes and inflammatory responses including IL-1α, TNFα, IL-6, TH, and TG2 mRNA expressions. Accordingly, the evaluation of the changes in the neurochemical profile included DA, DOPAC, 3-MT, HVA, NA, MHPG, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA concentration levels. The intracerebral administration of Atsttrin into the striatum effectively attenuated the neuroinflammatory reaction in evaluated neuroanatomical structures. Furthermore, the partial restoration of monoamine content and its metabolic turnover were observed. In this case, taking into account the previously described pharmacokinetic profile and extrapolated bioavailability as well as the stability characteristics of Atsttrin, an attempt was made to describe as precisely as possible the quantitative and qualitative effects of increasing doses of the compound within the brain tissue microenvironment in the presented preclinical model of the disease. Collectively, this findings demonstrated that the intracerebral administration of Atsttrin may represent a potential novel therapeutic method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sznejder-Pachołek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Machaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziętal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Zolotarev YA, Shram SI, Dadayan AK, Dolotov OV, Markov DD, Nagaev IY, Kudrin VS, Narkevich VB, Sokolov OY, Kost NV. HLDF-6 peptides exhibit neuroprotective effects in the experimental model of preclinical Parkinson's disease. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102287. [PMID: 36280440 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of the hexapeptides HLDF-6 encoded by the amino acid sequence 41-46 of Human Leukemia Differentiation Factor and its homoserine derivative HLDF-6H were studied in an experimental 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced model of Parkinson's disease (PD). C57Bl/6 mice received two intraperitoneal injections of 18 mg/kg MPTP-HCl, with an interval of 2 hours. MPTP-induced motor dysfunction was assessed using horizontal grid test. Our data show that chronic intranasal administration of peptides (3 weeks, 300 μg/kg/day) restored normal levels of dopamine and improved its turnover rates in the striatum. Furthermore, peptide administration increased serum estradiol levels and led to a significant improvement in motor functions in MPTP-treated mice. Additionally, peptide treatment increased the levels of mRNA encoding neurotrophin BDNF, but normalized the levels of mRNA encoding the inflammatory mediators TGFβ1, IL1β and IFNγ in the brain. Collectively, our behavioral and biochemical studies demonstrate that HLDF-6 peptides have a therapeutic potential for treating PD. We propose that HLDF-6 peptides may exert their neuroprotective mechanism, at least in part, by normalizing estradiol levels and modulating the expression of key factors involved in neurotrophic support and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii A Zolotarev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.
| | - Stanislav I Shram
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr K Dadayan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Dolotov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy D Markov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Yu Nagaev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
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AbdelRazek MA, Hillis JM, Guo Y, Martinez-Lage M, Gholipour T, Sloane J, Cho T, Matiello M. Unilateral Relapsing Primary Angiitis of the CNS: An Entity Suggesting Differences in the Immune Response Between the Cerebral Hemispheres. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/2/e936. [PMID: 33402525 PMCID: PMC7862090 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether studying patients with strictly unilateral relapsing primary angiitis of the CNS (UR-PACNS) can support hemispheric differences in immune response mechanisms, we reviewed characteristics of a group of such patients. METHODS We surveiled our institution for patients with UR-PACNS, after characterizing one such case. We defined UR-PACNS as PACNS with clinical and radiographic relapses strictly recurring in 1 brain hemisphere, with or without hemiatrophy. PACNS must have been biopsy proven. Three total cases were identified at our institution. A literature search for similar reports yielded 4 additional cases. The combined 7 cases were reviewed for demographic, clinical, imaging, and pathologic trends. RESULTS The median age at time of clinical onset among the 7 cases was 26 years (range 10-49 years); 5 were male (71%). All 7 patients presented with seizures. The mean follow-up duration was 7.5 years (4-14.1 years). The annualized relapse rate ranged between 0.2 and 1. UR-PACNS involved the left cerebral hemisphere in 5 of the 7 patients. There was no consistent relationship between the patient's dominant hand and the diseased side. When performed (5 cases), conventional angiogram was nondiagnostic. CSF examination showed nucleated cells and protein levels in normal range in 3 cases and ranged from 6 to 11 cells/μL and 49 to 110 mg/dL in 4 cases, respectively. All cases were diagnosed with lesional biopsy, showing lymphocytic type of vasculitis of the small- and medium-sized vessels. Patients treated with steroids alone showed progression. Induction therapy with cyclophosphamide or rituximab followed by a steroid sparing agent resulted in the most consistent disease remission. CONCLUSIONS Combining our 3 cases with others reported in the literature allows better clinical understanding about this rare and extremely puzzling disease entity. We hypothesize that a functional difference in immune responses, caused by such discrepancies as basal levels of cytokines, asymmetric distribution of microglia, and differences in modulation of the systemic immune functions, rather than a structural antigenic difference, between the right and left brain may explain this phenomenon, but this is speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A AbdelRazek
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa.
| | - James M Hillis
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Yanjun Guo
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Maria Martinez-Lage
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Taha Gholipour
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Jacob Sloane
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Tracey Cho
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
| | - Marcelo Matiello
- From the Neurology Department (M.A.A.), Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Neurology Department (J.M.H., M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (Y.G.), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Department of Pathology (M.M.-L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Neurology Department (T.G.), The George Washington University, DC; Neurology Department (J.S.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Neurology Department (T.C.), University of Iowa
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Erekat N, Al-Jarrah MD. Interleukin-1 Beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Upregulation and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation in Skeletal Muscle from a Mouse Model of Chronic/Progressive Parkinson Disease. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:7524-7531. [PMID: 30344306 PMCID: PMC6402272 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy has been reported in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to examine the potential implication of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) in skeletal muscle atrophy following PD induction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chronic Parkinsonism was induced in 10 albino mice by MPTP/probenecid treatment, while 10 other albino mice remained without treatment and were subsequently used as controls. Gastrocnemius muscles were examined for the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as the nuclear localization of NF kappa B, indicative of its activation, using immunohistochemistry in the 2 different groups. RESULTS IL-1β and TNF-α expression and NF kappa B nuclear localization were significantly higher in the PD skeletal muscle compared with those in the controls (P value <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present data are indicative of an association of PD with IL-1β and TNF-α upregulation and NF kappa B activation in gastrocnemius muscles, potentially promoting the atrophy frequently observed in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Erekat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammed D Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Ganelin Cohen E, Bessler H, Djaldetti M, Straussberg R. Cytokine Production by Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Familial Infantile Bilateral Striatal Necrosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:276-281. [PMID: 29510394 DOI: 10.1159/000486861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompted by findings suggesting immune instability in infantile bilateral striatal necrosis (IBSN), we evaluated levels of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, interferon [IFN]γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-1ra) cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 6 children with IBSN and 11 age-matched controls. Compared to controls, non-stimulated PBMC from the IBSN group produced a significantly lower level of IL-1ra (by 38%; p < 0.001) and significantly lower levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IFNγ (by 36% [p < 0.001], 25% [p = 0.06], and 32% [p < 0.02]) under PBMC stimulation. The severe cachexia manifesting shortly after IBSN onset may impair the immunological state, placing patients at risk of death from hyperpyrexia and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ganelin Cohen
- Institute of Pediatric Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanna Bessler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center - Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Meir Djaldetti
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center - Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Institute of Pediatric Neurology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Moretti M, Neis VB, Matheus FC, Cunha MP, Rosa PB, Ribeiro CM, Rodrigues ALS, Prediger RD. Effects of Agmatine on Depressive-Like Behavior Induced by Intracerebroventricular Administration of 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). Neurotox Res 2015; 28:222-31. [PMID: 26156429 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering that depression is a common non-motor comorbidity of Parkinson's disease and that agmatine is an endogenous neuromodulator that emerges as a potential agent to manage diverse central nervous system disorders, this study investigated the antidepressant-like effect of agmatine in mice intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). Male C57BL6 mice were treated with agmatine (0.0001, 0.1 or 1 mg/kg) and 60 min later the animals received an i.c.v. injection of MPP(+) (1.8 µg/site). Twenty-four hours after MPP(+) administration, immobility time, anhedonic behavior, and locomotor activity were evaluated in the tail suspension test (TST), splash test, and open field test, respectively. Using Western blot analysis, we investigated the putative modulation of MPP(+) and agmatine on striatal and frontal cortex levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). MPP(+) increased the immobility time of mice in the TST, as well as induced an anhedonic-like behavior in the splash test, effects which were prevented by pre-treatment with agmatine at the three tested doses. Neither drug, alone or in combination, altered the locomotor activity of mice. I.c.v. administration of MPP(+) increased the striatal immunocontent of TH, an effect prevented by the three tested doses of agmatine. MPP(+) and agmatine did not alter the immunocontent of BDNF in striatum and frontal cortex. These results demonstrate for the first time the antidepressant-like effects of agmatine in an animal model of depressive-like behavior induced by the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Moretti
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil,
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Vasicek TW, Jackson MR, Poseno TM, Stenken JA. In vivo microdialysis sampling of cytokines from rat hippocampus: comparison of cannula implantation procedures. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:737-46. [PMID: 23480171 DOI: 10.1021/cn400025m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling proteins that have been of significant importance in the field of immunology, since these proteins affect different cells in the immune system. In addition to their immune system significance, these proteins have recently been referred to as a third chemical communication network within the CNS. The role that cytokines play in orchestrating the immune response within tissues after a mechanical injury leads to potential complications if the source of cytokines (i.e., trauma vs disease) is of interest. Microdialysis sampling has seen wide use in collection of many different solutes within the CNS. Yet, implantation of microdialysis guide cannulas and the probes creates tissue injury. In this study, we compared the differences in cytokine levels in dialysates from 4 mm, 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) polyethersulfone membrane microdialysis probes implanted in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparisons were made between animals that were dialyzed immediately after cannula implantation (day 0), 7 days post cannula implantation (day 7), and repeatedly sampled on day 0 and day 7. Multiplexed bead-based immunoassays were used to quantify CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL1 (KC/GRO), CXCL2 (MIP-2), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in dialysates. Differences in cytokine concentrations between the different treatment groups were observed with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines measured in day 7 cannulated animals. Only CCL3 (MIP-1α), CXCL1 (KC/GRO), CXCL2 (MIP-2), and IL-10 were measured above the assay limits of detection for a majority of the dialysates, and their concentrations were typically in the low to high (10-1000) picogram per milliliter range. The work described here lays the groundwork for additional basic research studies with microdialysis sampling of cytokines in rodent CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus W. Vasicek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Matthew R. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Tina M. Poseno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Julie A. Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Herbaugh AW, Stenken JA. Antibody-enhanced microdialysis collection of CCL2 from rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 202:124-7. [PMID: 21600925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine(C-C motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2 or MCP-1) is a signaling protein that is released under various conditions. In this study we demonstrate the first microdialysis collection of CCL2 from rat brain tissue using antibody-enhanced microdialysis. A monoclonal antibody to CCL2 was included in the dialysis perfusion fluid as an affinity agent to enhance the recovery of CCL2 both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro it was found that the use of antibody affinity agent increases the relative recovery of CCL2 from 9.6±3.4% to 37.5±10.2% and 64.8±11.7% (n=10) at flow rates of 2μL/min and 1μL/min, respectively. Following the in vitro observation, CCL2 was collected from rat brain with microdialysis sampling using both control and antibody-included perfusion fluids. The in vivo data showed that relative recovery was increased at all but the first time point. This shows that the use of free antibody in the perfusion fluid increases the relative recovery of CCL2 and this enhanced microdialysis method may be applicable to other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Herbaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Xin G, Su Y, Gao YL, Zhang H, Wang GF, Li KS. Lipopolysaccharide enhances asymmetrical production of cytokines and nitric oxide by left and right cerebral cortical microglial cells in BALB/C mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:50-4. [PMID: 21264890 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory factors production by the cerebral cortical glial cells in two sides of the murine brain are different. To determine if microglial cells, a subset of glial cells, are involved in asymmetric production, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide (NO) responses to LPS by microglial cells in the right and left cerebral cortices were examined. Primary microglial cells were isolated from BALB/C neonatal mice, treated with LPS (10 µg ml(-1) ) for 24 h and examined for IL-6, IL-1β and NO production. At untreated state, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and NO showed no statistical difference between left and right. However, after LPS treatment, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and NO for the right microglial cells was statistically significant higher than the left (P < 0·05). Our results denote that enhanced production of IL-6, IL-1β and NO after LPS treatment in microglia is directly proportional to their basal-state levels, and right cortical microglia produce higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β and NO than left cortical microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Litteljohn D, Mangano E, Clarke M, Bobyn J, Moloney K, Hayley S. Inflammatory mechanisms of neurodegeneration in toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2010; 2011:713517. [PMID: 21234362 PMCID: PMC3018622 DOI: 10.4061/2011/713517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with exposure to a variety of environmental agents, including pesticides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants; and inflammatory processes appear to constitute a common mechanistic link among these insults. Indeed, toxin exposure has been repeatedly demonstrated to induce the release of oxidative and inflammatory factors from immunocompetent microglia, leading to damage and death of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, which are produced locally within the brain by microglia, have been implicated in the loss of DA neurons in toxin-based models of PD; and mounting evidence suggests a contributory role of the inflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2. Likewise, immune-activating bacterial and viral agents were reported to have neurodegenerative effects themselves and to augment the deleterious impact of chemical toxins upon DA neurons. The present paper will focus upon the evidence linking microglia and their inflammatory processes to the death of DA neurons following toxin exposure. Particular attention will be devoted to the possibility that environmental toxins can activate microglia, resulting in these cells adopting a “sensitized” state that favors the production of proinflammatory cytokines and damaging oxidative radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Litteljohn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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Deguil J, Chavant F, Lafay-Chebassier C, Pérault-Pochat MC, Fauconneau B, Pain S. Time course of MPTP toxicity on translational control protein expression in mice brain. Toxicol Lett 2010; 196:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Blalock EM, Grondin R, Chen KC, Thibault O, Thibault V, Pandya JD, Dowling A, Zhang Z, Sullivan P, Porter NM, Landfield PW. Aging-related gene expression in hippocampus proper compared with dentate gyrus is selectively associated with metabolic syndrome variables in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6058-71. [PMID: 20427664 PMCID: PMC3155249 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3956-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a well established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it also confers major risk for impaired cognition in normal aging or Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the specific pathways mediating MetS-brain interactions. Here, we performed the first studies quantitatively linking MetS variables to aging changes in brain genome-wide expression and mitochondrial function. In six young adult and six aging female rhesus monkeys, we analyzed gene expression in two major hippocampal subdivisions critical for memory/cognitive function [hippocampus proper, or cornu ammonis (CA), and dentate gyrus (DG)]. Genes that changed with aging [aging-related genes (ARGs)] were identified in each region. Serum variables reflecting insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were used to construct a quantitative MetS index (MSI). This MSI increased with age and correlated negatively with hippocampal mitochondrial function (state III oxidation). More than 2000 ARGs were identified in CA and/or DG, in approximately equal numbers, but substantially more ARGs in CA than in DG were correlated selectively with the MSI. Pathways represented by MSI-correlated ARGs were determined from the Gene Ontology Database and literature. In particular, upregulated CA ARGs representing glucocorticoid receptor (GR), chromatin assembly/histone acetyltransferase, and inflammatory/immune pathways were closely associated with the MSI. These results suggest a novel model in which MetS is associated with upregulation of hippocampal GR-dependent transcription and epigenetic coactivators, contributing to decreased mitochondrial function and brain energetic dysregulation. In turn, these MSI-associated neuroenergetic changes may promote inflammation, neuronal vulnerability, and risk of cognitive impairment/AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Blalock
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Deguil J, Chavant F, Lafay-Chebassier C, Pérault-Pochat MC, Fauconneau B, Pain S. Neuroprotective effect of PACAP on translational control alteration and cognitive decline in MPTP parkinsonian mice. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:142-55. [PMID: 19626386 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a triade of motor symptoms due to the degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway. In addition to these motor impairments, cognitive disturbances have been reported to occur in PD patients in the early stage of the disease. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxin widely used to produce experimental models of PD. In a previous work, we showed that MPTP altered the expression of proteins involved in mTOR antiapoptotic and PKR apoptotic pathways of translational control (TC) in neuroblastoma cells. In the present study, the results indicated that a subchronic MPTP intoxication in mice decreased the dopaminergic neuron number, produced an activation of PKR way and an inhibition of mTOR way of TC especially in striatum and frontal cortex associated with a great activation of PKR in hippocampus. Moreover, in parallel to biochemical analysis, the mnesic disturbances induced by MPTP were characterized in C57Bl/6 mice, by testing their performance in three versions of the Morris Water Maze task. Behavioral results showed that the MPTP lesion altered mice learning of a spatial working memory, of a cued version and of a spatial reference memory task in the water maze. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) could counteract the MPTP toxicity on TC factors in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, the second objective of our study was to assess the PACAP effect on MPTP-induced TC impairment and cognitive deficit in mice. The pretreatment with PACAP27 by intravenous injections partially protected TH-positive neuron loss induced by MPTP, prevented the MPTP-induced protein synthesis control dysregulation and mnesic impairment of mice. Therefore, our results could indicate that PACAP may be a promising therapeutic agent in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deguil
- Research Group on Brain Aging, GReViC, EA 3808, Pôle de Biologie Santé, University of Poitiers, Poitiers cedex, France
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Pattarini R, Rong Y, Qu C, Morgan JI. Distinct mechanisms of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine resistance revealed by transcriptome mapping in mouse striatum. Neuroscience 2008; 155:1174-94. [PMID: 18675323 PMCID: PMC2632608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is thought to involve interplay between environmental factors and predisposing genetic traits, although the identification of genetic risk factors remain elusive. The neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP) produces parkinsonian-like symptoms and pathology in mice and humans. As sensitivity to MPTP is genetically determined in mice this provides an opportunity to identify genes and biological mechanisms that modify the response to an exogenous agent that produces a Parkinson's disease-like condition. MPTP primarily targets dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum and elicits changes in striatal gene expression. Therefore, we used Affymetrix and qRT-PCR technology to characterize temporal mRNA changes in striatum in response to MPTP in genetically MPTP-sensitive, C57BL/6J, and MPTP-resistant Swiss Webster and BCL2-associated X protein (Bax)-/- mice. We identified three phases of mRNA expression changes composed of largely distinct gene sets. An early response (5 h) occurred in all strains of mice and multiple brain regions. In contrast, intermediate (24 h) and late (72 h) phases were striatum specific and much reduced in Swiss Webster, indicating these genes contribute and/or are responsive to MPTP-induced pathology. However, Bax-/- mice have robust intermediate responses. We propose a model in which the acute entry of MPP+ into dopaminergic nerve terminals damages them but is insufficient per se to kill the neurons. Rather, we suggest that the compromised nerve terminals elicit longer lasting transcriptional responses in surrounding cells involving production of molecules that feedback on the terminals to cause additional damage that results in cell death. In Swiss Webster, resistance lies upstream in the cascade of events triggered by MPTP and uncouples the acute events elicited by MPTP from the damaging secondary responses. In contrast, in Bax-/- mice resistance lies downstream in the cascade and suggests enhanced tolerance to the secondary insult rather than its attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pattarini
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105
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Jiao XY, Shen YQ, Li KS. The correlation between cytokine production by cerebral cortical glial cells and brain lateralization in mice. Neuromodulation 2008; 11:23-32. [PMID: 22150988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2007.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aims to explore the relationship among the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced by cortical glial cells, and identify any correlation between neuromodulation and brain lateralization. Material and Methods. Cortical glial cells from Balb/c neonatal mice were cultured in vitro and the effects of treating or not treating these cells from both hemispheres with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 µg/mL) for 24 hours were tested. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in left and right cortical glial cell cultures and the time course of any changes were compared. Rusults. The production of IL-1β and TNF-α had no significant difference between right and left cortex in the untreated group within 24 hours. IL-6 was significantly higher in the right than the left cortical glial cells. In the LPS-treated group, increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were found, particularly for IL-6, and all were significantly increased in cortical glia cells from the right side. The time course shows that the expression of IL-1β in right cortex and IL-6 in both sides is time-dependent (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Lipopolysaccharide increases cytokine production in both cerebral cortices, three cytokines have different expression time course within 72 hours, but only IL-1β in right cortex and IL-6 releasing is time-dependent, and more so on the right side than the left in 24 hours. We proposed the increased immunosuppressive activity of right cortex was due to the higher expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the right cortical glial cells, whereas there would be more immunoenhancement activity of the left cortex due to the lower levels of these three kinds of cytokines, this being a less pronounced effect than that on the right side. One of the reasons for the brain lateralization may be the different production of cytokines by the cortical glial cells on either side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Jiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Liu HQ, Zhang WY, Luo XT, Ye Y, Zhu XZ. Paeoniflorin attenuates neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease by activation of adenosine A1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:314-25. [PMID: 16582933 PMCID: PMC1751566 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study examined whether Paeoniflorin (PF), the major active components of Chinese herb Paeoniae alba Radix, has neuroprotective effect in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). 2. Subcutaneous administration of PF (2.5 and 5 mg kg(-1)) for 11 days could protect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive substantia nigra neurons and striatal nerve fibers from death and bradykinesia induced by four-dose injection of MPTP (20 mg kg(-1)) on day 8. 3. When given at 1 h after the last dose of MPTP, and then administered once a day for the following 3 days, PF (2.5 and 5 mg kg(-1)) also significantly attenuated the dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a dose-dependent manner. Post-treatment with PF (5 mg kg(-1)) significantly attenuated MPTP-induced proinflammatory gene upregulation and microglial and astrocytic activation. 4. Pretreatment with 0.3 mg kg(-1) 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, an adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) antagonist, 15 min before each dose of PF, reversed the neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory effects of PF. 5. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PF could reduce the MPTP-induced toxicity by inhibition of neuroinflammation by activation of the A1AR, and suggested that PF might be a valuable neuroprotective agent for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology II, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology II, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xue-Ting Luo
- Department of Pharmacology II, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Pharmacology II, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xing-Zu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology II, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
- Author for correspondence:
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Mosley RL, Benner EJ, Kadiu I, Thomas M, Boska MD, Hasan K, Laurie C, Gendelman HE. Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH 2006; 6:261-281. [PMID: 18060039 PMCID: PMC1831679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiologic, animal, human, and therapeutic studies all support the presence of an neuroinflammatory cascade in disease. This is highlighted by the neurotoxic potential of microglia . In steady state, microglia serve to protect the nervous system by acting as debris scavengers, killers of microbial pathogens, and regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. In neurodegenerative diseases, activated microglia affect neuronal injury and death through production of glutamate, pro-inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species, quinolinic acid amongst others and by mobilization of adaptive immune responses and cell chemotaxis leading to transendothelial migration of immunocytes across the blood-brain barrier and perpetuation of neural damage. As disease progresses, inflammatory secretions engage neighboring glial cells, including astrocytes and endothelial cells, resulting in a vicious cycle of autocrine and paracrine amplification of inflammation perpetuating tissue injury. Such pathogenic processes contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. Research from others and our own laboratories seek to harness such inflammatory processes with the singular goal of developing therapeutic interventions that positively affect the tempo and progression of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lee Mosley
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Eric J. Benner
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mark Thomas
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Khader Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Chad Laurie
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Sriram K, Matheson JM, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, Luster MI, O'Callaghan JP. Deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity: role of TNF-alpha. FASEB J 2006; 20:670-82. [PMID: 16581975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5106com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha, is associated with the neuropathological effects underlying disease-, trauma- and chemically induced neurodegeneration. Previously, we have shown that deficiency of TNF receptors protects against MPTP-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity, findings suggestive of a role for TNF-alpha in neurodegeneration. Here, we demonstrate that deficiency of TNF receptors suppresses microglial activation and alters the susceptibility of brain regions to MPTP. MPTP-induced expression of microglia-derived factors, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-1alpha, preceded the degeneration of striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and astrogliosis, as assessed by loss of striatal dopamine and TH, and an increase in striatal GFAP. Pharmacological neuroprotection with the dopamine reuptake inhibitor, nomifensine, abolished striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and associated microglial activation. Similarly, in mice lacking TNF receptors, microglial activation was suppressed, findings consistent with a role for TNF-alpha in striatal MPTP neurotoxicity. In the hippocampus, however, TNF receptor-deficient mice showed exacerbated neuronal damage after MPTP, as evidenced by Fluoro Jade-B staining (to identify degenerating neurons) and decreased microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) immunoreactivity. These effects were not accompanied by microglial activation, but were associated with increased oxidative stress (nitrosylation of tyrosine residues). These findings suggest that TNF-alpha exerts a neurotrophic/neuroprotective effect in hippocampus. The marked differences we observed in the regional density, distribution and/or activity of microglia and microglia-derived factors may influence the region-specific role for this cell type. Taken together, our results are indicative of a region-specific and dual role for TNF-alpha in the brain: a promoter of neurodegeneration in striatum and a protector against neurodegeneration in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sriram
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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20
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Shen YQ, Hebert G, Su Y, Moze E, Neveu PJ, Li KS. In mice, production of plasma IL-1 and IL-6 in response to MPTP is related to behavioral lateralization. Brain Res 2005; 1045:31-7. [PMID: 15910760 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces dopaminergic neuron death in substantia nigra and dopamine loss in striatum, similar to those observed in Parkinson disease. Given MPTP can also induce alterations in brain cytokines and in peripheral immune parameters, we hypothesize that MPTP can induce an elevation of plasma cytokines. We have previously shown that cytokine production depends on behavioral lateralization in certain conditions. Therefore, we further postulate that the MPTP-induced plasma cytokines are related to behavioral lateralization. To answer these questions, C57BL/6J male mice, selected for paw preference, were injected with 25 mg/kg MPTP ip for five consecutive days and were decapitated at day 1, day 3, or day 14 after the last injection. Striatal DA and DOPAC concentration were measured by HPLC and plasma levels of IL-1beta and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA. The results showed that after MPTP treatment, striatal DA content was dramatically decreased, IL-1beta levels increased on day 3, while IL-6 levels increased on day 14. Interestingly, behavioral lateralization influenced DA/DOPAC ratio as well as plasma IL-1beta and IL-6 levels. In left-pawed mice, MPTP induced a higher decrease of DA/DOPAC ratio than in right-pawed mice. The increase of IL-1beta was observed in left-pawed but not in right-pawed mice. The elevation of IL-6 was higher in right-pawed mice than in left-pawed mice. These results have clearly demonstrated our hypotheses, that MPTP can induce increase of plasma IL-1beta and IL-6 levels in mice, and this effect is shaped by behavioral lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, PR China
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Shen YQ, Hébert G, Moze E, Li KS, Neveu PJ. Asymmetrical distribution of brain interleukin-6 depends on lateralization in mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 12:189-94. [PMID: 15905628 DOI: 10.1159/000084852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system can regulate the peripheral immune system. Moreover, differences between left and right hemispheres (neurochemical brain asymmetries) and behavioral lateralization (functional brain asymmetries) affect immune responses. The molecular basis of brain-immune interactions remains insufficiently understood. Cytokines regulate immune responses, possibly through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA axis activities are related to behavioral lateralization and brain asymmetry. Given IL-6 plays a role in asymmetrical brain immunomodulation, one might expect the IL-6 distribution in brain to be asymmetrical and to depend on behavioral lateralization. In order to start to test this hypothesis, male C57BL/6J mice were selected for paw preference and assessed for IL-6 levels in right and left cortex and hippocampus by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed asymmetrical distribution of brain IL-6 in left-pawed animals and ambidextrous animals, but not in right-pawed animals, both in cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, we found a correlation between IL-6 hemispheric distribution and the degree of behavioral lateralization both in cortex and hippocampus. Altogether, these results suggest that brain IL-6 could be a mediator of asymmetrical immunomodulation by the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China.
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